Prof. Eden Mamut

“Ovidius” University of Constantza, Romania CAES

Exploratory Workshop on:“Scientifically Challenges of Tomorrow’s Energy”

September 22nd – 23rd, 2010“Politehnica” University of Bucharest

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustainable Energy Solutions

CENTER FOR ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES

• Aim: To develop a resource of excellence for the Black Sea Region specialized in advanced engineering

• Functions: Research & Engineering, Graduate Programs, Technology transfer, Consultancy, Training & Networking

• Structure: Industry Consortium, International Steering Committee, President, Director, Full-time Research Staff, Project Based Teams, Graduate Students

• Research Area: Applied Thermodynamics, Advanced Energy Systems, CFD, CAD/CAM/CAE & Remote Engineering

• Programs:

• Multi-Scale Engineering

• Advanced Energy Systems

• Highly Engineered Materials

• Sustainable Transport Systems

President: Prof. Adrian BEJAN, Pioneered numerous original methods in thermal

sciences, such as entropy generation minimization, scale analysis of fluid flow and convection, and the constructal law of design in nature

Adrian Bejan is ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in all of engineering (all fields, all countries, living or deceased) by the Institute of Scientific Information

CAES Team

1. Rationale

2. Sustainable Development

3. Black Sea Universities Network

4. Multiscale & Multicriteria approach on sustainability

5. Effective projects

6. CAES Contribution

OUTLINE

1. Pre Industrial Phase [c. 3 000 000 BC to 1765]

AA - Tool making (c. 3 000 000 BC); BB - Fire used (c. 1 000 000 BC); CC - Neolithic agricultural revolution (c. 8 000 BC); D D - Watts steam engine of 1765 starting the Industrial Phase (1930-2025) 2. Industrial Phase [1930 to 2025, estimated]EE - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value; FF - Peak energy-use; GG - Present energy-use; HH - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value3. Post Industrial Phase [c. 2100 and beyond]JJ, KK, and LL = Recurring future attempts at industrialization fail. 2008 AssessmentDuncan, R. C. (1989). Evolution, technology, and the natural environment: A unified theory of human history. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Engineering Educators: Science, Technology, & Society, 14B1-11 to 14B1-20

The Olduvai Theory of Industrial CivilizationThe transient-pulse theory

“My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet-plane. His son shall ride a camel!”

AND A SAUDI SAYING

CLIMATE CHANGE I

CLIMATE CHANGE II

CLIMATE CHANGE III

CLIMATE CHANGE IV

CLIMATE CHANGE V

CLIMATE CHANGE VII

Sustainable Development: to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs

Strategy Mix:

• efficiency – enhanced productivity / resource• consistency – enhanced economies embedded in the natural cycles• sufficiency – new concept of prosperity / satisfaction / material wealth

Management rules:

• the use of renewable natural resources must not exceed their regeneration rates

• the use of non-renewable natural resources must not exceed the rate of substituting their respective functions

• the emissions of pollutants must not exceed nature’s capability to adapt

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. The concept of noosphere (“nous” – mind, “sphere” – the Earth’s cover) V. Vernadsky, Sorbonne, 1922

2. “Noosphere - the modern stage of the biosphere development (environment) connected with the active role of the Homo sapiens” Edward Le Roy, 1927 г.

3. The theory connecting natural sciences (biospherology) with social science. Pierre de Chardin, 1928

4. Transition from One-Dimensional Development to its Harmonization with Respect to Three (Four) constituents:

{Economic; Ecological; Social} The beginning of the process - 1970s.{Economic; Ecological; Social; Institutional} 1996, Commission on Sust. Dev.,United Nations.

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

“System coordination of economic, ecological and human development in such a way that from one generation to the other the quality and safety of life should not decrease, the environmental conditions should not worsen and the social progress should meet the needs of every person”

Vladimir Vernadsky, 1947

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Multidimensions:

• Economical;• Ecological;• Social & Institutional.

Multicriteria:

• Economical: Growth competitiveness index, Economic freedom index;• Ecological: Environmental sustainability index;• Social & Institutional: Quality of life index, Human development index,

Knowledge society index.

DIMENSIONS & SCALES

Multiscales:

• Energy system;

• Local cluster of end-users

• Urban / Rural agglomeration;

• Sub-region;

• Country;

• Region.

DIMENSIONS & SCALES

CLASSICAL APPROACH IN MODELLING

• General Laws of Thermodynamics & Particular Conditions

• Process Decomposition

• Global (lumped) & Local (distributed) Process Parameters

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELING

Multi-dimensional models or „multi-scale” as well as the integrated multi-phenomenological models or „multi- physics” have been developed in time, covering today a large number of applications including the materials science, the nano/microelectronics, the ecological reconstruction, the deactivation of the atomic armament and biotechnologies.

The multi-dimensional modeling approaches (MMD) can be grouped in the following generic categories:

- MMD with the transfer of the parameters – which integrates two or more models associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales and the resulted parameters based on a model are used as input data for the other models;

- MMD with simultaneously solved multi-dimensional models (in the way used in Concurrent Engineering) – which integrates more mutual influenced models which leads to the necessity of simultaneous simulations with mutual data exchange protocols;

- MMD unitary integrated – consisting of the use of a mathematical device that includes terms associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales in a unitary configuration.

PARADIGM SHIFT

PARADIGM SHIFT

BLACK SEA REGION

BSR GROWTH

BSR IN THE WORLD

CRUDE OIL FLOWS

BLACK SEA TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS

Surface: 413 488 Km2

Maximum depth: 2245 m

Volume of water: 529 955 km3

Average salinity: 18 mg/liter

Shore length: 4790 km

Riparian countries: Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey

Main Rivers: Danube, Dniestr, Dnieper – 70% fresh water supply

Outflow through Bosphorous: 610 km3/year

Danube contribution: 250 km3/year

Anoxic waters: under 150m

BLACK SEA I

Total inputs of Nitrogen: 647 kt/year

Domestic: 20.3 kt/yearIndustrial: 146.9 kt/yearRivers: 281.8 kt/year

Non-riparian countries’ contribution:

NOx: 70 %Ammonia: 30 %

Total inputs of Phosphorus: 50.5 kt/year

Domestic: 6.7 kt/yearIndustrial: 2.0 kt/yearRivers: 28.2 kt/year

BLACK SEA II

Total length: 2850 km

Mean Multi-Annual flow: 6399 m3/s

Riparian Countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Ukraine

Drained area: 817,000 km2

Total concentration of solutants : 170 mg/liter (1900) 425 mg/liter (1990)

Ion composition: carbonates (50%), calcium (15%), clorine (13%) sulphates (10%), magnesium (5%) sodium and potassium (5-6%)

Concentration of nitrogen: 355 kt/year (1992) versus 50 kt/year (1960)

Concentration of phosphorus: 22 kt/year (1992) versus 14 kt/year (1960) maximum 63 kt/year (1988)

BLACK SEA III

Eutrophication:NaturalMan induced

IntentionalAccidental

Hydrography & oxygen content Organic substancesTrace metalsRadioactivitySewage watersEffects on marine ecosystems

Algal bloomsDecrease of biodiversityStructural changes

BLACK SEA IV

BLACK SEA V

BLACK SEA VI

BLACK SEA VII

BLACK SEA VIII

BLACK SEA UNIVERSITIES NETWORK

• Aim: The Network was founded for the purpose of developing scientific, cultural and educational cooperation and exchanges among the Universities of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Participating States and other institutions with similar concern for the sustainable development of the BSR

• Members: 100 Universities of 11 BSEC member countries

• Bodies: Conference of Rectors of BSR, Executive Board, President, IPS

• Centers: Center for Advanced Engineering Sciences (Romania), “B. S. Cobanzade” Research Center on Turkology, Baku State University, Center ACADEMICON (Turkey), Center for Coordination of Common Graduate Programs (Greece), Center for Coordination of Summer Schools & Short Term Certificate Courses (Ukraine), Center for Joint Research Projects (Azerbaijan), Center for BSUN Publications (Bulgaria),

• Consortia: BSUN Consortium on Economics & Business, Consortium on Oral Health, Consortium on Tourism, Consortium on RES.

• Web site: Http://www.bsun.org

BSUN FRAMEWORK PROGRAMS

• Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region, 1998 – 2000

• University – Community Partnership, 2000 – 2002

• Excellence in Education (EXCEED), 2002 – 2004

• Education & Science for Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region (SUSTDEV), 2004 – 2006

• Generating Synergies, 2006 -2008

BSUN PROGRAM 2008 – 2010

• Implementation of the Bologna Process and Post-Bologna Phase

• Regional Programs

• Joint Research Projects & Innovation

• Intercultural Exchange and Social Cohesion

BSUN PRIORITY THEMES

1. Sustainable Development

2. Networking on Innovation and Knowledge Transfer

3. Energy Security & Renewable Energy Sources

4. Advanced & Multifunctional Materials

5. IT&C - Networking & High Performance Computing

6. E-health & Telemedicine

7. Social & Cultural Cohesion in the BSR

Priority Theme 1

Sustainable Development

Responsible: Prof. M. Zgurovski, KPI;

Priority projects:

• Elaboration of the system approach for estimation of sustainable development;

• A System for Ecological Aero Monitoring.

Priority Theme 1

THE KIEV DECLARATION OF THE UNIVERSITY RECTORS FROM THE BLACK SEA REGION ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2008

Priority Theme 3

Energy Security and Renewable Energy Sources

Responsible: Prof. E. Mamut, OUC

Priority projects:

• Black Sea Region policy in the sphere of energy and climate changes;

• Black Sea Solar Net.

EUROPEAN INSTITUTES OF INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY - EIT

GAUGING MATRIX OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ecological

Ie= Ies = ESI

Economic

Iec= F(Ic,Ief)

Social+Institutional

Is= F(Iq,Ihd,Iks)

Is

Ie

Iec

Isd

GENERAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL

GLOBAL INDICES

GLOBAL DATA SOURCES

47

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP per capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index Econo

mic index

Ecological

index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index rank

Isd

G

index

Very High Switzerland $35,300 1 0,844 0,576 0.680 0,955 0,898 3 0,864 0,855 5 0,738 0,472

New Zeland $24,200 2 0,799 0,600 0,650 0,889 0,857 2 0,864 0,945 11 0,713 0,485

Finland $30,600 3 0,798 0,581 0,649 0,914 0,831 1 0,865 0,988 1 0,786 0,570

Sweden $30,600 4 0,798 0,525 0,629 0,931 0,833 5 0,863 0,963 3 0,774 0,467

Norway $42,400 5 0,797 0,475 0,605 0,931 0,854 15 0,822 0,889 4 0,755 0,371

USA $42,000 6 0,796 0,681 0,687 0,810 0,891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467

Canada $32,900 7 0,795 0,658 0,668 0,866 0,851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523

France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329

Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446

Iceland $34,900 10 0,785 0,587 0,634 0,876 0,844 16 0,822 0,949 2 0,780 0,514

Austria $32,900 11 0,783 0,527 0,612 0,894 0,844 10 0,843 0,894 12 0,708 0,459

United Kingdom $30,900 12 0,781 0,680 0,668 0,863 0,813 6 0,855 0,947

Denmark $33,400 13 0,781 0,705 0,674 0,840 0,830 4 0,864 0,921 7 0,731 0,449

Australia $32,000 14 0,781 0,669 0,669 0,798 0,876 7 0,851 0,843 10 0,716 0,492

Luxemburg $55,600 15 0,779 0,570 0,625 0,831 0,882 18 0,817 0,860 6 0,738 0,501

Japan $30,700 16 0,775 0,611 0,634 0,845 0,847 13 0,828 0,954 16 0,680 0,362

Ireland $34,100 17 0,765 0,714 0,664 0,827 0,805 14 0,827 0,945 9 0,716 0,547

Netherlands $30,600 18 0,764 0,675 0,654 0,787 0,852 12 0,830 0,869 15 0,684 0,411

Spain $25,200 19 0,756 0,508 0,582 0,831 0,855 20 0,797 0,851 22 0,626 0,287

48

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index Econo

mic index

Ecological

index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index rank

Isd

G

index

High

Estonia $16,400 20 0,749 0,624 0,626 0,852 0,770 38 0,717 0,564 18 0,662 0,737

Belgium $31,900 21 0,747 0,605 0,613 0,784 0,843  19 0,803 0,859 25 0,615 0,245

Italy $28,400 22 0,744 0,391 0,531 0,842 0,861 23 0,780 0,741 26 0,613 0,215

Lithuania 23 0,744 0,513 0,579 0,862 0,791

Chile $11,300 24 0,743 0,671 0,638 0,834 0,759 24 0,780 0,930 20 0,642 0,614

Portugal $18,600 25 0,741 0,437 0,546 0,858 0,819 22 0,790 0,814

Costa Rica $10,100 26 0,738 0,368 0,530 0,905 0,778 32 0,735 0,783 27 0,607 0,288

Latvia $13,000 27 0,738 0,454 0,562 0,888 0,763 47 0,688 0,718 24 0,618 0,467

Korea, Sonth 28 0,733 0,640 0,610 0,794 0,796       32 0,591 0,234

Slovenia $21,000 29 0,733 0,398 0,527 0,863 0,809 28 0,760 0,849

Slovakia $15,800 30 0,733 0,495 0,566 0,860 0,772 29 0,755 0,906 29 0,601 0,444

Hungary $16,100 31 0,729 0,481 0,554 0,842 0,792 31 0,749 0,894 30 0,601 0,403

Israel $22,300 32 0,723 0,609 0,591 0,796 0,781 25  0,776 0,873 23 0,623 0,378

Uruguay 33 0,719 0,466 0,539 0,823 0,796 19 0,647 0,257

Czech Republic $18,100 34 0,712 0,577 0,572 0,768 0,796 21 0,795 0,838 28 0,602 0,375

Cyprus (Greece) $20,300 35 0,709 0,574 0,568 0,792 0,767 26 0,769 0,893

Greece $22,800 36 0,707 0,394 0,505 0,802 0,813 30 0,752 0,721 34 0,586 0,279

Colombia $7,100 37 0,705 0,355 0,512 0,883 0,721 39 0,713 0,733 37 0,565 0,332

Malaysia $10,400 38 0,704 0,541 0,578 0,840 0,696 27 0,764 0,807 33 0,590 0,469

Panama $7,100 39 0,703 0,464 0,533 0,831 0,746 35 0,726 0,867 35 0,583 0,320

49

Ranking of Countries by the Ranking of Countries by the indexindex of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008 of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index

rank

Isd

G index

Medium 

Mexico $10,100 40 0,699 0,525 0,545 0,798 0,755 44 0,692 0,798 40 0,546 0,307

Poland $12,700 41 0,699 0,430 0,512 0,805 0,780 33 0,728 0,789 38 0,559 0,319

Croatia $11,600 42 0,698 0,335 0,483 0,846 0,765 34 0,727 0,732 31 0,596 0,306

Argentina $13,700 43 0,697 0,310 0,469 0,818 0,805 36 0,725 0,709

Mauritius 44 0,689 0,612 0,570 0,781 0,717

Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355

Brazil $8,400 46 0,682 0,352 0,479 0,827 0,740 40 0,704 0,793 36 0,581 0,282

Ecuador $3,900 47 0,677 0,282 0,456 0,844 0,731 49 0,680 0,697

Albania $4,900 48 0,675 0,365 0,491 0,840 0,696 53 0,662 0,791

Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880

Thailand $8,300 50 0,672 0,561 0,553 0,792 0,671 45 0,690 0,903

Dominican

Republic  $6,600 51 0,665 0,344 0,475 0,830 0,690 67 0,644 0,832

Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896

Tunis $7,600 53 0,662 0,524 0,526 0,781 0,678 56 0,657 0,788 41 0,544 0,449

Jamaica $4,200 54 0,661 0,512 0,529 0,791 0,663 46 0,689 0,835

El' Salvador $5,100 55 0,656 0,580 0,549 0,772 0,648 63 0,646 0,833

Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681

50

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index

rank

Isd

G index

Medium (cont.)

Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728

Jordan $4,800 58 0,653 0,558 0,531 0,765 0,662 52 0,664 0,949

Turkey $7,900 59 0,651 0,534 0,517 0,759 0,678 48 0,683 0,865

Peru $6,100 60 0,650 0,489 0,511 0,781 0,657 59 0,651 0,962

Bosnia and Herzegovina

$6,800 61 0,648 0,318 0,446 0,797 0,702 50 0,678 0,667

Trinidad & Tobago

$12,900 62 0,645 0,666 0,545 0,704 0,687 37 0,717 0,867 44 0,500 0,304

Paraguay $4,900 63 0,644 0,395 0,468 0,777 0,688 66 0,645 0,716

Kuwait 64 0,635 0,781 0,575 0,645 0,686

Philippines $5,100 65 0,635 0,431 0,484 0,779 0,641 58 0,652 0,879

Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348

Guatemala $5,200 67 0,632 0,473 0,496 0,767 0,635 65 0,645 0,869

Saudi's Arabia 68 0,632 0,636 0,542 0,728 0,626

51

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP of

per capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G of index

Economic of index

Ecological

of index

Social of

indexrank

Isd

G of index

rank

Isd

G of index

Medium (cont.)

Honduras $2,800 69 0,632 0,496 0,496 0,754 0,645 64 0,645 0,807

South Africa $12,100 70 0,630 0,681 0,537 0,690 0,662 57 0,654 0,857

Venezuela $6,500 71 0,629 0,223 0,407 0,800 0,681 55 0,658 0,641

Oman 72 0,628 0,715 0,559 0,703 0,622

Egypt $4,400 73 0,620 0,465 0,494 0,763 0,604 79 0,596 0,917 46 0,484 0,445

Botswana 74 0,620 0,706 0,541 0,687 0,632

Nikaragua $2,400 75 0,617 0,472 0,473 0,734 0,645 61 0,648 0,857

Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410

Namibia $8,200 77 0,613 0,574 0,498 0,706 0,635 77 0,605 0,836

United Arab Emirates

$29,100 78 0,613 0,740 0,539 0,640 0,659 42 0,696 0,899

Alzhir $7,200 79 0,612 0,404 0,474 0,770 0,592 72 0,626 0,871

Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807

Morocco $4,300 81 0,605 0,523 0,486 0,721 0,608 71 0,633 0,975

China $6,300 82 0,602 0,592 0,488 0,651 0,669 75 0,617 0,775

Vietnam $3,000 83 0,601 0,412 0,451 0,739 0,612 83 0,563 0,901

52

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP of

per capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G of index

Economic of index

Ecological

of index

Social of

indexrank

Isd

G of index

rank

Isd

G of index

Low 

Kazakhstan $8,800 84 0,597 0,684 0,510 0,650 0,632 68 0,644 0,949

Kirghizia $1,800 85 0,587 0,532 0,473 0,696 0,593 80 0,590 0,956

Bolivia $2,700 86 0,583 0,492 0,444 0,647 0,658 73 0,625 0,778 42 0,542 0,269

Indonesia 87 0,583 0,610 0,482 0,662 0,604 76 0,615 0,927

Tadjikistan $1,200 88 0,579 0,403 0,441 0,723 0,572 88 0,541 0,746

Syria 89 0,574 0,442 0,429 0,682 0,612

Guyana 90 0,569 0,406 0,410 0,648 0,650  

Uzbekistan 91 0,568 0,600 0,468 0,650 0,586      

Nepal $1,500 92 0,559 0,366 0,443 0,721 0,512 86 0,551 0,813

Kenya $1,200 93 0,558 0,494 0,479 0,690 0,506 84 0,561 0,839

India $3,400 94 0,548 0,739 0,488 0,603 0,555 81 0,573 0,603

Senegal 95 0,533 0,614 0,472 0,628 0,500      

Uganda $1,700 96 0,526 0,631 0,489 0,616 0,473 85 0,556 0,709

Tanzania $700 97 0,521 0,517 0,460 0,639 0,464 87 0,546 0,759

Kamerun $1,900 98 0,518 0,497 0,439 0,638 0,476 95 0,520 0,805

Madagascar $900 99 0,518 0,838 0,480 0,546 0,527 92 0,528 0,760

Pakistan $2,400 100 0,512 0,685 0,473 0,587 0,476 97 0,495 0,517

Cambodia $2,200 101 0,505 0,774 0,452 0,538 0,524 90 0,536 0,821

53

Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP of

per capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G of index

Economic of index

Ecological

of index

Social of

indexrank

Isd

G of index

rank

Isd

G of index

Very Low 

Bangladesh $2,100 102 0,497 0,557 0,402 0,580 0,509 98 0,486 0,740

Benin $1,100 103 0,491 0,695 0,450 0,561 0,464 89 0,540 0,773

Nigeria $1,100 104 0,491 0,691 0,462 0,562 0,450 99 0,485 0,690

Zambiya $900 105 0,490 0,725 0,447 0,551 0,472 93 0,524 0,809

Zimbabve $2,100 106 0,484 0,010 0,293 0,693 0,467 96 0,508 0,508

Ethiopia $800 107 0,475 0,493 0,430 0,588 0,408 103 0,440 0,548

Mozambique $1,300 108 0,465 0,659 0,434 0,539 0,422 100 0,479 0,772

Mauritania 109 0,457 0,843 0,438 0,442 0,490

Burundi $600 110 0,446 0,502 0,374 0,547 0,417 101 0,457 0,721

Mali $1,000 111 0,436 0,919 0,446 0,443 0,420 104 0,428 0,463

Burkina Faso $1,200 112 0,429 0,828 0,450 0,443 0,395 102 0,454 0,621

Smeech $1,800 113 0,405 0,716 0,378 0,459 0,379 106 0,391 0,504

Very High  0,750 1,000

High 0,700 0,750

Middle 0,600 0,700

Low 0,500 0,600

Very Low 0,000 0,500

54

Ten Best Countries of the World Ten Best Countries of the World PositionedPositioned by the by the Index Index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index

rank

Isd

G index

Switzerland $35,300 1 0,844 0,576 0.680 0,955 0,898 3 0,864 0,855 5 0,738 0,472

New Zeland $24,200 2 0,799 0,600 0,650 0,889 0,857 2 0,864 0,945 11 0,713 0,485

Finland $30,600 3 0,798 0,581 0,649 0,914 0,831 1 0,865 0,988 1 0,786 0,570

Sweden $30,600 4 0,798 0,525 0,629 0,931 0,833 5 0,863 0,963 3 0,774 0,467

Norway $42,400 5 0,797 0,475 0,605 0,931 0,854 15 0,822 0,889 4 0,755 0,371

USA $42,000 6 0,796 0,681 0,687 0,810 0,891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467

Canada $32,900 7 0,795 0,658 0,668 0,866 0,851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523

France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329

Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446

Iceland $34,900 10 0,785 0,587 0,634 0,876 0,844 16 0,822 0,949 2 0,780 0,514

55

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological

index

Social index rank

Isd

G

index rank

Isd

G index

USA $42,000 6 0.798 0.669 0.693 0.810 0.891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467

Canada $32,900 7 0.792 0.616 0.661 0.866 0.851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523

France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329

Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446

UnitedKingdom

$30,900 12 0,781 0,680 0,668 0,863 0,813 6 0,855 0,947

Japan $30,700 16 0,775 0,611 0,634 0,845 0,847 13 0,828 0,954 16 0,680 0,362

Italy $28,400 220,744 0,391 0,531 0,842 0,861 23 0,780 0,741 26 0,613 0,215

Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728

G8 Countries Positioned by the Index G8 Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008

56

Post-Socialist Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Post-Socialist Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007Development, 2007

CountryGDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index

rank

Isd

G index

Estonia $16,400 20 0,749 0,624 0,626 0,852 0,770 38 0,717 0,564 18 0,662 0,737

Lithuania 23 0,744 0,513 0,579 0,862 0,791

Latvia $13,000 27 0,738 0,454 0,562 0,888 0,763 47 0,688 0,718 24 0,618 0,467

Slovakia $15,800 30 0,733 0,495 0,566 0,860 0,772 29 0,755 0,906 29 0,601 0,444

Czech Republic

$18,100 34 0,712 0,577 0,572 0,768 0,796 21 0,795 0,838 28 0,602 0,375

Poland $12,700 41 0,699 0,430 0,512 0,805 0,780 33 0,728 0,789 38 0,559 0,319

Croatia $11,600 42 0,698 0,335 0,483 0,846 0,765 34 0,727 0,732 31 0,596 0,306

Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355

Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880

Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896

Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681

Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728

Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348

Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410

Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807

Kazakhstan $8,800 84 0,597 0,684 0,510 0,650 0,632 68 0,644 0,949

Kirghizia $1,800 85 0,587 0,532 0,473 0,696 0,593 80 0,590 0,956

Tajikistan $1,200 88 0,579 0,403 0,441 0,723 0,572 88 0,541 0,746

Uzbekistan 91 0,568 0,600 0,468 0,650 0,586

57

CountriesCountries ofof Black Sea Region by the Index of Sustainable Black Sea Region by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007Development, 2007

Country GDP per

capita

2007 2006 2005

rank

Isd

G index

Economic

index

Ecological index

Social index

rank

Isd

G index

rank

Isd

G index

Greece $22,800 36 0,707 0,394 0,505 0,802 0,813 30 0,752 0,721 34 0,586 0,279

Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355

Albania $4,900 48 0,675 0,365 0,491 0,840 0,696 53 0,662 0,791

Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880

Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896

Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681

Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728

Turkey $7,900 59 0,651 0,534 0,517 0,759 0,678 48 0,683 0,865

Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348

Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410

Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CLUSTER ANALYSIS 2006

REVERSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

4-DIMENSION LAYER ANALYSIS

Population 21.59 mil.

Territory Surface 238,391 km2

Gross Domestic Product 2007 121,267 bil. Euro

Growth rate 2007 6.0 %

Structure of the Economy Industry 23.5 % Agriculture 6.6 % Commerce & Services 69.9 %

ROMANIA – General Information I

ROMANIA – General Information II

ROMANIA – General Information III

ROMANIA – General Information IV

Solar energy: 60 PJ thermal 1,2 TWh electric

Wind: 23 TWh

Hydro: 36 TWh 3,6 TWh (of which under 10 MW)

Biomass & biogas: 318 PJ

Geothermal: 7 PJ

ROMANIA – Potential on RES I

ROMANIA – Potential on RES II

Total surface: 1,557 kha

Farming land: 931.5 kha

Forests: 128.3 kha

Inland water surface: 396.8 kha

Shore line: 245 km

Total cereals: 1,166 mt/year

DOBROGEA REGION

SOIL DEGRADATION

BiotechnologiesBiomass

Wind

HYDROGEN ENERGY ECONOMY

HYDROGEN FROM RES

HYDROGEN FROM RES

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION I

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION II

HYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS

Steam-Reformer (Syngas)

Gas cleaning

Shift-Reactor

PSA-Plant

Biomass

Carbon dioxide (CO2) highly concentrated, suitable for underground storage

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Minerals(Ash)

STEAM REFORMING

1st LAW ANALYSIS

LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT I

LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT II

LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT III

Environmental impacts Impact type:

emissions (g/MJ)

Uncertainty

Valueε cents/MJ

Uncertainty

ranges and scope

From fossil energy currently used in plant construction and operation:CO2 equiv.

Plant and truck construction:Transportation of feedstock/residuesMethane leaks SO2 (leading to acid rain and aerosols)NOx (possibly aerosols and health impacts)particulates (lung diseases)Land use

933

−1060.09

0.13

0.01

LargeLarge

MediumLarge

Large

Large

0.20.9

−2.90.02

0.4

0.00NQ

0.15−0.30.5−2

−2 to −5regional

regional

regional

LCA I

Social impacts Impact type:

Cases per PJ

Uncertainty

Valueε cents/MJ

Uncertainty

ranges and scope

Occupational health damage (manuf. & operation): death major injury minor injury reduced span of life

0.60.80.32.0

LargeLargeMediumMedium

0.020.120.000.62

locallocallocallocal

LCA II

Economic impacts Impact type:

Uncertainty

Valueε cents/MJ

Uncertainty

ranges and scope

Direct costsResource use (energy pay-back time given)Labour requirements (manufacture)Import fraction (for Romania)Benefits from energy sold

2.7 y17 p y/MW

0

LargeLargeLarge

1.5−6

NQNQNQ2-5

LCA III

Other impacts Impact type:

Uncertainty

Valueε cents/MJ

Uncertainty

ranges and scope

Supply securityRobustness (up-front investment binds, entry based on technical reliability)Global issues (non-exploiting)Decentralisation & choice (less with large size)Institution building (collection management)

HighHigh

Compatible

Good

Modest

NQNQ

NQNQ

NQ

LCA IV

LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES I

LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES II

LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES III

LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES IV

LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES V

INTEGRATED TOOLS

EXERGY

• quality of materials & energy• reference to the natural environment• internal & external losses• uniform approach to evaluate materials & energy

BASED ON THERMODYNAMICS

• organization degree of materials & energy• the Second Law of Thermodynamics• non-equilibrium thermodynamics• entropy and entropy production

EXERGY ANALYSIS I

REAL PROCESSESmass & energy are conserved exergy is consumed due to: fluid flow, heat & mass transfer, chemical reactions nothing disappears, everything dissipate

exergy of resources = exergy of products + exergy loss

IN

I

IOUTIN

EXERGY ANALYSIS II

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

EXERGY: CHEMICAL

EXERGY: OVERALL

biomass

gasLHV LHV

LHV

biomassch

gaschchemex

,

,,

biomass

gasphgaschoverallex

,,,

EXERGY ANALYSIS III

CHEMICAL EXERGY

PHYSICAL EXERGY

THE RATIO β

ashoashwaterowaterSSoSorgorgo zzCzLHVz ,,,

00 ssThh oph

orgLHV

orgo,

EXERGY ANALYSIS IV

solid

biofuels

liquid

vegetable oils

coal

CO

CN

CH

CO

CH

4124.01

0493.00531.013493.00160.0044.1

C

O

C

H 0567.00159.00374.1

Cz

Nz

Cz

Oz

Cz

Hz

20428.020617.021869.00437.1

EXERGY ANALYSIS VI

Fuel LHVorg LHVorg β εch

MJ/kg organic MJ/kg fuel (-) MJ/kg fuel

CoalVegetable oilsStrawTreated woodUntreated woodGrass/plantsSludgeManure

31.037.618.118.918.918.619.619.1

24.837.614.615.314.813.1 8.2 7.5

1.071.071.131.121.121.131.121.12

26.640.316.517.116.614.8 9.2 8.4

EXERGY ANALYSIS VII

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

Exerg

y (

MJ/k

g b

iom

ass)

Chemical Exergy of Product Gas Physical Exergy of Product Gas

Gasification Process Irreversibility

EXERGY ANALYSIS VIII

50

60

70

80

90

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Based on Lower Heating Value Based on Chemical Exergy Based on Chemical & Physical Exergy

EXERGY ANALYSIS IX

The aim of the project is to develop a demonstration project for de-polluting the Danube River waters by the production of biomass and conversion to hydrogen for fuelling a stationary fuel cells stack of a leisure complex in the Danube Delta, transport bus and leisure boats for tours in the Delta.

The project shall integrate the results of the last 3 decades of experiments developed in Romania for the de-pollution of different lakes and municipal sewage waters by accelerated production of biomass and processing of the obtained yields and the expertise of several European partners in the biomass reforming, stationary fuel cells and leisure boats.

HYRES I

The researches carried out in Romania, have conducted to the development of economically sustainable technologies for cultivation of selected species of aquatic plants for the obtaining biomass through bio-conversion of the pollutants from sewage waters and polluted lakes and processing of biomass for obtaining valuable products.

Among the selected species the highest performance have been demonstrated with the followings:

Eichornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes,

These species don’t act invasive and because of the temperate climate in Romania the economically relevant yields last about 150 days/year.

HYRES II

The installations for production of seed plants, realized in Romania, are of greenhouse pyramid type installations, with different capacities and with a reduced consumption of energy (40 % reduction of energy consumption relative to the classical systems).

The process of production of seed plants is based on the bio-treatment process of used water under the following conditions:

Temperature range between 15 – 37 ˚C;pH between 6.5 – 8;CCO-Cr in mg/L : 200 – 1000;Total suspensions mg/l: 800 - 1200Concentration of active substances: 50 mg/l;

HYRES III

The pyramid type greenhouse for production of seed plants is a concrete structure with side walls made of glass. It includes a continuous channel fitted on the available surface at each level. The experimental setups have included a channel of 1,300 m long and narrow of 60 cm. The construction of the channel allows a very slow flow of the sewage water to assure the bio-conversion of the pollutants and the treatment of the water. At the basement of the building there are rooms for laboratories, for biomass processing and other purpose.The pyramidal types of bio-technological installations have the following advantages:

Vertical disposure of the process for efficient land use;Reduce the required land area with 40 – 50 % , versus classical systems;Reduce the energy consumption with up to 80 % versus classical

systems.

HYRES IV

The obtained yields are in the range of 5 – 8 tones of biomass/hectare/day, for an average of 150 days/year or 750 – 1200 tones of biomass / hectare / season. Efficient collection systems have been developed.

The conversion of biomass to H2 may be done based on the following processes:

bio-chemically processing of biomass (anaerobic fermentation),thermo-chemically processing of biomass (gasification).

For the case of anaerobic fermentation of biomass for obtaining biogas, the results that have been obtained on experimental tanks are of 105.4 – 254.7 liters of biogas/kg of biomass with a concentration of methane between 14 – 79.2 %.

HYRES V

• The integration of RES is a very complex subject which requires much more sophisticated analysis;

• There are there major aspects that have to be taken into consideration:

• Environment protection;• Economical impact;• Potential for new businesses

• It should be prepared a paradigm shift in energy engineering;

• Reconsidering the education philosophy in the field of energy;

• Partnership between Universities and Community

CONCLUSIONS

Thank you for your attention!