prof ir daniel w.t. chan - · pdf filepanel chair of ieq, ... i fori m c w i fori m c w f o...
TRANSCRIPT
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1
BEAM Pro Training and Examination Indoor Environmental Quality
1
Prof Ir Daniel W.T. Chan BEAM Pro
Panel Chair of IEQ, Technical Review Committee, BEAM Society Limited
07 November 2013
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• Police the accuracy and appropriateness of submission
• Provide advices to client on green senses.
Content of this talk:
• Philosophy
• physiological responses
• IEQ integration
• IEQ measurement
• BEAM Plus IEQ overview
• BEAM Plus credit assessment examples
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IEQ Philosophy:
Micro view: human physiology on responses to the
four basic IEQ qualifiers – thermal comfort, indoor air quality comfort, visual comfort and aural comfort.
Macro view: integrated responses to the total IEQ
comfort and protection against infection of communicable disease.
Comprehensive view: total quality consideration.
Harmonization of green components and optimization of system design, installation, operation and maintenance.
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The overall sense
and perception to the indoor environment.
The sensory system
of our human body is very complex…
But, briefly speaking,
How many senses?
Aural
Visual
Olfaction: IAQ
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4 basic factors:
Visual comfort
Aural comfort
Indoor Air Quality
Thermal comfort
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Distinguish between discomfort vs. health hazard
Discomfort (examples) Health Hazard
Thermal Warm / cool sensation Heat stress, Cold stress
IAQ Odour Inhalation of toxic gases
Visual Glare, Eye strains Retina damages due to blue-light hazard: Excessive illumination with blue light or UV radiation
Aural Noise annoyance Hearing damages
Normally, IEQ problem in built environment would not lead to hazardous level, although sick symptoms may be reported.
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Thermal receptors are free nerve endings detecting temperature changes
3 types of receptors: 1. Warm receptors 2. Cold receptors 3. Pain receptors (detect temperature extremes) Different number of receptors at different part of the body
Impulse discharge frequency
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ASHRAE standard 55 defines Thermal comfort as ◦ That condition of mind that expresses satisfaction
with the thermal environment
Thermal comfort
90 equations and 138 parameters
Measurement Literature Survey Derived
parameters
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Sensible heat loss from skin
Evaporative heat loss from skin
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Respiratory losses
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Fanger’s Theory ◦ Adopted by ASHRAE and ISO (PMV and PPD)
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Nose
To: Respiratory
Tract Air in
Olfactory system
in our brain
The odorant stimulate
the olfactory cell.
Signal transmission
through olfactory nerve.
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Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.
Three Levels of IAQ
Comfortable
IAQ Healthy IAQ Safe IAQ
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IAQ Guidelines
Comfort criteria : Local –
• Guidance Notes for the Management of IAQ in
Offices and Public Places (Excellent Glass) – EPD
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Perception of comfortable IAQ is detected by the nasal sense
as odour
• Comfortable IAQ does not imply a healthy and safe IAQ
• Uncomfortable IAQ does not necessarily imply unhealthy or
unsafe IAQ
• Comfortable IAQ is achievable by adequate ventilation of
fresh air to dilute human odour
• Fresh air is defined as air quality at or better than that set out
in Hong Kong outdoor air quality objectives
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Healthy IAQ refers to air quality in which concentration of all the air constituents are within the safe limits as recommended by cognizant authorities.
Health criteria - Local : ◦ Reference Note on Occupational Exposure Limits
(OEL) for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment – Labour Department
◦ Guidance Notes for the Management of IAQ in Offices and Public Places (Good Class) – EPD
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Recommended IAQ Objectives for Office Buildings
and Public Places [GN 2003, Hong Kong]
Parameter Unit 8-hr average
Excellent Good
Carbon Dioxide ppm < 800 < 1000
Carbon Monoxide g/m3 < 2000 < 10000
Respirable Suspended Particulates g/m3 < 20 < 180
Nitrogen Dioxide g/m3 < 40 < 150
Ozone g/m3 < 50 < 120
Formaldehyde g/m3 < 30 < 100
Total Volatile Organic Compounds g/m3 < 200 < 600
Radon Bq/m3 < 150 < 200
Airborne Bacteria cfu/m3 < 500 < 1000
Room Temperature oC 20 – 25.5 < 25.5
Relative Humidity % 40 – 70 < 70
Air Movement m/s < 0.2 < 0.3
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A safe IAQ is indoor air containing no pathogenic or infective micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria or viruses.
As reference, a doctor in US in 1893 had used ventilation rate of 28 L/s/person to avoid cross infection of tuberculosis.
ACH Minutes required for removal
efficiency
90% 99% 99.9%
1 138 276 414
2 69 138 207
3 46 92 138
4 35 69 104
5 28 55 83
6 23 46 69
7 20 39 59
8 17 35 52
9 15 31 46
10 14 28 41
…. …. …. ….
25 6 11 17
…. …. …. ….
50 3 6 8
ACH and time required for removal efficiencies of 90%, 99% and 99.9% of airborne contaminants (Brian 1994)
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Retina: The light receiver
Adaptation of various illumination level:
Step 1: Constriction or dilation of iris.
Step 2: Neural adaption at retina
Step 3: Photochemical adaption at retina
Image
formation
Signal transmission
from photoreceptor
to optic nerve
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Factors relating to quantity include:
Illuminance: the amount of light reaching a surface (i.e. the light level)
Distribution of light: luminaire type, spacing and layout. Background lighting and task lighting
Factors relating to quality include:
Colour: Colour of light and the colour rendering (i.e. how colours appear in that light.
Contrast: to allow task detail to be clearly and comfortably seen
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CSP index
Predicted from glare index, illuminance and colour rendering.
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Visual Comfort Probability
Developed to address discomfort glare.
In this model, the Discomfort Glare Rating is converted to the probability that a population of viewers will consider the sensation is acceptable.
Example: a luminaire with a
VCP of 70 will produce acceptable glare sensations
in 70% of the population.
A luminaire with VCP of 70 is considered as acceptable.
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Markers of visual discomfort: Manifestation of sick symptoms such as:
Red / sore/ itchy or watering eyes
Headaches
Difficult to concentrate
(There can be many other causes of these symptoms, such as
exposure to irritants or indoor air pollutant at the eye)
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1. Pinna & Ear canal help to amplify sound
by as much as 20 dB over a broad range
of frequency centered around 4 kHz
2. Airborne sound waves in ear canal strike the
tympanic membrane and set it into motion.
3. The ossicles transmit
the motion (at tympanic
membrane) to inner ear
4. Sound wave reaches the inner ear sets the
Basilar membrane & organ of Corti into motion.
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4. Sound wave reaches the inner ear sets the
Basilar membrane & organ of Corti into motion.
5. The amplitude of
vibration along the Basilar
membrane is a function of
the frequency of sound.
6. Inner hair cells at the organ
of Corti carry the bulk
information from inner ear to
the brain through the afferent
axons to the auditory
(Cochlear) nerve.
7. Outer hair cells at the
organ of Corti receive
axonal terminals from
neurons lie in the brain.
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Noise Assessment
Room Reverberation
Speech Interference
Speech Transmission
Speech Intelligibility
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Noise Criterion (NC) curves developed by Beranek.
When a number of NC (e.g. NC40) is
chosen, it defines the maximum
allowable sound level at all octave bands
centered at 63 Hz to 8000 Hz.
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Reverberation time (T60) is controlled in interior building spaces to enhance speech intelligibility or enhance music quality. It is the time it takes for sound to decay by 60dBA.
Sabine’s equation
Norris Eyring equation (for highly absorptive rooms)
A
VT
161.060
)1ln()(
161.060
S
VT
V is room volume, S is room surface area,
A is room absorption, α is average sound
absorption coefficients. (All in metric SI units)
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The arithmetic average of the sound pressure level in octave bands, centered at 500, 1000, 2000 Hz.
Rating chart for determining speech
communication (Webster 1969)
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Modulation Transfer Factor (MTF):
(Houtgast and Steeneken 1985)
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Privacy Privacy is the inverse of
intelligibility.
Articulation index is also useful in the calculation of privacy.
Chanaud (1983) defined five levels of privacy:
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New IEQ PD Equation:
PDIEQ = 0.42 PDTC + 0.09 PDIAQ + 0.28 x PDAC
= + + +
IEQ
Health Safety Comfort
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Environmental Health & Comfort Analyzer
To monitor the representative indices for thermal comfort, IAQ, visual comfort and aural comfort.
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IEQ Measurements
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in BEAM Plus
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Category Weighting (%)
Existing Building New Building
Site Aspects (SA) 18 25
Materials Aspects (MA) 12 8
Energy Use (EU) 30 35
Water Use (WU) 15 12
Innovations and Additions (IA) Bonus Bonus
Note: No Amendments have been made on the category weighting for the BEAMPlus NB and EB v1.2
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 25 20
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BEAMPlus Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Categories
Security
Hygiene
IAQ
Ventilation
Thermal Comfort
Lighting Quality
Acoustics and Noise
Building Amenities
IEQ Basic
Factors
Visual Comfort
Aural Comfort
IAQ
Thermal Comfort
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Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
Existing Building New Building
Prerequisite IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance
Security IEQ 1 Security IEQ 1 Security
Hygiene IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage
IEQ 3 Biological Contamination IEQ 3 Biological Contamination
IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities
IEQ 5 Integrated Pest Control
Indoor Air Quality
IEQ 6 Construction IAQ Management IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management
IEQ 7 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution IEQ 6 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution
IEQ 8 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution IEQ 7 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution
IEQ 9 IAQ in Car Parks IEQ 8 IAQ in Car Parks
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Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) – Con’t
Existing Building New Building
Ventilation IEQ 10 Increased Ventilation IEQ 9 Increased Ventilation
IEQ 11 Background Ventilation IEQ 10 Background Ventilation
IEQ 12 Localised Ventilation IEQ 11 Localised Ventilation
IEQ 13 Ventilation in Common Areas IEQ 12 Ventilation in Common Areas
Thermal Comfort
IEQ 14 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises
IEQ 13 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises
IEQ 15 Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Premises
IEQ 14 Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Premises
Lighting Quality
IEQ 16 Natural Lighting IEQ 15 Natural Lighting
IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas IEQ 16 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas
IEQ 18 Interior Lighting in Areas Not Normally Occupied IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Areas Not Normally Occupied
Acoustics and Noise
IEQ 19 Room Acoustics IEQ 18 Room Acoustics
IEQ 20 Noise Isolation IEQ 19 Noise Isolation
IEQ 21 Background Noise IEQ 20 Background Noise
IEQ 21 Indoor Vibration
Building Amenities
IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability
IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability
IEQ 23 Amenity Features IEQ 23 Amenity Features
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IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance
•Residential and similar buildings without central air conditioning. Exclusions
•Demonstrate that the project is in compliance with the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 [1] in respect of Outdoor Air Quality; and Minimum Ventilation Rate. Requirements
•The Client shall provide evidence in the form of a report prepared by a suitably qualified person detailing the outdoor ventilation performance. The report shall include:
• 1. Completion of Table H-1 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 in respect of regional outdoor air pollutants and local outdoor air quality survey.
• 2. Confirmation that the outdoor air quality meets the local primary airquality standards, otherwise indicate any action taken to compensate.
• 3. Completion of Table H-2 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 demonstrating compliance with the minimum ventilation rate(s) provided.
Assessment
BEAMPlus NB v1.1 BEAMPlus NB v1.2
• 1. Confirmation that the outdoor air pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3) and Respirable Suspended Particulates (RSP) conform to the IAQ Certification Scheme Good Air Quality level.
• 2. Completion of Table H-2 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 demonstrating compliance with the minimum ventilation rate(s) provided.
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IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance
•Residential and similar buildings without central air conditioning. Exclusions
•Demonstrate that the project is in compliance with the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 [1] in respect of Outdoor Air Quality; and Minimum Ventilation Rate. Requirements
•1. Confirmation that the outdoor air pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3) and Respirable Suspended Particulates (RSP) conform to the IAQ Certification Scheme Good Air Quality level.
•2. Confirmation that the outdoor air quality meets the local primary air quality standards, otherwise indicate any action taken to compensate.
•3. Completion of Table H-2 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 demonstrating compliance with the minimum ventilation rate(s) provided.
Assessment
BEAMPlus EB v1.1 BEAMPlus EB v1.2
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Exclusions
New Buildings
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Credit Name Exclusions New Buildings
IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance Residential and similar buildings without central a/c
IEQ 1 Security None
IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage None
IEQ 3 Biological Contamination Residential buildings
IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities None
IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management Residential and similar buildings not provided with central a/c and ventilation systems
IEQ 6 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution Buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system
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Credit Name Exclusions New Buildings
IEQ 7 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution Items a) & b) are excluded for buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system and without interior decoration
IEQ 8 IAQ in Car Parks Buildings with no car park
IEQ 9 Increased Ventilation Residential and similar buildings without central a/c
IEQ 10 Background Ventilation Buildings not designed to utilize natural ventilation
IEQ 11 Localised Ventilation 2nd credit not applicable to residential and similar buildings
IEQ 12 Ventilation in Common Areas Spaces covered under the section on Localised Ventilation
IEQ 13 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises
Premises where a/c is provided by window units or split units
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Credit Name Exclusions New Buildings
IEQ 14 Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Premises
Buildings that are not designed to utilized natural ventilation
IEQ 15 Natural Lighting None
IEQ 16 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas
Residential buildings hotels and apartment buildings
IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Areas not Normally Occupied
None
IEQ 18 Room Acoustics Buildings/premises where speech intelligibility is not important, and rooms of a special acoustical nature
IEQ 19 Noise Isolation Buildings/premises which are inherently noisy and unaffected by noise
IEQ 20 Background Noise Buildings/premises in which speech intelligibility is not important
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Credit Name Exclusions New Buildings
IEQ 21 Indoor Vibration None
IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability None
IEQ 23 Amenity Features None
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Exclusions
Existing Buildings
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Credit Name Exclusions Existing Buildings
IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance Residential and similar buildings without central a/c
IEQ 1 Security None
IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage None
IEQ 3 Biological Contamination Residential buildings
IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities None
IEQ 5 Integrated Pest Management None
IEQ 6 Construction IAQ Management Residential and similar buildings
IEQ 7 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution Buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system
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Credit Name Exclusions Existing Buildings
IEQ 8 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution The first two items are excluded for buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system
IEQ 9 IAQ in Car Parks Buildings with no car park
IEQ 10 Increased Ventilation Residential and similar buildings without central a/c
IEQ 11 Background Ventilation Buildings not designed to utilize natural ventilation
IEQ 12 Localised Ventilation None
IEQ 13 Ventilation in Common Areas Spaces covered under the section on Localised Ventilation
IEQ 14 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises
Premises where a/c is provided by window units or split units
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Credit Name Exclusions Existing Buildings
IEQ 15 Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Premises
Buildings that are not designed to utilized natural ventilation
IEQ 16 Natural Lighting None
IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas
Residential buildings hotels and apartment buildings
IEQ 18 Interior Lighting in Areas not Normally Occupied
None
IEQ 19 Room Acoustics Buildings/premises where speech intelligibility is not important, and rooms of a special acoustical nature
IEQ 20 Noise Isolation Buildings/premises which are inherently noisy and unaffected by noise
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Credit Name Exclusions Existing Buildings
IEQ 21 Background Noise Buildings/premises in which speech intelligibility is not important
IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability None
IEQ 23 Amenity Features None
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Exclusions
Summary Tables
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New BuildingsExclusions IEQ P1 IEQ 1 IEQ 2 IEQ 3 IEQ 4 IEQ 5 IEQ 6 IEQ 7 IEQ 8 IEQ 9 IEQ 10 IEQ 11 IEQ 12 IEQ 13 IEQ 14 IEQ 15 IEQ 16 IEQ 17 IEQ 18 IEQ 19 IEQ 20 IEQ 21 IEQ 22 IEQ 23
Residential and similar buildings x x x x x
Not provided with central a/c x x x
Natural ventilation x x
Decentralised a/c x x
Without interior decoration x
No car park x
Not designed for natural ventilation x x
Spaces covered under IEQ11 x
Window units or split type units x
Hotels and apartment x
Speech intelligibility is not important x x
Rooms of special acoustical nature x
Inherently noisy and unaddected by noise x
Existing BuildingsExclusions IEQ P1 IEQ 1 IEQ 2 IEQ 3 IEQ 4 IEQ 5 IEQ 6 IEQ 7 IEQ 8 IEQ 9 IEQ 10 IEQ 11 IEQ 12 IEQ 13 IEQ 14 IEQ 15 IEQ 16 IEQ 17 IEQ 18 IEQ 19 IEQ 20 IEQ 21 IEQ 22 IEQ 23
Residential and similar buildings x x x x
Not provided with central a/c x x
Natural ventilation x x
Decentralised a/c x x
No car park x
Not designed for natural ventilation x x
Spaces covered under IEQ12 x
Window units or split type units x
Hotels and apartment x
Speech intelligibility is not important x x
Rooms of special acoustical nature x
Inherently noisy and unaddected by noise x
New Buildings
Existing Buildings
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Assessment Procedure
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Prepare documents that are stated in the credit assessment:
-Drawings
- Detailed summary, etc..
CREDIT
Documents Assessment Template Technology References
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CREDIT
Documents Assessment Template Technology References
Calculations Simulations
Input Output
Format
Input Output Tool
Clie
nt
Arch
itect
Contra
ctor
Engine
er
Interpretation
Format
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Should contain details as stated in the credit assessment
CREDIT
Documents Assessment Template Technology References
Reports Measurements
Method
- Standards
- Code of Practice
Results
- Interpretation
- Format
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Any new innovative technology which
may help to achieve the credit?
CREDIT
Documents Assessment Template Technology References
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CREDIT
Documents Assessment Template Technology References
SUBMISSION
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Credit Assessment
- examples
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IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE
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IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE
5.9.2 Exfiltration.
For a building, the ventilation system(s) shall be designed to ensure that the minimum outdoor air intake exceeds
the maximum exhaust airflow whenever the mechanical air-conditioning systems are dehumidifying.
Exception: Where excess exhaust is required by process considerations and approved by the authority having
jurisdiction, such as in certain industrial facilities.
Note: Although individual zones within a building may be neutral or negative with respect to outdoors or to other
zones, net positive mechanical intake airflow for the building as a whole reduces infiltration of untreated outdoor air.
ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010
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IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE
ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010
6.2.1 Outdoor Air Treatment.
If outdoor air is judged to be unacceptable in accordance with Section 4.1, each ventilation system that provides
outdoor air through a supply fan shall comply with the following sections.
Exception: Systems supplying air for enclosed parking garages, warehouses, storage rooms, janitor’s closets,
trash rooms, recycling areas, shipping/receiving/distribution areas.
Note: Occupied spaces ventilated with outdoor air that is judged to be unacceptable are subject to reduced air quality
when outdoor air is not cleaned prior to introduction to the occupied spaces.
Local statutes relevant to Hong Kong concerning outdoor air quality shall be followed.
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5.9.1 Relative Humidity.
Occupied space relative humidity shall be limited to 65% or less when system performance is analyzed with
outdoor air at the dehumidification design condition (that is, design dew point and mean coincident drybulb
temperatures) and with the space interior loads (both sensible and latent) at cooling design values and space solar
loads at zero.
Note: System configuration and/or climatic conditions may adequately limit space relative humidity at these
conditions without additional humidity-control devices. The specified conditions challenge the system
dehumidification performance with high outdoor latent load and low space sensible heat ratio.
Exception: Spaces where process or occupancy requirements dictate higher humidity conditions, such as kitchens,
hot tub rooms that contain heated standing water, refrigerated or frozen storage rooms and ice rinks, and/
or spaces designed and constructed to manage moisture, such as shower rooms, pools, and spas.
IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE
ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010
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IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE
ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010
5.1.3 Documentation.
The design documents shall specify minimum requirements for air balance testing or reference applicable
national standards for measuring and balancing airflow. The design documentation shall state assumptions
that were made in the design with respect to ventilation rates and air distribution.
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IEQ 1 ASSESSMENT GRID
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“This Code of Practice recommends the good practices to be followed in the design,
installation, operation and maintenance of air-conditioning and water systems,
especially cooling towers and centralized hot water supply systems for the effective control and prevention of the Legionnaires' Disease.”
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IEQ 18 ROOM ACOUSTICS
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IEQ 18 to IEQ 21 Acoustics and Noise
Some useful photos for presentation files.
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IEQ 2: Plumbing & Drainage
Fill the checklist
Provide substantiation for ticked items
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IEQ 3: Biological Contamination
Fill the checklist
Provide substantiation for ticked items
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IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management Plan
Construction IAQ Management Plan by main contractor is required.
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IEQ 8: IAQ in Carpark
Measure CO and NO2 in carpark
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IEQ 9: Increased Ventilation
Fill the table to demonstrate the fresh air provision is 30% more than ASHRAE 62.1’s requirement.
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IEQ 13 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises
Conduct temperature measurements for 8 consecutive to demonstrate the temperature is within 1oC.
Room diffusers satisfy ADPI.
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IEQ 15 Natural Lighting
Conduct daylight analysis to illustrate the daylight factor is > 2%.
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IEQ 15 Natural Lighting
Maximize daylight
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IEQ 16 & 17 Interior Lighting in Normally / Not Normally Occupied Areas
Illuminance, illumination variation, colour rendering index and glare index can meet CIBSE’s requirements.
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IEQ 16 & 17 Interior Lighting in Normally / Not Normally Occupied Areas
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IEQ 22 & 23 Building Amenities
Disable facilities above legal requirement.
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IEQ 22 & 23 Building Amenities
Improved O&M
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General References:
◦ Chau C K, Tu E Y, Chan D W T, Burnett J. Estimating the total exposure to air pollutants for population age groups in Hong Kong. Environment International. Vol. 27. 2002. pp 617–630.
◦ International Organization for Standardization. International standard 7730, Moderate thermal environments – Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. Geneva 1995.
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 55-2007: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta 2007.
◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places.
◦ http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Atlanta 2007.
◦ ASHRAE Standard 62.2. Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta 2007.
◦ UK Department of the Environment and Welsh Office. The Building Regulations Part F Ventilation.
◦ Buildings Department, Lands Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 1. Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN01.pdf
◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 2. Second Package of Incentives to Promote Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN02.pdf
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Prerequisite:
◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007.Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
IEQ 1 SECURITY
◦ ASTM International. Designation E 1665-95a. Standard Classification for Serviceability of an Office Facility for Facility Protection.
◦ ASTM International. Designation E 1693 -95a. Standard Classification for Serviceability of an Office Facility for Occupant Assets.
◦ British Standards Institution. BS8220. Standard Guide for Security of Buildings Against Crime.
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IEQ 2 PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 277. Floor Drains in Kitchens and Bathrooms. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap277.pdf
◦ Regulation 12. Hong Kong Building (Standards of sanitary Fitments, Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines) Regulations.
◦ Ma Y Y, Lee HV. Institute of Plumbing Hong Kong. Preventing Infection of Virus from Drainage System. August 2003.
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 218. Facilities for External Inspection and Maintenance of Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap218.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 285. Extractor Fans in Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap285.pdf
IEQ 3 BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
◦ Prevention of Legionnaires’ Disease Committee, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Government.
◦ Code of Practice for the Prevention of Legionnaires’ Disease in Hong Kong. 2000. http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pps/code.doc
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IEQ 4 WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf
IEQ 5(EB only) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
◦ US Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Pest Management for Schools: A How-to Manual. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ipm/schoolipm/index.html
IEQ 5(NB)/6(EB) CONSTRUCTION IAQ MANAGEMENT
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999. Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. Atlanta, 1999. www.ashrae.org.
◦ EPA, Controlling Pollutants and Sources; 5. Ventilation Techniques, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/controlling.html#Air Out and Flush Out.
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IEQ 6(NB)/7(EB) OUTDOOR SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places. http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf
◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.
IEQ 7(NB)/8(EB) INDOOR SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places. http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf
◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.
IEQ 8(NB)/9(EB) IAQ IN CAR PARKS
◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Notes for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 2/96. Control of Air Pollution in Car Parks. 1996.
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IEQ 9(NB)/10(EB) INCREASED VENTILATION
◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.
◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 111. Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems, Atlanta 1998
◦ American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM Standard E 741-00, Standard Test Methods for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution. Philadelphia, 2000.
◦ Taylor, S.T., LEED and Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 9, September 2005.
◦ BEAM Plus for New Buildings, Section 8.2.4. Beam Society, 2009.
◦ International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3966-1977. Measurement of fluid flow in closed circuits - Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes.
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IEQ 10(NB)/11(EB) BACKGROUND VENTILATION
◦ BS 5925:1991 (Inc. Amendment No 1), Code of Practice for Ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation. British Standards Institute, London. December 1995.
◦ American Society for Testing Materials. ASTM E 2267-03. Specifying and Evaluating Performances of Single Family Attached and detached Dwellings – Indoor Air Quality. 2003.
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 26. Atlanta 2001.
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 26. Atlanta 2001.
◦ ASTM E 741-00. Standard Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by means of a Tracer Gas Dilution. American Society for Testing Materials. Pasadena USA. 2000.
◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places. http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf
◦ Buildings Department Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 278. Lighting and Ventilation Requirements – Performance-based Approach. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap278.pdf
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IEQ 11(NB)/12(EB) LOCALISED VENTILATION
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 278. Lighting and Ventilation Requirements - Performance Based Approach. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap287.pdf
◦ ASHRAE 62.2-2003. Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta. 2003.
◦ Singapore Standard SS CP13. Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning in Buildings. 1999.
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 219. Lighting and Ventilation for Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap219.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 82. Gas Water Heaters - Building (Planning) Regulation 35A. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap082.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 285. Extractor Fans in Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap285.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf
◦ DW 143. A practical guide to Ductwork Leakage Testing. Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association. 1994.
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 45. Chimneys and Flues. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap045.pdf
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IEQ 12(NB)/13(EB) VENTILATION IN COMMON AREAS
◦ BS 5929: 1991 (Amendment No. 1) Code of practice for Ventilation Principles and designing for Natural Ventilation. British Standards Institute, London, 1995.
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 62-2007. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta, 2007.
◦ ASTM International. E 741-00. Standard Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by means of a tracer Gas Dilution. 2000
◦ ASTM International. ASTM E 2267-03. Specifying and Evaluating Performances of Single Family Attached and detached Dwellings – Indoor Air Quality. 2003.
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 26. Atlanta 2001.
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 287. Ventilation of Common Corridors and Lift Lobbies in Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap287.pdf
IEQ 13(NB)/14(EB) THERMAL COMFORT IN AIR-CONDITIONED PREMISES
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 55-1992: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta 1992.
◦ International Standard Organization. International standard 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities. 1998.
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IEQ 14(NB)/15(EB) THERMAL COMFORT IN NATURALLY VENTILATED PREMISES
◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 55-2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta 2004.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities. 1998.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 7730. Moderate thermal environments – Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.
◦ de Dear R, Brager G S, Reardon J, Nicol F et al. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference/ Discussion. ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 104. 1998. pp 145-167.
◦ Brager G S, de Dear R. A Standard for Natural Ventilation. ASHRAE Journal. October 2000. pp 21-28.
◦ Alexander D K. HTB2 User Manual Version 2.0. Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University.
◦ American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers.
◦ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs
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IEQ 15(NB)/16(EB) NATURAL LIGHTING
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Applications Manual – Window design.
◦ Cheung H D, Chung T M. Calculation of Mean Daylight Factor in a Building Interior Within a Dense Urban Environment.
◦ Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Lighting Guide LG10. daylighting and window design. CIBSE.
◦ Ward Larson, G. and Shakespeare, R. Rendering with RADIANCE. Morgan Kaufmann. San Francisco.
IEQ 16(NB)/17(EB) INTERIOR LIGHTING IN NORMALLY OCCUPIED AREAS
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Lighting of Indoor Work Places. CIE Standard S 008/E.
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting. CIE 117-1995.
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Code for interior lighting. London. CIBSE.
◦ Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Lighting Handbook, Reference & Applications. 9th edition., New York.
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems. CIE Technical Report - Publication No. 97. Vienna.
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Lighting Guide LG7: Lighting for offices. London, CIBSE, 1993.
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Technical Memoranda TM10. Calculation of glare indices. London, CIBSE, 1985.
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IEQ 17(NB)/18(EB) INTERIOR LIGHTING IN AREAS NOT NORMALLY OCCUPIED
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Lighting of Indoor Work Places. CIE Standard S 008/E.
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting. CIE 117-1995.
◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Code for interior lighting. London. CIBSE.
◦ Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Lighting Handbook, Reference & Applications. New York.
◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems. CIE Technical Report - Publication No. 97. Vienna.
IEQ 18(NB)/19(EB) ROOM ACOUSTICS
◦ Sharland. Woods practical guide to noise control. Colchester, England.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 3382. Acoustics - Measurement of the reverberation time of rooms with reference to other acoustical parameters.
◦ British Standards Institution BS8233:1999 – Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – Code of Practice.
◦ American National Standard ANSI S12.60-2002.
◦ ASTM International. Designation E1130-02. Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech Privacy in Open Offices Using Articulation Index.
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IEQ 19(NB)/20(EB) NOISE ISOLATION
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 140-4: 1998. Acoustics - Measurement of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 4: Field measurements of airborne sound insulation between rooms.
◦ ASTM International. Designation E 336 – 97. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 717-1. 1996. Acoustics – Rating of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 1 – Airborne sound insulation.
◦ ASTM International. Designation: E413 – 04. Classification for Rating Sound Insulation.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 140-7. Acoustics - Measurement of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 7: Field measurements of impact sound insulation of floors.
◦ ASTM International. Designation: E 1007 – 97. Standard test method for field measurement of tapping machine impact sound transmission through floor-ceiling assemblies and associated support structures.
◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 717-2. Acoustics – Rating of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 2 – Impact sound insulation.
◦ ASTM International. Designation: E 989 -89. Standard Classification for determination of impact Insulation Class (IIC).
◦ British Standards Institution BS8233 – Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – Code of Practice.
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IEQ 20(NB)/21(EB) BACKGROUND NOISE
◦ International Electroctechnical Commission. IEC 60804: 2000. Integrating-averaging sound level meters.
◦ British Standard Institution. BS 8233 Code of Practice for sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings.
◦ European Committee for Standardization. CEN EN 12354 Building Acoustics – Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements. Bruxelles.
◦ Chan D W T, Tang S K, Burnett J. Noise Criteria for Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method for New Offices and Existing Offices (HK-BEAM). HKIE Transactions. HKIE Transactions, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, pp. 1-5.
◦ UK Department of Transport. The Calculation of Road Traffic Noise. HM Stationary Office.
◦ UK Department of Transport. The Calculation of Railway Noise. HM Stationary Office.
◦ British Standards Institution. Method for rating industrial noise affecting mixed residential and industrial areas. British Standard BS 4142:1990. London, BSI, 1990.
◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Note for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 4/93. Planning and Designing Noise Sensitive Developments.
◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Note for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 1/97. Streamlined Approach for the Planning of Residential Developments Against Road Traffic Noise.
◦ Environmental Protection Department. Good Practices on Ventilation System Noise Control.
◦ Environmental Protection Department. Good Practices on Pumping System Noise Control.
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IEQ 21(NB only) INDOOR VIBRATION ◦ International Standard Organization. ISO2631-2.
Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration – Part 2 : Continuous and shock-induced vibration in buildings (1 to 80Hz)
IEQ 22 ACCESS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY ◦ Code of Practice for Barrier Free Access.
http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/code/e_bfa.htm
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IEQ 23 AMENITY FEATURES
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 116. Amenity Features. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap116.pdf
◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 1. Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN01.pdf
◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 2. Second Package of Incentives to Promote Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN02.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 280. Site Coverage and Open Space Provision. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap280.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 233. Dedication of Land/Area for Use as Public Passage. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap233.pdf
◦ Lands Administration Office, Lands Department. Practice Note 4/2000. Recreational Facilities in Domestic Development.
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IEQ 23 AMENITY FEATURES(Con’t)
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 229. Exclusion of Floor Areas for Recreational Use. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap229.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 13. Calculation of Gross Floor Area and Non-accountable Gross Floor Area Building (Planning) Regulations 23(3) (a) and (b). http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap013.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection - Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 68. Projections in relation to site coverage and plot ratio Building (Planning) Regulations 20 & 21. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap068.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 173. Safe Design and Construction of Cantilevered Projecting Structures. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap173.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 207. Provision of better lift service. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap207.pdf
◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 201. Access Facilities for Telecommunications and Broadcasting Services. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap201.pdf