PresentedtotheLibraryBYf%xs(.JYi.^^^Date..Class Mark.....Z.Q..Accession No,Digitizedbythe InternetArchivein 2014https://archive.org/details/b21356816_001THE GOLDEN BOUGHA STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGIONTHIRDEDITIONPART IVADONISATTIS OSIRISMACMILLANANDCO., LimitedLONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTAMELBOURNETHEMACMILLANCOMPANYNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGOATLANTA SAN FRANCISCOTHEMACMILLANCO. OFCANADA, Ltd.TORONTOad'^onisattisosirisSTUDIES IN THE HISTORY OFORIENTAL RELIGIONJ.G. FRAZER, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.FELLOWOF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGESECONDEDITION, REVISEDANDENLARGEDMACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITEDST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON1907/rijFirstEdition, 1906Second Edition,1907PREFACEThese studies are an expansion of the correspondingsections in my book The Golden Bought and they willform part of the third edition of that work, on thepreparation of which I have been engaged for some time.Byfar the greater portion of them is new, and theymakeby themselves a fairly complete and, I hope, intelligiblewhole. I shall be glad if criticisms passed on the essaysin their present shape should enable me to correct andimprove them when I come to incorporate them in mylarger work.In studying afresh these three Oriental worships, akinto each other in character, I havepaid moreattention thanformerly to the natural features of the countries in whichthey arose, because I am more than ever persuaded thatreligion, like all other institutions, has been profoundlyinfluenced by physical environment, and cannot be under-stood without some appreciation of those aspects ofexternal nature which stamp themselves indelibly on thethoughts, the habits, the whole life of a people. It isa matter of great regret to me that I have never visitedthe East, and so cannot describe from personal know-ledge the native lands of Adonis, Attis, and Osiris. ButI have sought to remedy the defect by comparing thedescriptions of eye-witnesses, and painting from them whatmaybe called composite pictures of someofthe scenes onwhich I havebeen led to touch in the course ofthis volume.viPREFACEI shall not have wholly failed if I have caught frommy authorities and conveyed to my readers some notion,however dim, of the scenery, the atmosphere, the gorgeouscolouring ofthe East.J.G. FRAZER.Trinity College, Cambridge,i^ndJtcly 1906.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONIn this second edition some minor corrections have beenmade and some fresh matter added. Where my viewsappear to havebeen misunderstood, I have endeavoured tostate themmore clearly;where theyhave been disputed, Ihavecarefullyreconsideredtheevidenceandgivenmyreasonsfor adheringto myformer opinions. Mostof the additionsthus made to the volume are comprised in a newchapter("Sacred Men and Women"),a new section (" Influenceof Mother-kin on Religion"),and three new appendices("Molochthe King,""TheWidowed Flamen," and"SomeCustomsofthe Pelew Islanders"). Amongthe friends andcorrespondentswhohavekindly helped mewith informationand criticisms of various sorts I wish to thank particularlyMr.W. Crooke, Professor W.M. Flinders Petrie, Mr. G. F.Hill ofthe British Museum,the ReverendJ.Roscoeof theChurch Missionary Society, and Mr.W.Wyse. Above allI owe much to myteacher the Reverend Professor R. H.Kennett, who, besides initiating me into the charms of theHebrewlanguageand giving me a clearer insight into thecourse of Hebrew history, has contributed several valuablesuggestions to the book and enhanced the kindness byreading and criticising someofthe proofs.J.G. FRAZER.TrinityCollege, Cambridge,^mdSeptember1907.viiCONTENTSBOOK FIRSTADONIS . ..Pp. 1-216Chapter I.The Myth of Adonis . .Pp. 3-8Changesofthe seasons explained bythe life and death of gods,p. 3 ;magicalceremonies to revive the divine energies,4sq.;prevalence of theseceremonies in Western Asia and Egypt,5sq.;Tammuz or Adonis inBabylon, 6 sq.;Adonis in Greekmythology, 8 sq.Chapter II.Adonis in Syria . . .Pp. 10-26Adonis and Astarte worshipped at Byblus, the kingdom of Cinyras, 10 sq.;divinityofSemitickings, 12 sqq.;kingsnamedAdonis,13J^.;"sacredmen,"14.sq.;divinity ofHebreYif kings,15sqq.;the Baal and Baalaththesources of fertility, 22 sq.;personation ofthe Baalbythe king,23 ;Cinyras,kingofByblus,23 ;Aphacaandthe vale ofthe Adonis,23sqq.Chapter III.Adonis in Cyprus . .Pp.27-49Phoenician colonies in Cyprus,27sq.;kingdom of Paphos,'28 sq.;sanctuaryof Aphrodite at Paphos,29sq.;the Aphrodite of PaphosaPhoenicianor aboriginal deity,30;her conical image,30sq.;sacred prostitutionintheworshipofthe PaphianAphroditeandofotherAsiaticgoddesses,32sqq.; theAsiatic Mother Goddessa personification ofall the reproductiveenergies of nature,34;her worship reflects a period of sexual com-munism,35sq.; the daughters of Cinyras,36sq.;the Paphian dynastyof the Cinyrads,37sq.;incest of Cinyraswithhis daughter Myrrhaandbirth ofAdonis,38sq.;suggested explanation oflegendsof royal incest,39sq.;the FlamenDialisandhis Flaminicaat Rome,40sqq.;CinyrasbelovedbyAphrodite,42;PygmalionandAphrodite,42;the PhoenicianixCONTENTSkings of Cyprus and their sons the hereditary lovers of the goddess,42sqg.;the fatherandmother of a god,44sq.;Cinyras as amusician,45 ;the uses of music in religion,45sqg. ; traditions as to thedeathofCinyras,48sq.Chapter IV.Sacred Men and Women . Pp. 50-83I. AnAlternative Theory,pp.50-54. Theoryofthesecular origin of sacredprostitution in WesternAsia,p. 50;it failstoaccountforthefacts,51sqg. 2. SacredPVomeninIndia,pp.54-57. The dancing-girls of Southern Indiaare atonce prostitutesandwives ofthe god,54sgg.3. Sacred Men and IVomen in West Africa,pp.57-62. Among the Ewepeoplesthesacredprostitutesareregarded as thewivesofthegod,57sgg.;sacred men and women in West Africa supposed to be possessed bythedeity, 60sgg.% 4, Sacred Womenin WesternAsia,pp.62-64. Sacred prostitutes ofWesternAsia probably viewed as possessed by the deity and married to him,62 sg.;wivesofthegodin BabylonandEgypt,63sg.5.Sacred Men in Western Asia,pp.64-70. The sacred men (kedeshini) ofWestern Asiamayhavebeen regardedaspossessedbythe deityandrepre-senting him,64sg. ; the prophets, 66 sgg. ;"holy men"in modernSyria, 68sgq.6. SonsofGod,pp.70-73. Beliefthatmen andwomenmaybethe sonsanddaughtersofagod,70sg. ; sonsofthe serpent-god,71sgq.7. Reincarnationofthe Dead,pp.73-81. Beliefthat the deadcome to lifeas serpents,73sgg.; reincarnation ofthe dead in America, Africa, India,andAustralia,77sgg,8. Sacred StocksandStonesamongthe Semites,pp.81-83. Procreative virtueapparentlyascribed to sacredstocksandstones amongtheSemites,%\ sg.;the excavations at Gezer, 82 sg.Chapter V.The Burning of Melcarth. Pp. 84-90Semitic custom of. sacrificing a memberofthe royal family,84 ;theburning ofMelcarth at Tyre,84sqg. ; the burning of Melcarth at Gades, 86sg.;theburningofagodorgoddessat Carthage,87sg. ; thefire-walk at Tyreandat Castabala, 88sg. ; burnt sacrifice of King Hamilcar,89sg.;thedeathofHerculesaGreekversionoftheburningofMelcarth, 90.Chapter VI.The Burning of Sandan . Pp.91-138I. TheBaalofTarsus,pp.91-93.TheTyrianMelcarth in Cyprus,91 ;thelion-slayinggod,