problems after wwi and rise of the dictators
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PROBLEMS AFTER THE WAR
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1.Germ unhappy w/ treaty.
*due to reparations, loss of land & reduction in military
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2. League of Nations too weak- US did not join
because we did not ratify harsh treaty.
•LON used economic sanctions to stop problems, not
force
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3. Inflation- a rise in prices due to Germ printing more
money
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4. DAWES PLAN- US plan set up to help Germ pay back reparations & loaned 200 million to rebuild.
•Created US investment.
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5. DEPRESSION-period of low eco activity & rising unemployment
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Depression caused by: 1. Farm prices fall due to overproduction(some
destroy crops to help prices)
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2. US stock market booms in 20s, so investors pull money out of Germ to invest. 3.Market crashes & stock prices drop
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4. US investors w/draw money from Germ & Euro & banks weakened.5. Production falls & unemployment rises.
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•Economist John Maynard Keynes- said: Unemployment caused by less demand (which can be increased by putting people to work building
public works)
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FDR•US-Franklin D Roosevelt wins 1932 election.
• 15 mill out of work, 50% cut in production
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•Created NEW DEAL- put people to work by funding public works. (building roads, post offices, airports).
• Creates Social Security Act, TVA, etc.
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RISE OF THE DICTATORS
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STALIN & THE USSR
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• DON’T WRITE!!!
• By 1939, Fr & BR only big
• nations of Europe still democratic
•New form of dictatorship develops
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•TOTALITARIANISM - aims to control all aspects of citizen’s lives. (poli, eco, social, culture & intellectual
•Individual will is subordinated
to collective will of masses
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• DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!• Famine hits in 1920-1922 &
industry falls 20%. • VI LENIN create NEW ECONOMIC
POLICY (called NEP), a version of capitalism or socialism.
• Peasants can sell produce & small businesses could be privately owned, but
heavy industry & banking owned by govt
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•Communists create UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS 1922 (USSR)
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• Sickle-Unity of peasants• Hammer- workers• Red field: blood spilled by
workers in fight for freedom• Star-energy of sun and life
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•Lenin died in 1924 & a fight for power begins in Politburo
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•LEON TROTSKY, war commissar, wants to spread communist rev & industrialize rapidly
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•Josef Stalin- former editor of PRAVDA (Bolshevik propaganda magazine) & party general secretary wants power.
• In charge of appointing 1000s of officials, who support him.
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•Stalin gets control of party.
•Gets rid of old Bolsheviks, & exiles Trotsky (who is murdered in Mexico).
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•Creates 5 YEAR PLANS- sets of eco goals for 5 year periods to go from agricultural nation to industrial (1st plan-was produce more CAPITAL GOODS (goods used to produce other
goods)
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• Bigger labor force in cities to work in the factories caused:
• no housing. •Low wages. •Strict laws• Propaganda
stresses sacrifice to build nation
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•COLLECTIVIZATION-govt took over private farms & made peasants work for them. Wealthy kulaks were targeted
• By 1934, 26 mil farms taken. • Famine occurs, 10 mil die,
resistors sent to
labor camps & party
control increases.
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• Paranoid Stalin begins PURGES-eliminating problem people to keep power. (killed or sent to Gulags (labor camps))
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• Military officers, party members, citizens, union
officials & diplomats were killed, arrested or sent to labor camps . History was changed, rewritten to make Stalin hero
Nikoli Yezhov
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Communism
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HITLER & GERMANY
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Don’t write!• Born Aus 1889, Austria, 4th of 6. Older kids
all died • Family issues• high school failure • Traveled to Vienna & rejected by art
school.• avoided signing up for Austrian army due
to mixed races. Fought in Bavarian regiment
• Dev racist & nationalist ideas in Vienna & after war
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• HITLER’S REPORT CARD• French Unsatisfactory• Geography Satisfactory• German Adequate• Gymnastics Excellent• History Satisfactory• Physics Adequate• Mathematics Unsatisfactory• Art Excellent• Chemistry Adequate• Geometry Adequate
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•After WWI, joined extreme nationalist group in Munich called German Workers Party in 1919.
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•By 1921, controls & renames party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or NAZI.
*55,000 people join *Create party militia of 12,000 called Brown Shirts.
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•Storm public meeting in 1923 w/ Gen Luddendorf (called BEER HALL PUTSCH, meant to imitate
Mussolini) to demand new govt, it fails & Hitler arrested
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•Wrote Mein Kampf in jail about “superior nations” have right to LEBENSRAUM- living space thru expansion.
*“Superior individuals” should rule over the masses
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• *
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•Realizes Nazi party needs to get votes to get power, not violent rev. Party expands & appeals to pride.
•Biggest party in REICHSTAG (parliament) by 1929.
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•Don’t WRITE!
•Nazi rise helped by unemployment & eco problems
• Industry leaders, aristocrats, officers look to Hitler for leadership.
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•Pres. Hindenburg needs to get support in 1933.
•He makes Hitler Chancellor in 1933, thinking he could control him
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•Hitler sets up total Nazi control by Mar. 23, 1933
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•Reichstag passes ENABLING ACT- give govt power to ignore constitution for
4 years to pass laws to deal w/ nations problems & gave Hitler legal basis for actions
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•Nazis purge Jews from govt & set up CONCENTRATION CAMPS,
abolished trade unions & poli parties
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•Hindenburg dies in 1934 & Hitler rules. All officials take oath of loyalty to “Fuhrer”.
•Wants to develop an “Aryan nation” to rule Europe.
•Says Germ had 2 empires & Hitler will create THIRD REICH or 3rd empire
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DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!
• Believed they were descendents of Romans & Greeks & Germs meant to create Roman-like empire.
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•Heinrich Himmler was head of The SCHUTZSTAFFEN
(SS), Hitler’s secret police, bodyguards who used arrests, executions & concentration camps for control & terror
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•Hitler used public works & grants to private construction firms to put people to work & rearmed military
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•JOESPEH GOEBBELS, Hitler’s propaganda minister set up:
mass demonstrations, parades, speeches, controlled churches & schools, formed professional groups for occupations & NAZI youth group’s for kids
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•Nuremberg Laws were racial laws that: excluded Jews from citizenship; wear yellow star & id card; Jews banned from public buildings, transportation & marriage to Germans; cannot own, manage or work in stores.
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•
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•KRISTALLNACHT- (night of shattered glass) Nov 9, 1939- Nazi’s, kill 100, destroy 7000 businesses & synagogues
• 30,000 men sent to camps
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MUSSOLINI & ITALY
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ITALY•1920s: BENITO MUSSOLINI created a new poli party.
• Creates FASCISM which glorifies state above the individual, nationalism, glory of Italy & needs a strong central govt led by dictator
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1920- Italy has problems. Middle class fears communist takeover. Muss forms BLACK SHIRTS (armed fascists) who attack strikes & communists
making many happy
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• 1922: Fascist threaten to march on Rome if not given power.
• King VICTOR EMMANUAL III makes Muss Prime minister & Muss creates fascist dictatorship by making PM head of govt.
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•Steps to control:1.created secret police (OVRA), who arrest anyone.
2. Banned & kills opposition.
3. Muss called Il Duce (the leader)
4. Stresses Italian pride
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5. Took over media to spread propaganda, slogans. 6. Created youth groups. Focused on military activities & values to create war lovers
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•Muss gave money to Catholic Church & created Vatican City as independent state & made it religion of Italy
• In return, Pope urged Italy to support Muss.