process and composition for deinking dry toner electrostatic printed wastepaper us5141598
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8/10/2019 Process and Composition for Deinking Dry Toner Electrostatic Printed Wastepaper US5141598
1/3
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l I l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
USO05l41598A
U l l l t E d States Pa t en t [ 1 9 ] [ 1 1 ]
P a t e n t
N u m b e r :
5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8
Richman e t a ] .
[ 4 5 ]
D a t e o f
P a t e n t : A u g . 2 5 ,
1 9 9 2
[ 5 4 ]
PROCESS
AND
COMPOSITION FOR
DEINKING
DR Y TONER
ELECTROSTATIC
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS.
PRINTED
WASTEPAPER
727506 2/
1966
Canada
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 162/5
[ 7 5 ] I n v e n t o r s : S a n d r a K . R i c h m a n , J a c k s o n v i l l e
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Bea h; Mary Beth
Le t s c h e r, .
u
. .
J
l ;
0mm
b o t h o f
F l a D a r h n g t o n ,
W. . , A
New P r o c e s s f o r Demlung
E l e c
_ t r o s t a t i c - P r i n t e d Secondary
F i b e r , T PP]
r o c e e d i n g s ,
[ 7 3 ] A s s i g n e e : B e t z
P a p e r C h e m ,
1 1 1 1 2 . J a c k s o n v i l l e ,
1 9 3 8 p u l p i n g c o n f e r c n c e ,
p p , 9 5 - 1 0 0 ,
F l a .
P r i m a r y
E x a m i n e r - - P e t e r C h i n
[ 2 ] ] A p p l ' N o : 6 9 1 2 1 0 A t t o r n e y ,
A g e n t ,
o r FirmAlexander D. R i c c i ; R i c h a r d
[ 2 2 ]
F i l e d : A p r . 2 5 , 1 9 9 1 A .
P a i R O f T
[ 5 1 ]
g i t .
C l c i 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n i g g g C l [ 5 7 ]
A B S T R A C T
i i i } F 5 1 1 1 . ; 8 x 1 1 I i : 3 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : :
3 1 6 2 / 5
A c o m p o s m o n a n d m e m o d f o r d m k m g d r y e k e
_
t r o s t a t i c p r i n t e d w a s t e p a p e r
i s
d i s c l o s e d .
The
composi
[ 5 6 ] R e f e r e n c e s c u e d
t i o n
c o m p r i s e s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f : ( 1 ) a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m
U . S .
PATENT
DOCUMENTS
d i s t i l l a t e s ,
( 2 )
a n a l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h a
3 . 6 3 5 , 7 8 9
1 / 1 9 7 2
Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
1 6 2 / 5
m1 and
( 3 )
3 c t h m y l m d
polycxypmpylcne
glyml'
4 . 1 6 2 . 1 8 6 7 / 1 9 7 9 W o od
e t
a 1 .
1 6 2 / 7
The method comprises
a d m i n i s t e r i n g
a s u f f i c i e n t
4 . 2 7 6 . 1 1 8 6 / 1 9 8 ] Quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
1 6 2 / 5
a m gun t o f
t h i s
c o mbin at i o n
t o a
s a m p l e o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c
4.518459
5/1985 Freis e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
162/5 timed was: a e, f r wh h mam] -
4.561.933 12/1985
Wood 1 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 162/5
p
p
P
0
1
e n
5
dewed
4 . 6 6 6 . 5 5 8
5 / 1 9 8 7 Wood
1 6 1 .
. 8 2 0 . 3 7 9
4 / 1 9 8 9
D a r l i n g t o n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
1 6 2 / 5 8 Claims, N0
Drawings
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8/10/2019 Process and Composition for Deinking Dry Toner Electrostatic Printed Wastepaper US5141598
2/3
5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8
1
PROCESS AND
COMPOSITION
FOR DEINKING
DRY
TONER ELECTROSTATIC PRINTED
WASTEPAPER
BACKGROUND
OF
THE INVENTION
Dry t o n e r
e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t i n g i n k s ,
i n c l u d i n g
l a s e r
a n d x e r o g r a p h i c
i n k s ,
a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d
g r o w i n g
c o n ~
t a m i n a n t s
i n t h e
a r e a
o f w a s t e p a p e r r e c y c l i n g .
T r a d i ~
t i o n a l l y , p a p e r
h a s
b e e n
p r i n t e d
w i t h
w a t e r o r
o i l - b a s e d
i n k s which were
a d e q u a t e l y removed
by c o n v e n t i o n a l
d e i n k i n g p r o c e d u r e s . I n t h e s e
m e t h o d s ,
s e c o n d a r y
? b e r
i s
m e c h a n i c a l l y
p u l p e d
a n d
c o n t a c t e d w i t h
a n a q u e o u s
medium c o n t a i n i n g a s u r f a c t a n t . I n k i s
s e p a r a t e d
f r o m
p u l p ? b e r s a s
a
r e s u l t o f m e c h a n i c a l
p u l p i n g and
t h e
a c t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c t a n t . The d i s p e r s e d i n k i s
s e p a r a t e d
from p u l p ? b e r s by
s u c h
means a s w a s h i n g o r
? o t a t i o n .
C o n v e n t i o n a l d e i n k i n g
p r o c e s s e s
h a v e shown m i n i
m a l s u c c e s s i n d e a l i n g w i t h d r y t o n e r e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t
i n g
i n k s ,
w i t h
t h e
n e c e s s a r y c h e m i c a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l
t r e a t m e n t s o f
t h e
f u r n i s h
p r o v i n g
to b e
t i m e
c o n s u m i n g
and
o f t e n r e n d e r i n g a
f u r n i s h
which i s
u n a c c e p t a b l e f o r
many p p l i c a t i o n s .
The
d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d e i n k i n g p r o
gram
f o r o f f i c e w a s t e c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h e l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t e d copy
w i l l
m a k e
t h i s f u r n i s h m or e amenable t o
t h e r e c y c l i n g p r o c e s s .
The
a b i l i t y
t o r e c y c l e o f f i c e
w a s t e
w i l l prove
c o m
m e r c i a l l y a d v a n t ag e o u s a n d w i l l
h a v e
a s i g n i ? c a n t i m
p a c t on t h e
c o n s e r v a t i o n
o f v i r g i n ?ber r e s o u r c e s . Al
though
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t e d
w a s t e
h a s n o t
r e a c h e d
t h e
volume o f
i m p a c t
p r i n t e d w a s t e commonly s e e n i n t h e
i n d u s t r y , i n d i c a t i o n s a r e s u c h t h a t
u s a g e
o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t
i s
i n c r e a s i n g s t e a d i l y a n d t h a t w a s t e c o p i e s
a v a i l
a b l e t o t h e
r e c y c l i n g
i n d u s t r y w i l l a l s o i n c r e a s e .
The
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
e n h a n c e s
t h e
a g g l o m e r a t i o n
a n d
s u b s e q u e n t
r e m o v a l
o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
t o n e r
p a r t i c l e s
t h r o u g h
c e n t r i f u g a l
c l e a n e r s b y
u s i n g
s p e c i ? c c o m b i n a ~
t i o n s o f c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e raw m a t e r i a l s
( s o l v e n t s
and
s u r f a c t a n t s ) .
I t
i s b e l i e v e d
t h a t
t h i s
can
be a c c o m
p l i s h e d a t
a wide
r a n g e o f pH e v e l s ( 5 . 0 t o 1 1 . 0 ) and
w i l l
r e n d e r
a f u r n i s h t h a t
i s
v i r t u a l l y
f r e e
o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t i n g i n k
a f t e r s u b s e q u e n t m e c h a n i c a l
t r e a t m e n t .
The
i n v e n t i o n
a l l o w s
f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f
i n k p a r t i c l e s a n d
a s s o c i a t e d
b i n d e r
f r o m
p u l p
? b e r s ,
a n d
c a u s e s t h e p a r t i
c l e s t o
agglomerate
t o a c r i t i c a l r a n g e o f
s i z e
and den
s i t y ,
which
a f f o r d s t h e i r most
f f i c i e n t
removal from t h e
p u l p s l u r r y b y c e n t r i f u g a l c l e a n e r s .
The
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n d e m o n s t r a t e s
t h a t
a
combina
t i o n
o f
s o l v e n t s and s u r f a c t a n t s w i t h
low HLBs
e n h a n c e
t h e
a g g l o m e r a t i o n o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
t o n e r
p a r t i c l e s ,
a l
l o w i n g r e m o v a l t h r o u g h
c e n t r i f u g a l
c l e a n i n g a n d / o r
s c r e e n i n g . HLB s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n f o r h y d r o p h i l e - l i p o
p h i l e
b a l a n c e a s r e l a t e d t o t h e
o i l
a n d
w a t e r s o l u b i l i t y o f
a m a t e r i a l .
A i g h HLB n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h e h y d r o p h i l i c
p o r t i o n
o f
t h e m o l e c u l e
i s d o m i n a n t , w h i l e
a low
HLB
i n d i c a t e s t h a t
t h e
h y d r o p h o b i c p o r t i o n o f
t h e
m o l e c u l e
i s d o m i n a n t . The w a t e r s o l u b i l i t y o f
m a t e r i a l s i n c r e a s e s
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g HLB. T r a d i t i o n a l d e i n k i n g
p r o c e s s e s
u t i l i z e a w i d e
v a r i e t y o f h i g h
HLB g e n e r a l l y g r e a t e r
t h a n
1 0 ) n o n i o n i c a n d / o r
a n i o n i c
s u r f a c t a n t s o r d i s p e r
s a n t s t o wet
and
d i s p e r s e i n k
p a r t i c l e s
t o a
range o f s i z e
( a b o u t
0 . 5
t o
1 5 m i c r o n s ) which a l l o w s f o r t h e i r m o s t
e f f i c i e n t
s u b s e q u e n t
r e m o v a l
b y w a s h i n g a n d / o r f r o t h
? o t a t i o n
p r o c e s s e s .
A g g l o m e r a t i o n
i s
a n t i c i p a t e d
t o b e
s e e n
a t p H l e v e l s
r a n g i n g f r o m
5 . 0 t o
1 1 . 0 , w i t h n o s i g n i ? c a n t d e p o s i t i o n
o f i n k e x p e c t e d t o
b e p r e s e n t o n
p u l p i n g
e q u i p m e n t .
The
a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s f o r m u l a t i o n i s t h a t
i t
a l l o w s
f o r
a g
1 0
20
2 5
4 5
50
5 5
6 0
6 5
2
g l o m e r a t i o n
a t
a n
a m b i e n t p H ,
a l l e v i a t i n g t h e
n e e d
f o r
c a u s t i c o r a c i d ta n k s i n t h e
m i l l
e n v i r o n m e n t .
SUMMARY
OF THE
INVENTION
The c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n c o m p r i s e
( l ) a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m
d i s t i l l a t e s
( s o l v e n t ) , ( 2 ) a n a l k y l
p h e n o x y p o l y ( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h a n o l
( s u r f a c t a n t ) a n d ( 3 )
a n
e t h o x y l a t e d
p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e
g l y c o l
( s u r f a c t a n t ) .
A l l components
a r e
c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
INVENTION
The
p r e s e n t i n v e n t o r s h a v e d i s c o v e r e d
t h a t
t h e a d d i
t i o n
o f
a s p e c i ? c s o l v e n t / s u r f a c t a n t
b l e n d
t o
t h e
p u l p e r
s i g n i ? c a n t l y
e n h a n c e s t h e a g gl o m e r a t i o n o f
e l e c t r o
s t a t i c t o n e r
p a r t i c l e s ,
a l l o w i n g f o r t h e i r
s e p a r a t i o n
f r o m
? b e r
t h r o u g h
c e n t r i f u g a l
c l e a n i n g a n d / o r s c r e e n i n g .
T h i s a g g lo m e r a t i o n i s
a n t i c i p a t e d t o b e s e e n a t
p H
l e v e l s
r a n g i n g
f r o m 5 . 0 t o 1 1 . 0 ,
w i t h
n o
s i g n i ? c a n t d e p o s i t i o n
o f i n k
e x p e c t e d
t o b e
p r e s e n t o n
p u l p i n g
e q u i p m e n t .
(A
p I - l h i g h e r t h a n 1 1 . 0
o r
l o w e r t h a n 5 . 0 i s a l s o b e l i e v e d t o
b e
e f f e c t i v e ) .
The
f o r m u l a t i o n a l l o w s
f o r
a g g l o m e r a t i o n
a t a n a m b i e n t pH, a l l e v i a t i n g
t h e
need f o r c a u s t i c
o r
a c i d
t a n k s i n
t h e m i l l e n v i r o n m e n t .
The
a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m
d i s t i l l a t e s
( A ) a r e s a t u r a t e d
h y d r o c a r b o n s h a v i n g c a r b o n
n u m b e r s
i n
t h e
r a n g e o f
C9-Cl2. The
c h e m i c a l
s t r u c t u r e s
o f
t h e
r e m a i n i n g raw
materials are
a s f o l l o w s :
A l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h n o l
C X H Z X + 1 C 6 H 4 O - ( C H 2 C H 2 O ) , , l - l
n l 6
x 8 12
E t h o x y l a t e d
P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e G l y c o l
F o r
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
t o n e r
p a r t i c l e
a g g l o m e r a t i o n ,
t h e
e f f e c t i v e h y d r o p h i l e - l i p o p h i l e
b a l
ance o f t h e t e s t e d s u r f a c t a n t s
i s l e s s t h a n o r
e q u a l t o 1 0 .
I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e
e f f e c t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e
r a n g e f o r
t h e a g g l o m e r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c t o n e r p a r t i c l e s i s
from l l 0 - l 9 0
F .
A
eaker
t e s t
meth od was
u t i l i z e d
t o
determine
t h e
i m p a c t o f
v a r i o u s raw
m a t e r i a l s
on
t o n e r
a g g l o m e r a t i o n
w i t h o u t t h e
p r e s e n c e o f ? b e r .
T h i s
method a l l o w e d f o r
t h e
v i s u a l
e v a l u a t i o n
o f
t o n e r
c o n ? g u r a t i o n a f t e r t r e a t
m e n t
a n d p e r m i t t e d t h e p a r t i c l e s t o
b e
s i z e d
u s i n g t h e
Brinkmann
P a r t i c l e S i z e A n a l y z e r . W h e n raw
m a t e r i a l s
were s c r e e n e d u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d , t h o s e d e m o n s t r a t i n g
s i g n i ? c a n t p a r t i c l e
a g g l o m e r a t i o n w e r e
a d v a n c e d
t o
t h e
D e i n k i n g / R e p u l p i n g A p p a r a t u s ( t h e p u l p e r ) f o r
a n
e v a l u a t i o n
o f
p e r f o r m a n c e i n
t h e
p r e s e n c e
o f
? b e r .
The
e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e
was a s f o l l o w s :
Approx
i m a t e l y 0 . 0 1
grams
of t o n e r was
added t o
a
beaker
c on
t a i n i n g 1 0 0 m i l l i l i t e r s o f d e i o n i z e d w a t e r . Each s o l u t i o n
o f toner and
water wa s
mixed
o n
a m a gne t i c s t i r r e r
a t
a
pH
f
. 0 ,
a
t e m p e r a t u r e o f
1 5 0
F .
and
a
c o n t a c t
t i m e o f
60 m i n u t e s . About
5 l 4
p a r t s
o f raw
m a t e r i a l o r e x p e r i
m e n t a l
p r o d u c t
p e r m i l l i o n
p a r t s
o f s o l u t i o n was
added
t o
t h e
b e a k e r . Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f
c o n t a c t
t i m e , p a r t i c l e
c o n ? g u r a t i o n s
were n o t e d , and s o l u t i o n
were ? l t e r e d
-
8/10/2019 Process and Composition for Deinking Dry Toner Electrostatic Printed Wastepaper US5141598
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5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8
3
a n d
h e l d f o r
s i z e
e v a l u a ti o n u s i n g
t h e
Brinkmann P a r t i
c l e S i z e
A n a l y z e r .
The p u l p e r was t h e n u s e d t o e v a l u a t e
s e l e c t e d raw
m a t e r i a l s .
T h i s a p p a r at u s
c o n s i s t s
o f a Waring b l e n d e r
j a r w i t h
t h e b l a d e s r e v e r s e d t o p r o v i d e a m i x i n g a c t i o n
o f
t h e ? b e r s .
The t i r r i n g o f
t h e b l e n d e r s c o n t r o l l e d b y
a
motor
connected t o a Servodyne c o n t r o l l e r . Tempera
t u r e
o f t h e p u l p i n t h e
b l e n d e r
i s
p r o v i d e d
b y
a
h e a t i n g
m a t a t t a c h e d t o
a
t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e r . The t y p i c a l
f u r n i s h c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e
l a b o r a t o r y
p u l p e r
i s 5 % ,
a n d
a
s t i r r i n g s p e e d
o f 7 5 0
rpm i s
u s e d
t o
s i m u l a t e t h e m e
c h a n i c a l a c t i o n o f a h y d r o p u l p e r .
E l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t e d w o o d - f r e e ? b e r
was
u s e d
a s
t h e
f u r n i s h . Twenty
p o u n d s
o f raw
m a t e r i a l
o r e x p e r i m e n t a l
product
p e r t o n of
?ber were added t o t h e p u l p e r ,
t
a
t e m p e r a t u r e
o f
1 5 0 '
F . ,
a
p H o f
7 . 0 ,
a n d a p u l p i n g t i m e
o f 6 0
m i n u t e s .
DESCRIPTION OF
THE
PREFERRED
EMBODIMENT
The
l a b o r a t o r y
r e s u l t s f o u n d
i n
T a b l e 1
d e m o n s t r a t e
t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n . A n o n y l
p h e n o x y p o l y ( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h a n o l
w i t h
a
m o l e c u l a r
w e i g h t o f 2 8 6 a n d a n e t h o x y l a t e d p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e
g l y c o l
w i t h a
m o l e c u l a r
w e i g h t o f 3 8 0 0 a r e
p r e f e r r e d
c o m p o n e n t s .
TABLE
P u l p e r R e s u l t s
a t 1 5 0 F . . p H 7 . 0 . 6 0 M i n u t e
P u l p i n g Time
HLB Minimum P a r t i c l e
C o n d i t io n o f
M a t e r i a l S i z e ( M i c r o n s )
U n t r e a t e d C o n t r o l
0
l - 2
2 0
l b s / t o n
N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y ~ 1 4 . 2
4 . 5
( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l
(Mol.
Wt.
7 4 8 , n
=
1 2 )
2 0 l b s / t o n
N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y -
8 . 8
l 0 . 0
( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l
( M o l .
Wtv 3 9 6 .
n = )
2 0
l b s / t o n
N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y - 4 . 6 1 5 . 0
( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h a n o l
( B .
MOI. Wt.
= 2 8 6 ,
n
= L5)
2 0 l b s / t o n E t h o x y l a t e d 1 . 0 1 8 . 0
P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e
G l y c o l
( C , Mol. Wt.
=
3 8 0 0 )
20 l b s / t o n Formulation '
4 0 . 0
(60 A :
l0
B :
3 0
C)
An HLB a n n o t b e a c c u r a t e l y
c a l c u l a t e d
f o r a b l e n d e d
f o r m u l a t i o n .
Note t h e
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
e a c h m a t e r i a l ( e .
g . ,
B
a n d
C) n
i n c r e a s i n g
l a s e r
i n k
p a r t i c l e
s i z e , a s
compared
to t h e
u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l . H o w e v e r , t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f o r m u l a
t i o n
i n
i t s
p r e f e r r e d
r a t i o s
(60
A / 10 B/30
C )
showed a s i g n i ? c a n t i n c r e a s e i n p a r t i c l e
s i z e
a s c o m
p a r e d
t o i n d i v i d u a l
c o m p o n e n t s .
The
e f f e c t i v e r a t i o
r a n g e o f
e a c h
o f
t h e
raw m a t e r i a l s
i n
the formulatio n
i s
believed
t o be:
10-60
A l i p h a t i c
P e t r o l e u m D i s t i l l a t e s
1 0 - 8 9 % A l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l
l 8 0 %
E t h o x y l a t e d P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e G l y c o l
While
t h i s
i n v e n t i o n
h a s
b e e n
d e s c r i b e d
w i t h
r e s p e c t
t o
p a r t i c u l a r
e m b o d i m e n t s t h e r e o f ,
i t
i s a p p a r e n t t h a t
numerous
o t h e r f o r m s
and
m o d i ? c a t i o n s o f
t h i s
i n v e n
t i o n w i l l b e
o b v i o u s
t o
t h o s e
s k i l l e d i n t h e a r t . The
2 0
2 5
3 5
45
5 0
6 0
6 5
4
a p p e n d e d c l a i m s
a n d
t h i s i n v e n t i o n ge n e r a l ly s h o u l d b e
construed
t o cover l l
such
obvious forms and
modi?ca
t i o n s which a r e w i t h i n t h e
t r u e
s p i r i t
and
s c o p e o f t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
We
l a i m :
1 . I n t h e
d e i n k i n g o f l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t e d w a s t e p a p e r ,
a
p r o c e s s
f o r e n h a n c i n g t h e
a g g lo m e r a t i o n o f
e l e c t r o
s t a t i c
t o n e r
p a r t i c l e s ,
s a i d
p r o c e s s
c o m p r i s i n g
a d d i n g
t o
a n a q u e o u s s l u r r y o f t h e e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t e d w a s t e p a
p e r
a n
a m o u n t , s u f f i c i e n t f o r d e i n k i n g
o f
a c o m b i n a t i o n
o f a ) a l i p h a t i c
p e t r o l e u m
d i s t i l l a t e s , ( b ) a n a l k y l p h e n o x
y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l a n d ( c ) a n e t h o x y l a t e d
p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e
g l y c o l , t h e h y d r o p h i l e / l i p o p h i l e
b a l a n c e o f b o t h ( b )
a n d
( c )
b e i n g l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l
t o
1 0 ,
a n d
t h e w e i g h t
r a t i o
o f ( a ) : ( b ) : ( c )
b e i n g a b o u t
6 : 1 : 3 .
2 .
The p r o c e s s
a s
r e c i t e d i n c l a i m
1
wherein t h e a l i
p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m d i s t i l l a t e s a r e s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s
h a v i n g c a r b o n n u m b e r s i n t h e
r a n g e o f C 9 - C 1 2 .
3 .
The
p r o c e s s
a s
r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m
1 w h e r e i n
t h e a l k y l
p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l
i s a
compound o f
t h e f o r m u l a
with
n
fro m 1
t o
5 .
4 .
The
p r o c e s s
a s
r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 1
wherein t h e
e t h
o x y l a t e d
p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e g l y c o l s
a
compound
o f
t h e
f o r m u l a
with n from about 1 t o 45
and
m rom about 1 4 - 7 7 .
5 .
The p r o c e s s a s
r e c i t e d
i n c l a i m 1
w h e r e i n
agglom
e r a t i o n
o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c
t o n e r
p a r t i c l e s
o c c u r s
a t
a'pH
o f
a b o u t 5 . 0
t o 1 2 . 0
6 .
The p r o c e s s a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 1 wherein
agglom
e r a t i o n of e l e c t r o s t a t i c
t o n e r p a r t i c l e s occurs a t a
t e m
p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t
1 1 0 t o 1 9 0 F .
7 .
The
p r o c e s s a s r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m 1 w h e r e i n
t h e
a l k y l
p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )
e t h a n o l i s a compound o f
t h e f o r m u l a
w i t h n
f r o m 1 t o
5 ,
a n d t h e e t h o x y l a t e d
p o l y o x y p r o p y l
e n e g l y c o l i s a compound o f t h e f o r m u l a
CH3
H O C H I C H Z C H I C H 2 O ) R ( C H Z C H O ) M ( C H Z C 2 0 ) , [ C H 2 C H 2 O H
with n from about
1
t o 45 and m rom a b o u t 1 4 t o 7 7 .
8 . The
p r o c e s s
a s r e c i t e d
i n c l a i m
1 w h e r e i n agglom
e r a t i o n
o f
e l e c t r o s t a t i c t o n e r p a r t i c l e s o c c u r s
a t a
pH
f
a b o u t
5 . 0
t o
1 2 . 0
and a te m p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t 1 1 0
t o 1 9 0 '
F .
O Q t
C l