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Pools and Poolcare 3

Chlorine Sanitisers 17

Water Balances & Accessory Chemicals 36

Spa Pools, Charts and Glossary 48

Free Phone 0800 258 392Fax 09 309 9264

Product Training Guide

Incorporating the Bluewater and Baquacil Brands

SECTIONS IN GUIDE

Last Revised October 2010

DISCLAIMER

The information and recommendations in this publication are to the best of ourknowledge, information and belief accurate at the date of publication. Nothing

herein is to be construed as a warranty, express or otherwise. In all cases, it is theresponsibility of the users to determine the applicability of such information or the

suitability of any products for their own particular purpose. All sales of theseproducts shall be subject to Chempro Logistics Limited standard conditions of sale.

2

Types of Pools 4

Pool Filters 4

Definitions 8

Pool Sanitisers 12

Pool Shapes and Sizes 14

Conversion Figures 16

Safety 16

First Aid 16

3

POOLS AND POOL CARE

Pools and Pool Care

Maintaining a clean, safe and attractive swimming pool depends on more than justadding chemicals.

Pool care activities fall into three broad categories:

Maintaining physical cleanliness of the pool Attending to water quality Controlling bacteria, algae and organic pollution

All of these should be done as an established routine to prevent problems arising.Pool care should be seen as a preventative measure and not something that is doneonly when visible changes in the pool occur.

A good understanding of pools and the water they contain explains why theprocesses are necessary and how important efficient pool equipment is in keeping apool clear, clean and healthy.

Swimming pools can be divided into four categories:

School pools Public pools (municipal, sporting complex) Semi-private pools owned by hotels, motels, etc Private pools in home gardens and backyards

Most are below ground, but private pools may also be above ground - usually a PVCliner stretched over a frame.

The belowground pool is generally regarded as an investment and is made ofreinforced concrete finished in ceramic tiles, marble dust or paint. Pools are alsomade with fibreglass or PVC.

The Baquacil system is used mainly in private belowground pools, semi-privatepools and some school pools, depending on the filtration system. Bluewaterchlorine products are best suited to most aboveground pools because they use lessefficient filtration systems.

Pool filters and their correct use are vital to the smooth operation of a swimmingpool. In fact, filtration is probably the most important part of pool water treatment.

Insoluble water pollutants, from dust and vegetation to skin flakes and hair, providenutrients for algae and bacteria unless they are removed by filtration. No sanitisercan deal with that kind of pollution. An efficient filter is as essential as a goodsanitiser.

4

TYPES OF POOLS

POOL FILTERS

There are three types of filters commonly used:

Sand Filters

These are efficient, need little maintenance and are the most commonly used filtersin New Zealand. The pool water is either pushed or sucked through a bed of sand,and dirt particles are entrapped on the way.

To clean the filter, the water flow is reversed so that the dirt is dislodged and flushedto a waste pipe. This is referred to as backwashing to waste. Sand filters are usedwith belowground pools and larger volume aboveground pools.

5

Cartridge Filters

Cartridges are made up of supported fluted paper, cloth or polypropylene whichdoes the filtering. They are inexpensive, but the least efficient of the three types.They can be cleaned using Bluewater Filter Cleaner or by being left to dry so thatthe dry material can be brushed off.

Diatomaceous Earth Filters

These may be used with above or belowground pools. Cloth, supported on a plasticframe, is coated with diatomaceous earth. It is this which does the filtering. Thesefilters are capable of removing finer particles than a sand filter, but they requirefrequent manual cleaning and recharging with RS400-20 product.Backwashing can be done by removing the supports, hosing down and rechargingwith diatomaceous earth is recommended. Every third or fourth clean should involvesoaking the supports in Bluewater Filter Clean before hosing.

6

Cleaning Devices

There are numerous cleaning devices available. Vacuums running from the pumpsuction or pressure lines enable leaves, grass clipping, dust and other debris to beremoved from the pool floor and walls.

Manual cleaning implements such as vacuum head, brushes and leaf scoops arealso useful.

Physical Cleanliness Is Vital

Chemicals are no substitute for good pool care. They cannot perform miracles andphysically remove dirt from pool water. That must be done by the filter and othercleaning devices. Attention to cleanliness and correct chemical treatment areequally important parts of pool care.

It is false economy to install an inefficient filter or to think that money is saved byfiltering only a few hours per day.

For an outdoor private pool, the pump and filter capacity should be large enough toturn over the complete volume of water twice daily.

For a pool in regular use during the summer, the filtration system should operate atleast one hour per day per 4,000 litres. For example a 36,000 litre pool will needfiltration time of nine hours. In the long run, proper use of the filter will save time,temper and money.

It is better to operate the filter continuously for the required period, say 8 hourscontinuously rather than in two lots of four.

Filters should be operated, backwashed, cleaned and recharged regularly, accordingto the manufacturer’s instructions.

For thorough filtration, circulation of water is just as important as the filter and thetime it is run. It is no good running a filter all day if it is only taking water from onepart of the pool and leaving the rest dirty.

Positioning of the inlet and outlet pipes determines circulation. They should beplaced so that water moves both across the pool and throughout the depth of thepool. A single inlet placed close to a single outlet will mean that only a small volumeof water around these pipes gets circulated. An inlet placed directly opposite anoutlet at water level will mean that water flows across the pool surface but thedeeper water remains static and unfiltered.

7

Water Balance

Water balance is the interaction of pH, pH buffer (total alkalinity) and waterhardness. Fortunately, New Zealand water is naturally clean, fairly soft and has aconsistent pH. It usually presents few problems in achieving correct water balance.

It is essential that pool water is kept correctly balanced otherwise corrosion or scaleformation may occur on pool fittings, piping, etc, sanitisers will not work properly,and the water will neither feel nor look pleasant.

pH

This is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of water. It is measured on a scale rangingfrom 1 to 14.

A pH of 7.0 is neutralAbove pH 7 the water is alkalineBelow pH 7 the water is acidic.

Pool pH should be maintained between 7.2 and 7.8.

Water with low pH can cause eye and skin irritation, corrosion, etching of plaster andexcessive use of sanitiser. Bluewater pH increase is used to correct it. (See page37).

Water with high pH can result in scale formation, cloudy water, eye irritation andpoor sanitiser efficiency. Bluewater pH decrease is used to correct it. (See page36).

pH is affected by the type of pool surface, heavy rain, wind, dust, evaporation,bather load and the kind of sanitiser or other chemicals used.

pH level should be tested weekly, using the appropriate test kit.

8

DEFINITIONS

pH Buffer

This is often called total alkalinity. It refers to the amount of carbonates,bicarbonates and hydroxides dissolved in pool water.

pH buffer is measured in parts per million (p.p.m.).

For Baquacil sanitised pools the ideal range is between 80 and 150 p.p.m.

For pools sanitised with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine, EconoChlor, StabilisedPool Chlorine, Liquid Pool Chlorine or Salt, the ideal range is 120-150 p.p.m.

For pools sanitised with Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets the ideal rangeis 150-200 p.p.m. The reason for this higher level is because the tablets are highlyacidic and the buffer level is needed to maintain a correct pH.

The importance of the level of pH buffer is that it acts as a buffer to change in pH.That is, it reduces the reaction to factors that affect water pH. For example, heavyrain can cause the pool to become acidic and lower the pH; the buffer reacts withsome of the acid and so reduces the effect.

If the pH buffer level is too low, the pH of the pool will be susceptible to rapidchange. This may result in any of the problems associated with incorrect pH.

A high level of pH buffer is not so serious but it will mean that pH adjustmentrequires more chemicals. The most effective way a high level of pH buffer can beadjusted is by dilution with additional mains or tap water.

Bluewater pH Buffer is used to adjust the buffer level. (See pages 35-36.)

pH buffer level should be tested at the start of each season and monitored eachmonth during the time the pool is in use.

When anything acid or alkaline is added to pool water low in pH buffer, the poolwater pH will alter accordingly.

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The following example shows how rainwater (slightly acidic) lowers the pH of thepool.

Where the correct level of pH buffer is present, it helps neutralise the acid effect ofthe rainwater.

Water hardness

Hardness refers to the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in the pool water. Infact, only calcium harness is important for pool water.

Calcium hardness is measured in parts per million (p.p.m.). The level should bebetween 100 and 300 p.p.m.

New Zealand water is usually naturally low in calcium. It needs adjusting becauselow calcium hardness can cause etching of plaster and corrosion.

Calcium hardness is increased by adding Bluewater Water Hardener.(See pages 38-39).

Lowering calcium hardness is not so easy, but high levels are not usually a problemin New Zealand because top-up water has a low level, so the pool hardness isconstantly diluted.

Water hardness should be checked at the beginning and end of each swimmingseason.

10

Achieving Water Balance

Calcium hardness, pH and pH buffer levels must be in balance if pool water is tolook right, feel right, and be free of problems.

The simplest way of checking the balance is to use the Taylor Watergram.

Check the levels in the pool of pH, pH buffer, and water hardness. On theWatergram draw an imaginary line between pH buffer and hardness to find the pH atwhich the pool water is balanced.

Remember that the pH must be in the range 7.2 to 7.8, because outside this rangeeye and skin irritation may occur.

The line through the three measurements must be straight, but it need not slope inthe direction shown. For example a pool with a pH buffer of 150 p.p.m. and calciumhardness of 125 p.p.m. would be balanced with a pH of 7.6. The range of waterbalance parameters demonstrates there is considerable latitude in the levels thatcan give a satisfactory balance.

Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids is a measure of material in solution that is not removed byfiltration or chemicals. It can affect water balance but is rarely a problem because itis overcome by dilution. Most pools are regularly diluted by being topped up toreplace water lost through evaporation and splashing. Total dissolved solids,therefore, rarely build up to problem proportions.

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So far, physical cleanliness (vacuuming, brushing, filtering) and water balance havebeen covered. The next part in the system of maintaining a clean, safe andattractive pool is to keep the water germ free (bacteria) and remove organic pollution(algae and organic dirt).

Bacteria

These are minute organisms, invisible to the naked eye that can live in soil, in saltwater or fresh water or in living things. All bacteria rely on organic matter for foodand are therefore of significance to other life on earth. Many are harmless to manand live on dead organic material; others are beneficial, living in the digestive tractand helping with food breakdown; others are parasitic or pathogenic, causingdisease.Bacteria may enter a pool from the supply water, from the atmosphere, dust andleaves, but most commonly from bathers. In a single swim a person will shedsomething like 3 million bacteria and 0.5 grams of organic dirt.

When bacteria are present in a pool, they may multiply quickly, and if they are aharmful kind can cause disease in bathers. They enter the body either through theears or nose or when water is swallowed.

Organic Dirt

This includes perspiration, body oils, urine, suntan lotion, hairsprays, skin flakes,mucus; also leaves, grass clippings, dust. Much of this provides nutrients forbacterial survival.

Algae

These are microscopic forms of plant life that get into pools through rain or wind.There are many types, some of which are resistant to routine chemical treatment.That is why shock treatment is necessary.

Algae do not cause disease, but they look unpleasant, colouring the pool a murkygreen, brown, red or black, depending on the type of algae present.

Although algae are relatively easy to control by routine sanitising and shocktreatment, they can recur rapidly if they are not completely eliminated by thetreatment.

They survive behind light fittings or around ladders and other fixtures wherecirculation may be poor so that the pool chemical has not reached them. They alsoexist in sump lines and solar heat lines. Thorough cleaning around such fittings andensuring full circulation of the sanitiser is an essential part of algae control.

(One pool had a continuing problem with algae until it was discovered that thestepladder was hollow, providing a stagnant reservoir in which algae flourished,protected from contact with the pool sanitiser).

12

POOL SANITISERS

Organic Pollution

The level of organic material in a pool - bacteria, dirt, algae - tends to vary from poolto pool. It will depend on quality of tap water used to top it up, number of peopleregularly using the pool, and situation. This last factor will include closeness totrees, lawns, hours of sunlight and exposure to wind. All this means that one poolmay have a higher basic demand for a sanitiser than another.

Pool Sanitisers

Pool sanitisers are chemicals that:

disinfect pools (kill bacteria) remove excess organic material kill existing algae and prevent algal growth

Orica Chemnet sanitisers are :

Baquacil with Baqua Shock and Baquacil Concentrated Algicide (non-chlorine)

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine or EconoChlor Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets

Remember the formula for a clean pool:

Water balance + chemicals + GOOD CLEANING* = a clear, clean and healthy pool.

*Cleaning includes daily removal of leaves and other visible dirt by scoop andvacuum, plus thorough daily filtration of all the pool water - so that means goodcirculation.

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It is essential to know how much water a pool holds. Though dose rates of poolchemicals do not have to be accurate down to the last gram or millilitre, they must berealistically close to the recommended levels.

It is not uncommon for pool owners to underestimate the amount of water in a pool,continuously under-dose, and then wonder why they have trouble.Calculating pool volume is simply done, using the following equations.

Rectangular or square pools

Multiply length (metres) x width (metres) x average depth (metres) x 1000 = litres.

Circular pools

Multiply the diameter (metres) x diameter (metres) x depth (metres) x 0.79 x 1000 =litres.

Oval pools

Multiply the long diameter (metres) x short diameter (metres) x average depth(metres) x 0.79 x 1000 = litres.

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POOL SHAPES AND SIZES

Kidney-shaped or other irregularly shapes pools

Unusual pools can often be broken down into basic shapes for purposes ofcalculation. For example, a kidney shaped pool is roughly two circles joinedtogether. Calculate the volume of the circles and add on about 10% to cover thearea not included in the calculation. It is better to overestimate a pool volume thanunderestimate it.

Note: Average depth is calculated by measuring depth at the deep end and at theshallow end, adding the figures together and dividing by two.

A guide to common pool volumes

Dimensions (litres)*

Circular Pools (metres) VolumeDiam x Diam x Av. Depth x 0.79 x 1000 (Litres)*

3.6 x 3.6 x 0.9 x 0.79 9 2004.5 x 4.5 x 1.2 x 0.79 19 2006.0 x 6.0 x 1.2 x 0.79 34 2007.5 x 7.5 x 1.2 x 0.79 53 3009.0 x 9.0 x 1.2 x 0.79 76 800

Rectangular Pools (metres)Length x width, x Av. Depth x 1000

7.2 x 3.6 x 1.2 31 100 9.0 x 4.5 x 1.2 48 600 9.0 x 4.5 x 1.5 60 80010.0 x 5.0 x 1.5 75 000 9.5 x 4.75 x 1.8 81 200

* Rounded figures

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1 Metre

1 litre4.5 litres

1 cubic metre

1 gram28.3 grams1 kilogram

100ppm50ppm20ppm

============

3.3 feet1.8 pints1 gallon35.3 cubic feet1000litres220 galloons0.035 ounce1 ounce2.2 pounds1 litre per 10,000 litres1 litre per 20,000 litres1 litre per 50,000 litres

Chlorine is a strong oxidiser. Store in a cool dry place. Avoid contact with skin,eyes and clothing; and avoid breathing dust and vapour.

Do not add water to the product – add product to the water.

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Give plenty of water. Call doctor immediatelyor the National Poisons and Hazardous Chemicals Information Centre, Dunedin - 03 479 1200.

Clear safety and first aid instructions are included on all Bluewater packs.

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SAFETY DIRECTIONS

FIRST AID

CONVERSION FIGURES

How chlorine works 18

Cyanuric acid stabilisers 19

Superchlorination, shock dosing 19

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine 20

Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine 22

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine, or EconoChlor 23

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets 25

Bluewater Pool Stabiliser 27

Salt Water Chlorinated Pools 28

Winterising with Bluewater Chlorine Sanitisers 30

Baquacil 32

Common problems 35

17

BLUEWATER CHLORINE SANITISERS

Bluewater Chlorine Sanitisers

Pool sanitisers depending on the release of chlorine have been used for many yearsnow. They are still popular. Orica Chemnet’s Bluewater Poolcare range includesfour high-quality forms of chlorine plus a pool stabiliser.

Chlorine release agents are efficient sanitisers, killing bacteria and algae and“burning up” organic wastes. Their disadvantage is that they are lost from the poolrapidly, particularly in sunlight and high temperatures.

With chlorine-release sanitisers it is necessary to test the level in the pool daily andadd chlorine to maintain an effective concentration.

Stabilisers and stabilised forms of chlorine are now available to prolongeffectiveness and reduce chlorine loss.

Free available chlorine is needed to destroy bacteria entering pool water.

A generous dose is needed for this because, when chlorine is added to a pool, itsfirst priority is to combine with organic material, algae, and bacteria already in thepool. It follows a set pattern of activity:

1. When a chlorine sanitiser is added to a pool containing organic pollutants such as skin flakes, body oil, urine, or mucus, dust, grass clippings, bacteria, algae and so on, the chlorine first of all combines with these nitrogenous substances. It combines to form chloramines, compounds which can smell strongly of chlorine and irritate the eyes and nose.

2. If more chlorine is available, its next priority will be to destroy the chloramines.

3. And when all chloramines have been destroyed, any additional chlorine, known as free available chlorine, can destroy bacteria and viruses brought into the pool by swimmers.

If a pool is constantly in use during the day, pollution is constantly being introducedby bathers, so there may be no chance to form free available chlorine. Night timetreatment may be advisable to overcome this problem.

Chloramines smell strongly of chlorine. If there is insufficient chlorine available todestroy chloramines, bathers will complain of sore eyes and a strong smell of “toomuch chlorine”.

In fact, there is too little. More should be added, to destroy the chloramines andprovide free available chlorine.

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HOW CHLORINE WORKS

The sterilisation action of chlorine is also influenced by:

1. pH: As the pH rises, the rate of killing bacteria decreases. If the pH is too low, the amount of chloramines present increases. pH should be kept between 7.2 and 7.8.

2. Temperature: The oxidising effect increases with temperature. At 27oC therate is between two and seven times greater that at 4oC, depending onconcentration and pH.

3. Concentration: The time taken to destroy bacteria varies directly with theconcentration of free chlorine - that is, if the concentration is doubled, the timerequired to sterilise will be halved.

When using Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine (calcium hypochlorite) or BluewaterLiquid Pool Chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), free chlorine is rapidly destroyed bysunlight. Dose rate and frequency of dosing must take this into consideration.

This rapid loss can be overcome by using cyanuric acid (Bluewater Pool Stabiliser)as a stabiliser either alone or combined with chlorine. (NOT MIXED TOGETHER)added separately. It acts as an ultra-violet filter, so shielding chlorine from thedestructive effect of the sun’s rays. To be fully effective, a minimum level of 30p.p.m. cyanuric acid is needed. Too high a level can slow down the rate at whichbacteria are killed, though, so care must be taken to see that the level does notbecome excessive.Usually, with rain, splashing and refill there is sufficient dilution, but should the levelexceed 100 p.p.m. the pool should be partially drained and refilled with freshunstabilised water.

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine, EconoChlor and Stabilised Chlorine Tablets arechlorinated cyanurates.

Because it takes time for a sufficient level of cyanuric acid to build up, even whenusing Bluewater Stabilised Chlorine, Bluewater Pool Stabiliser should be used at thestart of each season to provide the required minimum level of 30 p.p.m. cyanuricacid.

Superchlorination refers to a specific, very high dose (up to 5 times the normal dailydose) of chlorine. It is given to enable oxidation (“burning up”) of high levels oforganic matter including bacteria and algae, whilst still providing free availablechlorine.

Superchlorination with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine or Bluewater Liquid PoolChlorine is recommended at the start of each swimming season or for a newly filledpool. It may sometimes be needed after long periods of hot weather and prolongedpool use.

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CYANURIC ACID STABILISERS

SUPERCHLORINATION, SHOCK DOSING

Shock dosing refers to giving twice the normal daily dose. It is recommended atregular intervals to “burn out” chloramines and algae not responsive to routinedosing. Shock dosing also prevents algae from becoming resistant to the daily doserate.

A granular formulation containing >650 grams per kilogram of calcium hypochlorite.It is available in packs of 2 kg, 4 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg and 40 kg.

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine is a low residue formulation. It is recommendedthat a premix be made (by adding the granules to a bucket of warm water). Aftermixing to dissolve the granules, allow the insoluble residue to fall to the bottom ofthe bucket and pour the supernatant liquid (the clear liquid above the residue)around the edges of the pool. Dispose of the undissolved calcium residue (thisshould not go into the pool as it will cause cloudiness & build up an artificialhardness).

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine has three uses:

To superchlorinate new pools, or at the start of each swimming season forpools using any Bluewater sanitiser.

As a routine sanitiser for daily application. As a shock treatment for pools sanitised with all Bluewater chlorine products.

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine is used to provide superchlorination and shocktreatment in pools routinely sanitised with Bluewater stabilised chlorine products.

There are several reasons :

1. The level of cyanuric acid stabiliser in a pool must be kept between 30 and 70p.p.m. A level higher than 70 p.p.m. begins to slow down the speed at whichbacteria are killed. It is therefore inadvisable to add the stabilised product atthe rates required for superchlorination and shock treatment, as it would buildup too high a level of cyanuric acid.

2. The dose levels for both superchlorination and shock treatment are too highfor comfortable swimming. Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine, in commonwith all brands of calcium hypochlorite, rapidly loses chlorine to theatmosphere in the presence of sunlight & temperature. Therefore, after it hasdone its sanitising job, the level drops quickly back to a comfortable 1 p.p.m.High doses of stabilised chlorine would take longer to drop to this level.

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BLUEWATER GRANULAR POOL CHLORINE

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine Routine

Pool Start-upSuperchlorination: Whether the pool is new or is being prepared for the new season,it should first be superchlorinated. This is done by adding Bluewater Granular PoolChlorine to a bucket of warm water at the rate of 400 grams per 10,000 litres of poolwater. (See page 19). Apply the solution to the surface of the pool, round the edge.Filter to achieve complete circulation by running for 1 hour per 4000 litres.Wait for 12 to 24 hours, until the chlorine level has dropped to approximately 1p.p.m.Balance the water. Test the following and if needed, adjust the levels.

pH Buffer: Use Bluewater pH Buffer to adjust the level to between 120-150 p.p.m.

pH: Adjust to between 7.2 and 7.8 using either Bluewater pH Increase or pH Decrease.

Calcium Hardness: Use Bluewater Water Hardener if necessary to bring calcium hardness up to 100 to 300 p.p.m.

Stabiliser: Add Bluewater Pool Stabiliser direct to the pool at the rate of 250 grams per 10,000 litres. This will give a stabiliser level of about 30 p.p.m. The ideal level is between 30 and 70 p.p.m. Leave for 12 hours to dissolve. (See page 19).

Routine treatment may employ Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine, Bluewater LiquidPool Chlorine, Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine, Bluewater EconoChlor orBluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets.

Daily RoutineTest the chlorine level daily using the test kit (see page 44) and add the amount ofsanitiser needed to bring the level up to between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m. of availablechlorine. The levels given below are usually sufficient.

If pool treated with Bluewater Pool Stabiliser:Add 50 grams Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine per 10,000 litres of water.

Without Bluewater Pool Stabiliser:Add 80 grams Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine per 10,000 litres of water.

Weekly RoutineDuring the swimming season shock dose once a week or as required by using twicethe normal daily dose rate (160 grams per 10,000 litres). Test pH and adjust asnecessary (see pages 36-38).

Monthly RoutineCheck pH buffer level and adjust as necessary (see page 35).

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Three-monthly RoutineWhere stabiliser is used, check the level every three months and if necessary addBluewater Pool Stabiliser to bring the level to between 30 and 70 p.p.m.

To avoid isocyanuric acid build up, Orica Chemnet recommends at least a 10percent water loss each season.

Safety

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine is corrosive and a strong oxidising agent. Itshould not come in contact with the skin, or be swallowed or inhaled.

Always add the chemical to the water. NEVER add water to any chemicals.

Keep it only in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away fromchildren. Keep away from heat sources, sparks, flames, cigarettes or pipes. Do notstore near organic materials, solvents, oils or greases.

If spilt, do not add material back into the container as it will be contaminated and cancause fire. Do not reuse container for food.

Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine is a convenient “ready to use” chlorine that doesn’trequire any premixing, nor leaves any calcium residue. It is available in 20 litrepacks and contains 130 grams per litre of available chlorine.

The shelf life of this liquid product is less than for granular chlorine. As a guide, itmay release approximately 1% of chlorine per month at about 20oC but thisdegradation will accelerate in the presence of sunlight or metals.

In general, use five times as much liquid chlorine as you do granular chlorine, for theequivalent chlorine level.

General InstructionsThe level of free chlorine in the table below should be maintained for several hoursprior to and during swimming activity by adding chlorine at the rate calculated fromthe chart. Always check the free chlorine daily, cyanuric acid levels monthly with areliable test kit using fresh testing reagents and vary the dosage if necessary.

1. SHOCK DOSING: During the swimming season shock dose once per week.After shock dosing the pH balance of your pool should be checked.

2. WINTER MAINTENANCE: A shock dose once a month is necessary tomaintain your pool in good condition during winter.

pH CONTROL: Liquid Pool Chlorine will increase pH. The pH should be testedregularly using fresh testing reagents. If it falls below the required level add pHBuffer (Preferable) or pH Increase. If it rises above, add pH Decrease.

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BLUEWATER LIQUID POOL CHLORINE

Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine - Dosage Rates

POOLVOLUMELITRES

STABILISED POOLSDAILY CHLORINE

DOSAGE

UNSTABILISED POOLSDAILY CHLORINE

DOSAGE

10,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000

200ml400ml600ml800ml

1000ml1200ml

400ml800ml

1200ml1600ml2000ml2400ml

SHOCKDOSING

Four times theDaily Dosage

Twice the DailyDosage

INITIAL STARTUP SUPER

CHLORINATION

Seven times theDaily Dosage

Five times theDaily Dosage

DO NOT EXCEED A CONCENTRATION OF100mg/l OF CYANURIC ACID

Refer to Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine for daily, weekly and monthly routine.

Safety

Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine is corrosive. It will irritate the eyes, skin, nose andthroat. It should not come in contact with the skin, be swallowed, or inhaled. Keeponly in its original container, in a cool dark place, away from sunlight and heat. Keepaway from children.

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine is a granular formulation containing 600 gramsper kilogram sodium dichloroisocyanurate. It is available in packs of 1kg, 2kg, 4kg,10kg and 45kg. The 10kg pack is sold under the brand name EconoChlor.

This product is more stable than Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine and is not sosusceptible to degradation by sunlight. It is therefore a more effective & under-utilised sanitiser.

It is used for routine sanitising of pools. For initial superchlorination and shocktreatment, Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine or Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine isrecommended (see page 19).

Stabilisation of chlorine depends on a level of 30 to 70 p.p.m. of cyanuric acid in thepool water. Instead of waiting for this to build up by applying large daily doses ofBluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine, it is recommended that the level be brought upto 30 p.p.m. by an initial does of Bluewater Pool Stabiliser.

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BLUEWATER STABILISED POOL CHLORINE or EconoChlor

If this is not done, the cyanuric acid level in the pool will be insufficient at first tostabilise the chlorine. A much higher dose rate would be needed for some days tomaintain adequate chlorine levels until the cyanuric acid level has reached protectiveproportions.The three main advantages of using Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine are :

It is added directly to the pool. No premixing is required. Because effective chlorine is retained longer in the pool, a far lower dose is

needed. It remains in the water longer, killing bacteria and algae as they infect the

pool.

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Routine

Pool Start-up routineSuperchlorination: Whether the pool is new or is being prepared for a newseason, it should be superchlorinated to begin with. This is done by addingBluewater Granular Pool Chlorine to a bucket of warm water at the rate of 400 gmsper 10,000 litres of pool water. Apply the solution to the surface of the pool, roundthe edge. Alternatively, Bluewater Liquid pool Chlorine can be used at a rate of 2litres per 10,000 litres of pool water.

Filter to achieve complete circulation by running for 1 hour per 4,000 litres.Wait for 12 to 24 hours, until the chlorine level has dropped to approximately 1p.p.m.

Balance the water (see page 35). Test the following and if needed, adjust the levels.

pH Buffer: Use Bluewater pH Buffer to adjust the level to between 120-150 p.p.m.

pH: Adjust to between 7.2 and 7.8 using either Bluewater pH Increase or pH Decrease.

Calcium Hardness: Use Bluewater Water Hardener if necessary to bring calcium hardness up to 100 to 300 p.p.m.

Stabiliser: Add Bluewater Pool Stabiliser direct to the pool at the rate of 250 grams per 10,000 litres. This will give a stabiliser level of about 30 p.p.m. The ideal level is between 30 and 70 p.p.m. Leave for 12 hours to dissolve. (See page 19).

Daily RoutineBroadcast Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine direct into the water at the rate of 15grams per 10,000 litres. Avoid contact with the pool liners.

Always use a chlorine test kit (see page 44) to check chlorine level daily. The levelof free chlorine must be maintained at between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m.

It is possible, depending on pool use, that after the first week of dailytreatment, dosing on alternate days will be sufficient to maintain the requiredlevel.

24

Weekly RoutineTest pH and adjust if necessary. Weekly or fortnightly shock dosing with BluewaterGranular Pool Chlorine may be necessary, but should only be done if the conditionof the pool starts to deteriorate.

Monthly RoutineTest pH buffer level and adjust if necessary (see page 35).

Three-monthly RoutineCheck the stabiliser level every 3 months and if necessary add Bluewater PoolStabiliser to bring the level to between 30 and 70 p.p.m.

SafetyBluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine is an oxidising agent. It should not come incontact with the skin, be swallowed or inhaled.

Keep it only in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away fromchildren.

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets contain 900 grams trichloroisocyanuricacid per kilogram. They are available in packs of 1kg, 4kg and 45kg. Each tabletsweighs 200grams.

They are used for routine sanitisation of swimming pools. For initial superchlorinationand shock treatment, Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine should be used.

The three main advantages of Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets are : They provide a continuous supply of chlorine Weekly treatment is usually sufficient No premixing required

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets Routine

Pool Start-up RoutineSuperchlorination: Whether the pool is new or is being prepared for a new season,it should be superchlorinated to begin with.

This is done by adding Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine to a bucket of warm waterat the rate of 400 grams per 10,000 litres of pool water. Apply the solution to thesurface of the pool, round the edge.

Alternatively Bluewater Liquid pool Chlorine can be used at a rate of 2 litres per10,000 litres of pool water.

Filter to achieve complete circulation by running for one hour per 4,000 litres.

Wait for 12 to 24 hours, until the chlorine level has dropped to approximately 1p.p.m.Balance the water (see page 35). Test the following and adjust levels if necessary.

25

BLUEWATER STABILISED POOL CHLORINE TABLETS

pH Buffer: Use Bluewater pH buffer to adjust the level to between 150-200 p.p.m.This is higher than for other sanitisers because the tablets are acid and a higherbuffer level is needed to counteract the effect.

pH : Adjust to between 7.2 and 7.8 using either BluewaterPoolcare pH Increase or pH Decrease.

Calcium Hardness: Use Bluewater Poolcare Water Hardener if necessary tobring calcium hardness up to 100 to 300 p.p.m.

Stabiliser: Add Bluewater Pool Stabiliser direct to the pool at therate of 250 grams per 10,000 litres. This will give astabiliser level of about 30 p.p.m. The ideal level isbetween 30 and 70 p.p.m. Leave for 12 hours to dissolve(see page 19).

Add one Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablet to a floater, the skimmer basketor feeder. Make sure the tablet is completely covered with water. Keep tabletsaway from pool liners, equipment and pumps.

The level of chlorine must be maintained at 1.5 to 3.0 p.p.m. In large pools morethan one table may be needed.

Daily RoutineCheck chlorine level daily to ensure it remains between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m. Addmore tablets as required. (Once it has been established how many tablets areneeded and how frequently they should be added in order to maintain a chlorinelevel of between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m., testing may be reduced to once a week).

As a general guide, one tablet will be sufficient for one week for a pool of 36,000litres.

Do not break tablets. This product does not dissolve easily. It is recommendedtablets be suspended in the pool to avoid being vacuumed up.

Weekly RoutineAdd tablet as necessary. Test pH and adjust as necessary (see page 36).

Weekly or fortnightly shock dosing with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine orBluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine may be necessary, but should only be done if thecondition of the pool starts to deteriorate.

Monthly RoutineCheck pH buffer and adjust as necessary (see page 35).

Three-month RoutineIt is most essential to check the stabiliser level as with Bluewater Stabilised PoolChlorine (see page 19). By using these tablets the stabiliser level can build up veryrapidly.

26

Safety

Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets are oxidising agents. They should notcome into contact with the skin, be swallowed or inhaled.

Keep only in their original container, closed when not in use. Keep away fromchildren. Do not reuse empty containers. (Do not allow tablets to come into directcontact with any other form of Chlorine based product or oxidising agent)

Bluewater Pool Stabiliser contains 98% isocyanuric acid in powder form. It isavailable in packs of 1.5 kg and 45kg.

It is used to: Stabilise pools sanitised with non-stabilised Bluewater Granular Pool

Chlorine Give an initial stabilising level of cyanuric acid when Bluewater

Stabilised Chlorine products are used

Bluewater Stabilised Chlorine sanitisers contain cyanuric acid, a substance thatprotects chlorine from the destructive effect of ultra violet light. The level of cyanuricacid in a pool should be between 30 and 70 p.p.m. to achieve this protection. As itwould take some time for such a level to build up using only stabilised pool chlorine,pools should be given a dose of Bluewater Pool Stabiliser at the start of eachseason.

Bluewater Pool Stabiliser Routine

Each spring, or when the pool is new, superchlorinate the water with BluewaterGranular Pool Chlorine (see page 19).

Adjust water balance (see page 35).

Add Bluewater Pool Stabiliser direct to the pool at the rate of 250 grams per 10,000litres. This will result in a stabiliser level of about 30 p.p.m. Allow 12 hours for it todissolve before adding the preferred Bluewater sanitiser.

27

BLUEWATER POOL STABILISER

Super chlorinationSuper chlorinate the Pool by adding either of the following:

Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine - 2 litres per 10,000 litres of pool waterOr

Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine - 400g per 10,000 litres of pool water

If using Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine, it is essential to dissolve the chlorine in abucket of warm water. Premix by adding Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine to thebucket of warm water - not the reverse. Stir well and allow the calcium residue tosettle in the bucket before adding the clear solution to the pool.

Apply the solution to the surface of the pool around the edge. Circulate through thefilter.

Marble/Concrete PoolsFor new pools built of this material it is recommended that the salt not be added tothe pool for the first season, allowing for the calcium compounds to leach out andcuring of the concrete to occur.

Water BalanceAdd Bluewater pH Buffer to achieve a level between 100-150 ppm. Adjust the pH tobetween 7.2 - 7.8 using Bluewater pH Increase or Bluewater pH Decrease.

Calcium hardness levels should be as low as practical to minimise problems withcalcium deposits forming on the cell. Some manufacturers recommend levels of 80-100 p.p.m. Therefore it is recommended to refer to the manufacturer’srecommendations for the required level.

Salt LevelsCalculating salt to be added is dependent on the optimum concentration for eachtype of chlorinator.

For example, if the calculated volume of water in your pool is 50,000L and theoptimum salt level is 5% = 50,000 x 5 divided by the quantity of salt in a bag.

50,000 x 5 25=10 bags

Before attempting to operate the chlorinator, the salt must be allowed to fullydissolve in the pool water by running the filter with the salt cell off, for at least 24hours to circulate the water.

Salt will normally be required to be added 3-4 times a year. As a suggestion every 2months a sample of pool water may be taken to your pool chemical supplier foranalysis.

28

SALT WATER CHLORINATED POOLS

StabilisationStabilisation will result in a more efficiently run chlorinator. This is achieved byadding Bluewater Pool Stabiliser at the rate of 250g per 10,000L of pool water toachieve a level of 30 p.p.m. The desired operating level is between 30-60 p.p.m.

Common Causes of Premature Cell Failure

Operating the cell with insufficient salt in the water (check after veryheavy rainfall).

Excessive calcium deposits on electrodes.

Insufficient water flow through the cell, filter or pump.

Physical damage to electrode coating (avoid scraping).

Cleaning solution too strong (should be approximately 8 parts water to 1 partHydrochloric Acid Solution). Check manufacturer’s instructions for this andshould only be washed for a maximum of 10 minutes.

29

Bacteria and algae can grow in pools over the winter, so it is essential to maintain alevel of chlorine to prevent more growth. Orica Chemnet recommends that pools becovered during winter to prevent build up of leaves, dust and dirt. Precautionsshould also be taken to prevent frost damage to the pool and its accessories.

1. Vacuum and brush the pool thoroughly.

2. Backwash the filter.

3. Check that the water is balanced (see page 35) and adjust if necessary.

4. Check the stabiliser level and adjust if necessary to bring it between 30 and 70 p.p.m.

5. Check that the chlorine level is between 1 and 1.5 p.p.m. and adjust if necessary.

6. Addition of ‘Bluewater Pool Algicide and Winteriser’ will help extend the properties of the sanitiser. With the filter running, add Pool Algicide and Winteriser direct to the water round the edges of the pool at the rate of 80 ml per 10,000 litres. Run the filter for at least 1 hour per 4,000 litres.

7. During the winter check the chlorine level once a week and adjust as necessary.

8. Run the filter for at least 1 hour per 4,000 litres once a week during the winter.

9. Backwash before shutdown.

10.Add 80 ml Pool Algicide and Winteriser per 10,000 litres every six weeks.

30

WINTERISING WITH BLUEWATER CHLORINE SANITISERS

Safety

Always keep the container closed when not in use.

Take sensible precautions when using them - avoid splashing and do not eat orsmoke while using the chemicals. Always read the label before use and follow theinstructions. Note the first aid treatment listed for each product.

Chlorine products are corrosive and can damage the skin and eyes. They can alsoirritate the nose and throat if inhaled. (Do not allow tablets to come into directcontact with any other form of Chlorine based product or oxidising agent)

Follow the directions for disposal on the product label.

They should be stored away from the reach of children, in a cool dry place awayfrom foodstuffs, other chemicals and combustible matter.

31

Baquacil is a non-chlorine sanitiser. It is used in conjunction with Baqua Shock and Baquacil Concentrated Algicide as part of a three-part system. Baquacil comes in 3litre packs and Baqua Shock comes in 5 litre packs. Baquacil Concentrated Algicide comes in a 1 litre bottle. All are liquid formulations.

Pool Start Up

1. Brush and vacuum the pool and run the filter for 24 hours, especially if the pool water is dirty after initial filling.

2. After 24 hours, clean or backwash the filter. If it has not been chemically cleaned in the past 6 months, use Bluewater Filter Clean. If a sand filter is fitted in which the sand is more than 3 years old, it is recommended that the sand be renewed at this stage.

3. Calculate the volume of the pool so that the right amount of chemicals to use can be determined.

4. Take a sample of the pool water for analysis. Follow the recommendations tobalance the pool water correctly.

5. Add the start-up dose of Baquacil Concentrated Algicide.

6. Add Baqua Shock at the rate of at least 1litre per 10,000 litres of pool water. Any less will be inefficient.

7. Run the filter continuously for 24 hours.

8. With the pump running, pour the start-up dose of Baquacil into the water in the region of the inlet.

9. Using Baquacil Test Strips, check that the level of Baquacil is about 50ppm. Adjust the level if necessary with a top-dose of Baquacil.

10.The pool is now ready for use.

Note: Don’t become alarmed if the water becomes cloudy at any time during this operation. This cloudiness confirms that Baquacil is at work taking dissolved substances out of the solution. Eventually, these substances will be trapped on the filter, which must be cleaned. This “scavenging action” of Baquacil results in water of high clarity. The water should clear within 48 hours.Note: Don’t become alarmed if the water becomes cloudy at any time during this operation. This cloudiness confirms that Baquacil is at work taking dissolved substances out of the solution.

32

BAQUACIL

Eventually, these substances will be trapped on the filter, which must be cleaned. This “scavenging action” of Baquacil results in water of high clarity. The water should clear within 48 hours.

Converting pools treated with chlorine-based systems1. Remove the chlorine source, ie. cyanurate pills, electrolytic system, or make

no further additions of granular, stabilised or liquid chlorine.

2. To neutralise the chlorine in the pool water, dissolve Baqua Start chlorine neutraliser in a bucket of warm water and pour the solution into the pool.

3. Run the filter for about 8 hours.

4. Check the chlorine level with a test kit. If any is detected, repeat step 2.

5. When the chlorine level is zero, follow the procedures given under Freshly filled pools, steps 4 to 9.

Converting pools treated with bromine based systems1. Disconnect and totally remove the bromine source.

2. Follow the instructions for converting a pool previously treated with a chlorine-based system (Baqua Start will neutralise bromine as well as chlorine).

Converting pools treated with salt-water ionisers1. Disconnect and totally remove the ionising device.

2. Analyse the water to determine the level of total dissolved solids (TDS)

3. Either totally replace the pool water, or dilute it sufficiently to reduce the TDS level to below 1000ppm.

4. Follow the instructions for converting a pool previously treated with a chlorine-based system above.

Weekly Pool Care

1. Test the level of Baquacil and top up to 50ppm when the test strip indicates the level has dropped to 25ppm.

2. Test pH and adjust if out of the range 7.2 – 7.8.

3. Add a maintenance dose of Baquacil Concentrated Algicide (follow directions on bottle).

4. The frequency of required top-up doses will vary from pool to pool. Usually it is necessary to add Baquacil every 10 to 14 days. However, for the first two to six weeks following conversion, a percentage of pool owners may find the need to re-dose more frequently. This is because Baquacil is removing existing impurities from the pool water. Once these impurities are removed, the pool should follow the regular maintenance schedule.

33

Adding Baquacil Concentrated Algicide weekly will prevent algae growth, which can ruin a pool’s appearance, make pool walls slippery and unsafe, and clog filters. Baquacil Concentrated Algicide and Baquacil work together to maximise protection.

Monthly Pool Care

Carefully add the appropriate dose of Baqua Shock (1 litre per 10,000 litres of pool water.

Adding Baqua Shock swimming pool clarifier once a month will help maintain the pool’s sparkle. The accumulation of swimmer wastes such as perspiration, urine, and cosmetic products can cause eye and skin irritation and give algae plenty on which to feed. The addition of Baqua Shock and adequate filtration will take care of these undesirable waste materials.

Carefully pour Baqua Shock directly into the pool near the return line with the filter running. Allow Baqua Shock to disperse throughout the pool water for several minutes before swimming.

Winterising a Baquacil Pool

Customers who live in an area where the weather gets cold will need to close their pool for the winter to protect it from structural damage. This is called “winterising”. You’ll find that the steps for closing a pool are similar to those for pool start-up.

1. Check the water balance, and adjust if necessary.

2. Perform any necessary housekeeping. Brush and vacuum the pool thoroughly. Clean the waterline, the skimmer box and basket, and the pump’s hair/lint strainer basket. If the pool is to be completely shut down, store the baskets.

3. Sanitise and clarify the pool. This is “winterising”, a simple three-step process

4. Top-up Baquacil to 50ppm.

5. Add a maintenance dose of Baquacil Concentrated Algicide.

6. Add a maintenance dose of Baqua Shock

7. Backwash and clean the filter. Never store a dirty filter because deposits mayharden over the winter, leaving a tough job in the spring. Filter Clean will remove organic and mineral deposits, leaving the filter ready for the start-up in spring. (Pool Algicide & Winteriser may also be used following label instructions.)

8. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for winterising pool filter and equipment in your area.

9. Cover the pool. This will keep the water free of leaves and airborne debris. Ifa mesh cover is used or the pool is not covered, check the level of Baquacil about once a month. If the level drops to 25ppm, add a top-up dose (pouring around the sides of pool) to bring the level back to 50ppm.

10. In areas with mild winters, some pool owners leave the pool open. As pool usage declines in the cooler weather, reduce regular maintenance. Check the level of Baquacil and pH every two to four weeks (depending on the severity of the winter) and top up as necessary. Run the filter system at least 8 hours a day. Remove leaves and debris from the pool as necessary.

34

Problem Cause Treatment

Water Cloudy 1. Dirty Filter Excessive build-up of dirt may cause enamelling in the filter. Clean according to manufacturer's instructions. Ensure weekly backwashing.

2. Insufficient Filtration The pump may not be large enough or circulation may be poor. Check pump is large enough for pool and that circulation is adequate.

3. Too short a filtration cycle During the season pool filter should run for 1 hour per4,000 litres daily. Backwash filter then run for correcttime.

4. Filter sand in poor condition Check sand condition and replace if necessary.

5. Not maintaining correct level of free available chlorine

Check chlorine level. It should be maintained between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m.

6. Early algae growth Lack of chlorine, or pH level incorrect. Superchlorinate with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine at rate of 400 g per 10,000 litres.

7. Water out of balance. Check pH, pH buffer and calcium hardness levels and adjust as required.

8. Suspended particles too small for filter to remove.

Carry out flocculation using Bluewater Pool Floc or Super Floc.

Algae growth 1. Incorrect levels of chlorine Brush walls and floor of pool. Vacuum and backwash. Superchlorinate with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine at rate of 400g per 10,000 litres

2. Incorrect pH level, causing poor sanitiser efficiency.

Filter continuously for 48 hours, check pH and readjust as required. If algae reappear, check for hidden spots which may be harbouring algae.

Chlorine odour 1. Insufficient chlorine, ie, not enough free available chlorine to destroy chloramines.

Superchlorinate with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine at rate of 400g per 10,000 litres, then maintain free available chlorine level at 1.5 to 3.0 p.p.m.

Eye, Skin irritation 1. Incorrect pH, either too low or too high

Check water balance and adjust as required.

2. Excessive chlorine level. Check and dilute pool water if necessary.

3. Not enough chlorine, ie presence of chloramines

Superchlorinate with Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine at the rate of 400 g per 10,000 litres.

Filter blockage 1. Insufficient backwashing or cleaning.

Filter must be kept clean - carry out cleaning according to manufacturer’s instructions. Ensure regular backwashing.

2. Scale depositing. Check and adjust water balance.

Coloured water, but clear 1. Dissolved metal ions owing to corrosion.Reddish-brown = ironBlue-green = copperBrown-Black = manganese

Check water balance and adjust it. Carry out a flocculation - see Bluewater Pool Floc or Bluewater Super Floc.

2. Old water with a high total dissolved solids content.

Water should be diluted with tap water.

35

COMMON PROBLEMS

Bluewater pH Buffer 37

Bluewater pH Decrease 38

Bluewater pH Increase 39

Bluewater Water Hardener 40

Bluewater Pool Floc 42

Bluewater Super Floc 42

Bluewater Algae Shock 43

Bluewater Filter Clean 44

Pool Closing 45

Pool and Spa Test Kit 46

Sample Exercises 47

Sanitiser Comparison Chart 48

Pool Profile 49

36

WATER BALANCERS&

ACCESSORY CHEMICALS

Balance Chemicals

Maintaining correct water balance is a very necessary part of pool care.

Bluewater water balance chemicals may be used with both Baquacil and Bluewatersanitisers.

Bluewater pH Buffer is a preparation of sodium bicarbonate for the raising of pHbuffer level in swimming pools.

pH buffer level, sometimes known as total alkalinity, is a measure of the carbonates,bicarbonates and alkaline chemicals dissolved in water.

Too low a level leads to corrosion and staining and can result in rapid fluctuations inpH. To high a level is less common, and less serious. It makes it more difficult toalter pH, and it can cause cloudiness and scaling, and irritation to swimmers’ eyes.If pH buffer level is too high, the pool water should be diluted.

The pH buffer level should be measured at the start of each swimming season andthen monitored every month.

Note: pH Buffer test kits employing the blue indicator are not compatible withBaquacil.

Bluewater pH Buffer Routine

Bluewater pH Buffer raises the resistance of pool water to sudden changes in pH. Itis available in 2, 4, 10 and 25kg bags.

To raise pH buffer level 10 p.p.m., add 170 grams Bluewater Poolcare pH buffer per10,000 litres. Bluewater pH Buffer can be distributed directly over the pool water orpre dissolved in a bucket of warm water.

Run filter to circulate the water and retest pH buffer level after 24 hours.

Note: It is better to adjust buffer levels gradually rather than in one large dose. Notealso that pH buffer will affect the pH of pool water, so pH should always be checkedand adjusted after adjusting the buffer level.

Ideal pH buffer levels for Bluewater and Baquacil sanitisers:

Baquacil 80-150 p.p.m.Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine 120-150 p.p.m.Bluewater Liquid Pool Chlorine 120-150 p.p.m.Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine 120-150 p.p.m.Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets 150-200 p.p.m.

Safety

Bluewater pH buffer should not be swallowed or inhaled. Avoid contact with skin.

Keep only in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away fromchildren.

37

pH BUFFER

pH Buffer table

SIZE OF POOL

PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)

LITRES 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200500 9 17 26 34 43 51 60 68 77 85 128 170g

1000 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 255 340g5000 85 170 255 340 425 510 595 680 765 850 1275 1700g6000 102 204 306 408 510 612 714 816 918 1020 1530 2040g7000 119 238 357 476 595 714 833 952 1071 1190 1785 2380g8000 136 272 408 544 680 816 952 1088 1224 1360 2040 2720g9000 153 306 459 612 765 918 1071 1224 1377 1530 2295 3060g

10000 170 340 510 680 850 1020 1190 1360 1530 1700 2550 3400g12000 204 408 612 816 1020 1224 1428 1632 1836 2040 3060 4080g14000 238 476 714 952 1190 1428 1666 1904 2142 2380 3570 4760g16000 272 644 816 1088 1360 1632 1904 2176 2488 2720 4080 5440g18000 306 612 918 1224 1530 1836 2142 2448 2754 3060 4590 6120g20000 340 680 1020 1360 1700 2040 2380 2720 3060 3400 5100 6800g30000 510 1020 1530 2040 2550 3060 3570 4000 4590 5100 7650 10200g40000 680 1360 2040 2720 3400 4080 4760 5440 6120 6800 10200 13600g50000 850 1700 2550 3400 4250 5100 5950 6800 7650 8500 12750 17000g60000 1020 2040 3060 4080 5100 6120 7140 8160 9180 10200 15300 20400g70000 1190 2380 3570 4760 5950 7140 8330 9520 10710 11900 17850 23800g80000 1360 2720 4080 5440 6800 8160 9520 10880 12240 13600 20400 27200g90000 1530 3060 4590 6120 7650 9180 10710 12240 13770 15300 22950 30600g

100000 1700 3400 5100 6800 8500 10200 11900 13600 15300 17000 25500 34000g

NB: 1000g = 1KgIdeal pH buffer levels vary for different Bluewater sanitisers.

Example To raise pH buffer level to 90ppm1. Determine size of pool in litres, eg. 10,000 litres2. Test the water and determine existing level of pH buffer, eg. 70ppm3. Subtract 70ppm from 90ppm, ie. 90-70=20ppm4. Using 20ppm column down to 10,000litres. Add 340g of Bluewater pH buffer to your pool.

Bluewater pH Decrease is a preparation containing sodium bisulphate to lower pH inswimming pools and correct high alkalinity. It may be used with Baquacil andBluewater sanitisers. It is available in 2.5, 5 and 25kg packs.

Too high a pH can cause cloudy water, scale formation, eye irritation and a slowingof the rate at which the sanitiser kills bacteria and algae.

The ideal pH range is 7.2 to 7.8. Correct pH is an essential part of water balance.

38

BLUEWATER pH DECREASE

Bluewater pH Decrease Routine

Bluewater pH Decrease should be used only when pH exceeds 7.8. These arerecommended doses but there may be some variation depending on pH bufferlevels. Always check. Bluewater pH Decrease may be distributed over the poolwater or pre dissolved in a bucket of warm water.

1. Add 100 grams of pH decrease per 10,000 litres. This will lower pH bybetween 0.2 and 0.4 units.

2. Run filter for 1 hour per 4,000 litres to circulate the water.

3. Test pH level again, using test kit.

4. If pH is still above 7.8, repeat the procedure. pH level should be testedweekly.

Safety

Bluewater pH decrease should be not swallowed or inhaled. Avoid contact with skin.

Keep it in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away from children.

Bluewater pH Increase is a preparation of soda ash. It is used to increase pH inswimming pools and correct high acidity. It is available in bags of 2 and 25kg.

Too low a pH can result in corrosion of metal, etching or staining of plaster, and eye,ear, nose or throat irritation. The ideal pH for pool water is between 7.2 and 7.8.Correct pH is an essential part of correct water balance.

Bluewater pH Increase Routine

Use only when pH falls below 7.2. pH Increase may be distributed over the pool water or pre dissolved in a bucket of warm water. These are recommended doses but there may be some variation depending on pH buffer levels.

1. Add 100 grams pH increase per 10,000 litres. This will raise pH by between0.2 and 0.4 units.

2. Run the filter for 1 hour per 4,000 litres to circulate the water.

3. Test pH level again using test kit.

4. If pH is still below 7.2 repeat the procedure until the required level is obtained.pH level should be tested weekly.

39

BLUEWATER pH INCREASE

pH Increase and pH Decrease table

SIZE OF POOL INVREMENTS OF THE pH SCALE LITRES 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3

500 5 10 15 20 20 30 35 40 45 50g1000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100g5000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500g6000 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600g7000 70 140 210 280 350 420 490 560 600 700g8000 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800g9000 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900g

10000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000g12000 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200g14000 140 280 420 560 700 840 980 1120 1260 1400g16000 160 360 480 640 800 960 1120 1280 1440 1600g18000 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800g20000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000g30000 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000g40000 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000g50000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000g60000 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 6400 6000g70000 700 1400 2100 2800 3500 4200 4900 5600 6300 7000g

8000 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000g9000 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 9000g

10000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000g

NB: 1000 g = 1 Kg

Ideal pH for pool water is between 7.2 and 7.8Bluewater pH decrease should be used only when pH exceeds 7.8Bluewater pH increase should be used only when pH falls below 7.2Example: To raise pH level to 7.7

1. Determine size of pool in litres, eg. 10,000 litres2. Test the water and determine existing level of pH eg. 6.53. Subtract 6.5 from 7.7 ie. 7.7 - 6.5 = 1.24. Using 1.2 column, read down to 10,000 litres.

Add 400g of pH increase to your pool.

Safety

Bluewater pH increase should not be swallowed or inhaled. Avoid contact with skin.Keep in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away from children.

Bluewater Water Hardener is a preparation of calcium chloride and is used toincrease water hardness in swimming pools. It is used with both Baquacil andBluewater sanitisers. It is available in packs of 1.5, 3, 8 and 25kg.

Water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved inpool water. Too little calcium can result in etching of plaster and corrosion of metalfixtures. Too much causes cloudy water, staining and scale formation.

Correct water hardness is an essential part of water balance. The desired level isbetween 100 and 300 p.p.m.

40

BLUEWATER WATER HARDENER

Bluewater Water Hardener Routine

To increase water hardness:

Add 350 grams of Bluewater Water hardener per 10,000 litres. This will raise thewater hardness level about 25 p.p.m. Water hardener can either be distributed overthe pool water or pre dissolved in a bucket of water. Some minor heating will occurduring dissolving in the bucket.

Note: The only way to lower water hardness is to dilute the pool water with ordinarytap water.

Water hardness should be tested at the beginning and end of the season.

Water Hardener table

SIZE OF POOL PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)LITRES 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

500 18 35 53 0 88 105 123 140g1000 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280g5000 175 350 525 700 875 1050 1225 1400g6000 210 420 630 810 1050 1260 1470 1680g7000 245 490 735 980 1225 1470 1715 1960g8000 280 560 840 1120 1400 1680 1960 2240g9000 315 630 945 1260 1575 1890 2205 2520g

10000 350 700 1050 1400 1750 2100 2450 2800g12000 420 840 1260 1680 2100 2520 2940 3360g14000 490 980 1470 1960 2450 2940 3430 3920g16000 560 1120 1680 2240 2800 3360 3920 4480g18000 630 1260 1890 2520 3150 3780 4410 5040g20000 700 1400 2100 2800 3500 4200 4900 5600g30000 1050 2100 3150 4200 5250 6300 7350 8400g40000 1400 2800 4200 5600 7000 8400 9800 11200g50000 1750 3500 5250 7000 8750 10500 12250 14000g60000 2100 4200 6300 8400 10500 12600 14700 16800g70000 2450 4900 7350 9800 12250 14700 17150 19600g80000 2800 5600 8400 11200 14000 16800 19600 22400g90000 3150 6300 9450 12600 15750 18900 22050 25200g

100000 3500 7000 10500 14000 17500 21000 24500 28000g

NB: 1000g = 1Kg

Ideal level of water hardness is between 100 and 300ppm

Example To raise level if water hardness to 200ppm:1. Determine size of pool in litres, eg. 10,000 litres.2. Test the water and determine existing level of water hardness, e.g.50ppm3. Subtract 50ppm from 200 ppm, ie. 200-50=150ppm4. Using 150ppm column read down to 10,000litres. Add 2 100 g of water

hardener to your pool.Safety

Bluewater Water hardener should not be swallowed or inhaled. Avoid contact withskin.Keep in its original container, closed when not in use. Keep away from children.

41

Support Chemicals

Bluewater Pool Floc is a preparation of aluminium sulphate for the removal of clay,turbidity or fine particles from pool water. It may be used with Baquacil andBluewater pool sanitisers. It is available in packs of 1.5 and 25kg.

If a pool becomes murky or cloudy and the filtration system does not clean it, thewater can be returned to a crystal-clear state by flocculation.

Bluewater Pool Floc provides a cloud of aluminium sulphate that settles to thebottom, carrying with it minute particles that would normally pass through the filter.

Bluewater Pool Floc Routine

Adjust the pH Buffer level to at least 100 p.p.m. (It is necessary to make thechanges in 1 and 2 because Pool Floc attracts pollutants most effectively at theselevels.)

1. Test the pH level and bring it up to 8.0 using pH increase.

2. Dissolve 350 grams of Bluewater Pool Floc per 10,000 litres in a bucket ofwarm water and add around the pool sides. (The amount used can bevaried, depending on the degree of flocculation required).

3. Operate the filter in the bypass or recirculate mode for 1 hour to dispersePool Floc. Switch off filter and leave pool for 24 to 48 hours for the floc toform and settle to the bottom.

4. Vacuum the pool to waste, ensuring that all the floc on the pool bottom isremoved. If water is still cloudy with floc resuspended during vacuuming,allow 12 hours for resettling and repeat vacuuming.

5. Readjust the pH and pH buffer levels.

Safety

Keep chemicals out of reach of children. Never mix chemicals. Do not reusecontainer for food. Avoid skin contact. Keep only in the original container.

Super Floc is for use in clearing hazy or cloudy pool water. It is specifically designedfor use in treated pools it performs equally well in pools using both Chlorine &Baquacil systems. It is available in 1 litre and 20 litre packs.

42

BLUEWATER POOL FLOC

BLUEWATER SUPER FLOC (previously BAQUA FLOC)

Super Floc has the following advantages over other clarifiers:

No need to adjust pH A liquid, does not require dissolving or dilution. Very efficient floccing properties.

Super Floc Routine

To clear hazy pool water:

1. Backwash or clean filter2. Add Super Floc at a rate of 50 ml per 10,000 litres pool water.3. Filter 8 hours and leave off overnight.4. Vacuum pool bottom to waste.

Note: Vacuuming may not be required; the filtration step may be sufficient to clearthe pool.

Safety

Good handling practice is advised:

Do not mix with other products Avoid eye contact

Algae Shock can be used as an algicide supplement in both Baquacil and BluewaterChlorine pools. It is available in 1litre packs.

This product should only be used when either shock treatment with Baqua Shock orBluewater Granular Pool Chlorine have failed to eliminate a stubborn strain, or totreat a very severe algal growth.

Algae Shock Routine

1. Brush the sides and bottom of the pool, then give it a full floc using 4 timesthe strength for Bluewater Super Floc or use Bluewater Pool Floc, as directedon the label, and allow to circulate.

2. Give the filter a good backwash, and turn the filter off. Scrub the walls andfloor.

3. Allow for the flocated particles to settle, approximately 24 hours, and thenvacuum directly to waste.

4. Brush any remaining algae from sides and bottom of pool, and re-vacuum.

5. With the filter running add Algae Shock to the skimmer at the rate of 40ml per10,000 litres of pool water. After a few minutes turn off the filter and leaveovernight.

43

BLUEWATER ALGAE SHOCK (previously Baquacide 798)

6. The following day, restart the filter and add a further 40ml per 10,000 litres ofpool water of Algae Shock to the pool. Run the filter continuously for 24-48hours, brushing the sides and bottom of the pool regularly.

7. When algae growth has been eliminated resume normal routine treatment.

8. After a couple of days when you are sure that the problem has been solved, itwould be a good idea to have the pool re-balanced.

Filter Clean is an acid based cleaner for synthetic cartridge, diatomaceous earth,and sand filters. It is available in a 1litre pack.

Regardless of whether chlorine or Baquacil is used, all filters need to be properlymaintained to remove unwanted particles of suspended dirt and debris. Each filtertype requires slightly different maintenance procedures. The pressure gauge letsyou know when the filter is working properly, when a problem exists, and whenmaintenance (backwashing or cleaning) is needed. The filter’s pressure gaugeshould be checked on a weekly bases and pressure noted.

Important: For chlorine treated pools, allow the chlorine level to drop to below0.0ppm, a nil reading, before using this product.

Sand Filter Routine

1. Backwash the filter following filter manufacturer recommendations(typically 1-15 psi change in the initial starting pressure). The averagebackwash time is about 2 minutes.

2. Clean the filter with Bluewater Filter Clean at least two times per seasonor in the event that pressure in no longer significantly reduced bybackwashing.

3. Check the sand yearly for caking and channelling.

4. Replace the sand after about three years. Be sure to replace it with thecorrect grade recommended by the filter manufacturer.

Cartridge Filter Routine

The easiest way to maintain a cartridge filter is by using a dual cartridge system. Byusing two cartridges there is no downtime for filter cleaning because there is alwaysa clean cartridge ready for use.

44

BLUEWATER FILTER CLEAN (previously Baqua Clean)

1. Rinse cartridge(s) following filter manufacturer recommendations (typically8-10 psi change in the initial starting pressure).

2. Clean the filter with Bluewater Filter Clean at least two times per seasonor in the event that pressure is significantly reduced by rinsing.

*Never soak the cartridge in chemical solution longer than 24 hours.

Diatomaceous Earth Filter Routine

1. Backwash or bump the filter following filter manufacturerrecommendations (typically 8-10 psi change in the initial startingpressure). The average backwash time is about five minutes.

2. Clean the filter grids or fingers with Bluewater Filter Clean at least twotimes per season or in the event that pressure is no longer significantlyreduced by backwashing.

Note: Never use Super Floc if pool is fitted with D.E. filters.

*Never soak grids or fingers in chemical solution longer than 24 hours.*Use the proper amount of D.E. precoat to ensure the grids or fingers areadequately covered.

For pools using Bluewater Chlorine

1. Vacuum and brush the pool thoroughly.

2. Backwash the filter.

3. Check water balance parameters and adjust as required (see page 35).

4. Check the Pool Stabiliser level is between 30 and 70 p.p.m. and adjust ifnecessary.

5. Check the chlorine level is between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m. and adjust ifnecessary (see page 18).

6. With the filter running, add Bluewater Pool Algicide and Winteriser directto the water around the edges of the pool at the rate of 80 ml per 10,000litres.

7. Run the filter for at least 1 hour per 4,000 litres.

8. It is advisable to run the filter for at least 1 hour per 4,000 litres once aweek during the winter. Backwash before shutdown.

9. Check the chlorine level once a week and adjust if necessary.

10. Repeat addition of 80 ml of Pool Algicide and Winteriser every six weeks.

45

POOL CLOSING

This kit measures the amount of free available chlorine, alkalinity and the pH of thewater. Chlorine should be tested daily; the pH should be tested weekly and thealkalinity (pH buffer) should be tested monthly.

How to use

1. Rinse the cells of the kit with pool water.

2. Fill the cells with water to the level shown.

3. Place one D.P.D. No. 1 tablet in the right hand cell.

4. Place one phenol red tablet in the left hand cell.

5. Insert the plastic bungs and shake gently until tablets are dissolved. (Thistakes about 1 minute.)

6. The water samples will change colour.

7. Compare the colours in the cells with the colour standards on the kit. View atarm’s length, with the sky as background, but do not look directly into the sun.Chlorine level should be between 1.5 and 3.0 p.p.m. pH level should bebetween 7.2 and 7.8.

NB: When testing pH buffer, either cell can be used.

Replacement D.P.D. tablets, alkavis tablets and phenol red tablets can each beobtained in packs of 50.

46

BLUEWATER POOL AND SPA TEST KIT

Problem: Your customer brings in a water sample and gives the measurements of the pool as:

24 Feet long12 Feet wide4 Feet deep

Convert this measurement to metric and calculate the volume in litres.

Answer:

Problem: The initial water test gave the following results:pH Buffer 40 ppmWater Hardness 60 ppmpH 7.2

Calculate the chemical requirements to balance the pool to the ideal ofpH Buffer 150 ppmWater Hardness 175 ppmpH 7.5

Answer:

47

SAMPLE EXERCISES

- -

This chart compares Baquacil and chlorine sanitisers and is provided so that pool owners can choose which best suits their needs.

FORMULATION DOSE FREQUENCY PREMIX ORDIRECT TO POOL

SHOCKFREQUENCY

DOSE LEVELPER 10,000 LITRES

Baquacil Liquid.

3 to 4 weeks plus weekly dose of Baquacil Concentrated Algicide

Direct Every 4 weeks using Baqua Shock

Start up 500 ml

Top up 200 ml

BluewaterGranular Pool Chlorine

Granules Daily Premix Weekly Superchlorinate: 400gDaily 80 gShock 160 g

BluewaterLiquid Pool Chlorine

Liquid Daily Direct Weekly Superchlorinate: 1.4lDaily 200 mlsShock 800 mls

Bluewater GranularPool Chlorine withBluewater Pool Stabiliser

Granules Daily Premix Weekly Superchlorinate: 400gDaily 50 gShock 160 g

Bluewater StabilisedPool Chlorine

Granules Daily Direct 1 - 2 Weeks Daily 15 gShock 160gGranular Pool Chlorine

Bluewater StabilisedPool Chlorine Tablets

Tablets Weekly Direct 1 - 2 Weeks 1 table per 36,000 litresShock: 160gGranular Pool Chlorine

SANITISER COMPARISON CHART

- -

My Pool size is Length...................................................metres

Width............................................................metres

Depth............................................................metres

My Pool volume is.............................................................litres

My start-up dose of Baquacil is..........................................litres My top up dose of Baquacil is............................................litres

My monthly dose of Baqua Shock is...................................litres

My superchlorination dose of Bluewater granular Pool Chlorine is....................gms

My “start up” dose of Bluewater Pool Stabiliser is................................................gms

My regular daily dose of Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine or-g/kg

I need.......................................Bluewater Stabilised Pool Chlorine Tablets weekly.

My shock dose of Bluewater Granular Pool Chlorine is..................................................gms

Filter:

Type ....................................................................

Clean operating pressure......................................kPa

Backwash pressure...............................................kPa

Hours running per day...........................................

Pump:

Make.....................................................................

Model....................................................................

Horsepower...........................................................

Date pool constructed............................................

My Bluewater stockist is .......................................

POOL PROFILE

Spa Pool Routine 49

Spa Pool Cleaning 50

Swimming Pool Record Chart 51

Spa Pool Record Chart 52

Glossary of Terms 53

SPA POOLS, CHARTS and GLOSSARY

48

Newly Filled Spa Pools

1. Start filter pump.

2. Superchlorinate using Bluewater Stabilised and Spa Pool Chlorine at the rateof 50g per 2000 litres. Broadcast the granules directly into the spa pool.

3. Check and adjust Bluewater pH Buffer to 150ppm.

4. Check water hardness and adjust to 100ppm.

5. Check and adjust pH to about 7.6 (Range 7.2 – 7.8)

6. After 1 hour, check pH again and adjust of necessary.

7. Leave filter running; check chlorine level after 1 hour.

8. When chlorine level had dropped to 3ppm, the pool is ready for use.

Daily Treatment

1. Test Chlorine level.

2. Turn on filter 2 hours before use.

3. About 1 hour before use, add Bluewater Stabilised Pool and Spa Chlorine atthe rate of 10g per 2000 litres to maintain a level of 3ppm. Broadcast directlyinto the spa pool.

4. Immediately after use add a similar dose of Bluewater Stabilised Pool andSpa Chlorine.

5. Leave filter running for several hours after use.

Weekly Treatment

1. Check pH and adjust if necessary.

2. Shock dose by adding 30g of Bluewater Pool and Spa Chlorine per 2000litres of water. Broadcast directly into the pool.

3. Check chlorine level and when it has dropped to 3ppm, the spa pool is readyfor use.

4. In some spa pools the water should be changed every week (or even moreoften).

SPA POOL ROUTINE

49

To keep the spa pool healthy and to ensure the sanitiser works effectively, the poolmust be kept physically clean.

Daily attention must be given to keeping the pool surrounds clean and to removingleaves, hair and other obvious contaminants from the spa pool and the skimmer.

Changing Water

Water in spa pools should be changed regularly. Depending on the amount of use,this will be necessary every 1-4 weeks. When changing water, follow themanufacturer’s instructions.

SPA POOL CLEANING

50

SWIMMING POOL RECORD CHART

Pool Volume m ³ Chlorine Type DayDateTime

Monday

am pm

Tuesday

am pm

Wednesday

am pm

Thursday

am pm

Friday

am pm

Saturday

am pm

Sunday

am pm

Clarity (m)

Chlorine (g/m³)FAC TestTCC Test

Chlorine (kg) AddedChlorinator setting

Cyanuric acid added (kg) addedpH test

Soda ash added pH +

Sodium bisulphate added pH -Sodium bicarbonate (g) added PH Buffer

Strainers (/) cleaned

Filter (kPa) pressure

Filter(/) backwashed

Suction cleaned

WeatherWindy(/)Temp (ºC)Water (ºC) temp

Bather (/day) load

51

SPA POOL RECORD CHART

Pool Volume m ³ Chlorine Type DayDateTime

Monday

Am pm

Tuesday

am pm

Wednesday

am pm

Thursday

am pm

Friday

am pm

Saturday

am pm

Sunday

am pm

Clarity (m)

Chlorine (g/m³)FAC TestTCC Test

Chlorine (kg) AddedChlorinator setting

Cyanuric acid added (kg) addedpH test

Soda ash added pH +

Dry acid (g) added pH -

Sodium Bicarbonate (g)added # pH Buffer

Strainers (/) cleaned

Filter (kPa) pressure

Filter(/) backwashed

Water Cleaned Last DateWeatherWindy(/)Temp (ºC)Water (ºC) temp

Bather (/day) load

52

Acid :

Algae :

Alkali :

Alkalinity (total) :

Bacteria :

Baquacil :

Baqua Shock :

Base :

Buffer :

Chlorine :

Copper Ions :

Cyanuric Acid :

Diatomaceous earth :

Flocculant :

Free Available Chlorine :

Hardness :

A chemical compound which decreases pH. Acidity causes corrosion and skin and eye irritation. Minute plants which grow in the presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide. In swimming pools the growth is often green. Another word for “base”. Use of “base” avoids confusion with total alkalinity. The amount of total alkali present in water in the form of carbonate and bicarbonate salts. Measured as partsper million of calcium carbonate equivalent, these compounds act as buffers against drastic pH changes. This is also called pH buffer. Minute single-celled organisms thatcan survive and grow in untreated swimming pool water. Some species cause disease. A non-chlorine pool sanitiser marketed in New Zealand by Orica Chemnet. A special preparation of hydrogen peroxide for the control of algae in swimming pools. A chemical compound which increases pH. (Also referred to as alkali). High pH can cause poor sanitiser efficiency. A chemical compound which when dissolved in water will prevent rapid changes in pH when acid or alkali is added. A yellowish green gas which when dissolved in water forms the disinfectant hypochlorous acid. The terminology usually used for the solid chlorine compounds used as pool sanitisers. Ions produced by dissolving a copper salt in water or electrolysing copper at the anode of an electrolytic cell. Copper ions may also be produced by the corrosive action of some waters on copper metal. A substance that acts as a stabiliser for chlorine. A white porous powder containing microscopic holes and composed of fossilised skeletons of one-celled organisms called diatoms. Used as a filter medium for swimming pools. A compound which can coagulate and precipitate small particles in water. Chlorine present in the water in an uncombined form that is free to destroy bacteria, algae and other pollutants. The measure of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water and expressed as parts per million.

Organic Pollution :

Parts per million :

pH :

Pools :

Precipitation :

Residual :

Sanitiser :

Supernatant :

Taylor Watergram :

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) :

Water Balance :

Water Corrosive :

Water, Hard :

Water Scaling :

Water, Soft :

Nitrogen and ammonia-bearing compounds such as urine, saliva, perspiration, body oils, and suntan lotion that are constantly introduced into the pool by swimmers. Baquacil flocculates these organic wastes so they can be filtered out. Where chlorine is used, periodic shock dosing will burn them out. The accepted measurement of a quantity of substance in water. One p.p.m. chlorine means one part of chlorine in a million parts of water. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water. pH 7.0 is neutral. Below pH 7.0 is acidic. Above pH 7.0 is alkaline. a. Private: Residential pool in a

private house, lightly used. b. Commercial: Hotel and Club

pools. c. Public: Pools open to the public. d. School Pools. The process of forming a precipitate in water, eg an insoluble compound such as calcium carbonate. The amount of compound existing in water, usually expressed as parts per million. A chemical which controls the growth of microorganisms. The top clear layer of water seen when insoluble particles settle to the bottom.

A guide to water balance taking into account pH, pH buffer and hardness. The amount of dissolved material present in water. It is determined by evaporation or by measuring conductivity. A relationship between pH, pH buffer, hardness, total dissolved solids and temperature. Balanced water will neither deposit scale nor corrode equipment. Water which has a tendency to corrode metals, concrete, etc. generally soft in nature. Water that contains 150-300 p.p.m.magnesium and calcium salts expressed as parts per million calcium carbonate. Water which has a tendency to deposit scale, generally water above 300 p.p.m. calcium salts. Water that contains less than 75 p.p.m. magnesium and calcium salts expressed as parts per million calcium carbonate.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

53