probably muhtemelen, büyük ihtimalle · separate adjective separately adverb ayrı olarak ... o...
TRANSCRIPT
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Probably: Muhtemelen, büyük ihtimalle
Possibly, presumably
o It was the best known and probably the most popular of her songs.
o As you probably know, I'm going to be changing jobs soon.
o Phishing is perhaps/possibly/probably the best-known example of this.
o The two cases are most probably connected.
o She found it difficult to get on with her, possibly because of the difference in
their age.
o I’m sure he didn’t mean to be rude.’ ‘Quite possibly (= you may be right), but
the damage has been done.’
o Presumably this is where the accident happened.
o I couldn't concentrate, presumably because I was so tired.
Solid: Not liquid or gas. Katı
o It was so cold that the stream had frozen solid.
▪ As yet, they have no solid (reliable) evidence.
❖ As yet: şimdiye kadar, şu ana kadar
Province: il, vilayet; yetki alanı
o The provinces of Turkey
o The show will tour the provinces after it closes in London.
o Such decisions are normally the province of higher management.
Species: Tür
o There are many species of dog(s)
o a conservation area for endangered species
o closely related species of beetle
o the development of the human species
Settler: yerleşen, yerleşimci
o British settlers introduced pigs to Virginia.
o When the first settlers moved into the area they faced immense hardships.
Face immense hardships: çok ciddi zorluklarla yüzleşmek
Immense = Enormous
Urgent: Acil, önemli
o A problem that requires urgent attention
o The law is in urgent need of reform.
o It is urgent that the law be changed.
Suitable: uygun, müsait
Appropriate, convenient; unsuitable
o a suitable place for a picnic
o Would now be a suitable moment to discuss my report?
o There are many other training courses that would be equally suitable.
o Do you think he’s suitable as a babysitter for such young kids?
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Separate: ayrı; farklı
o Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.
o The school is housed in two separate buildings.
o It happened on three separate occasions.
o For the past three years, they have been leading totally separate lives.
➢ separate adjective
➢ separately adverb ayrı olarak
➢ separable adjective (≠inseparable) ayrılır, ayrılabilir
➢ separate verb ayırmak, ayrılmak
➢ separated adjective ayrılmış, ayrı
➢ separation noun ayırma, ayrılık
o The moral question is not entirely separable from the financial one.
o Her parents are separated but not divorced.
o They were photographed separately and then as a group.
o Husband and wife are assessed separately for tax.
o Separate the eggs (= separate the yolk from the white).
o It is impossible to separate belief from emotion.
o Make a list of points and separate them into ‘desirable’ and ‘essential’.
o Politics is the only thing that separates us (= that we disagree about)
o Her lack of religious faith separated her from the rest of her family.
Distinct: Belirgin, açık, ayrı, farklı
o There was a distinct smell of gas.
o His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.
o The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.
o Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.
o We are talking about rural areas, as distinct from major cities.
o Being tall gave Tony a distinct (definite) advantage.
o I had the distinct (definite) impression I was being watched.
Distinctive: Ayırıcı, karakteristik ( characteristic)
o The kidnapper had a fairly distinctive voice with a Scottish accent.
o The male bird has distinctive black and white markings on the head.
Distinction: Ayrım, ayırt edici özellik, farklılık
o distinctions between traditional and modern societies
o Philosophers did not use to make a distinction between arts and science.
o We need to draw a distinction between the two events.
o She had the distinction of being the first woman to fly the Atlantic.
Üstünlük, farklılık
o We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed.
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Complete: Tam, bütün, eksiksiz
Total
o We were in complete agreement.
o in complete silence
o a complete stranger
o It came as a complete surprise.
o I felt a complete idiot.
o The job is almost complete.
o You’ve made my life complete.
o The whole thing has been a complete waste of time.
Tamamlamak, bitirmek
o She's just completed a master's degree in Law.
o The project should be completed within a year.
o The project has now been successfully completed.
o It is unlikely that the repairs will be completed on time.
Completeness: Tamlık, bütünlük
o The accuracy and completeness of the information
o For the sake of completeness (bütünlük adına), all names are given in full.
Completely: tamamen, eksiksiz olarak
o I've completely forgotten her name.
o The explosion completely destroyed the building.
o We were completely and utterly broke.
Freshwater lake: Tatlı su gölü
o Which are the biggest freshwater lakes in the world?
Unfairly: Haksız bir şekilde, adaletsiz bir biçimde
o She claims to have been unfairly dismissed.
o The tests discriminate unfairly against older people.
Unjustly
Partly: Kısmen, bir dereceye kadar
To some extent, in part, partially
o Some people are unwilling to attend the classes partly because of the cost
involved.
o He was only partly responsible for the accident.
o Her success was due in part to luck.
o The road was partially blocked by a fallen tree.
o To some extent what she argues is true.
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Anxiously: Endişeyle, endişeli bir şekilde
o to ask/look/wait anxiously
o Residents are anxiously awaiting a decision.
Suddenly: Aniden
o I suddenly realized what I had to do.
o It all happened so suddenly.
Abruptly, all of a sudden
o The interview ended abruptly (birdenbire, beklenmedik şekilde)
o ‘Come here!’ she said abruptly (kaba bir şekilde, ters bir şekidle)
Newly: Yeni, son zamanlarda, yakın zamanlarda (çoğunlukla bir past participle’dan önce)
o a newly qualified doctor
o a newly created job
o a newly independent republic
Admit: Kabul etmek (itiraf etme niteliğinde)
o It was a stupid thing to do, I admit.
o ‘I'm very nervous,’ she admitted reluctantly.
o Don't be afraid to admit to your mistakes.
o She admits to being strict with her children.
o He admitted all his mistakes.
o They freely admit (that) they still have a lot to learn.
o I couldn't admit to my parents that I was finding the course difficult.
o It was generally admitted that the government had acted too quickly.
Survive: Hayatta kalmak
o She was the last surviving member of the family.
o Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.
o The children had to survive by begging and stealing.
o ‘How are you these days?’ ‘Oh, surviving.’(ölmedik, sürünüyoruz.)
• Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.
• I can't survive on £40 a week (= it is not enough for my basic needs).
• They spent two months in the jungle, surviving on small animals and fruit.
▪ The company managed to survive the crisis.
▪ Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
▪ Few buildings survived the war intact.
Survival: Hayatta kalma, yaşama
o Chemotherapy can prolong survival in cancer patients.
o Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest
o Doctors gave him only a 50% chance of survival.
o Here, life is a battle for survival.
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Compete: Rekabet etmek, yarışmak
o Several companies are competing for the contract.
o We can't compete with them on price.
o Young children will usually compete for their mother's attention.
o Small traders cannot compete in the face of cheap foreign imports.
o There are too many magazines competing to attract readers.
Competition: Yarışma, rekabet
o There is now intense competition between schools to attract students.
o We are in competition with four other companies for the contract.
o We won the contract in the face of stiff competition.
Remain: kalmak, durdurmak; devam etmek, sürdürmek
o + adj. to remain silent/standing/seated/motionless (sessiz kalmak, ayakta kalmak /
durmak, hareketsiz kalmak)
o Train fares are likely to remain unchanged (Tren ücretleri muhtemelen değişmeyecek)
o It remains true that sport is about competing well, not winning.
o Despite threats of strike action, the management remain hopeful that an agreement can
be reached.
o + noun In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.
o He will remain (as) manager of the club until the end of his contract.
o Very little of the house remained after the fire. (Evin çok azı kurtuldu / kaldı /
yanmadı)
o There were only ten minutes remaining. (Sadece on dakika kalmıştı.)
remain (to do something) to still need to be done, said, or dealt with
✓ Much remains to be done. (Yapacak çok şey var)
✓ It remains to be seen (= it will only be known later) whether you are right. (Haklı olup
olmadığını göreceğiz / belli olacak / zamanla görülecek / belirsizliğini koruyor.)
✓ There remained one significant problem.
✓ Questions remain about the president's honesty.
✓ I feel sorry for her, but the fact remains (that) she lied to us. (… ama gerçek ortada
ki... / ama bir de şu var ki )
Overweight: fazla kilolu
▪ Underweight
▪ Put on / gain / lose weight / a few kilos
▪ Be / become seriously overweight / underweight
▪ Be / become clinically / morbidly obese morbidly= hastalıklı bir şekilde
▪ Combat / prevent / tackle / treat obesity
▪ Develop / have / suffer from / struggle with / recover from anorexia / bulimia / an
eating disorder
• Anorexia: iştahsızlık
• Bulimia: bir tür yeme bozukluğu (yiyip yiyip kusma)
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Various: çeşitli, muhtelif
o Tents come in various shapes and sizes.
o She took the job for various reasons.
o There are various ways of doing this.
Synonym: diverse, assorted, miscellaneous
o She gave me some money to cover any miscellaneous expenses.
o The meat is served with salad or assorted vegetables.
o The jumper comes in assorted colours.
o The children arrived back from the game with their assorted friends.
o My interests are very diverse.
o The school is a richly diverse community.
o an ethnically diverse population
o People from diverse cultures were invited to the event
Vary: değişmek, çeşitlenmek, çeşitlilik göstermek
▪ Synonym: Fluactuate
o The students' work varies considerably in quality.
o The quality of the students' work varies considerably.
o New techniques were introduced with varying degrees of success
o The menu varies with the season.
o Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
o Pulse rates vary slightly from person to person.
o Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.
o ‘What time do you start work?’ ‘It varies.’
o Dictionaries are produced with specific markets in mind, and their contents
vary accordingly.
o Personal preference naturally varies.
o Prices can vary enormously.
o The danger of a heart attack varies with body weight.
o The job enables me to vary the hours I work. (değiştirmek)
o The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week. (değiştirmek)
Varied: değişik, çeşitli, farklı
o He led a full and varied life.
o I've had a varied career.
o a richly varied cultural life
o an endlessly varied repertoire of songs
o Young people run away from home for many and varied reasons.
Variable: “often changing; likely to change”, değişen, değişken
▪ Synonym: Fluctuating
o The acting is of variable quality (= some of it is good and some of it is bad).
o These systems are infinitely variable.
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Yukarıda sıfat olarak kullanılmaktadır; ama bu kelime, isim olarak da
kullanılabilmektedir.
o With so many variables, it is difficult to calculate the cost.
(Bu kadar fazla değişken varken maliyeti hesaplamak zor olur.)
Invariable: “always the same; never changing” sabit, değişmez
o Her routine was invariable.
o his invariable courtesy and charm
o This is an invariable law: true at all times and places.
Variation:” a change, especially in the amount or level of something”, çeşitlilik,
değişiklik, farklılık
o Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation.
o regional/seasonal variation (= depending on the region or time of year)
Variety: “several different sorts of the same thing”, çeşitlilik
o There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from.
o He resigned for a variety of reasons.
o This tool can be used in a variety of ways.
o I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer.
a/an (large, wide, etc.) variety of… ifadesinden sonar çoğul bir isim gelir.
o A variety of reasons were given.
➢ We all need variety in our diet.
➢ We want more variety in our work.
Evolve: evrilmek, evrimleşmek, gelişmek; geliştirmek
➢ The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.
➢ The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.
➢ Each school must evolve its own way of working.
➢ The three species evolved from a single ancestor.
➢ The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw.
✓ Evolution
o Evolution requires intermediate forms between species.
o The movement is undergoing an ideological evolution.
o a book tracing the evolution of the English language
o competing theories as to how evolution works
o during the early evolution of animals
o his evolution from comedian to serious actor
Quality / Quantity: Nitelik / Nicelik
✓ in quantity
✓ in quality
short-sighted: uzağı göremeyen, miyop; ileriyi göremeyen
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➢ He wears glasses because she’s very short-sighted.
➢ A short-sighted policy
➢ An attitude which is likely to prove short-sighted
✓ Nearsighted
✓ Long-sighted
✓ Far-sighted
Folktales: halk hikayeleri
Preserve: korumak
o He was anxious to preserve his reputation.
o Efforts to preserve the peace have failed.
o She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying
circumstances.
• a perfectly preserved 14th century house
• This vase has been preserved intact. (preserve + adjective)
• The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction.
• Folktales were preserved in written form (yazılı biçimde).
Preserver: koruyucu
o The police are the preservers of law and order.
Preserve: özel alan
o Football is no longer the preserve of men.
o His land is protected as a wildlife preserve.
o Higher education is no longer the preserve of the wealthy.
o I began my career in the days when nursing was a female preserve.
Preservation: koruma, muhafaza, saklama
o building/environmental/food preservation
o a preservation group/society
o The council has placed a preservation order on the building.
o The central issue in the strike was the preservation of jobs.
o The paintings were in an excellent state of preservation.
self-preservation: kendini koruma
o It was his instinct for self-preservation that led him to abandon his
former friends.
Gather: toplamak, toplanmak, bir araya gelmek
o His supporters gathered in the main square.
o Can you all gather round? I've got something to tell you.
o The whole family gathered together at Ray's home.
o
o A large crowd was gathered outside the studio.
o The kids were gathered together in one room.
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o They were all gathered round the TV.
o People slowly gathered their belongings and left the hall
o I waited while he gathered up his papers.
o a group of people with the same interests gathered.
Yakın anlamlılar:
o Collect
o Accumulate
o Amass
• to collect/gather/accumulate/amass data/evidence/information
• to accumulate/amass a fortune / debts
• dirt/dust/debris collects/accumulates
• to gradually/slowly collect/gather/accumulate (something)
gather: anlamak, inanmak (bir şeyin doğru olduğuna)
o I gather (that) you wanted to see me.
o I gather from your letter that you're not enjoying your job.
o ‘There's been a delay.’ ‘I gathered that.’
o As far as I can gather, he got involved in a fight.
o From what I can gather, there's been some kind of problem.
❖ Bonus “a rolling stone gathers no moss”
altitude sickness: yükseklik hastalığı
o Altitude sickness—also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a pathological
effect of high altitude on humans.
Nutrition: beslenme
o Nutrition information is now provided on the back of most food products.
Nutrient: besin, besin maddesi
o a lack of essential nutrients
o Plants draw minerals and other nutrients from the soil.
o children suffering from a serious nutrient deficiency (besin eksikliği).
Nutritional: beslenmeyle ilgili, besinsel
o the nutritional value of milk (sütün besin değeri)
Nutritious: besleyici, besin değeri yüksek
o Adapt your usual eating regime to make it more nutritious.
o Lentil soup is highly nutritious and easy to prepare.
o Start the day with a nutritious breakfast.
Nourishing eş anlamlısıdır.
Nutritionally: beslenme / besin açısından
o a nutritionally balanced menu
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Recently ve Lately:
İkisi de perfect tense’ler ile kullanıldığında “son zamanlarda” anlamını verir.
➢ I haven't seen them recently (= it is some time since I saw them).
➢ Have you used it recently (= in the recent past)?
➢ Have you seen her lately?
➢ It's only lately that she's been well enough to go out.
Ancak “recently” simple past ile de kullanılır ve “kısa bir süre önce” anlamına gelir.
o We received a letter from him recently.
o Until recently they were living in York.
Relatively: nispeten, göreceli olarak, diğer şeylere nazaran
o I found the test relatively easy.
o We had relatively few applications for the job.
o The area used to be fairly safe. It still is, relatively.
o The colleges had become, relatively speaking, short of funds. (diğer şeylere nazaran
konuşmak gerekirse veya genel olarak konuşmak gerekirse)
o The data can be gathered relatively easily.
▪ Comparatively eş anlamlısıdır..
Bush: çalı, çalılık
o She was hiding in the bushes at the side of the lane.
o They went out into the bush.
Rabies: kuduz, kuduz hastalığı
o Rabies injection
o Rabies vaccine
Numerous: sayısız, pek çok,
o He has been late on numerous occasions.
o The advantages of this system are too numerous to mention.
o Numerous studies have shown this to be true.
o The related publications are far too numerous to list individually
Synonyms:
Innumerable
Countless
Beyond number
Without number
• Sayılarla birlikte kullanılabilecek sıfatlar
o Considerable
o Substantial
o Extensive
o Enormous
o Huge
Average: ortalama
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Cümleleri / ifadeleri dikkatle incele.
o An average rate/cost/price
o Average earnings are around £20 000 per annum.
o at an average speed of 100 miles per hour
o 40 hours is a fairly average working week for most people.
o children of above/below average intelligence
o £20 for dinner is about average.
o an above average climb in prices (fiyatlardaki ortalamanın üstünde artış)
o An entrance fee of £5 is about average.
o He was quite an average sort of student, nothing out of the ordinary.
o It’s a lot less tiring than the average day in the office.
o On an average day, they sell more than £2 000 worth of vegetables.
o The quality has been pretty average.
o The route is for walkers of average ability.
o On average, a person’s income is highest when they are in their mid-50s.
o The city's police chief says they arrest, on average, 300 people each day.
Ortalama olarak / genel olarak
Stable: istikralı, sabit, değişmez, durağan
o stable prices
o a stable relationship
o This ladder doesn't seem very stable.
o The patient's condition is stable (= it is not getting worse).
o The situation in the country has remained relatively stable for a few months now.
o These children badly need a stable and secure home life.
Steady eşanlamlısıdır.
Unstable
Stability
Instability
Stabilize
Starvation: açlık, açlıktan ölme
o to die of/from starvation
o Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought.
Starve: açlıktan ölmek / acı çekmek / kıvranmak; aç bırakmak, açlıktan öldürmek
o The animals were left to starve to death.
o pictures of starving children
o The new job doesn't pay as much but we won't starve!
o He locked them in a room and left them to starve.
o She refused food and literally starved herself to death.
o The baby’s brain had been starved of oxygen.
o The poor cat was half starved.
❖ be starving (for something): to feel very hungry: acından ölmek
o When's the food coming? I'm starving!
Famine: kıtlık, açlık
o the threat of widespread famine in the area
o to raise money for famine relief (açlık yardımı / açlıkla savaşma)
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hunger: açlık
o Around fifty people die of hunger every day in the camp.
o The organization works to alleviate world hunger and disease.
Malnutrition
Malnourished
poverty-stricken: aşırı yoksul, gariban
impoverished: aşırı yoksul, gariban
harvest: hasat, hasat zamanı; mahsul
o harvest time
o Farmers are extremely busy during the harvest.
o During the harvest they work from dawn to dusk.
• Synonym: crop
Ürün kaldırmak, toplamak; yenecek hayvan veya balık yakalamak
o The nuts are ready to harvest in September.
o In the US, more than 130 000 tons of live oysters are harvested each year.
o Winter wheat is harvested in late July and early August.
Assert: ileri sürmek, öne sürmek; belirtmek, ifade etmek
o She continued to assert that she was innocent.
o She continued to assert her innocence.
o The German Chancellor was anxious to assert his government’s commitment to
further European unity.
o ‘That is wrong,’ he asserted.
o It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family
members.
o The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow.
Transcribe: kopyasını almak / çıkarmak, temize çekmek
o Clerks transcribe everything that is said in court.
o The interview was recorded and then transcribed.
o How many official documents have been transcribed into Braille for blind people?
Transcription
o errors made in transcription
o phonetic transcription
o The full transcription of the interview is attached.
Sketch: taslak
o The artist is making sketches for his next painting.
o She drew a sketch map of the area to show us the way.
Sparkling: ışıl ışıl, ışıltılı; köpüklü; mükemmel
o the calm and sparkling waters of the lake
o sparkling blue eyes
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o a sparkling wine
o sparkling mineral water
▪ synonym fizzy
o a sparkling performance
o The big stores have had another year of sparkling results.
Ultimately: sonunda, nihayet, son olarak; sonuç olarak, nihayetinde
o Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself.
o A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness.
o The campaign was ultimately successful.
o All life depends ultimately on oxygen.
In the end, finally
Respect: saygı, hürmet; saygı göstermek
o I have the greatest respect for your brother.
o A two-minute silence was held as a mark of respect.
o A deep mutual respect and understanding developed between them.
o He has no respect for her feelings.
o Everyone has a right to be treated with respect.
o I respect Jack's opinion on most subjects.
o a much loved and highly respected teacher
▪ opposite: disrespect
▪ respectful
▪ respectfully
ÖNEMLİ: yön, açı, husus, bakım vb.
o In many respects (pek çok açıdan / bakımdan)
o In every respect (her açıdan / yönden / bakımdan)
o In this respect (bu hususta)
❖ In respect of / with respect to / respecting -e dair, konusunda, hakkında,
ilişkin vb.
o I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June.
o Parents often have little choice with respect to the way their child is medically
treated.
o Where Dr Shapland feels the system is not working most effectively is in respect of
professional training.
o Information respecting the child’s whereabouts
Respective: şahsi, kendi, ilgili
o They are each recognized specialists in their respective fields. (kendi alanlarında)
o the respective roles of men and women in society
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respectively: sırasıyla
o Julie and Mark, aged 17 and 19 respectively
Superior (to): (-den) üstün
▪ Antonym: inferior
o superior intelligence
o This model is technically superior to its competitors.
o Liverpool were clearly the superior team.
o The enemy won because of their superior numbers (= there were more of them).
o She felt (herself) superior to the other children.
o She felt socially superior to most of her neighbours.
o She felt socially superior to the rest of the group.
o vastly superior
o The new products are far superior to the old ones.
o They defeated a greatly superior Roman army.
o What is it that makes this technique superior?
Utmost: en fazla, en çok, en üstün, azami
▪ (less frequent) uttermost
o This is a matter of the utmost importance.
o You should study this document with the utmost care.
▪ Noun form
o He did his utmost to ensure his children’s happiness.
o She performed to the utmost of her abilities.
o The delays tried our patience to the utmost.
Hesitate: tereddüt etmek
Hesitant: tereddütlü
Hesitantly: tereddütle, tereddütlü bir şekilde
Hesitation / hesitancy: tereddüt
• See also: unhesitant, unhesitantly
o She hesitated before replying.
o He seemed to hesitate a second.
o I didn't hesitate for a moment about taking the job.
o She stood there, hesitating over whether or not to tell him the truth.
o Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.
o He stood hesitating over whether to join the fight.
o He was hesitating between a glass of wine and an orange juice.
o
o a hesitant smile
o the baby’s first few hesitant steps
o She's hesitant about signing the contract.
o Doctors are hesitant to comment on the new treatment.
o
o He smiled hesitantly.
o
o She agreed without the slightest hesitation.
o He spoke fluently and without unnecessary hesitations.
o I have no hesitation in recommending her for the job.
o I noticed a certain hesitancy in his voice.
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Loosely: gevşekçe, gevşek gevşek
o She fastened the belt loosely around her waist.
o Hold the rope loosely between your finger and thumb.
▪ Loose adjective
▪ Loosen verb
Shabby: yıkık dökük; kılıksız, yırtık pırtık
o The outside of the house was beginning to look shabby.
o She wore shabby old jeans and a T-shirt.
o The old man was shabby and unkempt.
Arouse: uyandırmak, kaldırmak
o to arouse somebody’s interest / curiosity / anger
o Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions. (şüphe uyandırmak)
o The announcement aroused considerable anxiety.
o The book aroused a lot of adverse criticism.
o The debate aroused strong feelings on both sides.
o The event aroused considerable interest and media coverage.
o The issue succeeds in arousing a great deal of controversy
Reasonable: mantıklı, makul
o It is reasonable to assume that he knew beforehand that this would happen.
o Be reasonable! We can't work late every night.
o Any reasonable person would have done exactly as you did.
o The prosecution has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that he is guilty of murder.
o We have reasonable grounds (makul sebepler) for believing that you are responsible.
▪ Unreasonable
▪ Reasonably
Ingenious: maharetli, yetenekli, usta
o an ingenious device
o ingenious ways of saving energy
o His plots are always very ingenious.
o She’s very ingenious when it comes to finding excuses.
Accurate: correct and true in every detail
▪ Inaccurate
▪ Accuracy
▪ Accurately
o Although this book is historically accurate, it is not a history book.
o He gave a full and accurate account of his movements.
o Her assessment turned out to be remarkably accurate.
o His predictions proved accurate.
o The figures he gave were not strictly accurate.
o Accurate records must be kept at all times.
o The novel wasn’t intended to be historically accurate.
o The test results are accurate in 99% of cases.
o Long-term forecasts are still far from accurate
16
near-synonyms
❖ authentic
❖ precise
❖ exact
❖ correct
Digest: sindirmek, hazmetmek
o Humans cannot digest plants such as grass.
o You should allow a little time after a meal for the food to digest.
o He has to avoid fat because his body can’t digest it.
o Some foods are digested more easily than others.
o The news was hard to digest.
o The parent bird partially digests food in its crop.
o partially digested food
❖ digestive: sindirimle ilgili digestive system, digestive disorders
❖ digestible: sindirilebilir, sindirimi kolay
❖ indigestible
o an indigestible meal
o Beans can be rather indigestible.
o an indigestible amount of data
❖ indigestion
o Rich food always gives me indigestion.
Remedy: çare, deva, derman, çözüm
o There is no simple remedy for unemployment.
o There are a number of possible remedies to this problem.
▪ solution
o Holding copyright provides the only legal remedy against unauthorized copying.
o One dose of the remedy is sufficient.
o She tried various remedies, but none of them worked.
o They advised him to exhaust all other remedies before applying to court.
o I prefer to use herbal remedies when I have a cold.
Remedy (v): to correct or improve something, çare bulmak, gereğine bakmak, düzeltmek
o This situation is easily remedied.
o The government should have taken steps to remedy the situation.
o This could easily be remedied if the authorities were willing.
o He hadn’t made a very good impression, but that could easily be remedied.
o I tried my best to remedy the situation.
o It is up to politicians to remedy defects in the existing political system.
o The 1997 law was intended to remedy the deficiencies in the previous law.
Intriguing: şaşırtıcı, ilgi çekici
o an intriguing possibility
o He found her intriguing.
o It all sounds very intriguing.
17
Intrigue: ilgisini çekmek, merakını uyandırmak
o The idea intrigued her.
o You've really intrigued me—tell me more!
o There was something about him that intrigued her.
to secretly plan with other people to harm somebody, entrika çevirmek, kumpas
kurmak
entrika, kumpas, dolap, desise
o The prime minister engaged in political intrigues against the king.
o a tale of treachery and court intrigue
o I soon learned about all the intrigues and scandals that went on in the little
town.
o Political intrigue and prejudice are prevalent here.
yaygın
Decidedly: kesinlikle, muhakkak, şüphesiz
o Amy was looking decidedly worried.
o Their relationship is beginning to look decidedly shaky.
o ‘I won't go,’ she said decidedly.
Hibernation: kış uykusu
o to go into / come out of hibernation
▪ hibernate: kış uykusuna yatmak
Tempting: çekici, çezbedici, cazip, kışkırtıcı
o It was a tempting offer.
o That cake looks very tempting.
o It's tempting to speculate about what might have happened.
o A weekend in Rome? Mm, sounds tempting!
• Tempt (v)
Sympathy: the feeling of being sorry for somebody; showing that you understand and care
about somebody’s problems. Halden anlayan, duygudaş
o to express/feel sympathy for somebody
o I have no sympathy for Jan, it's all her own fault.
o I wish he'd show me a little more sympathy.
o Our heartfelt sympathy goes out to the victims of the war.
o (formal) May we offer our deepest sympathies on the death of your wife.
▪ friendship and understanding between people who have similar opinions or
interests
o There was no personal sympathy between them.
o He acted with some sympathy towards his victim.
o He didn’t get much sympathy from anyone.
o He has a total lack of sympathy for young people.
o I don’t want your sympathy!
o I’m not looking for sympathy.
o It’s hard to find any sympathy for such an evil man.
o Their plight aroused considerable public sympathy.
o We extend our sympathy to the families of the victims.
❖ Sympathize (v)
18
❖ Sympathetic (adj)
❖ Sympathetically (adv)
❖ Unsympathetic (adj)
o More examples
o I completely sympathize with the workers’ situation.
o I entirely sympathize with this view.
o I sympathize deeply with his family.
o It is hard not to sympathize with her dilemma.
o ‘I’ve got a terrible headache.’ ‘I can sympathize. I had one yesterday.’
o I did not feel at all sympathetic towards Kate.
o I'm here if you need a sympathetic ear (= somebody to talk to about your problems).
o a sympathetic response
o She was very sympathetic when I was sick.
o He was speaking to a highly sympathetic audience.
o He’d written a not entirely sympathetic article in the ‘Globe’.
o Her aggressive attitude makes me less sympathetic to her plight.
o Her attitude to my situation was less than sympathetic.
o I did not feel sympathetic towards them.
o I found the doctors quite sympathetic.
o My boss is being very sympathetic about my problems.
o The teacher listened sympathetically to the student’s problems.
o She was portrayed very sympathetically by the media.
Advocate: savunmak, desteklemek
o The group does not advocate the use of violence.
o Heart specialists strongly advocate low-cholesterol diets.
o These policies have been widely advocated.
o Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.
o The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors.
Savunan, taraftar; avukat
o an advocate for hospital workers
o a staunch advocate of free speech
Sadık, güvenilir, sağlam
✓ Faithful, loyal
Harsh: sert, haşin, acımasız
o The punishment was harsh and unfair.
o The minister received some harsh criticism.
o the harsh treatment of slaves
o He regretted his harsh words.
o We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.
o
o a harsh winter/wind/climate
o the harsh conditions of poverty which existed for most people at that time
19
o
▪ too strong and bright; ugly or unpleasant to look at
• cırtlak
o harsh colours
o She was caught in the harsh glare of the headlights.
o the harsh lines of concrete buildings
o
o a harsh voice
o It may seem harsh to criticize him after his death.
o ‘Stop it!’ she said in a harsh voice.
o He stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.
o Life expectancy is extremely low due to the harsh conditions.
o Many of the prisoners died during the harsh winter of 1683.
o Nothing can justify such harsh treatment of prisoners.
Decay: çürüme, bozulma
o tooth decay
o The landlord had let the building fall into decay.
o The smell of death and decay hung over the town.
o The decay of the wood will spread if it is not removed.
o economic/moral/urban decay
o the decay of the old industries
o Bacteria stick to food debris in the teeth, causing decay.
o My dentist could not find any signs of decay.
o Smoking accelerates age-related decay in the heart and arteries.
o The derelict buildings are the signs of a town in decay.
o The wood is treated with preservative to prevent decay.
o This government promises to reverse industrial decay.
o Without a lot of money, the mayor won’t be able to stop urban decay.
o old buildings that had fallen into decay
o the slow decay of the castle and the surrounding buildings
decay (v): çürümek, bozulmak
▪ synonym: rot
deprivation: yoksunluk, mahrumiyet
o Many of the people suffered severe deprivation.
o a study of the effects of sleep deprivation
o an area of acute social and economic deprivation
o In the inner cities, you will find neglected children suffering from social
deprivation.
o The latest government initiative aims to reduce rural unemployment and deprivation.
o the deprivation of war (= the suffering caused by not having enough of some things)
o the deprivations and hardships resulting from the blockade
➢ deprive of: -den yoksun bırakmak
o They were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights.
o Why should you deprive yourself of such simple pleasures?
20
➢ Deprived: yoksun, mahrum
o children who are deprived of love
o emotionally deprived children
o plants that are totally deprived of light
o He had a deprived childhood in a London slum.
o It’s a very deprived area, with no amenities.
İmkân, rahatlık
Insurance: sigorta
o life/car/travel/household, etc. insurance
o to have adequate insurance cover
o to take out insurance against fire and theft
o insurance premiums (= the regular payments made for insurance)
o Can you claim for the loss on your insurance?
Contribution: para bağışı (katkısı), katkı
o All contributions will be gratefully received.
o He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.
o a significant contribution to scientific knowledge
o the car’s contribution to the greenhouse effect
o These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial
accidents
o Each of these writers has made an individual contribution to the discussion.
o He made a major contribution to peace in the region.
o He was recognized for his unique contribution to the arts.
o I’d like to make a small contribution to the cost of the holiday.
o Researchers have argued over the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the
human personality.
o Residents made a net contribution to public finances of $2.6 billion.
Contribute (v):
o We contributed £5 000 to the earthquake fund.
o Would you like to contribute to our collection?
o
o Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.
o Human error may have been a contributing factor.
o
o Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.
o This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.
o
o She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.
o He contributes regularly to the magazine ‘New Scientist’.
o We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.
o
o His research has contributed enormously to our understanding of
this disease.
o Parental involvement contributes significantly to children’s learning.
o Several factors might contribute to the development of the disease.
o These images could potentially contribute to the development of
eating disorders.
o Unemployment contributes directly to homelessness.
21
o a situation where husband and wife contribute equally to the family
budget
o a talented photographer who contributed regularly to ‘The Face’
o countries that contribute disproportionately to global warming.
Contributor: (dergi, gazete vb.) yazı yazan, yazar; bağışçı, katkı yapan
o She was a long-time contributor to Time Magazine.
o The core of regular contributors is essential to the magazine.
o net contributors to the economy
o She continues to be a regular contributor to the journal.
o Which country is the largest net contributor to EU funds?
o
o Sulphur dioxide is a pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain.
o Older people are important contributors to the economy.
Contributory (adj):
o Alcohol is a contributory factor in 10% of all road accidents.
o Smoking is a contributory cause of many diseases.
Investment: yatırım,, para yatırma
o This country needs investment in education.
o a minimum investment of $10 000
o a high return on my investments
o Our investments are not doing well.
o We bought the house as an investment
o A microwave is a good investment.
o The project has demanded considerable investment of time and effort.
o
o He lost a lot of money through poor investments.
o He was making a living from his real estate investments.
o I don’t really like modern art but I bought it as an investment.
o I had made a personal investment in time and energy.
o I’m hoping for a good return on my investment.
o My investment yielded almost 20% annually.
o She felt the time was right to realize her investment, and sold all her shares.
o The country’s infrastructure is crumbling because of inadequate investment.
o The president has called for massive investment to rebuild the country’s economy.
Invest (v):
o Now is a good time to invest in the property market.
o He invested his life savings in his daughter's business.
o
o The government has invested heavily in public transport.
o The college is to invest $2 million in a new conference hall.
o In his time managing the club he has invested millions on new
players.
o
o She had invested all her adult life in the relationship.
o
▪ to give somebody power or authority, especially as part
of their job: birine yetki vermek
22
o The new position invested her with a good deal of
responsibility.
o The interview was broadcast on the same day he was invested
as President.
International trade rules: Uluslararası ticaret kuralları
Resignation: istifa, istifa mektubu
o His resignation announcement was widely expected.
o Illness forced his resignation from the squad.
o My resignation is effective from May 1.
o She handed in her resignation following the dispute over company policy.
o She has refused to accept the resignation of her deputy.
Resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
o He resigned as manager after eight years.
o Two members resigned from the board in protest.
o My father resigned his directorship last year.
o He was forced to resign due to ill health.
o She formally resigned from the government.
o Some judges have threatened to resign over this issue.
o The minister offered to resign after his affair became public.
o They called on her to resign as chief executive.
Profound: derin
o My father's death had a profound effect on us all.
o The news came as a profound shock.
o The report has profound implications for schools.
o Her sense of disappointment was profound.
o Her book offers some profound insights into the nature of suffering.
o I’m not quite sure what he means by that, but it sounds very profound.
o They posed some profound questions about the nature of reality.
Redundant: gereksiz; işssiz
o The picture has too much redundant detail.
o The chapel was declared redundant in 1995.
o the decision to make 800 employees compulsorily redundant
o I’ve been expecting to be made redundant for a year now.
o The programme organizes training for redundant workers.
o There’s a lot of redundant information that you could cut out here
superfluous
unnecessary
spiritual: ruhani, ruhsal, manevi, dinî
o a spiritual experience
o spiritual development
o a lack of spiritual values in the modern world
o We're concerned about your spiritual welfare.
o
o a spiritual leader
23
o He was committed to the welfare, both spiritual and physical, of the men under his
command.
o Many Eastern cultures put spiritual values before material values.
o Nurses must respond to the spiritual needs of patients.
Controversial: tartışmalı, ihitlaflı
o a highly controversial topic
o one of the most controversial of London’s new office blocks
o Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures.
o A controversial plan to build a new road has met with protests.
o Her controversial new play sparked a riot outside the theatre.
o It is one of the most controversial of London’s new office buildings.
Uncontroversial: tartışmasız, tartışma götürmez
non-controversial
o an uncontroversial opinion
o He chose an uncontroversial topic for his speech.
Controversy: ihtilaf, uyuşmazlık, münakaşa
o The President resigned amid considerable controversy.
o Controversy exists as to how safe these drugs are.
o Controversy is raging over the route of the new motorway.
o His views have excited a lively controversy among fellow scientists.
o Ms Benjamin, who is no stranger to controversy herself, said the
scandal could have serious repercussions (sonuç, etki).
o Much controversy surrounds the new exam.
o Public funding could resolve the controversy surrounding campaign
finance.
o The book raised a storm of controversy.
o The controversy centred on the issue of compensation for the
victims.
Controversially: ihtilaflı bir şekilde, tartışmalı bir şekilde
o Punishments for prisoners include loss of privileges and, more
controversially, the stopping of visits.
Previous: önceki, evvelki, geçmi, eski
Prior
o No previous experience is necessary for this job.
o The car has only had one previous owner.
o She is his daughter from a previous marriage.
o I was unable to attend because of a previous engagement.
o The judge will take into consideration any previous convictions.
o We dealt with this in a previous chapter.
o We had met on two previous occasions.
o He went jogging on Friday, despite the doctor’s warnings the previous day.
Previous to: -den önce
o Previous to this, she'd always been well.
Previously: önceden, daha önceden
o The building had previously been used as a hotel.
o The book contains a number of photographs not previously published.
24
o I had visited them three days previously.
Instant (noun): an, esna, dakika
Moment
o I'll be back in an instant.
o Just for an instant I thought he was going to refuse.
o At that (very) instant, the door opened.
o I recognized her the instant (that)(= as soon as) I saw her.
o Come here this instant! (= immediately)
o
o At any given instant, the distribution of molecular speeds is always constant under
the same conditions.
o For a brief instant, I thought she was going to fall.
o He paused for an instant before continuing.
o His news was too important to be contained for a single instant longer.
o It was all over in an instant.
o She woke up in the instant before the phone rang.
o The bomb could go off at any instant.
o The next instant she was flying through the air.
Instant (adj):
o She took an instant dislike to me, the first time we met.
o The show was an instant success in New York.
o There is no instant solution to the problem of rising crime.
Instantly (adv): immediately
o Her voice is instantly recognizable.
o The driver was killed instantly.
Instantaneous: happening immediately, ani, anlık
o an instantaneous response
o Death was almost instantaneous.
Instantaneously: immediately
o The show sold out instantaneously.
Commonly: usually; very often; by most people – genellikle; yaygın bir şekilde, ortak olarak
o Christopher is commonly known as Kit.
o commonly held opinions (ortak Kabul görmüş, genel anlamda Kabul gören)
o This is one of the most commonly used methods.
o It’s a list of additives in foods we commonly consume.
o The lesson teaches you how to use the more commonly used features of the software.
o These companies are commonly thought of as models of efficiency.
o To receive satellite TV you need an antenna (commonly known as a dish).
Reveal: to make something known to somebody ( açığa çıkarmak, açıklamak, meydana
çıkarmak, göstermek)
▪ Disclose
▪ Display
o Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper.
o The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.
o Salted peanuts were recently revealed as the nation’s favourite snack.
o Her expression revealed nothing.
25
o reveal (that)… The report reveals (that) the company made a loss of £20 million last
year.
o it is revealed that… It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
o reveal how, what, etc… Officers could not reveal how he died.
o reveal somebody/something to be/have something Salted peanuts were recently
revealed to be the nation's favourite snack.
o He laughed, revealing a line of white teeth.
o The door opened to reveal a cosy little room.
o X-rays revealed a fracture.
o reveal yourself She crouched in the dark, too frightened to reveal herself.
Revealing (adj): açıklayıcı, açığa çıkaran
▪ revelatory
o The document provided a revealing insight into the government's priorities.
o The answers the children gave were extremely revealing.
o some deeply revealing insights into his life
o It was a most revealing remark.
Revelation: ifşa, açığa çıkarma; vahiy
o Startling / sensational revelations about her private life
o He was dismissed after revelations that confidential files were missing.
o The company's financial problems followed the revelation of a major fraud scandal.
o These events were seen as a divine revelation.
o He claimed to have had a revelation from God.
o He claimed to know these things by divine revelation.
o His acting ability was a revelation to us all.
o The demonstration proved something of a revelation for our teachers.
o The embarrassing revelations came just hours before he was to make his speech.
o There are no great revelations in the final chapter.
o To many members of her audience, these performances must have come as a
revelation.
o fresh revelations concerning their private lives
o The company’s financial problems followed the revelation of a major fraud scandal.
o There were some sensational revelations about her private life.
There is clear evidence that TV advertising influences what children buy.
It is clear from numerous studies that TV advertising influences what children buy.
Recent research demonstrates that TV advertising influences children’s spending habits.
Many parents think that TV advertising influences their children. This view is supported by the
findings of a recent study, which show a clear link between television advertisements and children’s
spending habits.
The findings also reveal that most children are unaware of the persuasive purpose of advertising.
There is little evidence that children understand the persuasive intent of advertising.
The results contradict claims that advertising is unrelated to children’s spending habits.
Manufacturers argue that it is difficult to prove that advertising alone influences what children buy.
Heritage: miras
o Folk songs are part of our common heritage.
o I will not abandon my religious heritage.
o It’s a family-run business that traces its heritage back to 1884.
o She made a conscious attempt to explore her Jewish heritage.
26
o The city has an exceptionally rich heritage of historic buildings.
o The country has a long and proud heritage.
o The performance shows how African Americans celebrate their heritage.
o The site has UNESCO World Heritage status.
Sophisticated: çok yönlü, gelişmiş, ileri (teknoloji)
o highly sophisticated computer systems
o Medical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time.
o The software grows more sophisticated over time.
o incredibly sophisticated computers
o Ben did his best to look sophisticated.
o He has a very smooth, sophisticated manner.
o Students have more sophisticated tastes nowadays.
Supplement: ek, ilave, tamalayıcı
o vitamin/dietary supplements (= vitamins and other foods eaten in addition to what
you usually eat)
o supplement to something Industrial sponsorship is a supplement to government
funding.
o the supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary
o a supplement to the main report
o If you want to travel on a different day a flight supplement is payable.
o Our special supplement is packed with ideas for healthy hair.
o Single rooms are available at a supplement.
o The farmer adds a supplement to the horse’s feed.
▪ Eklemek, ilave etmek
o supplement something with something a diet supplemented
with vitamin pills
o supplement something, He supplements his income by
giving private lessons.
Devastate: yok etmek, viraneye çevirmek, perişan etmek, harap etmek …
o The bomb devastated much of the old part of the city.
Devastating (adj)
▪ synonym disastrous
o a devastating explosion/fire/cyclone
o Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.
o He received devastating injuries in the accident.
o It will be a devastating blow to the local community if the factory closes.
▪ impressive and powerful
o his devastating performance in the 100 metres
o Her smile was devastating.
o a devastating attack on the President’s economic record
o The news that he was leaving home was absolutely devastating.
o It was then that she heard the devastating news that her father was dead.
Devastated: extremely upset and shocked
o We were utterly devastated by the news.
27
o I felt devastated at losing my job.
o I was utterly devastated by my father’s death.
Fertilizer: gübre
o artificial/chemical fertilizers
o liquid fertilizer
o a bag of fertilizer
o He spread fertilizer on the field with a rake.
self-sufficient: kendi kendine yeten
o The country is totally self-sufficient in food production.
o policies to encourage people to become more self-sufficient and less dependent on
welfare
self-sufficiency: öz yeterlilik, kendi kendine yetme
o economic self-sufficiency
o The country aims to achieve self-sufficiency in food production.
Surplus: artan miktar, fazlalık
o food surpluses
o Wheat was in surplus that year.
Replicable: that can be copied exactly (kopyalanabilir, yinelenebilir)
o The design is easily replicable.
Replica (noun)
o a replica of the Eiffel Tower
o The weapon used in the raid was a replica.
Replicate (verb)
▪ synonym duplicate
o Subsequent experiments failed to replicate these findings.
o The format of the seminar day will be replicated in each Sports Council
region.
Replication (noun)
o an exact replication of the original experiment
o These houses are not replications of the paintings, but were inspired by
them.
Cure genetically determined illnesses: genetic olarak geçen (belirlenmiş) hastalıkları tedavi
etmek
come to terms (with somebody): to reach an agreement with somebody; to find a way of
living or working together anlaşmak, uzlaşmak
o The enemy was eventually forced to come to terms.
28
come to terms with something: to accept something unpleasant by learning to deal with it
kabullenmek
o She is still coming to terms with her son's death.
pass a law: yasa çıkartmak
transparency: saydamlık, şeffaflık
o a need for greater transparency in legal documents
o The police reforms will ensure greater transparency and accountability.
Transparent: saydam, şeffaf, açık, anlaşılır
▪ opposite opaque
o The insect's wings are almost transparent.
o
▪ synonym obvious
o a man of transparent honesty
o a transparent attempt to buy votes
o Am I that transparent? (= are my intentions that obvious?)
o
o a campaign to make official documents more transparent
o
o Her eyelids were blue and almost transparent.
o They are so thin that they are quite transparent.
o I’ve covered the photographs with transparent plastic sheets.
Transparently (adverb)
o His entire innocence and ignorance of the crime was transparently
obvious.
o It is important to debate these issues openly and transparently.
Take a pragmatic approach: faydacı bir yaklaşım benimsemek
Overwhelming: ezici, çok yoğun, bunaltıcı, karşı konulmaz
o The evidence against him was overwhelming.
o The overwhelming majority (ezici çoğunluk) of those present were in favour of the
plan.
o an overwhelming sense of loss
o She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.
o You may find it somewhat overwhelming at first.
o There was overwhelming support for our policies.
o The urge to look was almost overwhelming.
o seemingly overwhelming obstacles
o She had an almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.
o You may find the whole experience somewhat overwhelming
overwhelm somebody: to have such a strong emotional effect on somebody
that it is difficult for them to resist or know how to react
▪ synonym overcome
29
o She was overwhelmed by feelings of guilt.
o The beauty of the landscape overwhelmed me.
overwhelm somebody: to defeat somebody completely
▪ synonym overpower
o The army was overwhelmed by the rebels.
overwhelm somebody: to be so bad or so great that a person cannot deal with
it; to give too much of a thing to a person
o We were overwhelmed by requests for information.
overwhelm somebody/something (literary) (of water) to cover
somebody/something completely
▪ synonym flood
o The wave broke through the wall and overwhelmed the town.
o He felt completely overwhelmed.
o The children pressed around him eagerly, overwhelming him with questions.
o We were totally overwhelmed by the response to our appeal.
o He totally overwhelmed the Spaniard, 6–2, 6–3,6–2, in the final.
o She thinks she knows all the answers and always overwhelms me with advice.
o The office was overwhelmed by the volume of work that was required.
Overwhelmingly (adverb):
o They voted overwhelmingly against the proposal.
Productivity: /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ üretkenlik, verimlilik
o high/improved/increased productivity
o Wage rates depend on levels of productivity.
o the low agricultural productivity of the country
o
o Few employers measure employee productivity.
o It cost the company $25 million in reduced productivity.
o Management is negotiating a new productivity deal with the union.
o Organizations today just can’t afford to lose productivity.
o Productivity is growing at a very healthy rate.
• Productive: verimli, üretken, bereketli
▪ Fruitful
o highly productive farming land
o productive workers
o The aim was to maximize the machine’s productive capacity
▪ Unproductive
o I’ve spent yet another unproductive day.
o She returned from a rather unproductive trip to New York.
Productive of: resulting in something, bir şeye sebep olan
o a play productive of the strongest emotions
30
counterproductive: ters tepen, ters etki yapan
o Introducing sanctions at this point could be politically
counterproductive.
o It would be counterproductive to act hastily at this stage.
o counterproductive behaviour/policies/effects
• productively: verimli bir şekilde, bereketli bir şekilde
o It's important to spend your time productively.
o to use land more productively
Private manufacturing sector: özel üretim sektörü
Recovery / rɪˈkʌvəri/: İyileşme, kurtulma; kurtarma, geri alma; düzelme, kalkınma
o My father has made a full recovery from the operation.
o to make a remarkable/quick/speedy/slow, etc. recovery
o She is on the road to (= making progress towards) recovery
o The government is forecasting an economic recovery.
o a recovery in consumer spending
o The economy is showing signs of recovery.
o There is a reward for information leading to the recovery of the missing
diamonds.
o He’s in recovery from the disease.
Recover: Verb form
o He's still recovering from his operation.
o It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one.
o The economy is at last beginning to recover
o He is unlikely to ever recover his legal costs.
o It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness.
o to recover your sight
o She seemed upset but quickly recovered herself.
Prompt /prɒmpt/: yol açmak, sevk etmek, yöneltmek, teşvik etmek (birine bir şey yaptırmak,
bir şeyin olmasına sebep olmak)
▪ Synonym: provoke
o The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.
o His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.
o The thought of her daughter's wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.
o She was too nervous to speak and had to be prompted
o I understand your views and the reasons which prompted you to write.
o The accusation prompted the resignation of the education minister.
o The earth tremors prompted worries of a second major earthquake.
o The incident prompted a full-scale review of police procedures.
o The news prompted speculation that prices will rise further.
o What prompted you to choose this area?
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▪ Prompt (adjective): hızlı, çabuk; dakik
• Synonym: immediate; punctual
o Prompt action was required as the fire spread.
o Prompt payment of the invoice would be appreciated.
o Please be prompt when attending these meetings.
▪ Prompt (adverb): tam (zaman olarak)
o The meeting will begin at ten o'clock prompt.
Recruit /rɪˈkruːt /: işe almak, askere almak, üye yapmak
o The police are trying to recruit more officers from ethnic minorities.
o They recruited several new members to the club.
o He's responsible for recruiting at all levels.
o Most of the workers will be recruited locally.
o Soldiers were recruited from the local villages.
o Some of the men were recruited into the army.
✓ Recruit: acemi er, çaylak, yeni üye
o the training of new recruits
o He spoke of us scornfully as raw recruits (= people without training
or experience).
o Army recruits are all trained in first aid.
o It’s difficult to attract recruits when working conditions are so poor.
o She tried to gain recruits for the party.
o Their business schools provide recruits for domestic industry.
o Thousands of recruits had been enlisted and partly trained.
Decade /ˈdekeɪd/ or /dɪˈkeɪd/: on yıl
o Hines has spent the last decade in Austin, Texas.
o Now entering her fourth decade, the singer is living alone in New York.
o The past decade has seen a huge rise in the number of broadband users.
o This decade began badly for us.
o This decade has passed uneventfully.
o a career spanning four decades
o almost a full decade of unparalleled economic growth
o the early decades of the 19th century
o The effects of climate change have been increasingly apparent over the last decade.
o The nineties were a decade of rapid advances.
Fortnight: İki hafta
o fortnight’s holiday
o a fortnight ago
o in a fortnight’s time
o He's had three accidents in the past fortnight.
o We hope to leave in the next fortnight.
o We’ve spent the last fortnight in Spain.
Fortnightly (adj): İki haftada bir (sıfat)
o Meetings take place at fortnightly intervals.
Fortnightly (adv): iki haftada bir (zarf)
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o The committee meets fortnightly.
Hypocrisy / hɪˈpɒkrəsi/: ikiyüzlülük, riyakârlık
o He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another.
o It’s hypocrisy for them to pretend that they were shocked at the news.
Hypocritical: ikiyüzlü (adj)
o It would be hypocritical of me to have a church wedding when I don't believe
in God.
Hypocrite: ikiyüzlü (noun)
o Charles was a liar and a hypocrite who married her for money.
Belief: inanç, düşünce, kanaat
o I admire his passionate belief in what he is doing.
o Belief in God/democracy
o The incident has shaken my belief in the police
o He acted in the belief that she was doing good.
o Contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people may think), he was not
responsible for the tragedy.
o There is a general belief that things will soon get better.
o He shared his father’s belief that people should work hard for their living.
o He tried to impose his beliefs on other people.
o She clung to the belief that he would come back to her.
o He insisted that giving blood was against his religious beliefs.
o It is beyond belief that anyone could commit such a crime.
Issue / ˈɪʃuː/: konu, mesele
o a key/sensitive/controversial issue
o This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it.
o She usually writes about environmental issues.
o The union plans to raise the issue of overtime.
o The party was divided on this issue.
o You're just avoiding the issue.
o Don't confuse the issue.
2. sorun, mesele
o Money is not an issue.
o I don't think my private life is the issue here.
o I'm not bothered about the cost—you're the one who's making an issue of it.
o Because I grew up in a dysfunctional family, anger is a big issue for me.
o She's always on a diet—she has issues about food.
o He still has some issues with women (= has problems dealing with them).
o If you have any issues, please call this number.
3. sayı (dergi, gazete vb.
o The July issue of ‘What Car?’
o The article appeared in issue 25.
4. yayınlamak
o They issued a joint statement denying the charges.
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o The police have issued an appeal for witnesses.
5. (özellikle resmî olarak) vermek
o to issue passports/visas/tickets
o New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.
o Work permits were issued to only 5% of those who applied for them.
6. (dergi, gazete vb.) çıkarmak, yayınlamak
o We issue a monthly newsletter.
Issue from: -den çıkmak yayılmak
o A weak trembling sound issued from his lips.
Be at issue: gündemde olan, söz konusu olan
o What is at issue is whether she was responsible for her actions.
Disprove: çürütmek, aksini iddia etmek
o The theory has now been disproved.
o It is difficult to confirm or disprove the existence of such a group.
o It took over two months to disprove the allegation.
o One of their conclusions was soon disproved by events.
Prove: kanıtlamak
Approve: Kabul etmek, onaylamak
Praiseworthy /ˈpreɪzwɜːði/: övgüye değer, övgüye layık
o a praiseworthy achievement
Synoym: Commendable
o He wasn’t always successful, but he made a commendable effort.
o The boy showed a commendable desire to defend his mother.
o They always conduct their affairs with commendable honesty.
Base on: (bir temele) dayandırmak
▪ Base on a scientific foudantion: bilimsel bir temele dayandırmak
o What are you basing your theory on?
(Teorini neye dayandırıyorsun?)
Based on: bir şeye dayanmak, bir şeyden kaynaklanmak
o The movie is based on a real-life incident.
o The report is based on figures from six different European cities.
Conclude: sonuç çıkarmak; neticelendirmek; karara varmak, hükmetmek, bitirmek
o What do you conclude from that?
o The report concluded (that) the cheapest option was to close the laboratory.
o He concluded from their remarks that they were not in favour of the plan.
o It was concluded that the level of change necessary would be low.
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o There really isn’t much hope left,’ she concluded.
o It was concluded that there was little that could be done.
o The main responsibility of a salesperson is to conclude a sale successfully.
o The problems arose from the failure to conclude a new agreement.
o The programme concluded with Stravinsky’s ‘Rite of Spring’.
o The report concluded that the cheapest option was to close the laboratory.
o Whatever you conclude, remember that there are certain things we may not know.
Summing up an argument (bir tartışmayı özetleme)
o In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to
people’s perception of crime.
o Based on this study, it can be concluded that the introduction of new street
lighting did not reduce reported crime.
o To sum up, no evidence can be found to support the view that improved street
lighting reduces reported crime.
o The available evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the media do
have an influence on the public perception of crime.
o The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that public perception
of crime is significantly influenced by crime news reporting.
o This study has shown that people’s fear of crime is out of all proportion to
crime itself.
o Fear of crime is out of all proportion to the actual level of crime, and the
reasons for this can be summarized as follows. First…
o Overall/In general, women are more likely than men to feel insecure walking
alone after dark.
Deserve: hak etmek, layık olmak
o You deserve a rest after all that hard work.
o The report deserves careful consideration.
o One player in particular deserves a mention.
o What have I done to deserve this? (Bunu hak etmek için ne yaptım?)
o They didn't deserve to win.
o He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did.
o Several other points deserve mentioning.
o He finally received the recognition that he so richly deserved.
o His work received only a tiny mention in the journal; he deserves better.
o It’s true she made a mistake but she hardly deserves to lose her job.
Deservedly: hakkıyla, layıkıyla, hak ettiği gibi
Deserving: (ödül, yardım, övgü vb) hake den, layık, müstehak
o The areas most deserving of study
o Only the most deserving cases ever get any state help.
o This issue is definitely deserving of our attention.
Level at: (suçu) yüklemek; (silah vb.) doğrultmak, hedef almak
o These charges should not be levelled at these people.
o I had a gun levelled at my head.
Valid: geçerli
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▪ Invalid: geçersiz
o a valid passport
o a bus pass valid for 1 month
o They have a valid claim to compensation.
o She had valid reasons for not supporting the proposals.
o The point you make is perfectly valid.
o That argument is not strictly valid in this case.
o The agreement is not necessarily valid in other countries.
o The old assumptions are no longer valid.
Validate: doğrulamak, onaylamak, geçerli kılmak
▪ Invalidate: geçersiz kılmak
o Check that their courses have been validated by a reputable organization.
o The research findings do not validate the claims made by the manufacturer.
Validation: doğrulama, tasdik, geçerli kılma
Validly: geçerli olarak / bir şekilde
Validity: geçerlilik
o The period of validity of the agreement has expired.
o We had doubts about the validity of their argument.
Fertile /ˈfɜːtaɪl/: verimli, bereketli; doğurgan
▪ Antonym -- infertile
o a fertile region/valley
o The treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35.
o the product of a fertile brain/imagination/mind
Fertility: verimlilik; doğurganlık
▪ Infertility
o the fertility of the soil/land
o fertility treatment
o fertility rate (doğurganlık oranı)
modest: alçakgönüllü, mütevazı, gösterişsiz, makul (az)
▪ Immodest
o He charged a relatively modest fee.
o a modest little house
o The research was carried out on a modest scale.
o She's very modest about her success.
o You're too modest!
o The new homes are modest in scale, but very comfortable.
o Don’t be so modest! You’re a very talented player.
o He was a quiet, modest man.
o She grew up in a modest little house in the suburbs.
Boom: hızla artmak, yükselmek; hızlı artış / yükseliş; zenglik / refah dönemi
o Living standards improved rapidly during the post-war boom.
o a boom in car sales
o a boom year (for trade, exports, etc.)
o a property/housing boom
o By the 1980s, the computer industry was booming.
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o Business is booming!
o a chaotic period of boom and bust
o ani yükseliş ve düşüş
• baby boom: doğum patlaması, doğum oranındaki ani artış
Unprecedented /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/: emsalsiz, eşi benzeri göörülmemiş
o The situation is unprecedented in modern times.
o There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the city’s main square.
• Unprecedently
o a period of unprecedentedly high food prices
expansion: ilerleme, gelişme, yayılma; genleşme
o a period of rapid economic expansion
o Despite the recession the company is confident of further expansion.
o The expansion of higher education will continue.
o The book is an expansion of a series of lectures given last year.
• Expand (verb form)
o Metals expand when they are heated.
o Student numbers are expanding rapidly.
o A child's vocabulary expands through reading.
o The waist expands to fit all sizes.
• Expand on: ayrıntıya inmek, detaylandırmak
o Could you expand on that point, please?
• Expansive: geniş, kapsamlı
o She opened her arms wide in an expansive gesture of
welcome.
o landscape with expansive skies
o He waved an expansive arm (= in an expansive movement).
o We need to look at a more expansive definition of the term.
o The piece is written in his usual expansive style.
• Expansively (adverb form)
• Expansiveness (noun form)
Restricted: sınırlı, kısıtlı; gizli
o Access to higher education has been unduly restricted for people with disabilities.
o Access to the documents remains restricted to civil servants.
o He has a severely restricted diet.
o New heavy industries were concentrated in narrowly restricted areas.
o She felt restricted in her uniform.
o The US may become more restricted in its use of economic sanctions.
o There is only a restricted range of goods available.
o They are closely guarded and severely restricted in their movements.
• Restrict (verb form)
▪ Impede
o We restrict the number of students per class to 10.
o Fog severely restricted visibility.
o Having small children tends to restrict your freedom.
o The long skirt restricted her movements.
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o Access to the club is restricted to members only.
o I restrict myself to one cup of coffee a day.
o Why don't you restrict yourself to setting down the facts?
• Restriction (noun form)
o The government has agreed to lift restrictions on press freedom.
o There are no restrictions on the amount of money you can withdraw.
o A diet to lose weight relies on calorie restriction in order to obtain
results.
o The hospital management has imposed a restriction on visiting
hours.
• Restrictive (adjective form)
o He argued that the law was unduly restrictive.
o In time, the changes become restrictive.
o their attempts to make drug legislation more restrictive and
repressive.
Seek: aramak, araştırmak; çabalamak
o Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.
o They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter.
▪ In vain: boş yere
o Highly qualified secretary seeks employment.
o We are currently seeking new ways of expanding our membership.
o Jobs in Paris are highly sought after.
▪ seek to do: try to do
• attempt
o They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters.
▪ Ing alıp isimlerle birlikte kullanıldığında sıfat işlevi görür.
o Attention-seeking behavior
(İlgi çekmeye çalışan davranış)
o Voluntary work can provide a framework for job-seeking.
(… iş arama için çerçeve…)
• Seeker: arayan kimse
o Job seeker (iş arayan)
o seekers after the truth
o adrenalin seeker (adrenalin tutkunu)
o thrill seeker (maceraperest / macera tutkunu)
Prosperous / ˈprɒspərəs/: zengin ve başarılı, müreffeh, refah düzeyi yüksek
▪ Affluent
▪ Well-off
o prosperous countries
o Farmers are more prosperous in the south of the country.
o He lives in the relatively prosperous city of New Delhi, in India.
o The 1960s were prosperous years for the company.
o These countries became prosperous through trade, not aid.
• Prosperity (noun)
▪ Affluence
o The country is enjoying a period of peace and prosperity.
Occur /əˈkɜː(r): meydana gelmek, olmak, vuku bulmak; bulunmak
o When exactly did the incident occur?
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o Something unexpected occurred.
o Opportunities for learning occur spontaneously every day.
o Sugar occurs naturally in fruit. (Şeker meyvelerde doğal olarak bulunur.)
▪ Occur to somebody: aklına gelmek
• The idea occurred to him in a dream.
• It didn't occur to him that his wife was having an affair.
• It didn't occur to her to ask for help.
Welfare: the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group. Refah,
iyilik, sosyal yardımlaşma, yardım
▪ Well-being
o We are concerned about the child's welfare.
o The state is still the main provider of welfare.
o child welfare
o a social welfare programme
evoke: anımsatmak, hatırlatmak, çağrıştırmak
o The music evoked memories of her youth.
(Müzik, gençliğinin anılarını hatırlattı.)
o His case is unlikely to evoke public sympathy.
(Onun durumu / davasının, halkta bir empati uyandırması mümkün görünmüyor.)
o Music can be used to evoke childhood.
(Müzik, çocukluğu anımsatmak için kullanılabilir.)
o The novel vividly evokes the life of the Irish in Australia.
Awe /ɔː/: korku, dehşet; korku ve saygı karışık bir duygu
o awe and respect
o awe and wonder
o He speaks of her with awe.
(onunla huşu içinde / hayranlıkla konuşur)
o ‘It's magnificent,’ she whispered in awe.
▪ Awe-inspiring: büyüleyici, etkileyici
• Impressive
• The building was awe-inspiring in size and design.
(Bina büyüklük ve tasarım olarak büyüleyiciydi.)
• an awe-inspiring masterpiece
(etkileyici bir şaheser)
▪ awesome: korkunç, dehşet verici; müthiş, harika
o After the war the country faced the awesome task of reconstruction.
(Savaştan sonra, ülke dehşet verici yeniden yapılanma görevi ile yüzleşti.)
o As night fell, the volcano presented an awesome sight.
(Gece ilerledikçe, volkan müthiş bir görüntü sundu.)
o Hey, come look at this! It’s awesome!
Koş lan koş, şuna bir bak! Muhteşem.)
o The show was just awesome.
(Gösteri, tek kelimeyle harikaydı.)
o The stillness of the evening was shattered by the most awesome sound.
(Akşamın sessizliği, en korkunç ses ile bölündü.)
Throughout human existence: insanlık tarihi boyunca, insan var olalı beri
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o Mountains have always evoked awe throughout human existence.
(İnsanlık tarihi boyunca dağlar hep korku uyandırmıştır.)
Magnificent: fevkalade, görkemli, harika, muhteşem
▪ Splendid
o Soleman the magnificent
(Kanuni Sultan Süleyman)
o The Taj Mahal is a magnificent building.
(Taç Mahal, muhteşem bir yapıdır.)
o My gradnma looked magnificent in her wedding dress.
(Ebem, gelinliğinin içinde harika görünyordu.)
o You've all done a magnificent job.
(Hepiniz muhteşem bir iş çıkardınız.)
Vast: Çok büyük, devasa, muazzam
o a vast area of forest
o a vast crowd
o At dusk bats appear in vast numbers.
o His business empire was vast.
o In the vast majority of cases, this should not be a problem.
o Your help made a vast difference.
o There is a vast amount of information available online.
o To the south lay a vast area of wilderness.
o Vast crowds lined the route of the marathon.
• Vastly: very much, çok
o I'm a vastly different person now.
o The quality of the training has vastly improved.
o This candidate is vastly more experienced than the others.
• Vastness: büyüklük, uçsuz bucaksız arazi
Exert: (çaba, gayret, güç) sarf etmek, kullanmak, uygulamak
o He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
o The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
▪ Exert oneself: to make a big physical or mental effort; çabalamak, gayret
etmek, uğraşmak
o To be successful, he would have to exert himself.
➢ Colossal
➢ Huge
➢ Enormous
➢ Immense
➢ Gigantic
➢ Massive
➢ Grand
➢ Voluminous
➢ Boundless
➢ Endless
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Particularly: özellikle, bilhassa
▪ Especially
▪ In particular
o Traffic is bad, particularly in the downtown area.
o The lecture was not particularly (= not very) interesting.
o ‘Did you enjoy it?’ ‘No, not particularly (= not very much).’
Paradox: çelişki, tezat
▪ Paradoxical: çelişkili, mantığa aykırı
▪ Paradoxically
o The author tackles one of the deepest paradoxes of life.
o The paradox about time is that it seems to go faster as we become older and less
active.
o the paradox between the real and the ideal
o It’s a curious paradox that professional comedians often have unhappy personal
lives.
o Our study helps to resolve this apparent paradox.
▪ It is paradoxical that some of the poorest people live in some of the richest
areas of the country.
▪ These seemingly paradoxical statements need to be looked at a little further
to get the true picture.
• Paradoxically, the less she ate, the fatter she got.
Demonstrate: kanıtlamak, ispat etmek
o These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working.
o Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.
o His sudden departure had demonstrated how unreliable he was
o The theories were demonstrated to be false
o It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective.
▪ Göstermek, sergilemek
• Display
o You need to demonstrate more self-control.
o We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights.
▪ Protesto etmek
• Protest
o They are demonstrating in favour of free higher education.
o students demonstrating against the war
Demonstrable: kanıtlanabilir
o a demonstrable need
o There is no demonstrable link between the two events.
Demonstrative: (hislerini / duygularını) gizlemeyen, açığa vuran
o We are a physically demonstrative family.
o Patrick was not a demonstrative man.
o Some people are more demonstrative than others.
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Demonstrably: bariz bir şekilde, açıkça
o demonstrably unfair
Confirm: onaylamak, tasdik etmek, teyit etmek
▪ Verify
o His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.
(Suçlu yüz ifadesi, şüphelerimi doğruladı.)
o Please write to confirm your reservation.
(Reservasyonunuzu onaylamak için lütfen yazın.)
o Has everyone confirmed (that) they’re coming?
(Herkes geleceğini doğruladı mı?)
o Can you confirm what happened?
o It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.
o I wanted to find a way to experimentally confirm the results.
o The plans were officially confirmed yesterday.
o
▪ Confirmation: teyit, onay
• I'm still waiting for confirmation of the test results.
Sufficient: yeterli
▪ Insufficient
o One dose should be sufficient.
o These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban.
o The salary proved sufficient for his needs.
o Our budget is hardly sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment
(Bütçemiz, bırak yeni ekipman almayı insanların maaşını ödemeye bile yetmez gibi.)
Suffice: yetmek, yeterli gelmek, yetişmek
o Generally, a brief note or a phone call will suffice.
o One example will suffice to illustrate the point.
Sufficiency: yeterlilik
o a sufficiency of well-trained teachers
sufficiently: yeterli miktarda, yeterince
o The following day she felt sufficiently well to go to work.
Let alone: Bırak, şöyle dursun o There isn't enough room for us, let alone any
guests. o I didn’t have any clothes, let alone a passport. o
▪ Aynı anlamda “much less” de kullanılabilir.
Suffice (it) to say that: Şu kadarını söyleyeyim ki …
o I won’t go into all the details. Suffice it to say that the whole event
was a complete disaster. (Bütün ayrıntılara girmeyeceğim; ama şu
kadarını söyleyeyim ki ….)
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Mountain range: sıradağlar
o The Taurus mountains are a famous mountain range in Turkey.