Processing of DataProcessing of Data

Data ProcessingData Processing Data Processing - Processing data into proper Data Processing - Processing data into proper

format that becomes information which can be format that becomes information which can be understand very easily.understand very easily.

As simply, data processing is a process of As simply, data processing is a process of converting data into information. converting data into information.

Data collected during the research is processed Data collected during the research is processed with a view to reducing them to manageable with a view to reducing them to manageable proportions.proportions.

A careful and systematic processing will A careful and systematic processing will highlight the important characteristics of the highlight the important characteristics of the data, facilitates comparisons and render it data, facilitates comparisons and render it suitable for further statistical analysis and suitable for further statistical analysis and interpretations.interpretations.

1) Editing the Primary Data1) Editing the Primary Data

After the data have been collected by the After the data have been collected by the primary method, the next step is to edit.primary method, the next step is to edit.

1) Editing for completeness1) Editing for completeness

2) Editing for accuracy2) Editing for accuracy

3) Editing for uniformity3) Editing for uniformity

4) Editing for deciphering (unreadable entries)4) Editing for deciphering (unreadable entries)

2) Coding2) Coding After editing of the collected data, the next step

to follow is coding. Coding refers to assigning of number digits or

letters or both to various responses so as to enable tabulation of information easy.

The purpose of coding is to classify the answers to a question into meaning full categories which is essential for tabulation

In most of the surveys , certainly whenever results are to be put in quantitative form, the immediate stage is coding of the answers.

Ex. For feedback Excellent -5Excellent -5 Very Good- 4Very Good- 4 Good – 3Good – 3 Average -2Average -2 Below Average - 1Below Average - 1

ClassificationClassification

Once the data is collected and edited, the first task of the statistician is the organization of the figures in such a form that their significance and comparison with masses of similar data may be felicitated and further analysis may be possible.

This is done through Classification and Tabulation. The process of arranging the data into groups or

classes according to their common characteristics, or separating them into different but related parts.

ExampleExample

The number of students registered in Delhi University during the academic year 2009-2010 may be classified on the basis of any of the following criteria

Sex Age The state to which they belong Religion Different faculties like Arts, Science, Commerce

and Science Heights Institutions

The family budget data relating to nature, quality and quantity of the commodities consumed with expenditure on different items of consumption may be classified under the following heads:

Food Clothing Fuel and Lighting House Rent Miscellaneous (including items like education,

recreation, medical expenses, gifts, newspaper, laundry etc.)

Objects of ClassificationObjects of Classification

1)1) To present the facts in a simple formTo present the facts in a simple form

2)2) To bring out clearly points of similarity and To bring out clearly points of similarity and dissimilaritydissimilarity

3)3) To facilitate comparisonTo facilitate comparison

4)4) To bring out relationshipTo bring out relationship

5)5) To present a mental pictureTo present a mental picture

6)6) To prepare a basis for tabulationTo prepare a basis for tabulation

Types of ClassificationTypes of Classification

I.I. Classification based on differences in kindClassification based on differences in kind

II.II. Classification based on differences of degree Classification based on differences of degree of a given characteristicsof a given characteristics

III.III. Geographical ClassificationGeographical Classification

IV.IV. Chronological ClassificationChronological Classification

V.V. Alphabetical ClassificationAlphabetical Classification

I) Classification Based on Differences I) Classification Based on Differences in Kindin Kind

It is also called as qualitative classification and classes are set up on the basis of qualitative differences

1) Showing the data classified according to one attribute (unemployment)

Employed Persons UnemployedPersons

Grand

500 150 650

2) Showing the data classified according 2) Showing the data classified according

to unemployment and sexto unemployment and sex

Employed PersonsEmployed Persons Unemployed personsUnemployed persons Grand Grand TotalTotal

MalesMales FemalesFemales TotalTotal MalesMales FemalesFemales TotalTotal

Number Number OfOf

EmployedEmployedMalesMales

Number ofNumber ofEmployedEmployedFemalesFemales

Number Number OfOf

UnemployedUnemployedMalesMales

Number Number OfOf

UnemployedUnemployedFemalesFemales

380380 120120 500500 105105 4545 150150 500 +500 +150 -650150 -650

II) Classification Based on II) Classification Based on Differences of Degree of a Given Differences of Degree of a Given

CharacteristicsCharacteristics The classification of statistical data based on differences of degree of a given

characteristics is also called quantitative classification.

1) Showing the Number of Persons According to Income

Income Rs. Number of Persons

50-99 15

100-149 18

150-199 25

200-249 32

250-299 16

300-349 8

III) Geographical ClassificationIII) Geographical Classification In this type of classification, the data are classified In this type of classification, the data are classified

according to the geographical location such as according to the geographical location such as continents, countries, states, districts and other sub-continents, countries, states, districts and other sub-

divisiondivision

Name of the District Per-acre Yield of wheat (Qnt.)

Pune 25

Kolhapur 39

Solapur 40

Aurangabad 42

Nagpur 45

Amravati 43

IV.Chronological ClassificationIV.Chronological Classification When the given data are classified on the basis of time, When the given data are classified on the basis of time,

it is named chronological classification. The data may it is named chronological classification. The data may be classified the basis of time i.e. years, months, week, be classified the basis of time i.e. years, months, week, days or hours.days or hours.

Years Population (Crores)

Density of Population(Per sq. km)

1931 27.89 88

1941 31.85 100

1951 36.09 113

1961 43.90 138

1971 54.73 182

V. Alphabetical ClassificationV. Alphabetical Classification When the data are arranged according to alphabetical

order, it is called alphabetical classification

Name of states Density of Population(Per Sq. Km.)

Andhra Pradesh 157

Assam 150

Bihar 324

Gujarat 136

Haryana 225

Himachal Pradesh 62

Kerala 548

Statistical SeriesStatistical Series The table in which classification is given is known as

statistical series. Types of Series1. Individual Series- When the measurement of individual

items are arranged either in ascending order or descending order or according to some other scientific order, it is known as individual series

2. Discrete Series- When we count the number of times (frequency) each value of the variable occurs, it is known as discrete series.

3. Continuous series- The presentation of data into continuous series along with the corresponding frequencies is known as continuous series.

The basic components of a continuous series are- Class interval and class limits

Marks of 400 studentsMarks of 400 students

Mark Number of Students

0 - 9 50

10 - 19 70

20 - 29 120

30 - 39 90

40 - 49 70

Total 400

TabulationTabulation

After the data has been classified, the next step After the data has been classified, the next step is to arrange them in form of tables.is to arrange them in form of tables.

Tabulation involves the orderly and systematic Tabulation involves the orderly and systematic presentation of numerical data in a form presentation of numerical data in a form designed to elucidate problem under designed to elucidate problem under considerationconsideration..