production of animal feeds_quality & characteristics

7/30/2019 Production of Animal Feeds_quality & Characteristics

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ByDharmendra & Vishal

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

April 2013


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Outline Introduction Usage of nutrient by animals Role of Macro-nutrients

Role of Micro-nutrients

Feed quality

Basic Types of feeds

Animal Feeds Ingredients commonly used in animal feeds

BIS standards, dairy feed requirements

BIS standards, poultry feed requirements

By products used in animal feeds

Nutrient requirements for 1 Kg of milk of various fat contents

Total mixed rations, TMRs Total mixed rations (TMRs): Need

TMRs: Scope and limitations

Financial Analysis Annual Raw material requirements

Animal feed production process

Total annual working capital

Summary of Financial Analysis

Future scope

Conclusions


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Introduction

Livestock: Major source of income all over India

Major concern in this sector: Livestock Feeding &

nutrition.

Inadequate nutrition: Low live-weight gains, infertility

and low yield.

In this report, we have restricted our discussions to cattle

& poultry feed only


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Usage of nutrient by animals Construction of body tissues (growth and

maintenance)

Synthesis of products such as milk and eggs Use as sources of energy for work done: the work done

include both metabolic (heat increment andmaintenance) and physical e.g. walking and feeding


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Role of Macro-nutrientsAnimal feed composition depends on type of animal to be fed

and stage of growth

Proteins: Body weight gain & milk production

Carbohydrates: Provides energy

Fats: Provide energy and the excess is deposited as fat layer.

Water: Body building, heat regulation, biologicalprocesses, large constituent of milk and eggs


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Role of Micro-nutrientsVitamins: Regulate the biological processes in the

body and become a source of nutrients in milk

Minerals: Help in body building as well as in

biological regulation of growth & reproduction (major

source of nutrients in milk)


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Feed quality Physical indicators of feed quality

Stage of growth of animal

Texture

Ratio of stem and foliage

Processing

Appearance and Colour Freshness


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Basic types of feeds Concentrates: High in energy value, including fat,

cereal grains and their by-products (barley, corn, oats,rye, wheat)

Oil meals or cakes: High in protein (soybean, canola,cottonseed and peanut)

By-products: Processing of sugar beets, sugarcane,

animals, and fish, and roughages, including pasturegrasses, hays, silage, root crops, straw, and stover(cornstalks)


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Ingredients commonly used in animal

feeds(Source: ICAR)Maize, Sorghum, Bajra Soyabean meal Horse Gram Chuni

Rice Bran, Wheat Bran Groundnut meal Black Gram Chuni

Rice Bran extractions Rapeseed meal, Sesame

meal

Pigeon pea Chuni

Tapioca Sunflower meal,

Cottonseed meal

Molasses Copra meal, Guar meal Di calcium phosphate

Meat meal, Meat-cum-

bone meal

Bone origin

Fish Meal Mineral Based


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BIS standards, dairy feed requirements

(Source: ICAR)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Moisture(maximum %)

Crude protein(maximum %)

Crude fat(minimum %)

Crude fibre(maximum)

Acid-insolubleash (maximum

%)

Type I (IS: 2052, 1979, reaffirmed 1990)

Type II (IS: 2052, 1979, reaffirmed 1990)


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BIS standards, poultry feed requirements(Source: ICAR)

Broiler starter feed

Chick feed

Laying chicken feed

0

5

10

15

20

25

Broiler starter feed

Broiler finisher feed

Chick feed

Growing chicken feed

Laying chicken feed

Breeder layer feed


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By-products used in animal feed

Forest produce: Babul seed, dhaincha seed, puwad seed, patwa seed,sagaon seed, san seed, tulsi seed, tamarind seed, babul falli

Food industry: Biscuit waste, cocoa-shell powder, cocoa beans, maizedust, macaroni waste, issapgul chhala

Gum and starch industry: Guar seeds, guar kurma and chuni,dhaincha kurma, tapioca milk powder, tapioca spent pulp, maizegluten, maize cake

Fruit and vegetable processing: Orange peel, spent lemon, orangewaste, jamun seed, potato waste, tomato waste, mango kernel,pineapple waste, mango seed extraction, coffee waste, extracted tea

leaves.

Alcohol industry: Barley waste, yeast sludge, grape extractions,penicillin residue

Oil industry: Spent residue of pepper, cardamom and ginger, ajwanseed, spent seed cake


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Nutrient requirements for 1 Kg of milk of various

fat contents

ME Energy (MJ)

Calcium (g)

Phosphorous (g)Crude Protein (g)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Milk Fat (%) 33.5

44.5

5

4.5 4.85.2

5.55.9

6.2

2.73

3.2 3.5 3.73.9

1.71.8

22.1

2.32.4

78 8490

96 101107

ME Energy (MJ)

Calcium (g)

Phosphorous (g)

Crude Protein (g)


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Total mixed rations (TMRs): Need

Dairy cattle feeding as practiced by most farmers maynot meet all the nutrient requirements of the animal

Fluctuations in rumen fermentation and supply of

nutrients to the mammary glands occur when basaldiet and concentrates are offered to dairy cattle atdifferent times

This has a negative effect on productivity of the animalbecause requirements are met mostly for one nutrient

and not the other nutrient and thus the ration is notbalanced

To overcome this problem, a total mixed ration can beformulated


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TMRs: Scope and limitations Scope

Nutritional balanced diet is supplied to the animal 24hours a day for maximum productivity

Convenience of feeding a single meal per day

Minimise selection and hence wastage of feed by theanimal

Limitations Lack of technical skills and knowledge by farmer and

extension officers Narrow feed resource base at farm level

Cost of feed ingredients, processing and mixingequipment may be high for small scale farmers


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Annual Raw material requirements*

Sr.No. Description Quantity (ton) Cost (,000)

1 Oil Seed cakes 1168 2336

2 Molasses 437 655.5

3 NaOH (50% sol.) 57 1596

4 Wheat Bran 3140 9420

5 Jute bags 48000 144

Total 14151.5

*As per the prescribed formula and for a plant of capacity 2 Tons/hr for 8 hrs a day


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Animal feed production process


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Total annual working capitalAnnual Raw material requirements 14 151 500

Annual Utilities requirements 2 098 000

Annual manpower requirements 996 000

Total 17 245 500


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Summary of Financial AnalysisAnnual production 4800 ton/annum

Annual expense 21 745 500

Sales 28 800 000

Revenue 7 054 500

Simple payback period 1.5 years

Minimum profits >20%


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Future Aspects

The livestock industry in India is the second largestcontributor to gross domestic product (GDP), afteragriculture, and accounts for 9 percent of the total

Consumption is likely to increase as follows: per capita milk from 240 to 450 g per year

per capita eggs from 40 to 100 per year

per capita broiler meat from 1000 to 2000 g/year

Expected rise inper capita consumption will lead toincrease in demand for good quality feed and fodder


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The Indian feed industry will increasingly use

biotechnology, more scientific formulations, newmolecules and natural and herbal products to improveanimal productivity

Indian agriculture will also use biotechnology andgenetically modified organisms (GMOs) to support thefeed industry (very exciting phase of growth for thenext decade)

Conclusions

production of animal feeds_quality & characteristics

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