production technology of dill and celery
TRANSCRIPT
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Production technology of dill and celery
Ningappa Kirasur2014-12-129Dept. of OlericultureCOH, Vellanikkara
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Dill
o Anethum graveolens L.
o Umbelliferae
o 2n=22
o Mediterranean region
o Indian dill- Anethum sowa (Northern India)
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Common Names
o Hindi : Sowa
o Bengali : Sowa
o Gujarati : Surva
o Kannada : Sabasige
o Kashmiri : Sor
o Malayalam : Sathakuppa
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Economic importance
o Entire dill plant used as aromatic
o Most of the volatile oil is in the seed (fruit)
o Principle constituent of herb oil is - phellandrene
o Seed oil – carvone
o Oil content in fresh herbage from 0.6 – 2.84%
o Oil content at flowering stage 1.5-1.7%
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Distribution
o Iran , Egypt, Abyssinia, Germany, USA, Holland, Asian
minor and England
o In India it is successfully in Jammu and Kashmir ,
Maharashtra , Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh , Madhya
Pradesh , Rajasthan
Description
o Dill is a herbaceous annual or biennial
o Growing to a height of 1 to 1.2m
o Pinnately divided leaves, light green in colour
o Stem is smooth, bearing terminal umbels
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o Flowers are yellow in colour
o Light brown seeds emit an aromatic odour
o Both seeds and leaves are used as spice
Contd…
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Soil and climate
o Well drained , fertile sandy loam soil with good
drainage facility
o Avoide heavy clay soil
o Successfully grown in soils pH up to 8.6
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Contd…
o Dill is quite hardy plant and may thrive well in cooler
climate
o Grown as rabi season crop in the Indian plains
o Strong wind and heavy rains during flowering may
injurious to crop
o Extreme heat during maturity the oil yield is reduced
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Varieties
o Haldwani selection
o English stock
o Mammoth long island
o Herkules
o K - 299
o K -253
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Cultivation
o Propagation- seeds
o Seed rate- 3kg/ha
o Season- March to April
o Spacing - 60cm x 30cm
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Methods of planting
o Line sowing
o Broad casting in well prepared field
o Seeds germinated in 7-9 days after sowing
o If crop is sown late, the vegetative phase is reduced
o Lowers the yield of seed crop
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Manuring
o FYM – 20t/ha
o Crop responds well to the application of nitrogenous
and phosphatic fertilizer
o A dose of 40kg each of N, P and K/ha
o Recommended for obtaining economic yield of dill
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Weeding and irrigation
o Plot should be free from weeds
o Application of Influralin or Ethafluralin 1.1kg/ha
o Regular irrigation at 8 to 12 days interval
o Depending on the soil and climatic conditions
o Generally 8-9 irrigations are required the maturity of
crop
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Inter cropping
o Inter cropped with - Rauwolfia serpentina - Mentha arvensis - Salvia sclara
Use of growth regulators o Gibberelic acid at 50 ppm , apply on 15 days after
emergence
o Increases the yield and improves flavor
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Harvesting
o Quality of oil depends on the state of maturity of the
herb and the seeds
o For dill oil, harvesting is done at 3 - 4 months old and
milky stage
o After harvest, the plant are allowed to wilt in the field
for 1-2 days and then distilled
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Contd…
o For seed crop- seeds turning brown
o Harvesting is done early in the morning
o Harvested material is dried in the field and threshed
o Seeds after drying and cleaning , packed in gunny
bags
o Keep in cool and dry places
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Yield
o Herbage yield : 2.5-3 t/ha
o On distillation gives 18-20kg oil, with 30% carvone
o Seed yield : 5 - 7q/ha
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Uses
o Immature flower heads are added to salads
o Dill fruits are used in a variety of meat dishes
o Dill is steeped in hot milk to induce sleep
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Contd…
o Dill is most often used for pickles, which are very
popular in Germany
o Grip water used by mothers for babies to help them
sleep
o Dill is also believed to have anti-cancer property
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Dill-seed oil Dill-weed (dill leaves)
Dill- gripe water
Value added products
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Pest and diseases
Powdery mildew: Erisyphe umbelliferum
Symptoms
o Powdery growth on leaves, petioles -flowers stalks and
bracts
o Leaves becomes chloratic
o Severe infections causes flowers to become distorted
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Management
o Grow tolerant varieties
o Avoid excess fertilizer application
o Spraying of wetable sulphur 0.2% , at weekly
intervals
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Cercospora leaf blight
Cercosporidium punctum
Symptoms
o Small, necrotic flecks on leaves which develop a
chlorotic halo
o Expand into tan brown necrotic spots
o Lesions coalesce and cause leaves to wither, curl and die
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Management
o Use disease free seed
o Follow Crop rotation
o Use appropriate fungicides
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Aphids: Cavariella aegopodii
o heavy aphid infestation may lead to yellowing and distortion of leaves
o Necrotic spots on leaves o Aphids secretes honeydew which encourages the
growth of sooty mold
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Management
o Spraying of Malathion at 0.5%
o During severe infestation
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Celery
o Apium graveolens
o Umbelliferae
o 2n=22
o Mediterranean
o Hindi : Ajmuda, Bengali : Chanu , Marathi : Ajmoda ,
Punjabi : Kernauli, Gujarati : Bodiajmoda
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Distribution
o India, Algeria, Asia, Baluchistan, Belgium ,
o Egypt, Ethiopia, Sweden , Germany, Italy, France
o In India , cultivated in Haryana, Punjab and western
Uttar Pradesh
o Area of about 5000 ha
o About 90% of the total produce came from Punjab
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Economic Importance
o The seed contains 2 – 3% essential oil
o The oil is pale yellow in colour, contains d-limonene
(60%) ß-selinene (10-12 %)
o The leaves are rich source of minerals like Ca, P, Fe,
vitamin A and C
o It is consumed in salad
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Description
o Celery is a herbaceous plant, usually 60 to 120 cm
o Stems are branched, angular, jointed and light green in
colour
o Leaves are oblong, 7-18 cm. long, pinnate or trifoliate
o white flowers borne in compound umbels
o The flowers are white or greenish white, very small on
sessile compound umbels
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Contd…
o Roots is succulent, well developed with
o numerous lateral roots
o Celery seeds are very small, about 1-2 mm. in length, oval
and greenish brown in colour
o The celery seed has a pleasingly crisp texture but a
slightly bitter taste
o In India mainly grown for seed purpose
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Soil
o The crop grows well in silt loam to loamy soil with
moderate organic matter
o Celery is not suited to clay soils
o It does not withstand water stagnation
o Soil pH 6 -8.5
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Climate
o In colder climate celery behave as a biennial plant
But in the plains behave as annual plant
o It can be successfully cultivated as a winter crop
o Areas which are free from severe frost
o It is sensitive to very low temperature 5-10oc
causes early bolting
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Contd…
o A combination of 12-150 c and 22-250 c night and day
temperature gives 80% seed germination in 2 weeks
Varieties
o RRL- 85-1 (2-3% yellow volatile oil)
o Standard Bearer
o Wright Grove Giant
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Propagation
o The crop can be grown from seeds, by
raising the seedlings in nursery-beds
o For nursery, the seeds are sown in small beds
1m width , 15cm height and convenient length
o Mid September to October
o At 50 gm seeds per bed, sown 2 - 4cm in beds
o Seedlings emerge in 2 weeks , 80% germination
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Contd…
o Transplant 60 days old seedlings, when 12 – 15
cm tall to ensure a good crop stand
o To escape early season frost and low temperature
o The spacing 30cm x 30cm or 40cm x 25 cm to
ensure a high rate of plant population
o Late transplanting can reduce crop yield
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Manuring
o FYM 20 - 30 t/ha
o Apply 80-200 : 33-60 : 20-40kg NPK /ha
o Half of the nitrogen and full of P & K- at the time of
planting
o Remaining nitrogen is given as top dressing – 60 days
o In some locations, Ca deficiency has been found to cause
black heart disease
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Contd…
o Whereas B deficiency results in cracked stem and Mg
deficiency causes chlorosis
o In such soils 10kg of each Borax and MgSo4 are
applied 10 days before planting
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Irrigation
o The crop requires 10-12 irrigations at an intervals of 8-7 days
Weeding
o The crop requires 3-4 hoeing
o Application of weedicides like Basalin-2.2 lit/ha
o Fluchloralin-0.90kg/ha or Pendimethalin - 0.60 kg/ha
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Harvesting
o It takes 4-5 months from sowing to seeding
o The crops are harvested when, 80% of the umbels
turn light brown in colour
o The plants are cut at ground level in early morning
by sickle to avoid seed shedding
o Thereafter it is threshed, winnowed and graded with
the help of sieve
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Contd…
o The seed is further dried and stored in gunny bags in
a cool dry places
Yield : 10-15 q/ha (dry seeds)
o The seed can be stored for 1-3 years without much
loss in oil content and oil quality
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Storage
o Celery in storage absorbs foreign flavours
o It should be kept away from the odours of other
products
o They are stored after harvest in trenches, cellars and
cold storage
o In cold storage they are kept at 00 C at 95 - 98 % RH
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Value added products
o Celery seed oil
o Celery seed oleoresin
o Dehydrated celery leaves
o Freeze dried celery
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Uses
o Used for flavoring food, sauces and also in pickles
o Seed has carminative and nerve stimulant properties
o It is used as a neuro-tonic in domestic medicine
o Leaves used in salad and also as cooked vegetable
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Pest and Disease
Celery leaf miner: Liriomyza trifoliiSymptoms:
o Results in early senescence of outer petioles, longer
time to maturity and reduction in yieldManagement:
o Spraying of Quinolphos- 0.1%
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Aphids: Aphis fabae
symptoms:o Stunted plant growth and reduce yield through
removal of significant amounts of sapo They transmit virus diseases such as western celery
mosaicManagement:
o Destroy crop residue immediately after harvest
o Predators such as syrphid flies and lace wing bugs
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Leaf Blight: Cercospora apii
Symptoms:
o Most prevalent in celery plants during wet conditions
o yellow spots on both sides of the celery plant leaves
o The spots expand, they turn grayish and develop a dry, papery
texture
Management:
o Spraying of Thiophanate methyl - 0.5%
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Celery anthracnose
Colletotrichum acutatum
Symptoms:
o Cupped leaves and twisted petioles
o Long and thin brown lesions
Management:
o Spraying of Mancozeb - 0.2%
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