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    Human-Machine Interaction/ Interazione Uomo-Machina/

    by Adam Maria Gadomski

    E-mail: [email protected]

    URL: http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/

    ENEA, C.R.Casaccia

    18 November1999

    MICA R&D Project

    ?

    On the rights of the web white paper (Intell.Prop.) - ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.

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    Presentation outline

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions Conclusions

    "Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler. [Albert Einstein]

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Human-Machine Interactionfrom the

    Systemicand CognitivePerspectiveContribution to the MICA 2.8.3.3Task D: Realization of an IntegratedModeling Environment for the Hardware/Software/Human Components of

    Plant Control Room Systems : Study on a Meta-Modeling Frameworks.

    http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/

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    Preface

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    This my activity have been focused on a preliminary study of the

    human mental errors of industrial operators involved in the control

    and supervisory of high-risk complex technological systems.

    It deals with the identification of human mental errors and

    possibilities of their mitigation through an application of intelligent

    computer decision support systems.

    MethodologyHeuristic application of the TOGA (Top-down Object-based Goal-

    oriented Approach) methodology to the problem identification.

    Application of the IPK conceptual framework to the cognitive

    operator modelling [http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/].

    ResultsAn indication and the preliminary analysis of mental functins and

    tasks which could be supported or executed by IDSSs (Intelligent

    Computer Decision Support Systems).

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Dec.97, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/Mika-saf.html

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Human-Machine Interaction is a continuouslygrowing domain of interest of researchers and

    practictioners.

    It is a consequence of ever more and more

    complex technologies and systems controlledand managed by humans.

    The problem is dedected from the perspectives

    of :

    - efficacy and quality of the production

    - economy and sostenibility , and especially,

    - safety and reliability of human component in

    human-machine aggregates.

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Recognition Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    The research in the field ofHuman-Machine Interaction(AltaVista: 50 017doc. ) is also distributed among suchdomains as:

    Man-Machine Interface - AltaVista: 1906 doc.

    Human-Computer Interface - AltaVista: 2868 doc.

    Lycos: 8201doc.

    Stanford: 524

    MIT: 897

    Human-Computer Communication -AV. 734

    Human-Computer Cooperation - AV. 39

    Cognitive Technology - AV. 985

    Cognitive Engineering - AV. 3015

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Human ignorance is a source

    of defeates and... human power

    Classical engineering paradign:

    To addopt humans to machine

    failured in the case ofhigh-risksystems and complex tasks.

    ...is a classical example of the consequences ofa badly designed user interface [Excerpt fromthe official report to the Three Mile Island nuclear

    accident]

    New systemic perspective: a jointhuman machine system is performing the

    task [E.Hollnagel at al, 94],http://www.erlbaum.com/260.htm

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Recognition Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Poorly designed user interface causeseconomical loss: - rejection , - rare using.

    Badly designed user interface causescatastrofichuman errors trough:

    -> confusion, misleading presentation of information,

    -> misinterpretation,

    -> cause of dangerous actions.

    More difficult is to specify what should beimplemented than how to do it.

    We need appropriate goal-oriented models

    Goal:make communication smoothest possible to interfere

    least possible with thought process.

    [W.Joerg, Alberta Univ.95]

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Recognition

    State of the Art Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    "The goal is to create software that works ---really works --- in being appropriate andeffective for people who live in the world that the

    software creates.[Terry Winograd, HCI,96, http://pcd.stanford.edu/]

    and yet:http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/bds/introduction.html

    Human-Machine Interaction should be

    modeled from the humanandsystemic

    perspectivebut not invented by software

    specialists.

    [KMC, E.Swanstrom,1997]

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Identification approches

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    MICA Project

    Sistemic Approach Cognitivistic Approach

    Human - Machine Interactions

    Software + Hardware Systems

    Software Technologies & Engineering Platform

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    SystemicPerspective

    on Reliability and Safety of

    Human-Machine Interactions (HMI)

    HMI can be seen as a process.

    Reliabilityand Safetycan be seen as a two complexproperties of HMI and characterized by integrated

    generalized indicators:

    Reliability Indicator - R

    Safety Indicator- Sf

    The carrierof the HMI process is the coupledsystem: Human-Machine.

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Systemic

    Perspective

    CognitivisticPerspective

    TechnologicalPerspectiveProblem Identification

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Modeling

    Design

    Soft-Tools

    develop.

    SystemicPerspective

    CognitivisticPerspective

    Systemic

    PerspectiveCognitivisticPerspective

    TechnologicalPerspective

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Elementary heterogenious unit in the modernsystemic approach [Gad.99]

    H - Human, CSS - Computer Support Systems (Web)

    HO - Human Organization AD - Domain of Activity

    ENV - Environment

    H

    CSSHO ENV

    AD

    SystemicPerspective

    CognitivisticPerspective

    TechnologicalPerspective

    Systemic PerspectiveTop-down

    identification

    and

    decomposition

    rules

    Human-Machine Interaction

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Everything said is said by

    an observer'.

    (Maturana & Varela, 1980)

    SystemicPerspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Identification ofSystems involved

    Identification ofProcesses, Activities

    and theirattributes

    Given: Objectives, Functionsand theirindicators

    Search expressions (models) of the type:

    indicators (attributes)

    Search attributes which min or max ofindicators

    Modification/design ofProcesses andSystems according to selected attributes

    [Heuristic Appication of SPG,

    Gadomski,since 86;99]

    Software engineer

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible Solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Systemic Perspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    # HOME WORKS

    # PUBLIC SERVICIES

    # ADMINISTRATION

    # CULTURE

    # INDUSTRY

    # HEALTH

    # MILITARY

    # INSTRUCTION &

    SCIENCE

    High Risk

    Domains

    ?

    Key Factor:RISK Risk Analysis Risk Sources Human Errors

    Application Domains:

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Systemic Perspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    MIND

    Organization

    Machine(controlled

    system/proc

    esses)

    Control and

    Measurement

    SystemComputer

    Console

    Physical

    environment

    Psycho-social

    environment

    Humanoperator

    Causes of Human Errors

    Hardware & Software

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Bases of the Cognitivistic

    Perspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Professor Norman,the first chair of the UCSD Department of

    Cognitive Science, originated theCognitive Engineering course.Distributed Cognition and Human Computer Interaction Laboratory

    Univ. of California.,May 99.

    "the study of intelligence and intelligent systems, with particular

    reference to intelligent behaviour as computation" (Simon, H. A. &

    C. A. Kaplan, "Foundations of cognitive science", in Posner, M.I.T.

    1989

    Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary approach to the

    study of the human mind. Kalish,

    http://iris.cogsci.uwa.edu.au/cogsci.html

    P.N.Johnson-Lard-Mental Models,83. M.Olivetti-Belardinelli -

    Mental Architectures,98, A.Slomans -Emotional Agents.

    John Locke's (1690).

    Essay Concerning

    Human Understanding

    and the nature of human

    consciousness

    -First model..

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Cognitive Engineering

    Perspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    the principles ofcognitive engineering refers to: user-centereddesign ( its practices have wide applicability) and human-computerinteraction in particular. It is base on cognitive models.Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the intersection between the

    social and cognitive sciences, on the one hand, and computer science

    and technology, on the other. HCI researchers analyze and designinteraction technologies (e.g., displays and pointing devices, gestures

    and sketching). They study and improve the processes of technology

    development (e.g., usability evaluation, software toolkits, cognitive

    ethnography).

    Over the past two decades, HCI has progressively integratedscientific concerns with the engineering goal of improving theusability of computers. established a body of technical knowledgeand methodology, and contributed broadly to the development of new

    computer technologies and applications.

    http://hci.ucsd.edu/132/nsyllabus.htmlSee also: MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Cognitive Technology

    Perspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Douglas Hofstadter is College Professor of cognitive science and computer

    science, director of the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Ph.D. in

    physics, University of Oregon, 1975;Pulitzer Prize.

    The First International Conference on Cognitive Technology (Hong Kong,

    1995) stressed the need for a radically new way of thinking about the impact

    computer technology has on humans, especially on the human mind. Our main

    aim at that time was a consideration of these effects with respect to rendering

    the interface between people and computers more humane.

    Cognitive technologies in Europe:- Rasmunssen, Andeson - Riso National Lab.

    - Hollnagel - Halden Project (from about 18 years)

    -Gadomski (since 86), Nanni (87), Balducelli (93),

    DiCostanzo - ENEA .

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    General Cognitivistic

    PerspectiveSystemic + Psychology + Physics Mindware applied to the identification of

    mental processes of humans and living systems

    Development of the

    Universal Theory of

    Cognition

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Applied to

    living systems

    Applied to autonomous

    H/Software systems

    Applied to Human-Machine Interaction

    Software Engineering Platform

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    CognitivisticPerspective

    Human-Machine Interaction

    The web is constructed

    for the communication

    between humans notcomputers

    Risk Human ErrorsHuman Models

    Levels of a Human Functional Model:

    Sensorial & Manipulation

    Perception

    Reasoning

    Decision-Making

    Communication

    Cognitive

    Modeling

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible Solutions

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Existing Strategies for improving of HMI

    - Command-driven - improving what is requested

    - Event-driven - post-accident improvement

    - Means-driven - improv. based on available know-how

    - Goal-driven (Model-driven) - research based eng. improv.

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible Solutions

    Searching

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Assumptions:

    1. Every human interaction with complex machine is through

    computer then a Human-Computer Cooperation is needed.

    2. Every human interaction with complex machine is

    decomposable on decision-making mental events.

    Mental processes

    Machine + Computer processes

    . . .?

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible Solutions

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Mental processes

    Machine + Computer processes

    . . .?

    Computer substitutes or supports goal-dependent

    tasks of human user/operator.

    Critical points (recognizable events) which need

    to be identified by the cognitive modeling.

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    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible Solutions

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Solution: In order to increase human reliability and

    safety in high-risk complex human-machine systems,

    we need to shift mental functions from human to

    computer,Is it my

    idea ?

    to construct computer

    ever more intelligent.

    We need intelligent agents.ESPECIALLY FOR NOT ROUTINE, MULTI-DATATASKS UNDER TIME CONSTRAINS.

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    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible Solutions: an

    Abstract Intelligent Agent, AIA

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    Two roles of AIA:

    1. user model -- cognitive intelligent agent

    2. kernel of a computer intelligent assisstant.

    Intelligent - an agent with capability to the

    modification of own preferences, capability oflearning and meta-reasoning.[TOGA,Gadomski].

    Emotional agent - Modeling of emotions, emotional

    behaviour [Web]

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    MICA Project

    ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.E-mail: [email protected]

    Possible

    Solutions:Project

    Results

    Human-Machine Interaction

    Problem Recognition

    Problem Identification

    Possible solutions

    Conclusions

    1. Recognized utility of the TOGA meta-theory[Gadomski,90,99] and SPG conceptualization[Gadomski,86,99] to the goal-oriented knowledge

    ordering in meta-system engineering applied to the

    analysis of HMI attributes.

    2. Recognized plausibility of the identification of humanmental states by the Protocol Analysis [K.A.Ericsson,H.A.Simon] applied to the IPK cognitive architecture[A.M.Gadomski,98,99].

    3. Formal conceptual separation of knowledge,

    preferencesand informationacquisition in Human-Machine Interactions [Gadomski at al.,99]; has beenapplied to the IDA-MICA Project.

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    MICA Project

    Conclusions

    Human-Machine Interaction

    The work has been supported by the Scientific Cooperaton (ortogonal no

    profits activity) with The Interuniversity Center for the Research on

    Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems ( ECONA).

    Gadomski, Pestilli :INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: TOGA COGNITIVE

    AGENT, in frame of The ECONAs Meeting on Research Activities on CognitiveModeling, May ,99 [Web].

    A.M.Gadomski,S. Ceccacci:SeminarContesto TOGA per la Progettazione di un AgenteIntelligente Astratto ed il suo Decision-Making , Perugia,99[Web](Bora per Tesi di L.)

    A.M.Gadomski:TOWARDS SYSTEM ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGIES,SET,

    transparent-sheet, ENEA, 99[Web].

    The obtained resualts are also the base for the proposal of a research project for the

    FET * Open (5th Program EU) with Univ. of Brussel,Poland, Ansaldo, ECONA

    (under preparation).

    *FET - Future and Emerging Technologies