problems on stems...problems diagnosing tree problems problems on stems and roots of stems and roots...
TRANSCRIPT
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Diagnosing Tree Problems
DIAGNOSING TREE PROBLEMS
Problems on Stems
and RootsDIAGNOSING TREE PROBLEMS
OF STEMS AND ROOTS
and Roots
Marion Murray
IPM Project Leader
Utah State University ExtensionUtah State University Extension Marion MurrayIPM Project Leader
Utah State University Extension
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decline problemspholes in barkproblems of dead limbssudden tree death
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WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN TREE HEALTH
Tree vigorLeaf cover, leaf size, and condition
FlowersCompare to other similar treesLeaf cover, leaf size, and condition Compare to other similar trees
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TERMINOLOGY
Dieback vs. Decline
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WHAT CAUSES DIEBACK OR DECLINE?
Abiotic factorsInsectsFungiBacteriaViruses, MycoplasmasNematodes
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SITUATION:
STUNTED
GROWTH, OFF-GROWTH, OFF
COLOR
FOLIAGE, GRADUAL
DECLINE
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PLANTED TOO DEEP/BURIED
The problem: roots are “smothered” due to lack of The problem: roots are smothered due to lack of oxygen, and cannot grow
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COMPACTED SOIL(AND TOO DEEP)
a secondary problem of a secondary problem of compaction: root disease caused by Phytophthora cactorumcactorum
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OVER OR UNDER-WATERING
Symptoms for both may be y p ysimilar:
thin crown
yellowing/scorchyellowing/scorch
leaf drop
dieback
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GIRDLING ROOTS
How They Happen:
Planting in a hole that is too small so the roots can not easily spread out.outPlanting container grown trees that have roots growing in a circular pattern. circular pattern. Planting a bare root tree by twisting roots to fit into a small hole. hole. Leaving wire baskets, burlap and any part of a container in the planting hole. planting hole.
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GIRDLING ROOTS - REMOVING
Expose girdled roots and remove as much topsoil as possibleUse a hand saw, chain saw or sawzall to remove roots up to 4 inches in diameter from around the crown of the tree.inches in diameter from around the crown of the tree.
Prevent girdled roots by
loosening root balls and finding
root collar during planting.
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ROOT ROT
Symptoms
Fungal fruiting structuresDead/loose barkCracks or seams in barkBleeding or oozeMissing rootsMissing rootsStunted growthOff‐color foliagegPattern in stand of trees
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ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT
Causal agent: Armillaria ostoyaeg y
Hosts: hundreds of species; conifers
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ARMILLARIA
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ARMILLARIA – Honey Mushrooms
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ARMILLARIA – Mycelial Fan
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RECAP OF DECLINE CAUSES
Planted too deep/buriedCompacted soilToo much or too little waterToo much or too little waterBound roots/girdling rootsRoot rotRoot rotCanker on main stemWrong tree for the siteg f
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SITUATION:
HOLES IN BARK
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BARK BEETLES – MOUNTAIN/WESTERN PINE BEETLE
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MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLEGALLERYGALLERY
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BARK BEETLES - IPS
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IPS ENGRAVER GALLERY
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SPRUCE BEETLE GALLERY
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BORERS – CLEARWING POPLAR
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BORERS – LILAC/ASH CLEARWING
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BORERS - SHOTHOLE
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BORERS - FLATHEADED
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SAPSUCKER WOODPECKER
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RECAP OF HOLES IN BARK
k b lBark beetles:• conifers• attack in large numbers; cause mortalityg ; y
Borers:h d d• hardwoods
• attack singly; cause localized damage
Sapsuckers/woodpeckers
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SITUATION:
DEAD BARK AND DYING LIMBS
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CANKERS
A sunken area of dead tissue on the inner wood and bark
Can be annual (pathogen active in one season, and usually kills host) or perennial (pathogen grows every year, and host produces callus tissue) y , o p o )
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CANKERS-Perennial
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CANKERS-Annual
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CANKERS
Causal agent: Manyg y
Hosts: hundreds of woody plant species
Symptoms: gumming/oozing at cankered area, ke /de d b k fl ki g/loo e b k dieb k sunken/dead bark, flaking/loose bark, dieback,
epicormic branching
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CANKERS-Apple Anthracnose (Pezicula malicorticis)
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CANKERS-Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas sp.)
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CANKERS-Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas sp.)
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CANKERS-Cytospora
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CANKERS-Cytospora
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CANKERS-Cytospora
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CANKERS-Cytospora
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MECHANICAL INJURY
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MECHANICAL INJURY
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FROST CRACK
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SUNSCALD/SOUTHWEST INJURY
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SUNSCALD/SOUTHWEST INJURY
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INTERNAL DECAY
Loose barkAbnormal swellings especially at base of treeFungus fruiting structures (conks)Stump sproutsStump sproutsBranch stubsCavities
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INTERNAL DECAY
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GALLS
Crown GallCausal agent: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Hosts: hundreds of trees and shrubs including fruit trees
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A NOTE ON BURLS
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VERTICILLIUM WILT - CHRONIC
Causal agent: Verticillium albo‐atrum or V. dahliae
Hosts: wide variety: maple, Hosts: wide variety: maple, ash, dogwood, linden, catalpa, magnolia, sumac, viburnum
Symptoms: marginal yellowing of foliage; wilting during day/recovery at night; early fall day/recovery at night; early fall color; dieback; slow death
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RECAP OF DEAD BARK/DYING LIMBS PROBLEM
CankersCankersMechanical injuryFrost injuryFrost injurySunscald/Southwest injuryInternal decay fungiy gGallsWiltInsects
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SITUATION:
SUDDEN TREE
DEATH
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ROOT ROT - CROWN AND COLLAR ROT
Causal agent: many species of Phytophthora, g y p y pincluding P. cactorum, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, and others
Hosts: apple, stone fruits, a variety of hardwoods
Symptoms: reduced vigor, leaf discoloration, small gfruit, oozing cankers at the base of the tree, discolored inner bark, death
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PHYTOPHTHORA
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PHYTOPHTHORA
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BARK BEETLES
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VERTICILLIUM WILT
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FIRE BLIGHT
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RECAP OF SUDDEN TREE DEATH CAUSES
Root rotRoot rotBark beetle attackWiltWiltFire blightHerbicide injuryj yChainsaw
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SAMPLE DIAGNOSISSAMPLE DIAGNOSIS
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RECAP OF SAMPLE DIAGNOSIS
bli hCoryneum blightCytospora cankerFlatheaded appletree borerFlatheaded appletree borerPhytophthora collar rot
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utahpests.usu.edu
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IPM Advisories:
LandscapeTree Fruit
Small Fruit/VegetableTurf
To sign up:utahpests.usu.edu/ipm