Reprinted from the

Proceedings of the Eleventh Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

Pergamon Press New York • Oxford • Toronto • Sydney • Paris • Frankfurt

Proc. Lunar Planet. Sri. Conf. l Ith (1980), p. 1463-1477. Printed in the United States of America

Depth scales for Apollo 15, 16, and 17 drill cores

Judith H. Allton and Stephen R. Waltz

Lunar Curatorial Laboratory, Northrop Services, Incorporated, P.O. Box 34416 Houston, Texas 77034

Abstract—A scale of depth in cm from the surface and of overburden mass in g/cm2 is presented for each drill core based on a review of original sample data, Apollo surface activity videotapes, and examination of flight hardware. The scales presented here are based on laboratory measurements of the soil. The relationship of these depth scales to in situ lunar conditions is somewhat speculative and includes larger uncertainties (±3 cm, Carrier, 1974) in measurements of depth of penetration (instead of length of soil column measured in tube) and insufficient understanding of what happens to lunar soil entering the drill stem (in terms of amount entering the drill, compaction, expansion). The scales for Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 drill cores are well constrained. The Apollo 16 drill core was returned to earth with a substantial void in the bottom of the upper half of the core. The scale presented proposes that significant amounts of soil fell out of the bottom of section 60005 in addition to poor recovery in the upper two sections. The lower half of the core (60001-60004) represents 100% soil recovery at a depth of 102-221 cm below the surface. A table of the weights and lengths for "end of tube" samples is provided for investigators who wish to correlate depths of thin sections continually along the drill string.

INTRODUCTION

Since lunar drill core samples first became available, investigators have used several sources and methods for calculating sample depths. This resulted in dif-ferences which ranged from 1-8% in sample depths calculated by two different investigators for the same Apollo 16 and 17 samples. For Apollo 16 there was the additional problem-of-how-tor account-for-the-void space in t le middle of the core. Comparison of calculated depths for the same samples are shown in Table 1. To facilitate interlaboratory comparison of analytical results, a well-constrained depth scale for the Apollo 15 and one for the Apollo 17 drill cores are presented. A less constrained scale for the Apollo 16 drill core is also given. The scales are presented in an abbreviated tabular form in this paper. Computer listings for depths and mass of overburden by sample number are available from the Lunar Sample Curator, and these listings are the most convenient form to use.* These depth scales are based on the length of the soil column measured in the laboratory since these are the depths most easily referenced in locating in-

* Lunar Sample Curator, SN2, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058.

1463

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original records and photographs in the data packs for each sample maintained in the Lunar Curatorial Laboratory. It was estimated that errors in measurement of length were ± 0.5 mm, and 12-16 mea-surements were needed for each drill core. The balance tolerance for "original weight" of each core tube section was ±0.8 g. For each of the 14-16 "end of tube" samples from each drill string, the balance tolerance was ±0.05 g.

Measurements of the depths of penetration of the drill stems into the lunar surface, including error estimates, were done by Carrier (1974) based on observation of the length of each drill stem still protruding from the lunar surface when drilling was completed (photos, videotapes, astronaut com-ments). Review of the videotapes revealed that the position of the lunar surface in relation to the drill stem was somewhat obscured by soil movement from drilling and astronaut activities. However, Carrier (pers. comm.) believes the soil surface was not altered by more than 2 cm.

SOURCES OF SAMPLE DISTURBANCE

It is emphasized that the scales presented in Tables 2-4 are based on soil column lengths measured after milling open the tubes in the laboratory. Since the soil column length and density was altered during drilling, transport to laboratory, and opening of the tubes, an understanding of parameters affecting the soil during these operations is necessary.

Extensive experimentation to quantify the alteration of soil during drilling has not been done. Soil mechanics investigations indicate that drilling may not always recover all of the material in the path of the drill; some may be pushed aside, depending on the relative density of the soil. For very dense soils, the drill may recover more than what is in the path of the drill. Low relative density and fast drill rates will result in lower sample recovery; high relative density and a slow drill rate will result in higher sample recovery (Carrier et al., 1972). Relative density is an expression of how tightly packed a particular soil is compared to the minimum density and the maximum density to which that soil can be packed (minimum density, loosely packed = 0% relative density; maximum density, tightly packed = 100% relative density) (Carrier et al., 1973). Similar trends regarding per cent recovery, soil density, and drill rate occurred during testing for development of the Apollo Lunar Surface Drill by Martin Marietta Corpo-ration (Crouch, 1971). —During transport. the soil—was not completely confined if the tube were not

full. The uppermost tube was full on Apollo 15, but this was not the case on the other two missions. Plugs used on the bottom ends (the female ends) of tubes, except those with a bit, were hollow and allowed the soil to expand about 1 cm.

In the laboratory, pressure was placed on the ends of the tubes during milling to stabilize them, and this compacted the soil lengths about 5 mm in the Apollo 15 and 16 drill cores (samples from the top ends of the Apollo 17 tubes alleviated the compaction).

PER CENT CORE RECOVERY

To relate the condition of the cores as observed in the laboratory to in situ conditions, the length of the soil column recovered in the drill can be compared

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Depth scales 1467

Fig. 1. Apollo 15 drill core depth relationship. Data points determined at top of each core section (e.g., 15006, 15005). Slope of line is not constant throughout length of core; therefore, Table 2 describes each core section separately. Dashed line indicates ideal 100% recovery. Insert shows distribution of soil observed in the laboratory and the position of the drill stem with respect to the lunar surface as observed on the moon. After style of Carrier, 1974.

expansion to occur. The compaction of 15001, 15002, and 15003 occurred after separation of these tubes in the laboratory, probably during the milling procedure, because pressure was put on the ends of the tube to hold it in place during cutting.

The good recovery_indicates that the sample depths--and-densities reported-in Table 2 closely resemble in situ conditions. Table 5 gives the lengths calculated for "end of tube" samples, which are not included in thin sections or peels, for investigators correlating sample depths of peels. Thin sections were not made along the length of the Apollo 15 drill core.

APOLLO 16 DRILL CORE

Unlike the Apollo 15 drill core, the Apollo 16 drill core does not have a straight-forward relationship between soil column length measured in the laboratory and in situ conditions. The poor recovery of 84% is significant and requires correction factors.

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Depth scales 1469

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the core tube. Soil in 60006 extended from the top down to 32 cm in the section. The 60007 soil extended from the bottom upward to 22 cm. Figure 2 shows the soil distribution.

Carrier (1974) describes 3 scenarios to account for the voids. Briefly these are:

1. The top of the core sample did not move from its initial position—implying 100% recovery. (There was 18 cm of drill stem exposed when the drilling was completed, and the top of the soil column was found to be 18 cm below the top of the drill stem.) Then when the two halves of the drill stem were separated, soil fell out of the bottom of 60005.

2. This scenario also proposed 100% recovery, but surmises that the soil fell out of the bottom of 60001 (the bit) when the drill was powered in place briefly to clear the flutes of soil and to allow for easier extraction of the core.

Fig. 2. Apollo 16 drill core depth relationship. Solid line data points determined at top of each core tube section (e.g., 60007, 60006). Data for 60004-60001 are accurate. The discontinuity between 60005 and 60004 may be due to a combination of poor recovery and loss of sample from the bottom of 60005. An 8 cm void was found in the bottom of 60006, and 60005 was only partially filled throughout its length. Dashed line represents 100% recovery with no sample loss. Dotted line represents alternate view that 84% recovery was operational throughout length of core. Insert shows distribution of soil and voids as observed in the laboratory and the position of the drill stem with respect to the lunar surface as observed on the moon. After style of Carrier, 1974.

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Depth scales 1471

al., 1973a). These hard and soft layers may reflect changes in relative density of the soil (they may also reflect other characteristics such abundance of larger rock fragments). Similar hard/soft layers probably occur at the Apollo 16 drill core site. Two lines of evidence suggest that the same layers indicated in the pene-trometer tests may extend to the drill core site. First, the penetrometer-defined layers can be correlated in a 3 point traverse toward the drill core site (Mitchell et al., 1973a), and second, petrographic composition in 60006-60007 correlates with layers observed in the upper part of nearby (30 m distant) drive tubes 60009 - 60010 which extend to 60 cm depth (J. S. Nagle, pers. comm.).

The idea of loss by both spillage and poor recovery results in an unknown loss of soil from the bottom of 60005, and the location of losses from poor recovery in the core above this point is also unknown (recovery varies with relative den-sity). Therefore, the linear depth of the top of 60004 was arbitrarily set as 102.2 cm below the lunar surface (calculated by a soil length in 60007 of 22.4 cm and 39.9 cm each for 60005 and 60006). Depths below this point were calculated from soil weights and lengths observed in the laboratory. This relationship is illustrated in Fig. 2 and Table 3.

Table 3. Depth scale for Apollo 16 drill core.

The soil column length as viewed in the laboratory was only 84% of the depth penetrated into the lunar surface. This deficit in recovery was compensated for between 60004 and 60005.

Listings of sample depth and mass of overburden by sample number are available from the Lunar Sample Curator, SN2, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058.

Core section length (cm)a

Core section weight (g)

Density (g/cm3)b

Wt. of overburden at top of section

(g/cm2)

22.4 105.7 1.44 0.0 32.0 165.6 1.58 32.34 14.6' 77.3d 1.62 83.00

33.2e 168.2 1.551 106.65 38.3 202.7 1.62 . 39.5 215.9g 1.67 220.13 35.8 211.8 1.81 286.15 5.5 30.1 1.67 350.95

221.3 ± 1.4 1177.3 ± 6.4 1.63 (average) 360.16 ± 2.0

Depth below Core surface of top of

section core section (cm)

60007 0.0 60006 22.4 60005 54.4 missing

soil 69.0 60004 102.2 60003 140.5 60002 180.0 60001 215.8 Totals

aLinear capacity of tubes 60007-60003 was 39.9 cm each. Capacity of 60001 + 60002 was 42.5 cm. 'Core tube diameter was 2.04 cm. 'Since the smaller amount of soil in 60005 was distributed along the whole length of the tube, the

density of 60004 was assumed, and the sample length was calculated. °Wt. revised after dissection when flight hardware was reweighed, previous wt. was 76.1 g. 'Length calculated to equal void space observed in 60005-60006. 'Density is average for top three sections. gWt. revised in Lunar Curatorial Laboratory after reweighing gross wt. Lunar Receiving Laboratory

reported wt. was 215.5 g.

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Depth scales 1473

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penetrated to within an inch of the white stripes painted on the 70009 core tube and based on measurement of flight hardware. A soil column length of 292 ± 2 cm wadetermined mom bow far the plug was pushed into the top of the drill core (Mitchell et al., 1973b). The rammer-jammer pushing the plug was inserted two-thirds of its length before the surface of the soil was encountered (Bailey and Ulrich, 1975). The apparent recovery (96%) does not include uncertainties about where the actual surface was during drilling or to the effects of drilling on the compaction or expansion of soil in the tube. The crew noted that about 3-5 mm had fallen out of the bottom of the core (Bailey and Ulrich, 1975).

In the laboratory, measurement of the soil column length was not a straight-forward procedure because of soil movement during transfer from the moon. The astronaut measured a 30 cm void space in the top of the drill stem after drilling was completed and pushed a teflon plug in the tube to hold the soil in place. The drill stem was broken down into 3 pieces on the moon for transport to earth, and tubes 70007, 70008, and 70009 were returned as one unit. The position of the soil

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Depth scales 1477

Pepin R. 0., Dragon J. C., Johnson N. L., Bates A., Coscio M. R. Jr., and Murthy V. R. (1975) Rare gases and Ca, Sr, and Ba in Apollo 17 drill-core fines. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, p. 2027-2055.

Reedy R. C. and Arnold J. R. (1972) Interaction of solar and galactic cosmic ray particles with the moon. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 535-555.

Russ G. P. III (1973) Apollo 16 neutron stratigraphy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 17, 275-289. Stoenner R. W., Davis R. Jr., Norton E., and Bauer M. (1974) Radioactive rare gases, tritium,

hydrogen, and helium in the sample return container, and in Apollo 16 and 17 drill stems. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, p. 2211-2229.