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TRANSCRIPT
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Human-Machine Interaction/ Interazione Uomo-Machina/
by Adam Maria Gadomski
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
ENEA, C.R.Casaccia
18 November1999
MICA R&D Project
?
On the rights of the web white paper (Intell.Prop.) - ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.
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Presentation outline
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions Conclusions
"Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler. [Albert Einstein]
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Human-Machine Interactionfrom the
Systemicand CognitivePerspectiveContribution to the MICA 2.8.3.3Task D: Realization of an IntegratedModeling Environment for the Hardware/Software/Human Components of
Plant Control Room Systems : Study on a Meta-Modeling Frameworks.
http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
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Preface
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
This my activity have been focused on a preliminary study of the
human mental errors of industrial operators involved in the control
and supervisory of high-risk complex technological systems.
It deals with the identification of human mental errors and
possibilities of their mitigation through an application of intelligent
computer decision support systems.
MethodologyHeuristic application of the TOGA (Top-down Object-based Goal-
oriented Approach) methodology to the problem identification.
Application of the IPK conceptual framework to the cognitive
operator modelling [http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/].
ResultsAn indication and the preliminary analysis of mental functins and
tasks which could be supported or executed by IDSSs (Intelligent
Computer Decision Support Systems).
Human-Machine Interaction
Dec.97, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/Mika-saf.html
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Problem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Human-Machine Interaction is a continuouslygrowing domain of interest of researchers and
practictioners.
It is a consequence of ever more and more
complex technologies and systems controlledand managed by humans.
The problem is dedected from the perspectives
of :
- efficacy and quality of the production
- economy and sostenibility , and especially,
- safety and reliability of human component in
human-machine aggregates.
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Recognition Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
The research in the field ofHuman-Machine Interaction(AltaVista: 50 017doc. ) is also distributed among suchdomains as:
Man-Machine Interface - AltaVista: 1906 doc.
Human-Computer Interface - AltaVista: 2868 doc.
Lycos: 8201doc.
Stanford: 524
MIT: 897
Human-Computer Communication -AV. 734
Human-Computer Cooperation - AV. 39
Cognitive Technology - AV. 985
Cognitive Engineering - AV. 3015
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Human ignorance is a source
of defeates and... human power
Classical engineering paradign:
To addopt humans to machine
failured in the case ofhigh-risksystems and complex tasks.
...is a classical example of the consequences ofa badly designed user interface [Excerpt fromthe official report to the Three Mile Island nuclear
accident]
New systemic perspective: a jointhuman machine system is performing the
task [E.Hollnagel at al, 94],http://www.erlbaum.com/260.htm
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Recognition Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Poorly designed user interface causeseconomical loss: - rejection , - rare using.
Badly designed user interface causescatastrofichuman errors trough:
-> confusion, misleading presentation of information,
-> misinterpretation,
-> cause of dangerous actions.
More difficult is to specify what should beimplemented than how to do it.
We need appropriate goal-oriented models
Goal:make communication smoothest possible to interfere
least possible with thought process.
[W.Joerg, Alberta Univ.95]
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Recognition
State of the Art Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
"The goal is to create software that works ---really works --- in being appropriate andeffective for people who live in the world that the
software creates.[Terry Winograd, HCI,96, http://pcd.stanford.edu/]
and yet:http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/bds/introduction.html
Human-Machine Interaction should be
modeled from the humanandsystemic
perspectivebut not invented by software
specialists.
[KMC, E.Swanstrom,1997]
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Identification approches
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
MICA Project
Sistemic Approach Cognitivistic Approach
Human - Machine Interactions
Software + Hardware Systems
Software Technologies & Engineering Platform
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
SystemicPerspective
on Reliability and Safety of
Human-Machine Interactions (HMI)
HMI can be seen as a process.
Reliabilityand Safetycan be seen as a two complexproperties of HMI and characterized by integrated
generalized indicators:
Reliability Indicator - R
Safety Indicator- Sf
The carrierof the HMI process is the coupledsystem: Human-Machine.
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic
Perspective
CognitivisticPerspective
TechnologicalPerspectiveProblem Identification
Human-Machine Interaction
Modeling
Design
Soft-Tools
develop.
SystemicPerspective
CognitivisticPerspective
Systemic
PerspectiveCognitivisticPerspective
TechnologicalPerspective
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Elementary heterogenious unit in the modernsystemic approach [Gad.99]
H - Human, CSS - Computer Support Systems (Web)
HO - Human Organization AD - Domain of Activity
ENV - Environment
H
CSSHO ENV
AD
SystemicPerspective
CognitivisticPerspective
TechnologicalPerspective
Systemic PerspectiveTop-down
identification
and
decomposition
rules
Human-Machine Interaction
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Everything said is said by
an observer'.
(Maturana & Varela, 1980)
SystemicPerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Identification ofSystems involved
Identification ofProcesses, Activities
and theirattributes
Given: Objectives, Functionsand theirindicators
Search expressions (models) of the type:
indicators (attributes)
Search attributes which min or max ofindicators
Modification/design ofProcesses andSystems according to selected attributes
[Heuristic Appication of SPG,
Gadomski,since 86;99]
Software engineer
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
# HOME WORKS
# PUBLIC SERVICIES
# ADMINISTRATION
# CULTURE
# INDUSTRY
# HEALTH
# MILITARY
# INSTRUCTION &
SCIENCE
High Risk
Domains
?
Key Factor:RISK Risk Analysis Risk Sources Human Errors
Application Domains:
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
MIND
Organization
Machine(controlled
system/proc
esses)
Control and
Measurement
SystemComputer
Console
Physical
environment
Psycho-social
environment
Humanoperator
Causes of Human Errors
Hardware & Software
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Bases of the Cognitivistic
Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Professor Norman,the first chair of the UCSD Department of
Cognitive Science, originated theCognitive Engineering course.Distributed Cognition and Human Computer Interaction Laboratory
Univ. of California.,May 99.
"the study of intelligence and intelligent systems, with particular
reference to intelligent behaviour as computation" (Simon, H. A. &
C. A. Kaplan, "Foundations of cognitive science", in Posner, M.I.T.
1989
Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary approach to the
study of the human mind. Kalish,
http://iris.cogsci.uwa.edu.au/cogsci.html
P.N.Johnson-Lard-Mental Models,83. M.Olivetti-Belardinelli -
Mental Architectures,98, A.Slomans -Emotional Agents.
John Locke's (1690).
Essay Concerning
Human Understanding
and the nature of human
consciousness
-First model..
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Cognitive Engineering
Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
the principles ofcognitive engineering refers to: user-centereddesign ( its practices have wide applicability) and human-computerinteraction in particular. It is base on cognitive models.Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the intersection between the
social and cognitive sciences, on the one hand, and computer science
and technology, on the other. HCI researchers analyze and designinteraction technologies (e.g., displays and pointing devices, gestures
and sketching). They study and improve the processes of technology
development (e.g., usability evaluation, software toolkits, cognitive
ethnography).
Over the past two decades, HCI has progressively integratedscientific concerns with the engineering goal of improving theusability of computers. established a body of technical knowledgeand methodology, and contributed broadly to the development of new
computer technologies and applications.
http://hci.ucsd.edu/132/nsyllabus.htmlSee also: MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Cognitive Technology
Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Douglas Hofstadter is College Professor of cognitive science and computer
science, director of the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Ph.D. in
physics, University of Oregon, 1975;Pulitzer Prize.
The First International Conference on Cognitive Technology (Hong Kong,
1995) stressed the need for a radically new way of thinking about the impact
computer technology has on humans, especially on the human mind. Our main
aim at that time was a consideration of these effects with respect to rendering
the interface between people and computers more humane.
Cognitive technologies in Europe:- Rasmunssen, Andeson - Riso National Lab.
- Hollnagel - Halden Project (from about 18 years)
-Gadomski (since 86), Nanni (87), Balducelli (93),
DiCostanzo - ENEA .
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
General Cognitivistic
PerspectiveSystemic + Psychology + Physics Mindware applied to the identification of
mental processes of humans and living systems
Development of the
Universal Theory of
Cognition
Human-Machine Interaction
Applied to
living systems
Applied to autonomous
H/Software systems
Applied to Human-Machine Interaction
Software Engineering Platform
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
CognitivisticPerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
The web is constructed
for the communication
between humans notcomputers
Risk Human ErrorsHuman Models
Levels of a Human Functional Model:
Sensorial & Manipulation
Perception
Reasoning
Decision-Making
Communication
Cognitive
Modeling
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Existing Strategies for improving of HMI
- Command-driven - improving what is requested
- Event-driven - post-accident improvement
- Means-driven - improv. based on available know-how
- Goal-driven (Model-driven) - research based eng. improv.
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions
Searching
Human-Machine Interaction
Assumptions:
1. Every human interaction with complex machine is through
computer then a Human-Computer Cooperation is needed.
2. Every human interaction with complex machine is
decomposable on decision-making mental events.
Mental processes
Machine + Computer processes
. . .?
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Mental processes
Machine + Computer processes
. . .?
Computer substitutes or supports goal-dependent
tasks of human user/operator.
Critical points (recognizable events) which need
to be identified by the cognitive modeling.
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Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Solution: In order to increase human reliability and
safety in high-risk complex human-machine systems,
we need to shift mental functions from human to
computer,Is it my
idea ?
to construct computer
ever more intelligent.
We need intelligent agents.ESPECIALLY FOR NOT ROUTINE, MULTI-DATATASKS UNDER TIME CONSTRAINS.
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MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions: an
Abstract Intelligent Agent, AIA
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
Two roles of AIA:
1. user model -- cognitive intelligent agent
2. kernel of a computer intelligent assisstant.
Intelligent - an agent with capability to the
modification of own preferences, capability oflearning and meta-reasoning.[TOGA,Gadomski].
Emotional agent - Modeling of emotions, emotional
behaviour [Web]
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MICA Project
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]
Possible
Solutions:Project
Results
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
1. Recognized utility of the TOGA meta-theory[Gadomski,90,99] and SPG conceptualization[Gadomski,86,99] to the goal-oriented knowledge
ordering in meta-system engineering applied to the
analysis of HMI attributes.
2. Recognized plausibility of the identification of humanmental states by the Protocol Analysis [K.A.Ericsson,H.A.Simon] applied to the IPK cognitive architecture[A.M.Gadomski,98,99].
3. Formal conceptual separation of knowledge,
preferencesand informationacquisition in Human-Machine Interactions [Gadomski at al.,99]; has beenapplied to the IDA-MICA Project.
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MICA Project
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
The work has been supported by the Scientific Cooperaton (ortogonal no
profits activity) with The Interuniversity Center for the Research on
Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems ( ECONA).
Gadomski, Pestilli :INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: TOGA COGNITIVE
AGENT, in frame of The ECONAs Meeting on Research Activities on CognitiveModeling, May ,99 [Web].
A.M.Gadomski,S. Ceccacci:SeminarContesto TOGA per la Progettazione di un AgenteIntelligente Astratto ed il suo Decision-Making , Perugia,99[Web](Bora per Tesi di L.)
A.M.Gadomski:TOWARDS SYSTEM ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGIES,SET,
transparent-sheet, ENEA, 99[Web].
The obtained resualts are also the base for the proposal of a research project for the
FET * Open (5th Program EU) with Univ. of Brussel,Poland, Ansaldo, ECONA
(under preparation).
*FET - Future and Emerging Technologies