proceeding inafor 2011 · bark is a major by-product from the wood processing industries. ilowever,...
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PROCEEDING INAFOR 2011 Illlerllaliollal CO~Frwc( oIlldolsia ForeJ~T RtJcclldcn
SlrtJ~vllrlliJ~i ()JIr1 SdJ(( tlJd tdJ()II~)flr Bdltr IIr1IIJj Drllkpllllll
Hognr-7 Decemher 2() 11
EDITORS
Dr r K [lulerl Pmhan1a ISc Drchnad I aU1 hhmiddotud
Dr 11 Indari
Prot~ 11- Dr CUlal1 Pan
Dr llarutll -11111111
Dr hrit1l1tl)
Dr Iok utn1kl
11 Hell11) all 111 f-ic Dr llck -ltIal11
])r Ijut 1 llth()l1()
Dr 1111111 TuriI1H1l
Dr tl Yuliat~ Ym
1)1 1Ii SuntiHWtI
Dr i)dik Ridho u1T(lchIl1Hl
Proof Reader
Dr I r IB Pliler Parthaml L-c Dr II Decic ]ohadi --IS(
Ministry of Forestry Forestry Research and Development Agency
2012
1 PREFACEI
Society is the ultimate beneficiary of research Ibis statement means that all the result of research activities should be equally distributed to all users and stakeholders There are many tools to dissemmate research findings and one of them is through a scientific conference Its role as a media for researchers and users includes policy-makers to cooperate closely to understand specific needs ensure relevance of topics and lmprove communication dissemination and implementation of the research recommendations makes scientific conference essential to any research agency
The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers (IN1FOR) was an endeavour of Porestr) Research and Development (FORDA) the Ministry of Forestry to acti-ely imprme the (Iuality of Indonesian forestry research and publications as well as establish a robust scientific forum for Indonesia forestry professionals from research and development entities including government agencies private sectors and universities Its first event was conducted in 5-7 December 2011 in Bogor under the theme of Strengthening Forest Science and Technology for Better Forestry Development
This conference aimed to prm-ide mternational experience for Indonesia forestry researchers and deelop forestry research and development activities in Indonesia In regards to international t()restry research forum the International l nion of Forest Research Organizations (ILTRO) involved numerous Indonesian participants Unfortunately this impressive complicm has fatled to be redeemed by numbers of accepted papers This mainly due to lack of experitnce in international conference mechamsm and less technical knOvledge in preparing the drafts
This proceeding is a documentation and publication of papers and posters presented in the conference It comlst of 110 succesfully presented oral presentations when 77 papers out of them have been selected to be sent to lUFRO fomm I expect this publication could be distributed to all participants mers partners and other stakeholders throughout Indonesia
In addition I v(lUld like to acknowledge all the authors of papers and posters contributed 111
this proceeding The comments and review from the edltors towards the publishing of the proceeding arc also greatly appreciated I am also grateful for the participants who had actively involved in the conference Finally I wish this proceeding and the contirence could contnbute endless benefits to the society toward strengthening forest science and technology for better forestn development
Jakarta November 2012
Director General of FORDA
Dr R Iman Santoso
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTE~T u
REMARKS
Laporan Kepala Badan Litbang Kehuranan Xl
Samblltan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia xv
Samblltan enteri Negara Riser Dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia X1X
WRAPUP XXlV
KEYNOTE SPEECHES
International Union of Forest Research Organizations The Global Network for h)fcst Science Cooperation (Michael Kleine) XXVll
Dmamics of Agroforestr Somc Thoughts (Ujiwal Pradhan) XXXIII
Ilaking Forestry Research Xork Bridging Science Practice And Polin (Robert Nasi) xlii
ACLRs Forestry Research for Dexdopment in Indonesia and the Region (I1irah Nuryati xlY
INVITED PAPERS
1lanaging Canoderma for Sustainable Plantation Forests in Indonesia (Abdul Gafur Budl Tjahjono and lfarthin Tarigan) xlix
Genetic Conservation and Tree Imprmement (Eko Bhakti I Iardiyanto) [middoti1
Promoting Research On Indonesian Community Forestry Practices Towards (~lobal Issues (Mustofa Agung Sariono) Ixii
Kebijakan Kehutanan Masalah Penelitian dan Diseminasinya (Bambang J Iero Saharjo) Lxxii
Roles of Crowth and Yield tlodelling in Sus tamable Forest Management (Udiansyah) lxxix
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Section A Sustainable Forest Management
TNFORll-OOl Paper 1lill Sludge as Soil mdiorant to Enhance Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia Prospects and I -imitation (I nny idnlti) 1
INAFORI L-001 111e Influence of Pruning on the Growth of Jhorea Jtcnoptera Burck at KIIDTK Haurbentes Xest Java Indonesia (Riskan Effendi Nina Mindawati and ASyaffari Kosasih) 9
INAFOR11A-003 Evaluating the Ideal Sikicultl)ral System Production Forest Management (Vahyudi)
for Natural IS
TNAFOR11 A-004 Effect of Inundation Degree on the Grmvth of Rbi~opbora
11
INFOR11 G-059 111e Influence of Teak Forest on Ground (ater Fluctuation at Cepu Central Java (lrfan B Pramono and Nining Xahyuningrum) 527
INFORIICmiddot060 Change of Carbon Stock of Necromass in Tropical Peat Forest of Indonesia (Cjang Suwarna) 537
INflaquo)]U 1C-0(1 Deconstruction of Carbon Offsetting Schemes and Rebuilding Integrated ipproach for Environmental Services in Forest lVIanagement (Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat and Tatang Tinmiddotana) 545
Section H Community and Social Forestry
IN1J()R 1111-062 rcn (middot1m(ga pinnaa (Wurmb) Merr) Traditional Management System in Batang Tom North Sumatra and Tomohon North Sulawesi Indonesia (Endri Martini and James M Roshetko) 551
INAFORl111-063 Ealuation of Sustainable Forest r1anagement Reyiew on Teak Forests Management (Case Study at KPH Mantingan Central J ava) (Baharinawati C Hastanti and Basanu Simon) S6~
INAFORllll-0(4 Vulnerability of Mountains People of Papua to the Climate Change (Susan T Salosa) 575
INAOR1111-065 Growth and Production of Porang (AmorphopalluJ on(ophiIUJ Prain) under Damar (l~ahiJ forneetIJilJ Stand (llurniati and Sumarhani) 585
INAIORlll 1-066 Integrating Community Forestry and Forest Products Based-Rural Industrialization for Enhancing Rural Community Welfare and Sustaining Forest Resources (Didik Suharjito) 596
Il iImiddotOR1111-067 Carbon and Watershed Function as Conditionality for Community Forestn (Case stud in Sesaot Lombok) (Noviana Khususiyah Subekti Rahayu Tonni Asmawan and SSuyanto) 604
Section I Forest Policy and Economics
INAJORllI-068 Eftcctivencss of 111e Institution on The I iorest Seed Source Ccrtification Case Studmiddot in East Kalimantan and So lith Kalimantan (Faiqotul Jalah Bramasto Nugroho and Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar) 615
INAfOR11 1-069 SILIN Risks and Opportunities (Ika I Ieriansyah) 628
INAFOR11 1-070 Characteristics of f Iouseholds as Drivers for jiorest Transition A Case Studmiddot in Baghdevi CFUG Chitwan Distnct Nepal and JMDI 1 Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesia (Ellyn K Damayanti Lilik B Prasetyo Maheswar Dhakal Misa f-Iasuda Mardiana Xachyuni) 6Yi
Section J Non Timber Forest Products
INAFORl1J-071 Enhancing Carbon Stock and Ecltgtnomics PotenC for REDO-+shyctiyity on Oil Palm-Eaglewood groforestry System (Yanto Rochmayanto) 64-1
Vll
INH)RllOT2 PIltochemlCal and Antibactenal Propenies of Gewang (Conpbauan Lamk) Fruits and Roots (Dani Sulistiyo Iladi and Eritrina Xmiddotindyarini) 656
ImproTment Technique of Traditional Lac Culture in East -umba Fast Nusa Tenggara (Sujarwo Sujatmoko Dani Sulistyo II adi and Soenarno) 665
~luminum levels on lewes bark and root of two Loba species Loba awi (S)mpocOfjtJJiiUata ZoIL) and Loba Manu (fympocOJ ocbincJinemis) (Dani Sulistiyo Halli and Siswadi) 671
IFORll-075 Studi On Bamboo Veaving Small Ifcdium Industry Resources rea YIanagement 1t Moyudan Sleman (Retno Widiastuti San Afri Awang TA Prayitno and Sofyan P arsito) 675
1~H)RI1J076 The Potency of Ylahogany (Jwietenia mamJphykJ) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani) 685
IKH)R11077 The Natural Chemical Contents of Trees and Exist(~nce of SL Medicinal Trees Species in indonesia A Review (Andianto) 690
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
lNAIiORl1 P-OOl Enhancing Permanent Sample Plot System in Indonesian Jiorest Resource Management (Emma Soraya) 700
INAJ i ORllP-002 Ecosntem Services Proyided bmiddot Birds 111 Different Ilabitats (sep Ayat and I lesti Lestari Tata) 709
INAFORl1 P-003 Enrichment Planting Technology in Timor Deer (RuJa timorrnJiJ Blainville 1822) Captive Breeding with Mini Ranch System in Semi rid Land (Sisvadi Grace S Saraglh and Kayat) 713
I~lH)R I1P-004 The Need to ConserYe Mosaic Bamboo Il Indonesia (tv Charomail1l Z) 720
INAFOR1JP-005 The Potency of Charcoal (BlOC LR) as Bioconditioner and Prm-ide Carbon-Offset for Mitigating CO2 Emission (Gusmailina) 727
I~AFOR11 P-006 Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboyeground Biomass Il
Papua Tropical Forests (Sandhi Imam l1aulana) 740
IN1FORlIP-007 Strategies for Developing Private Forests Around Laiwangi (anggameti National Park in Sumba Timur District (Rahman Kurniadi) 748
IN1FOR11pmiddot008 111e Study of IEA EAP and Kinetin Honnones Usage Towards The Buds Multiplications of Agilfwood Plant (GyinopJ verrteegii (Gilg) Domke) by In Vitro (Oki Hidayat) 755
Vlll
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
1 PREFACEI
Society is the ultimate beneficiary of research Ibis statement means that all the result of research activities should be equally distributed to all users and stakeholders There are many tools to dissemmate research findings and one of them is through a scientific conference Its role as a media for researchers and users includes policy-makers to cooperate closely to understand specific needs ensure relevance of topics and lmprove communication dissemination and implementation of the research recommendations makes scientific conference essential to any research agency
The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers (IN1FOR) was an endeavour of Porestr) Research and Development (FORDA) the Ministry of Forestry to acti-ely imprme the (Iuality of Indonesian forestry research and publications as well as establish a robust scientific forum for Indonesia forestry professionals from research and development entities including government agencies private sectors and universities Its first event was conducted in 5-7 December 2011 in Bogor under the theme of Strengthening Forest Science and Technology for Better Forestry Development
This conference aimed to prm-ide mternational experience for Indonesia forestry researchers and deelop forestry research and development activities in Indonesia In regards to international t()restry research forum the International l nion of Forest Research Organizations (ILTRO) involved numerous Indonesian participants Unfortunately this impressive complicm has fatled to be redeemed by numbers of accepted papers This mainly due to lack of experitnce in international conference mechamsm and less technical knOvledge in preparing the drafts
This proceeding is a documentation and publication of papers and posters presented in the conference It comlst of 110 succesfully presented oral presentations when 77 papers out of them have been selected to be sent to lUFRO fomm I expect this publication could be distributed to all participants mers partners and other stakeholders throughout Indonesia
In addition I v(lUld like to acknowledge all the authors of papers and posters contributed 111
this proceeding The comments and review from the edltors towards the publishing of the proceeding arc also greatly appreciated I am also grateful for the participants who had actively involved in the conference Finally I wish this proceeding and the contirence could contnbute endless benefits to the society toward strengthening forest science and technology for better forestn development
Jakarta November 2012
Director General of FORDA
Dr R Iman Santoso
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTE~T u
REMARKS
Laporan Kepala Badan Litbang Kehuranan Xl
Samblltan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia xv
Samblltan enteri Negara Riser Dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia X1X
WRAPUP XXlV
KEYNOTE SPEECHES
International Union of Forest Research Organizations The Global Network for h)fcst Science Cooperation (Michael Kleine) XXVll
Dmamics of Agroforestr Somc Thoughts (Ujiwal Pradhan) XXXIII
Ilaking Forestry Research Xork Bridging Science Practice And Polin (Robert Nasi) xlii
ACLRs Forestry Research for Dexdopment in Indonesia and the Region (I1irah Nuryati xlY
INVITED PAPERS
1lanaging Canoderma for Sustainable Plantation Forests in Indonesia (Abdul Gafur Budl Tjahjono and lfarthin Tarigan) xlix
Genetic Conservation and Tree Imprmement (Eko Bhakti I Iardiyanto) [middoti1
Promoting Research On Indonesian Community Forestry Practices Towards (~lobal Issues (Mustofa Agung Sariono) Ixii
Kebijakan Kehutanan Masalah Penelitian dan Diseminasinya (Bambang J Iero Saharjo) Lxxii
Roles of Crowth and Yield tlodelling in Sus tamable Forest Management (Udiansyah) lxxix
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Section A Sustainable Forest Management
TNFORll-OOl Paper 1lill Sludge as Soil mdiorant to Enhance Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia Prospects and I -imitation (I nny idnlti) 1
INAFORI L-001 111e Influence of Pruning on the Growth of Jhorea Jtcnoptera Burck at KIIDTK Haurbentes Xest Java Indonesia (Riskan Effendi Nina Mindawati and ASyaffari Kosasih) 9
INAFOR11A-003 Evaluating the Ideal Sikicultl)ral System Production Forest Management (Vahyudi)
for Natural IS
TNAFOR11 A-004 Effect of Inundation Degree on the Grmvth of Rbi~opbora
11
INFOR11 G-059 111e Influence of Teak Forest on Ground (ater Fluctuation at Cepu Central Java (lrfan B Pramono and Nining Xahyuningrum) 527
INFORIICmiddot060 Change of Carbon Stock of Necromass in Tropical Peat Forest of Indonesia (Cjang Suwarna) 537
INflaquo)]U 1C-0(1 Deconstruction of Carbon Offsetting Schemes and Rebuilding Integrated ipproach for Environmental Services in Forest lVIanagement (Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat and Tatang Tinmiddotana) 545
Section H Community and Social Forestry
IN1J()R 1111-062 rcn (middot1m(ga pinnaa (Wurmb) Merr) Traditional Management System in Batang Tom North Sumatra and Tomohon North Sulawesi Indonesia (Endri Martini and James M Roshetko) 551
INAFORl111-063 Ealuation of Sustainable Forest r1anagement Reyiew on Teak Forests Management (Case Study at KPH Mantingan Central J ava) (Baharinawati C Hastanti and Basanu Simon) S6~
INAFORllll-0(4 Vulnerability of Mountains People of Papua to the Climate Change (Susan T Salosa) 575
INAOR1111-065 Growth and Production of Porang (AmorphopalluJ on(ophiIUJ Prain) under Damar (l~ahiJ forneetIJilJ Stand (llurniati and Sumarhani) 585
INAIORlll 1-066 Integrating Community Forestry and Forest Products Based-Rural Industrialization for Enhancing Rural Community Welfare and Sustaining Forest Resources (Didik Suharjito) 596
Il iImiddotOR1111-067 Carbon and Watershed Function as Conditionality for Community Forestn (Case stud in Sesaot Lombok) (Noviana Khususiyah Subekti Rahayu Tonni Asmawan and SSuyanto) 604
Section I Forest Policy and Economics
INAJORllI-068 Eftcctivencss of 111e Institution on The I iorest Seed Source Ccrtification Case Studmiddot in East Kalimantan and So lith Kalimantan (Faiqotul Jalah Bramasto Nugroho and Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar) 615
INAfOR11 1-069 SILIN Risks and Opportunities (Ika I Ieriansyah) 628
INAFOR11 1-070 Characteristics of f Iouseholds as Drivers for jiorest Transition A Case Studmiddot in Baghdevi CFUG Chitwan Distnct Nepal and JMDI 1 Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesia (Ellyn K Damayanti Lilik B Prasetyo Maheswar Dhakal Misa f-Iasuda Mardiana Xachyuni) 6Yi
Section J Non Timber Forest Products
INAFORl1J-071 Enhancing Carbon Stock and Ecltgtnomics PotenC for REDO-+shyctiyity on Oil Palm-Eaglewood groforestry System (Yanto Rochmayanto) 64-1
Vll
INH)RllOT2 PIltochemlCal and Antibactenal Propenies of Gewang (Conpbauan Lamk) Fruits and Roots (Dani Sulistiyo Iladi and Eritrina Xmiddotindyarini) 656
ImproTment Technique of Traditional Lac Culture in East -umba Fast Nusa Tenggara (Sujarwo Sujatmoko Dani Sulistyo II adi and Soenarno) 665
~luminum levels on lewes bark and root of two Loba species Loba awi (S)mpocOfjtJJiiUata ZoIL) and Loba Manu (fympocOJ ocbincJinemis) (Dani Sulistiyo Halli and Siswadi) 671
IFORll-075 Studi On Bamboo Veaving Small Ifcdium Industry Resources rea YIanagement 1t Moyudan Sleman (Retno Widiastuti San Afri Awang TA Prayitno and Sofyan P arsito) 675
1~H)RI1J076 The Potency of Ylahogany (Jwietenia mamJphykJ) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani) 685
IKH)R11077 The Natural Chemical Contents of Trees and Exist(~nce of SL Medicinal Trees Species in indonesia A Review (Andianto) 690
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
lNAIiORl1 P-OOl Enhancing Permanent Sample Plot System in Indonesian Jiorest Resource Management (Emma Soraya) 700
INAJ i ORllP-002 Ecosntem Services Proyided bmiddot Birds 111 Different Ilabitats (sep Ayat and I lesti Lestari Tata) 709
INAFORl1 P-003 Enrichment Planting Technology in Timor Deer (RuJa timorrnJiJ Blainville 1822) Captive Breeding with Mini Ranch System in Semi rid Land (Sisvadi Grace S Saraglh and Kayat) 713
I~lH)R I1P-004 The Need to ConserYe Mosaic Bamboo Il Indonesia (tv Charomail1l Z) 720
INAFOR1JP-005 The Potency of Charcoal (BlOC LR) as Bioconditioner and Prm-ide Carbon-Offset for Mitigating CO2 Emission (Gusmailina) 727
I~AFOR11 P-006 Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboyeground Biomass Il
Papua Tropical Forests (Sandhi Imam l1aulana) 740
IN1FORlIP-007 Strategies for Developing Private Forests Around Laiwangi (anggameti National Park in Sumba Timur District (Rahman Kurniadi) 748
IN1FOR11pmiddot008 111e Study of IEA EAP and Kinetin Honnones Usage Towards The Buds Multiplications of Agilfwood Plant (GyinopJ verrteegii (Gilg) Domke) by In Vitro (Oki Hidayat) 755
Vlll
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTE~T u
REMARKS
Laporan Kepala Badan Litbang Kehuranan Xl
Samblltan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia xv
Samblltan enteri Negara Riser Dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia X1X
WRAPUP XXlV
KEYNOTE SPEECHES
International Union of Forest Research Organizations The Global Network for h)fcst Science Cooperation (Michael Kleine) XXVll
Dmamics of Agroforestr Somc Thoughts (Ujiwal Pradhan) XXXIII
Ilaking Forestry Research Xork Bridging Science Practice And Polin (Robert Nasi) xlii
ACLRs Forestry Research for Dexdopment in Indonesia and the Region (I1irah Nuryati xlY
INVITED PAPERS
1lanaging Canoderma for Sustainable Plantation Forests in Indonesia (Abdul Gafur Budl Tjahjono and lfarthin Tarigan) xlix
Genetic Conservation and Tree Imprmement (Eko Bhakti I Iardiyanto) [middoti1
Promoting Research On Indonesian Community Forestry Practices Towards (~lobal Issues (Mustofa Agung Sariono) Ixii
Kebijakan Kehutanan Masalah Penelitian dan Diseminasinya (Bambang J Iero Saharjo) Lxxii
Roles of Crowth and Yield tlodelling in Sus tamable Forest Management (Udiansyah) lxxix
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Section A Sustainable Forest Management
TNFORll-OOl Paper 1lill Sludge as Soil mdiorant to Enhance Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia Prospects and I -imitation (I nny idnlti) 1
INAFORI L-001 111e Influence of Pruning on the Growth of Jhorea Jtcnoptera Burck at KIIDTK Haurbentes Xest Java Indonesia (Riskan Effendi Nina Mindawati and ASyaffari Kosasih) 9
INAFOR11A-003 Evaluating the Ideal Sikicultl)ral System Production Forest Management (Vahyudi)
for Natural IS
TNAFOR11 A-004 Effect of Inundation Degree on the Grmvth of Rbi~opbora
11
INFOR11 G-059 111e Influence of Teak Forest on Ground (ater Fluctuation at Cepu Central Java (lrfan B Pramono and Nining Xahyuningrum) 527
INFORIICmiddot060 Change of Carbon Stock of Necromass in Tropical Peat Forest of Indonesia (Cjang Suwarna) 537
INflaquo)]U 1C-0(1 Deconstruction of Carbon Offsetting Schemes and Rebuilding Integrated ipproach for Environmental Services in Forest lVIanagement (Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat and Tatang Tinmiddotana) 545
Section H Community and Social Forestry
IN1J()R 1111-062 rcn (middot1m(ga pinnaa (Wurmb) Merr) Traditional Management System in Batang Tom North Sumatra and Tomohon North Sulawesi Indonesia (Endri Martini and James M Roshetko) 551
INAFORl111-063 Ealuation of Sustainable Forest r1anagement Reyiew on Teak Forests Management (Case Study at KPH Mantingan Central J ava) (Baharinawati C Hastanti and Basanu Simon) S6~
INAFORllll-0(4 Vulnerability of Mountains People of Papua to the Climate Change (Susan T Salosa) 575
INAOR1111-065 Growth and Production of Porang (AmorphopalluJ on(ophiIUJ Prain) under Damar (l~ahiJ forneetIJilJ Stand (llurniati and Sumarhani) 585
INAIORlll 1-066 Integrating Community Forestry and Forest Products Based-Rural Industrialization for Enhancing Rural Community Welfare and Sustaining Forest Resources (Didik Suharjito) 596
Il iImiddotOR1111-067 Carbon and Watershed Function as Conditionality for Community Forestn (Case stud in Sesaot Lombok) (Noviana Khususiyah Subekti Rahayu Tonni Asmawan and SSuyanto) 604
Section I Forest Policy and Economics
INAJORllI-068 Eftcctivencss of 111e Institution on The I iorest Seed Source Ccrtification Case Studmiddot in East Kalimantan and So lith Kalimantan (Faiqotul Jalah Bramasto Nugroho and Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar) 615
INAfOR11 1-069 SILIN Risks and Opportunities (Ika I Ieriansyah) 628
INAFOR11 1-070 Characteristics of f Iouseholds as Drivers for jiorest Transition A Case Studmiddot in Baghdevi CFUG Chitwan Distnct Nepal and JMDI 1 Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesia (Ellyn K Damayanti Lilik B Prasetyo Maheswar Dhakal Misa f-Iasuda Mardiana Xachyuni) 6Yi
Section J Non Timber Forest Products
INAFORl1J-071 Enhancing Carbon Stock and Ecltgtnomics PotenC for REDO-+shyctiyity on Oil Palm-Eaglewood groforestry System (Yanto Rochmayanto) 64-1
Vll
INH)RllOT2 PIltochemlCal and Antibactenal Propenies of Gewang (Conpbauan Lamk) Fruits and Roots (Dani Sulistiyo Iladi and Eritrina Xmiddotindyarini) 656
ImproTment Technique of Traditional Lac Culture in East -umba Fast Nusa Tenggara (Sujarwo Sujatmoko Dani Sulistyo II adi and Soenarno) 665
~luminum levels on lewes bark and root of two Loba species Loba awi (S)mpocOfjtJJiiUata ZoIL) and Loba Manu (fympocOJ ocbincJinemis) (Dani Sulistiyo Halli and Siswadi) 671
IFORll-075 Studi On Bamboo Veaving Small Ifcdium Industry Resources rea YIanagement 1t Moyudan Sleman (Retno Widiastuti San Afri Awang TA Prayitno and Sofyan P arsito) 675
1~H)RI1J076 The Potency of Ylahogany (Jwietenia mamJphykJ) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani) 685
IKH)R11077 The Natural Chemical Contents of Trees and Exist(~nce of SL Medicinal Trees Species in indonesia A Review (Andianto) 690
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
lNAIiORl1 P-OOl Enhancing Permanent Sample Plot System in Indonesian Jiorest Resource Management (Emma Soraya) 700
INAJ i ORllP-002 Ecosntem Services Proyided bmiddot Birds 111 Different Ilabitats (sep Ayat and I lesti Lestari Tata) 709
INAFORl1 P-003 Enrichment Planting Technology in Timor Deer (RuJa timorrnJiJ Blainville 1822) Captive Breeding with Mini Ranch System in Semi rid Land (Sisvadi Grace S Saraglh and Kayat) 713
I~lH)R I1P-004 The Need to ConserYe Mosaic Bamboo Il Indonesia (tv Charomail1l Z) 720
INAFOR1JP-005 The Potency of Charcoal (BlOC LR) as Bioconditioner and Prm-ide Carbon-Offset for Mitigating CO2 Emission (Gusmailina) 727
I~AFOR11 P-006 Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboyeground Biomass Il
Papua Tropical Forests (Sandhi Imam l1aulana) 740
IN1FORlIP-007 Strategies for Developing Private Forests Around Laiwangi (anggameti National Park in Sumba Timur District (Rahman Kurniadi) 748
IN1FOR11pmiddot008 111e Study of IEA EAP and Kinetin Honnones Usage Towards The Buds Multiplications of Agilfwood Plant (GyinopJ verrteegii (Gilg) Domke) by In Vitro (Oki Hidayat) 755
Vlll
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
INFOR11 G-059 111e Influence of Teak Forest on Ground (ater Fluctuation at Cepu Central Java (lrfan B Pramono and Nining Xahyuningrum) 527
INFORIICmiddot060 Change of Carbon Stock of Necromass in Tropical Peat Forest of Indonesia (Cjang Suwarna) 537
INflaquo)]U 1C-0(1 Deconstruction of Carbon Offsetting Schemes and Rebuilding Integrated ipproach for Environmental Services in Forest lVIanagement (Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat and Tatang Tinmiddotana) 545
Section H Community and Social Forestry
IN1J()R 1111-062 rcn (middot1m(ga pinnaa (Wurmb) Merr) Traditional Management System in Batang Tom North Sumatra and Tomohon North Sulawesi Indonesia (Endri Martini and James M Roshetko) 551
INAFORl111-063 Ealuation of Sustainable Forest r1anagement Reyiew on Teak Forests Management (Case Study at KPH Mantingan Central J ava) (Baharinawati C Hastanti and Basanu Simon) S6~
INAFORllll-0(4 Vulnerability of Mountains People of Papua to the Climate Change (Susan T Salosa) 575
INAOR1111-065 Growth and Production of Porang (AmorphopalluJ on(ophiIUJ Prain) under Damar (l~ahiJ forneetIJilJ Stand (llurniati and Sumarhani) 585
INAIORlll 1-066 Integrating Community Forestry and Forest Products Based-Rural Industrialization for Enhancing Rural Community Welfare and Sustaining Forest Resources (Didik Suharjito) 596
Il iImiddotOR1111-067 Carbon and Watershed Function as Conditionality for Community Forestn (Case stud in Sesaot Lombok) (Noviana Khususiyah Subekti Rahayu Tonni Asmawan and SSuyanto) 604
Section I Forest Policy and Economics
INAJORllI-068 Eftcctivencss of 111e Institution on The I iorest Seed Source Ccrtification Case Studmiddot in East Kalimantan and So lith Kalimantan (Faiqotul Jalah Bramasto Nugroho and Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar) 615
INAfOR11 1-069 SILIN Risks and Opportunities (Ika I Ieriansyah) 628
INAFOR11 1-070 Characteristics of f Iouseholds as Drivers for jiorest Transition A Case Studmiddot in Baghdevi CFUG Chitwan Distnct Nepal and JMDI 1 Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesia (Ellyn K Damayanti Lilik B Prasetyo Maheswar Dhakal Misa f-Iasuda Mardiana Xachyuni) 6Yi
Section J Non Timber Forest Products
INAFORl1J-071 Enhancing Carbon Stock and Ecltgtnomics PotenC for REDO-+shyctiyity on Oil Palm-Eaglewood groforestry System (Yanto Rochmayanto) 64-1
Vll
INH)RllOT2 PIltochemlCal and Antibactenal Propenies of Gewang (Conpbauan Lamk) Fruits and Roots (Dani Sulistiyo Iladi and Eritrina Xmiddotindyarini) 656
ImproTment Technique of Traditional Lac Culture in East -umba Fast Nusa Tenggara (Sujarwo Sujatmoko Dani Sulistyo II adi and Soenarno) 665
~luminum levels on lewes bark and root of two Loba species Loba awi (S)mpocOfjtJJiiUata ZoIL) and Loba Manu (fympocOJ ocbincJinemis) (Dani Sulistiyo Halli and Siswadi) 671
IFORll-075 Studi On Bamboo Veaving Small Ifcdium Industry Resources rea YIanagement 1t Moyudan Sleman (Retno Widiastuti San Afri Awang TA Prayitno and Sofyan P arsito) 675
1~H)RI1J076 The Potency of Ylahogany (Jwietenia mamJphykJ) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani) 685
IKH)R11077 The Natural Chemical Contents of Trees and Exist(~nce of SL Medicinal Trees Species in indonesia A Review (Andianto) 690
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
lNAIiORl1 P-OOl Enhancing Permanent Sample Plot System in Indonesian Jiorest Resource Management (Emma Soraya) 700
INAJ i ORllP-002 Ecosntem Services Proyided bmiddot Birds 111 Different Ilabitats (sep Ayat and I lesti Lestari Tata) 709
INAFORl1 P-003 Enrichment Planting Technology in Timor Deer (RuJa timorrnJiJ Blainville 1822) Captive Breeding with Mini Ranch System in Semi rid Land (Sisvadi Grace S Saraglh and Kayat) 713
I~lH)R I1P-004 The Need to ConserYe Mosaic Bamboo Il Indonesia (tv Charomail1l Z) 720
INAFOR1JP-005 The Potency of Charcoal (BlOC LR) as Bioconditioner and Prm-ide Carbon-Offset for Mitigating CO2 Emission (Gusmailina) 727
I~AFOR11 P-006 Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboyeground Biomass Il
Papua Tropical Forests (Sandhi Imam l1aulana) 740
IN1FORlIP-007 Strategies for Developing Private Forests Around Laiwangi (anggameti National Park in Sumba Timur District (Rahman Kurniadi) 748
IN1FOR11pmiddot008 111e Study of IEA EAP and Kinetin Honnones Usage Towards The Buds Multiplications of Agilfwood Plant (GyinopJ verrteegii (Gilg) Domke) by In Vitro (Oki Hidayat) 755
Vlll
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
INH)RllOT2 PIltochemlCal and Antibactenal Propenies of Gewang (Conpbauan Lamk) Fruits and Roots (Dani Sulistiyo Iladi and Eritrina Xmiddotindyarini) 656
ImproTment Technique of Traditional Lac Culture in East -umba Fast Nusa Tenggara (Sujarwo Sujatmoko Dani Sulistyo II adi and Soenarno) 665
~luminum levels on lewes bark and root of two Loba species Loba awi (S)mpocOfjtJJiiUata ZoIL) and Loba Manu (fympocOJ ocbincJinemis) (Dani Sulistiyo Halli and Siswadi) 671
IFORll-075 Studi On Bamboo Veaving Small Ifcdium Industry Resources rea YIanagement 1t Moyudan Sleman (Retno Widiastuti San Afri Awang TA Prayitno and Sofyan P arsito) 675
1~H)RI1J076 The Potency of Ylahogany (Jwietenia mamJphykJ) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani) 685
IKH)R11077 The Natural Chemical Contents of Trees and Exist(~nce of SL Medicinal Trees Species in indonesia A Review (Andianto) 690
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
lNAIiORl1 P-OOl Enhancing Permanent Sample Plot System in Indonesian Jiorest Resource Management (Emma Soraya) 700
INAJ i ORllP-002 Ecosntem Services Proyided bmiddot Birds 111 Different Ilabitats (sep Ayat and I lesti Lestari Tata) 709
INAFORl1 P-003 Enrichment Planting Technology in Timor Deer (RuJa timorrnJiJ Blainville 1822) Captive Breeding with Mini Ranch System in Semi rid Land (Sisvadi Grace S Saraglh and Kayat) 713
I~lH)R I1P-004 The Need to ConserYe Mosaic Bamboo Il Indonesia (tv Charomail1l Z) 720
INAFOR1JP-005 The Potency of Charcoal (BlOC LR) as Bioconditioner and Prm-ide Carbon-Offset for Mitigating CO2 Emission (Gusmailina) 727
I~AFOR11 P-006 Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboyeground Biomass Il
Papua Tropical Forests (Sandhi Imam l1aulana) 740
IN1FORlIP-007 Strategies for Developing Private Forests Around Laiwangi (anggameti National Park in Sumba Timur District (Rahman Kurniadi) 748
IN1FOR11pmiddot008 111e Study of IEA EAP and Kinetin Honnones Usage Towards The Buds Multiplications of Agilfwood Plant (GyinopJ verrteegii (Gilg) Domke) by In Vitro (Oki Hidayat) 755
Vlll
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
INAFOR 11J-076
ITU TOl COHrnCE OF I-iDOESL FORESTRl RLSEARCHERS [AFOR
ectioll I Non Timber Forest Products
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Suhstiyani
BiociL1l1rrr 1kpartlllcnr of Jthcmatic anJ atural Scicnce Bog)r gricultural l 11 gathi Cd Fakullas Pnernak]n us tng) Kamp IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 11)( )ISI
Paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian hnestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Hogor ) - 7 December 2011
INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub DivislOn of Dissemination Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GENCY J1 Gunung Hatu ) Bogor 16610
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
The Potency of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Bark as a Hypercholesterolemia-preventing Agent in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Syamsul Falah and Sulistiyani
Bloci1clllistn Department Iacult of lathematics and latural Sciences Bogor griculturallniversitl II gathis Cd Iakulta lctcrnakan Lt5 King 5 ampll IPB Darmaga Hogor 16680 IN])(llImiddotSI
ABSTRACT
Bark is a maJor by-product from the wood processing industries Ilowever the bark has not been intensively utilized In this stud mahogany bark was imestigated the potency as hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent in white rats lbe thirty five male rats were divided into five groups with seven rats in each group Rats in normal group were fed with standard rat feed IIpercholesterolemlC rats (negative control group) were fed with cholesterol feed (086) and propyl tiouracyl at a dose of 05 mgkg body weight LOastatin a commercial drug was administered to positive control rats at a dose of 0286 mgkg body weight together with cholesterol feed Mahogany bark hot water extract were administered to the other rats groups at doses of 42 mgkg and 21 mgkg body weight as well as cholesterol feed The experiment was carried out for eight consecutie weeks The total blood cholesterol concentrations were analyzed every two weeks by enzymatic cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone method (U IOD-PAP) and spectrophotometer at 500 nm of wave length The results showed that administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl in hypercholesterolemic group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527 hile the mahogany bark extract at the dose of 21 mgkg body weight could successfully reduce the increasing of total cholesterol level by 358 compared to lovastatin which reduced the increasing of total cholesterol level by n8degmiddoto Therefore the mahogam bark has a potential of a hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent
Keywords Mahogany bark hypercholesterolemia-preventing agent lovastatin total blood cholesterol
1 INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death 111 the worldwide One of the disease risk factor is the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood above normal level which called hpercholesterolemia Foods that contain saturated fats and high cholesterol may increase blood cholesterol concentrations when consumed in excess Another factor that is a genetic condition obesity age and the presence of estrogen in women (Grundy 1991)
More widespread cases of cardiovascular disease among the general population lead to the increasing need of a cheap and effectie drug Medication of cardiovascular disease with herbal therapies has been developed as an alternaties to synthetic drugs Therapy with herb has been developed in addition because it is cheaper efficacious and side effects can be avoided as well as raw materials available in nature In order to develop herbal medicines high potentially mahogany bark vas investigated its effectiveness as a supplement in the treatment of coronalT heart disease
Previous study of mahogany bark showed three chemical compounds has been isolated and identified from the bark ie swietemacrophyllanin catechin and epicatechin (Falah et aI 2(08) Those compounds have a high antioxidant activity and potentially prevent the oxidation of lowshydensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood esse Therefore it vill inhibit the development of
686
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
atherosclerosis that IS responsible for coronan~ heart disease In this study mahogany bark extract was investigated the potency as an antihypercholcsterolemia-preventing agent in white rats The activity was compared to that of lovastatm as a reference
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
21 Extract Preparation
Mahogany bark were collected from Sumedang Indonesia A dned bark powder of ivfahogany (500 g) were boiled in two liters of vater for four hours in hot water extraction method rhe extract was then filtered and caporated ith a rotarY evaporator at and the crude extract was used in biological assay
22 Animals
Male Sprague-Dawle rats of ) weeks old Tre obtained from The National genC of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia Ihe~~ Tre fed ~ith a ~tandard laboratory diet and allowed food and water ad libitum for an acclimatization periods of 10 weeks prior to experiments The animals were divided into five groups of seven each and housed individually during the experimental period
23 Experimental Design
11 the rats crprt~ue dawiey albino male rats) Tre randomly diided II1to the tive groups Croup 1 Normal (N) rats administered NaCl 09deg0 b intraperitoneal and oralh~ alJuades I ml
daily Group B IIypercholesterolemia (11K) negative control rats were fed with cholesterol feed
(ORGoo) and propYl tiouracyl at a dose of OS body Tight Group C LOYastatin (Loas) positive control rats administered standard drug lovastatin (O2R6
mgkg orally) daily together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracy Group D Hypercholesterolemia rats (EI) administered hot water extract (42 mgkg oraIly) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL Croup E Ilypercholcsterolemia rats (12) administered hot water extract (21 mgkg orally) daily
together with cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyL The experiment was carried out for eight consecutive weeks Cholesterol feed was
prepared from mixture of egg yolk goat fat Tgetable oil and standard feed
24 Measurement of Total Blood Cholesterol Level
mood samples were obtained from the tail cin 111 fasting rats for I R h and blood cholesterolleTls were measured using an enzymatic method of cholesteroloxidase phenol amino phenazone (OIOD-PAP) with a commercial diagnostic kit (Randox) A 10 -lL of blood semm was mixed with 1 mL of kit reagent The solution was then shaken and kept stand for 10 min at room temperature to afford pink solution Standard was measured as like the same way at different concentration levels (25 50 100 200 and 250 mgdL) Absorbances of the samples were measured with spectrophotometer at 500 nm In this study analysis of blood cholesterol using blood semm was done over 5 times with each blood sampling at weeks-D 2 4 6 and 8 of the experimental periods
25 Statistical Analysis
All the values of body weight and fasting blood sugar were expressed as mean standard error of mean (SEM) and anahzed for -NOVA and Duncans I-test Differences between groups were considered significant atpltO05
687
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31 Body Weight
Body el~ht of the rats increased significantly during the experimental periods in each groups (hgure 1) However the body weight is not statistically difference at the end of the periods ormaJ rats group haH a lo-est body weight than that of another groups because of untecdi1~ the cholesterol feed Consumption of cholesterol feed can lead to increase the body weight of rats
iOOOO
1E 40000
9 Normal~
r 30000blJ OJ _If I-- ~ 20nOO- Lovas 0 0
Elgt1 10000
E2 (lOO
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
Figure I Both- weight of the rats during the experimental periods
32 Blood Cholesterol Level
Administration of cholesterol-rich feed can also enhance the total of blood cholesterol leveL Consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and fatty acids will suppress the formation of LDL receptors thus will increase cholesterol in the blood dministration of PTU also can exhibit the Increasing of blood cholesterol level It caused the PTl as an antithyroid agent will inhibit the formation of thyroid hormone but did not inhibit the secretion lbyroid hormone deficiency may suppress the formation of LDJ receptors in thc bver to trigger hypercholesterolemia Administration of cholesterol feed and propyl tiouracyl In hypercholesterolemia group has increased the total cholesterol concentration to reach 527
Statistically blood cholesterol level of each the rats groups is not difference significantly at the beginning of experimental periods Proftle of the blood cholesterol leels of the rats shown on Table 1
Table 1 Blood cholesterol profile of the rats groups f()f 8 weeks of experimental period [mgdL]
ccb( roup~ () 2 4 6 B
N 6377 t 676 4793t 1103 5743 1453 7664 t 1227 7649 823
11K 6326 733 5518 plusmn 1142 7634 1096 8057 plusmn 874 9534 1524
10a- ()983 1521 67 -t7 plusmn 1173 8294 1936 Bl96 ]400 9067 95()
11 (gt403 plusmn 1161 5950 1506 7990 plusmn 1525 10871 10-13 10259 ]354
Jigt 1
688
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689
The lontstatin rat~ group had an aerage concentration of blood cholesterol is lower than that of hpercholcsterolctTI1a rats at the end of experimelltal penod It a~ suggested that statin compoulld call stop biosnlthesis endofcll cholesterol middotia thc lllhlbltioll of TTIG-CoA reductase 1l1echml1sm 111 liver
lahogam extract at a doe of 21 m kg bOlh Tlght has a tendenc to prevent the increaSing of rhe blood cholem~rol at 3)-) FIgure 2 ccordmg to those data the dose has an eftect to prennt the illcrebll1~~ rile blood cholesterol as Cllllal to )-UlI of lovastatin tatisticall~ the eftectiTne of extract at dose 21 I11gkg and Imast3till is IlO difference significanth (Pgt OJ f))
111e capability of the extract at dose of 1 to prevent enhanc111g of cholesterol InTI more than of hypercholesterokmia group is caued the preltnce of tannin and saponin phnochemical components of mahogam extract (Ialah 1 21l Ii I Tannin in our bmh has an existing deposit the mucow of proteIn 111 the small lntetllle so that it can reduce the eftectiTneSS of the absorption of chobterol and fat In adwtioll tann1l1 i ab led to inhibit the fat absorption that It vas stored at adlpwe It a~ prmCd b the JrlCt b()dy Clglll than that of the others Saponin al~o can reduce the ch()lc~terol concentration bmiddot the lnlllbltlon of cholesterol absorption in the alimentar track
70 6524
o HK Lovas El E2
Groups
Figure 2 Changes of blood cholesterollcvcl on the rats
4 CONCLUSION
Admilllstration of cholesterol feed and of prop tiouracd can enhance the blood cholesterol level of the rats Administration of mahogany bark cxtract at a dose of 21 mgkg body weight has potentially a hypercholesterolcm1a-preventing agent when compared to that of lovastatin a commercial drug
REFERENCES
Falah S Suzuki T Kataama T (2008) Chemical constituents from Swictenia macrophylla bark extracts and their antioxidant activity PakiJtanl Bioi Jd 162007 -2012
ralah S Safithri lvI Katayama K Suzuki T (2010) I Iypoglycemic cftCct of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bark extracts in alloxans-induced diabetic rats Irood Ruearchl 189-94
Grundy S M (1991) ivfultifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia implication for prevention of coronary heart disease AtheroJ Thromb 11 1619-1635
689