APPENDIX I

Prof. Timothy William Flegel

Group : Industrial Microbiology

Contact Details :

Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp) Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400 Thailand Tel. (66 2) 201-5876 Fax. (66 2) 354-7344 E-mail : sctwf@mahidol.ac.th

Career :

B.Sc. Biology, University of British Columbia, 1961-1965.

Research Assistant. Forest Pathology, University of B.C., 1964, reporting to Dr. J.E. Bier, Botany Department.

Research Assistant. Plant Biochemistry, University of B.C., 1965, reporting to Dr. G.H.N. Towers, Botany Department.

M.Sc. Fungal physiology, University of B.C., 1965-1968, reporting to Dr. R.J. Bandoni, Botany Department.

Teaching assistant. Biology 100, Introductory Biology, University of B.C., 1965-1967.

Demonstrator. Biology 101 and 102, Introductory Biology, Simon Fraser University, 1967.

Instructor. Biology 101, Introductory Biology, Simon Fraser University, 1968.

Lecturer. English Department, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1969-1970.

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Lecturer. Scientific English Division, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1970-1974.

Independent research. Fungal physiology, Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1969-1974. Permission to use the facilities was granted by Dr. W.D. Sawyer then Acting Head of the Department and later Dean of the Medical School, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.

Teaching Assistant. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 1974-1977. One semester each for Introductory Ecology (Bisc. 204) and The Biology of Vascular Plants (Bisc. 336). Two semesters each for Non-vascular Plants (Bisc. 326) and Ecology and the Population Explosion (Bisc. 003). Three semesters for Plants and Animals of British Columbia (Bisc. 310).

Lecturer. Ecology and the Population Explosion (Bisc. 003), Department of Continuing Education, Simon Fraser University, Winter Semester, 1974.

Ph.D. Fungal physiology, Simon Fraser University, 1974-1977. Reporting to Dr. M. McClaren, Department of Biological Sciences.

Visiting Professor. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1977-1987.

Director, Shrimp Biotechnology Program, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand, 1997- 2003.

Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1987 - present.

Head, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2002 – present.

Research Interest :

Research on shrimp humoral and cellular defense mechanisms. Development of DNA probes for detection of shrimp pathogens. Use of DNA probes to study pathogen cycles.

Guest Lectureships :

- Dept. Microbiology, Fac. Sci., Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, July 1980.

- Dept. Clinical Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 1983, June 1984 and June 1985.

- Dept. Microbiology, Fac. Sci., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Sept. 1981, Sept. 1982, July 1988, Sept. 1989, Aug. 1990, Aug. 1991, Aug. 1992.

Consultancies :

- Adviser on microbiology program for the Indo-Dutch Project on Bioconversion of Crop Residues, Dec. 1985 to Oct. 1988.

- Feasibility study for an Asian Industrial Biotechnology Center at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, 1986.

- Microbiological problems at Prachuab Sugar Mill, Kanchanaburi, Thailand, 1986-1988.

- Researcher for Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) for biotechnology sub-project on a study entitled, "The development of Thailand's technological capability in industry", 1987-1988.

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- Advisor to National Academy of Sciences, USA on TDRI project, "Future potential of biotechnology in Thailand", June 1992.

- Consultant on microbiology, hygiene and shrimp pathology to Aquastar Co. Ltd., Bangkok, 1988-present.

Scholarships and Awards :

Scholarship, Chris Spencer Foundation, 1961.

Scholarship, University of British Columbia, 1961.

Scholarship, Government of British Columbia, 1961.

Bursary, Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, 1961-1966.

Scholarship for Graduate Study, B.C. Sugar Refining Co., 1966.

President's Research Grant, Simon Fraser University, 1977.

Co-recipient of award for Outstanding Achievement in Applied Science, National Research Council of Thailand, 1986.

Thai Royal Decoration, Commander Third Class, Most Nobel Order of the Crown, 1988.

Thai Royal Decoration, Commander Third Class, Most Exhalted Order of the White Elephant, 1994.

Ajinomoto Lecture Award, Thai Society for Biotechnology, 1997.

Golden Shrimp Award, Surathani Shrimp Farmer’s Association, 1999.

Co-recipient, Thai Toray Science Foundation Science and Technology Award 2000

Co-recipient, Group Technology Development Excellence Award, Thai Foundation for Promotion of Science and Technology under the Patronage of HM King Phumipol Adulyadet, 2003

Honorary PhD., Wulailak University, Nakornsrithammarat, Thaland, 2005

Memberships and Organization Activities :

Asian Fisheries Society.

World Aquaculture Society.

Science Society of Thailand.

Thai Society for Biotechnology.

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Council Member, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society 1992-1995.

Editorial board, Journal of the Science Society of Thailand.

Editorial board, Thai Journal of Biotechnology.

Subject-Editor, Crustacean Diseases, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 1996-present.

Chairman, Shrimp Biotechnology Committee, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, January 1997 to September 2003.

Member, Shrimp Biotechnology Committee, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, October 2003-present.

Member of the Board of Directors and the Technical Committee, Shrimp Culture Research and Development Company Limited, Bangkok, Thailand, August 1996 to 2001.

Member of the FAO/NACA/OIE Regional Working Group for development of technical guidlines on quarantine and health certification for responsible movement of live aquatic animals in Asia, 1997- present.

Member, Thai Academy of Science and Technology Foundation, 2000-present.

Member, Thai Aquatic Animal Health Committee, Thai Department of Fisheries, 2001-present

Organizer for the Special Session on Shrimp Biotechnology, 7th Asian Fisheries Forum, Penang, Malaysia, 30 November to 4 December 2004.

Organizer for the session Shrimp Biosecurity and Health Management at the World Aquaculture Society meeting, Bali, Indonesia, 9-13 May 2005.

Advisor to Thai Department of Fisheries, 2003-present.

Theses and Publications :

1. Flegel, T.W. 1965. Some aspects of conjugation in the genus Tremella Dill. ex Fr. M.Sc. Thesis, University of B.C.

2. Flegel, T.W. 1971. English for science - where do we start? Pasaa (Bulletin of the Central Institute of English Language, Bangkok), 4: 113-120.

3. Flegel, T.W. 1976. Conjugation and growth of Sirobasidium magnum in laboratory culture. Can. J. Bot. 54: 411-418.

4. Flegel, T.W. 1977. The life cycle and sexual physiology of Sirobasidium magnum. Ph.D. Thesis, Simon Fraser University.

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5. Flegel, T.W. 1977. Let's call a yeast a yeast. Can. J. Microbiol. 23: 945-946.

6. Flegel, T.W. 1978. Difference in generation times for mother and daughter cells in yeasts. Can. J. Microbiol. 24: 827-833.

7. Mantangkasombut, P., T.W. Flegel and M. Sundhagul (ed.). 1979. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Global Impacts of Applied Microbiology (GIAM V). Bangkok, 1977. Dept. Microbiol., Mahidol Univ., Bangkok.

8. Flegel, T.W. 1980. Semi-permanent microscope slides of microfungi using a sticky tape technique. Can. J. Microbiol. 26: 551-553.

9. Bhumiratana, A., T.W. Flegel, T. Glinsukon and W. Somporan. 1980. Isolation and analysis of molds from soy sauce koji in Thailand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 430-435.

10. Takada, N., T. Iwashiro, J. Yagyu, A. Bhumiratana, T.W. Flegel and Y. Oshima. 1980. Microflora in various Thai fermented foods. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 1, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 85-91.

11. Flegel, T.W. 1981. The pheromonal control of mating in yeasts and its phylogenetic implication: a review. Can. J. Microbiol. 27: 373-389.

12. Flegel, T.W. 1981. The conjugation process in the jelly fungus Sirobasidium magnum. Can. J. Bot. 59: 929-939.

13. Flegel, T.W. and A. Bhumiratana. 1981. The problematic occurrence of tyrosine crystals in the Thai soy bean paste, tao chieo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 746-751.

14. Impoolsup, A., A. Bhumiratana and T.W. Flegel. 1981. Isolation of alkaline and neutral proteases from Aspergillus flavus var columnaris, a soy sauce koji mold. Appl. Environ. Micribiol. 42: 619-628.

15. Boonchird, C. and T.W. Flegel. 1982. In vitro antifungal activity of eugenol and vanillin against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Can. J. Microbiol. 28: 1235-1241.

16. Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom and S. Kiatpapan. 1982. Indications of ligninolysis by Trichoderma strains isolated from soil during simultaneous screening for cellulase and laccase activity. J. Ferment. Tech. 60: 473-475.

17. Flegel, T.W., A. Bhumiratana, A. Impoolsup, N. Takada, Y. Oshima and H. Okada. 1982. Studies on Aspergillus flavus var columnaris in soy sauce koji. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 2, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 59-63.

18. Impoolsup, A., T.W. Flegel, A. Bhumiratana, Y. Oshima and H. Okada. 1982. Characterization of proteases in soy sauce koji produced in Thailand. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 2, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 217-231.

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19. Noonai, A. and T.W. Flegel. 1982. Biomass production from acid hydrolysate of spent sulfite liquor. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 2, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 33-39.

20. Bhumiratana, A., T.W. Flegel, A. Impoolsup, A. Kaenjak, S. Chancharoensin, A. Shimyo and H. Okada. 1983. Research and development in soy sauce manufacturing technique in Thailand. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 3, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 99-107.

21. Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, A. Bhumiratana and P. Matangkasombut (ed.). 1983. Immobilized microbial enzymes and cells. Proceedings of the Unesco Workshop held in Bangkok, 13-17 December, 1982. Dept. Microbiol., Mahidol University, Bangkok.

22. Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, Y. Thebtaranonth and J. Clardy. 1983. A new antibiotic from Bandonia nigra gen. nov. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 3, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 161-171.

23. Meevootisom, V., T.W. Flegel and Y. Thebtaranonth. 1983. Antibiotics from a Basidiomycete. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 3, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 172-176.

24. Meevootisom, V., P. Somsuk, R. Prachaktam and T.W. Flegel. 1983. Simple screening method for isolation of penicillin acylase producing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46: 1227-1229.

25. Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, Y. Thebtaranonth, Z. Qi-tai and J. Clardy. 1984. A new naphthoquinone antibiotic from a new species of yeast. J. Antibiot. 37: 318-324.

26. Meevootisom, V., T.W. Flegel, T. Glinsukon, N. Sobhon and S. Kiatpapan. 1984. Fungi to upgrade rice straw as a ruminant feed. In Surin Serstamanid (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, p. 148-153.

27. Meevootisom, V., T.W. Flegel, T. Glinsukon, N. Sobhon and S. Kiatpapan. 1984. Screening for and isolation of lignocellulolytic fungi from Thailand for animal feed production. J. Sci. Soc. Thailand. 10: 147-178.

28. Srisodsuk, M. and T.W. Flegel. 1984. Solid state fermentation of water hyacinth for fish food. In Surin Serstamanid (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, p. 154-162.

29. Yunchalard, S., T.W. Flegel and V. Meevootisom. 1984. Single cell protein from a mixed fermentation of unhydrolyzed sulfite liquor. In Surin Serstamanid (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, p. 163-177.

30. Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, T. Glinsukon and C. Manidoon. 1985. Improvements in the feed value of rice straw by fermentation with filamentous fungi. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 4, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 443-451.

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31. Kaenjak, A., A. Shinmyo, T.W. Flegel and A. Bhumiratana. 1985. Strain improvement of Aspergillus flavus var columnaris for soy sauce production. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 4, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 115-123.

32. Theeragool, G., T.W. Flegel and V. Meevootisom. 1985. Penicillin acylase of Bacillus megaterium strain UN-1. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 4, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 148-159.

33. Yunchalard, S., T.W. Flegel and V. Meevootisom. 1985. Mixed microbial protein production from spent sulfite liquor. In Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 4, Internat. Cent. Coop. Res. Devel. Microbial. Eng., Fac. Engineering, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, p. 392-397.

34. Flegel, T.W. 1986. A regional science park for Asia. J. Science Soc. Thailand. 12 :187-193.

35. Kalayanamitr, A., A. Bhumiratana, T.W. Flegel, T. Glinsukon and A. Shinmyo. 1987. Occurrence of toxicity among protease, amylase and color mutants of a nontoxic soy sauce koji mold. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53 : 1980-1982.

36. Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1987. Bioconversion of rice straw into improved animal feed. ASEP Newsletter December 1987. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.

37. Singh, K., T.W. Flegel and J.B. Schiere. 1987. Biological, chemical and physical treatment of fibrous crop residues as animal feed. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

38. Flegel, T.W. 1987. Commercial mushroom production in Thailand. In K. Singh, T. Flegel and J.B. Schiere (ed). Biological, chemical and physical treatment of fibrous crop residues as animal feed. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, p. 160-165.

39. Flegel, T.W. 1988. Yellow-green Aspergillus strains used in Asian soybean fermentations. ASEAN Food. J. 4 : 14-30.

40. Flegel, T.W. 1988. An overview of biological treatment of crop residues. In Kiran Singh and J.B. Shciere (eds) Fibrous crop residues as animal feed: aspects of treatment, feeding, nutrient evaluation, research and extension. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi. pp. 41-45.

41. Bhumiratana, A., T.W. Flegel, N. Lothong and P. Suwanarit. 1988. A manual of soy sauce production for small scale manufacturers in the ASEAN countries. Dept. Biotech., Fac. Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400.

42. Nishida, F., Y. Mori, S. Isobe, T. Furuse, V. Meevootisom, T.W. Flegel and Y. Thebtaranonth. 1988. Structure elucidation of glycosidic antibiotics, glykenins, from Basidiomycetes sp. I. Tetrahedron Lett. 29 : 5289

43. Yuthavong, Y., S. Bhumiratana, C. Chamchong, T.W. Flegel, N. Khantachai, K. Potisombat and J. Komolmit. 1989. Capability development for biotechnology-based industries. Vol. 3 of The development of Thailand's technological capability in industry. Thailand Development Research Institute, Bangkok.

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44. Sathapatayavongs, B., P. Leelachaikul, R. Prachaktam, V. Atichartakan, S. Sriphojanart, P. Trairatvorakul, S. Jirasiritham, S. Nontasut, C. Eurvilaichit and T. Flegel. 1989. Human pythiosis associated with thalassemia hemoglobinopathy syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 159 : 274-280.

45. Flegel, T.W., G. Tharun and Y. Yuthavong (ed). 1990. Biotechnology for small industries in developing countries. Proceedings to the International symposium on application of biotechnology for small industries development in developing countries. Bangkok, Sept. 1988. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok.

46. Yuthavong, Y., S. Bhumiratana, T.W. Flegel, C. Chamchong, N. Khantachai and K. Kritayakirana. 1990. Development of Thailand's technological capability in biotechnology-based industries. In T.W. Flegel, G. Tharun and Y. Yuthavong (ed). 1990. Biotechnology for small industries in developing countries. Proceedings to the International symposium on application of biotechnology for small industries development in developing countries. Bangkok, Sept. 1988. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok.

47. Nishida, F., Y. Mori, N. Rokkaku, S. Isobe, T. Furuse, M. Suzuki, V. Meevootisom, T.W. Flegel and Y. Thebtaranonth. 1990. Structure elucidation of glycosidic antibiotics, glykenins, from Basidiomycetes sp. II. Absolute structures of unusual polyhydroxylated C26-fatty acids, aglycones of glykenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38 (9) : 2381-2389.

48. Flegel, T.W. 1990. Biotechnological inputs needed for shrimp mariculture. In S. Kinoshita and A. Bhumiratana (eds.), Microbial Utilization of Microbial Resources, Vol. 7, Fac. Engineer., Osaka Uiversity, Osaka, pp. 336-347.

49. Nishida, F., Y. Mori, C. Sonobe, M. Suzuki, V. Meevootisom, T.W. Flegel, Y. Thebtaranonth and S. Intararuangsorn. 1991. Structure elucidation of glycosidic antibiotics glykenins from Basidiomycetes sp. III. Structure of glykenin IV. J. Antibiotics 44: 541-545.

50. Fegan, D.F., T.W. Flegel, Siriporn Sriurairatana and Manuschai Waiakrutra. 1991. The occurrence, development and histopathology of monodon baculovirus in Penaeus monodon in Southern Thailand. Aquaculture. 96: 205-217.

51. Cheevadhanarak, S., G. Saunders, D.V. Renno, T.W. Flegel and G. Holt. 1991. Transformation of Aspergillus oryzae with a dominant selectable marker. J. Biotech. 19: 117-122.

52. Cheevadhanarak, S., D.V. Renno, G. Saunders, T.W. Flegel and G. Holt. 1991. Cloning and selective overexpression of an alkaline protease gene of Aspergillus oryzae. Gene 108: 151-155.

53. Flegel, T.W., Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin, D.F. Fegan, M. Guerin and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1992. High mortality of black tiger prawns from cotton shrimp disease in Thailand. In M. Shariff, R.P. Subasinghe and J.R. Arthur (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture I, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, p 181-197.

54. Flegel, T.W., D.F. Fegan, Sumana Kongsom, Sompoach Vuthikornudomkit, Siriporn Sriurairatana, Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin, Chaiyuth Chantanachookhin, Joan E. Vickers and O.D. Macdonald 1992. Occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of shrimp diseases in Thailand. Diseases of penaeid shrimp. In W. Fulks and K.L. Main (eds.), Diseases of

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cultured penaeid shrimp in Asia and the United States, Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, p. 57-112.

55. Asawin, Apinya, Vithaya Meevootisom and T.W. Flegel. 1992. Isolation and characterization of laccase from Trichoderma. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38:198-202.

56. Chantanachookin, Chaiyuth, Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin, Jiraporn Kasornchandra, Sataporn Direkbusarakom, Usanee Ekpanithanpong, Kidchagan Supamataya, Siriporn Siurairatana and T.W. Flegel. 1993. Histology and ultrastructure reveal a new granulosis-like virus in Penaeus monodon affected by "yellow-head" disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17:145-157.

57. Flegel, T.W. and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1993. Black tiger prawn diseases in Thailand. In D.M. Akiyama (ed.) Technical Bulletin AQ39 1993/3, American Soybean Association, #11-03 Liat Towers, 541 Orchard Road, Singapore 0923, pp. 16.

58. Flegel, T.W. and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1994. Shrmp health management: an enironmental approach. In R.P. Subasinghe and M. Shariff (eds) Diseases in aquaculture: the current issues. Malaysian Fisheries Society Publication No. 8. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 1-48.

59. Pasharawipas, T., T.W. Flegel, Sunsanee Chaiyaroj, Skorn Mongkolsuk and Stitaya Sirisinha. 1994. Comparison of amplified RNA gene sequences from microsporidian parasites (Agmasoma or Thelohania) in Penaeus merguiensis and P. monodon. Asian Fisheries Science 7: 169-178.

60. Pasharawipas, T. and T.W. Flegel 1994. A specific DNA probe to identify the intermediate host of a common microsporidian parasite of Penaeus merguiensis and P. monodon. Asian Fisheries Science 7: 157-167.

61. Wongteerasupaya, Chainarong, Joan E. Vickers, Siriporn Sriuraiwatana, Gary L. Nash, Anutara Akarajamorn, Vichai Boonsaeng, Sakol Panyim, Anchalee Tassanakajorn, Boonserm Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel. 1995. A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in Penaeus monodon. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 21: 69-77.

62. Flegel, T.W., D.F. Fegan and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1995. Environmental control of infectious shrimp diseases in Thailand. In M. Shariff, R.P. Subasinghe and J.R. Arthur (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II. Asian Fisheries Soc. 65-79.

63. Flegel, T.W., S. Sriurairatana, C. Wongteerasupaya, V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim and B. Withyachumnarnkul. 1995. Progress in characterization and control of yellow-head virus of Penaeus monodon. In Browdy, C. and S. Hopkins (eds) Swimming through troubled water; Proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming, Aquaculture '95, San Diego, February, 1995, World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 76-83.

64. Wongteerasupaya, C. , S. Sriurairatana, J.E. Vickers, A. Anutara, V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim , A. Tassanakajon and B. Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel. 1995. Yellow-head virus of Penaeus monodon is an RNA virus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 22: 45-50.

65. Flegel, T.W. and T. Pasharawipas. 1995. A proposal for typical eukaryotic meiosis in microsporidians. Can. J. Microbiol. 41: 1-11.

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66. Wongteerasupaya, C. , S. Wongwisansri , V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim, P. Pratanpipat, G.L. Nash, B. Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel. 1996. DNA fragment of Penaeus monodon baculovirus PmNOBII gives positive in situ hybridization with viral ifections in 6 penaeid shrimp species. Aquaculture 143: 23-32.

67. Flegel TW (1996). A turning point for sustainable aquaculture: The white spot virus in Asian shrimp culture. Aquaculture Asia 1: 29-34

68. Pasharawipas, T., T.W. Flegel, S. Sriurairatana and D.J. Morrison. 1997. Latent yellow-head infections in Penaeus monodon and implications regarding disease tolerance or resistance. In T.W. Flegel, P. Menasveta and S. Paisarnrat (eds). Shrimp Biotechnology in Thailand. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand, 45-53.

69. Flegel, T.W., S. Sriurairatana, D.J. Morrison and Napaa Waiyakrutha. 1997. Penaeus monodon captured broodstock surveyed for yellow-head virus and other pathogens by electron microscopy. In T.W. Flegel, P. Menasveta and S. Paisarnrat (eds). Shrimp Biotechnology in Thailand. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand, pp. 37-43.

70. Flegel, T.W., Thanit Kusamran, Kamthorn Kiatpathormchai, Seksun Kaewklum, Sirisak Sukrasem and Tirasak Pasharawipas. 1997. An srRNA-gene fragment for positive control in nucleic acid hybridization tests with Penaeus monodon. In T.W. Flegel, P. Menasveta and S. Paisarnrat (eds). Shrimp Biotechnology in Thailand. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand, 79-84.

71. Flegel, T.W., P. Menasveta and S. Paisarnrat (eds). 1997. Shrimp biotechnology in Thailand. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand, 244 pp.

72. Flegel, T.W. 1996. The white spot virus crisis in Asian shrimp culture. Aquaculture Asia, July-September 1996, Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia (NACA) Newsletter, NACA, Bangkok, p. 29-34.

73. Flegel, T.W. 1997. Special topic review: Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand. World J. Microbiol. Biotech., 13: 433-442.

74. Flegel, T.W., Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin and Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul. 1997. Current status of research on yellow-head virus and white-spot virus in Thailand. In T.W. Flegel and I. MacRae (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Soc, Manila, 285-296.

75. Pasharawipas, T., S. Sriurairatana, T.W. Flegel and V. Thammavit. 1997. Use of DNA in situ hybridization, dot blot hybridization and PCR amplification to study a microsporidian parasite of penaeid shrimp. In T.W. Flegel and I. MacRae (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Soc., Manila, 317-324.

76. Flegel, T.W. and I. MacRae (eds.). 1997. Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. Fish Health

Section, Asian Fisheries Soc., Manila.

77. Wongteerasupaya, C., V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim, A. Tassanakajon, B. Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel. 1997. Detection of yellow-head virus (YHV) of Penaeus monodon by RT-PCR amplification. Dis. Aquatic Org., 31(3): 181-186.

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78. Alday-Sanz, V. and T.W. Flegel. 1997. The risk of introducing yellow-head and white-spot viral infections from Asia to the Americas. CD ROM Paper #1, Congreso Ecuatoriano de Acuicultura, 22-27 October, Guayaquil, Ecuador, pp.9.

79. Mongkolwai T, Assavanig A, Amnajongsiri C, Flegel TW, Bhumiratana A (1997) Technology transfer for small and medium soy sauce fermentation factories in Thailand: a consortium approach. Food Res Int 30:555-563.

80. Kanchanaphum, P., V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim, C. Wongteerasupaya, A. Tassanakajon, B. Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel. 1998. Experimental transmission of white-spot baculo-like virus (WSBV) from crabs to shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Dis. Aquatic Org. 34: 1-7.

81. Flegel, T.W. 1998. Shrimp health management and the environment. In ADB/NACA. Aquaculture sustainability and the environment. Report on a regional study and workshop on aquaculture sustainability and the environment. Asian Development Bank and Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, p. 286-293.

82. Flegel, T.W. and V. Alday-Sanz. 1998. The crisis in Asian shrimp aquaculture: current status and future needs. J. Appl. Icthyol. 14: 269-273.

83. Flegel, T.W. (ed). 1998. Advances in Shrimp Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok.

84. Withyachumnarnkul B, Boonsaeng V, Flegel TW Panyim S, Wongteerasupaya C (1998) Domestication and selective breeding of Penaeus monodon in Thailand. In Flegel TW (ed) Advances in shrimp biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, p. 73-77

85. Alday-Sanz V, Thaikua S, Yousif AN, Albright LJ, Flegel TW (1998) Studies on IgY for passive immunization of shrimp against white spot syndrome virus. In Flegel TW (ed) Advances in shrimp biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, p. 141-145

86. Pasharawipas T, Sriurairatana S, Direkbusarakom S, Donayadol Y, Thaikua S, Ruangpan L, Flegel TW (1998) Luminous Vibrio harveyi associated with tea brown gill syndrome in black tiger shrimp. In Flegel TW (ed) Advances in shrimp biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, p. 213-216

87. Rojlorsakul P, Boonsaeng V, Panbangred W, Suthienkul, Pasharawipas T, Flegel TW (1998) Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp haemolymph by DNA hybridization and PCR amplification. In Flegel TW (ed) Advances in shrimp biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, p. 227-234

88. Flegel TW, Pasharawipas T (1998) Active viral accommodation: a new concept for crustacean response to viral pathogens. In Flegel TW (ed) Advances in shrimp biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, p. 245-250

89. Sritunyalucksana K, Sithisarn P, Withayachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW. 1999. Activation of prophenoloxidase, agglutinin and antibacterial activity in haemolymph of the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, by immunostimulants. Fish Shellfish Immunol 9: 21-30.

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90. Ruangpan, L., Y. Danayadol, S. Direkbusarakom, S. Sriurairatana and T.W. Flegel. 1999. Bacteriophage implicated in mortality of cultivated Penaeus monodon exhibiting tea-brown gill syndrome (TBGS). Dis. Aquat. Org. 135:195-201

91. Flegel, T.W., V. Thamavit, T. Pasharawipas and V. Alday-Sanz. 1999. Statistical correlation between severity of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) infection and stunting of farmed black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Aquaculture 174: 197-206

92. Alday de Graindorge V. and T.W. Flegel. 1999. Diagnosis of shrimp diseases with emphasis on the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. Interactive CD Rom. Multimedia Asia, Bangkok

93. Sukhumsirichart, W., C. Wongteerasupaya, S. Sriurairatana, V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim, B. Withyachumnarnkul, V. Thamavit and T.W. Flegel. 1999. Characterization and PCR detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) from Penaeus monodon in Thailand. Dis. Aquat. Org. 38: 1-10

94. Phromjai, Jurairat, Wasana Sukhumsirichart, C. Pantoja, D.V. Lightner and T.W. Flegel.

2001. Different reactions obtained using the same DNA detection reagents for Thai and

Korean hepatopancreatic parvovirus of penaeid shrimp. Dis Aquat Org. 46: 153-158

95. Flegel, T.W. 2001. The shrimp response to viral pathogens. In Browdy CL, Jory DE (eds) The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture, Aquaculture 2001. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA, p. 190-214

96. Flegel, T.W. 2002. Emerging shrimp diseases and innovations to prevent their spread. In

Lavilla-Pitogo CR, Cruz-Lacierda ER (eds) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture IV. Fish Health

Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, p. 137-150

97. Khanobdee, Kornnika, Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul, Chumporn Soowannayan, T.W.

Flegel and Sukathida Ubol. 2002. Evidence of apoptosis correlated with mortality in tissues of

giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon infected with yellow-head virus. Dis Aquat Org 48:

79-90

98. Flegel, T.W., Tirasak Pasharawipas, Linda Nielsen, Vitaya Thamavit and Suraphol

Kongtim. 2002. Effects of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), monodon baculovirus (MBV)

and multiple viral infections on cultivated shrimp in Thailand. Proceedings of the JSPS-NRCT

international symposium on sustainable shrimp culture and health management diseases and

environment. Tokyo University of Fisheries, p. 29-39

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99. Roekring S, Nielsen L, Owens L, Pattanakitsakul S, Malasit P, Flegel TW (2002)

Comparison of penaeid shrimp and insect parvoviruses suggests that viral transfers may

occur between two distantly related arthropod groups. Virus Research 87: 79-87

100. Phromjai J, Boonsaeng V, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW (2002) Detection of HPV in Thai Penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization and PCR amplification. Dis Aquat Org 51: 227-232

101. Flegel TW, Fegan DF (2002) Strategies for preventing the spread of fish and shellfish diseases. Fisheries Science 68 Supplement 1: 776-788

102. Soowannayan C, Sithigorngul P, Flegel TW (2002) Use of a specific monoclonal antibody to determine tissue tropoism of yellow head virus (YHV) of Penaeus monodon by in situ immunocytochemistry. Fisheries Science 68 Supplement 1: 805-809

103. Sukhumsirichart W, Kiatpathomchai W, Wongteerasupaya C, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW, Boonsaeng V, Panyim S (2002) Detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) infection in Penaeus monodon using PCR-ELIZA. Molecular and Cellular Probes 16: 409-413

104. Flegel TW (2002) An overview of PCR techniques for shrimp disease diagnosis in Asia, with emphasis on Thailand. In Inui Y, Cruz-Lacierda ER (eds) Disease control in fish and shrimp aquaculture in Southease Asia – Diagnosis and husbandry techniques. SEAFDEC, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines, p. 34-64

105. Wongteerasupaya C, Pungchai P, Withyachumnrnkul B, Boonsaeng V, Panyim S, Flegel TW, Walker PJ (2003) High variation in repetitive DNA fragment length for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolates in Thailand. Dis Aquat Org 54: 253-257

106. Withyachumnarnkul B, Boonsaeng V, Chomsoong R, Flegel TW, Muangsin S, Nash GL (2003) Seasonal variation in white spot syndrome virus-positive samples in broodstock and post-larvae of Penaeus monodon in Thailand. Dis Aquat Org 53: 167-171

107. Flegel TW, Pasharawipas T, Owens L, Oakey HJ (2002) Phage induced virulence in the shrimp pathogen Vibrio harveyi. In Aoki T, Musig Y (eds) Proceedings of the JSPS-NRCT international symposium on perspective approaches for environmental and health management in aquaculture, 18 November, Rayong Thailand, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok and Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, pp 74-81

108. Flegel TW, Nielsen L, Sang-oum W. (2003) Outbreaks of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) with exotic Penaeus vannamei cultivated in Thailand. In Aoki T, Musig Y (eds) Proceedings of the JSPS-NRCT international symposium on Comprehensive disease control in aquaculture coping with food safety.15-16 December, Rayong Thailand, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, p. 16-22

109. Soowannayan C, Flegel, TW, Sithigorngul P, Slater J, Hyatt A, Cramerri S, Wise T, Crane MSJ, Cowley JA, Walker PJ (2003) Detection and differentiation of yellow head complex viruses using monoclonal antibodies. Dis Aquat Org 57:193-200

110. Burivong P, Pattanakitsakul S-N, Thongrungkiat S, Malasit P, Flegel TW (2004) Markedly reduced severity of Dengue virus infection in mosquito cell cultures persistently infected with Aedes albopictus densovirus (AalDNV). Virology 329:261-269

111. Flegel TW, Nielsen L, Thamavit V, Kongtim S, Pasharawipas T (2004) Presence of multiple viruses in non-diseased, cultivated shrimp at harvest. Aquaculture 240: 55-68

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112. Sritunyalucksana K, Gangnonngiw W, Archakunakorn S, Fegan D, Flegel TW. 2005. Bacterial clearance rate and a new differential hemocyte staining method to assess immunostimulant activity in shrimp DAO 63:89-94

113. Nielsen L, Sang-oum W, Cheevadhanarak S, Flegel TW (2005) Taura syndrome virus (TSV) in Thailand and its relationship to TSV in China and the Americas. Dis Aquat Org 63:101-106.

114. Flegel, TW (2005) Shrimp parvoviruses. In Bloom ME, Cotmore SF, Linden RM, Parrish CR and Kerr JR (eds) Parvoviruses. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London (in press)

115. Flegel TW, Pasharawipas T, Owens L, Oakey HJ (2005) Phage induced virulence in the shrimp pathogen Vibrio harveyi. In (eds) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, (in press)

116. Satidkanitkul A, Sithigorngul P, Wiwat Sang-oum W, Rukpratanporn S, Siriporn Sriurairatana S, Withayachumnankul B, Flegel TW (2005) Synthethic peptide used to develop antibodies for detection of polyhedrin from monodon baculovirus (MBV). Dis Aquat Org (in press)

117. Pasharawipas T, Thaikua S, Sriurairatana S, Ruangpan L, Direkbusarakum S, Manopvisetcharean J, Flegel TW (2005) Partial characterization of a novel bacteriophage of Vibrio harveyi isolated from shrimp culture ponds in Thailand. Virus Res. (in press)

118. Roekring S, Flegel TW, Kittayapong P, Malasit P (2005) Challenging successive mosquito generations with a densonucleosis virus yields progressive survival improvement but persistent, innocuous infections. Dev. Comp. Immunol. (in press)

Papers Presented at Meetings :

Berry, J.A. and T.W. Flegel. 1967. Properties of a sex hormone of Tremella mesenterica. Annual Meeting Canadian Plant Physiologists, Ottawa, Canada.

Flegel, T.W. 1977. Difference in cell division cycle length for mother and daughter cells in yeasts. Fifth Int. Conf. Global Impacts Appl. Microbiol (GIAM V), Bangkok.

Flegel, T.W. and A. Bhumiratana. 1979. Overproduction of tyrosine in soy bean paste, tao chieo, prepared from controlled cultured koji. Ann. Meeting Sci. Soc. Thailand.

Flegel, T.W. and A. Bhumiratana. 1980. Studies on Aspergillus flavus var columnaris in soy sauce koji. Second ASEAN Workshop on Solid Substrate Fermentation, Kuala Lumpur.

Bhumiratana, A., T.W. Flegel, A. Impoolsup, H. Okada and Y. Oshima. 1980. Isolation and analysis of molds from soy sauce koji in Thailand. First JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Osaka.

Takada, N., T. Iwashiro, J. Yagyu, A. Bhumiratana, T.W. Flegel and Y. Oshima. 1980. Microflora in various Thai fermented foods. First JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Osaka.

Boonchird, C. and T.W. Flegel. 1981. Antifungal activity of eugenol and vanillin against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Second JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Songkhla, Thailand.

Flegel, T.W., A. Bhumiratana, A. Impoolsup, N. Takada Y. Oshima and H. Okada. 1981. Studies on Aspergillus flavus var columnaris in soy sauce koji. Second JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Songkhla, Thailand.

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Impoolsup, A., T.W. Flegel, A. Bhumiratana, Y. Oshima and H. Okada. 1982. Characterization of proteases in soy sauce koji produced in Thailand. Second JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Songkhla, Thailand.

Noonai, A. and T.W. Flegel. 1982. Biomass production from acid hydrolysate of spent sulfite liquor. Second JSPS-NRCT Seminar, Songkhla, Thailand.

Flegel, T.W. 1983. Pheromonal control of mating in Heterobasidiomycete yeasts. Third Int. Mycological Congress, Tokyo.

Flegel, T.W., A. Bhumiratana, A. Impoolsup, A. Kaenjak, T. Glinsukon and A. Shinmyo. 1983. Experiments with soybean fermentation in Thailand. Third International Mycological Congress, Tokyo.

Meevootisom, V., T.W. Flegel, T. Glinsukon, N. Sobhon and S. Kiatpapan. 1984. Fungi to upgrade rice straw as a ruminant feed. Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.

Srisodsuk, M. and T.W. Flegel. 1984. Solid state fermentation of water hyacinth for fish food. Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.

Yunchalard, S., T.W. Flegel and V. Meevootisom. 1984. Single cell protein from a mixed fermentation of unhydrolyzed sulfite liquor. Symposium on Utilization of Rural and Urban Wastes, Environmental Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.

Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, T. Glinsukon, C. Manidoon and N. Sobhol. 1984. Improvements in the feed value of rice straw by fermentation with filamentous fungi. International workshop on relevance of crop residues utilization as animal feeds in developing countries Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Flegel, T.W., V. Meevootisom, T. Glinsukon, C. Manidoon and N. Sobhol. 1984. Improvements in the feed value of rice straw by fermentation with filamentous fungi. 4th NRCT-JSPS Seminar on biotechnology, Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1984. Lignocellulolytic fungi for rural production of animal feeds. Unesco Regional Symposium on Biotechnology, Bangkok and Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1985. Characterization and function of laccase from Trichoderma. BIOFOR International Symposium on Lignin Biodegradation, Vancouver, Canada.

Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1986. Biological treatment of straw for animal feed. International workshop on rice straw and related feeds in ruminant rations, Kandy, Sri Lanka.

Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1986. Biological treatment of straw for animal feed. First ASEAN science and technology week, Kuala Lumpur.

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Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1986. The isolation and characterization of laccase from Trichoderma. Unesco regional workshop on production and utilization of extracellular enzymes. Bangkok.

Yuthavong, Y., S. Bhumiratana, C. Chamchong, T.W. Flegel, N. Khantachai and K. Kritayakirana. 1988. Development of Thailand's technological capability in biotechnology based industries. International symposium on application of biotechnology for small industries development in developing countries, Bangkok

Flegel, T.W. and V. Meevootisom. 1989. Biological treatment of straw for animal feed. Biotechnology for animal feed industry. Dept. Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok.

Flegel, T.W., Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin, D.F. Fegan, M. Guerin and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1990. High mortality of black tiger prawns from cotton shrimp disease in Thailand. Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Bali, Indonesia, 26-29 Nov.

Flegel, T.W. 1990. Biotechnology inputs needed for shrimp mariculture. Second Annual Meeting of the Thai Biotechnology Society, Prince of Songkhla University, Haad Yai, Thailand, 21-23 Dec.

Flegel, T.W. 1991. Impact of fungi on shrimp mariculture. First symposium on mycology in Asia: The applications of fungi in biotechnology. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 29-30 Oct. 1991.

Flegel, T.W., D.F. Fegan, Sumana Kongsom, Sompoach Vuthikornudomkit, Siriporn Sriurairatana, Sitchi Boonyaratpalin, Chaiyuth Chantanachookhin, Joan E. Vickers and O.D. Macdonald 1992. Occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of shrimp diseases in Thailand. Symposium on Diseases of Penaeid Shrimp. Asian Interchange Program, Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, 27 April-1 May 1992.

Vickers, J.E., C.F. Lo, T.W. Flegel, S.N. Chen, S. Sriurairatana, S. Vuthikornudomkij, P.S. Chang, R.J.G. Lester, P.B. Spradbrow and J.M. Pemberton. 1992. Extraction of DNA from purified Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus (MBV) of Taiwan, Thailand and Australia. Annual Meeting Australian Society for Microbiology, Sydney, 12-17 July 1992. Abstract in Australian Microbiologist 13: A194.

Vickers, J.E., J.R. Bonami, P.S. Chang, S.N. Chen, T.W. Flegel, N. Gorman, R.J.G. Lester, C.F. Lo, J. Mari, J.L. Paynter, J.M. Pemberton, P.B. Spradbrow, S. Sriurairatana, S. Vujthikornudomkij and D.V. Lightner. 1992. Development of DNA probes for Australian and Asian MVB (Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus). Fourth Asian Fisheries Forum, Singapore, October 1992.

Flegel, T.W. 1991. Impact of fungi on shrimp mariculture. Workshop on Fungi in symposium on mycology in Asia: The applications of fungi in biotechnology. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 29-30 Oct. 1991.

Flegel, T.W. and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1993. Shrimp health management: an environmental approach. Keynote address at the Seminar on Diseases in Aquaculture: the Current Issues, Malaysian Fisheries Society, Kuala Lumpur, 6 February.

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Flegel, T.W. , D.F. Fegan and Siriporn Sriurairatana. 1993. Shrimp health management: an environmental approach. Second Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Phuket, Thailand, 25-29 October, 1993.

Pasharawipas, T. and T.W. Flegel. 1993. DNA comparisons indicate that microsporidians from the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus merguiensis and P. monodon are conspecific. Conference on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture 2, Phuket, Thailand, 25-29 October, 1993.

Pasharawipas, T. and T.W. Flegel 1993. A specific DNA probe to identify the intermediate host of a common microsporidian parasite of Penaeus merguiensis and P. monodon. Conference on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture 2, Phuket, Thailand, 25-29 October, 1993.

Sritunyalucksana, Kallaya and T. W. Flegel. 1993. Isolation and characterization of bacteriocidins from the hemolymph of the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Conference on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture 2, Phuket, Thailand, 25-29 October, 1993.

Flegel, T.W., S. Sriurairatana, C. Wongteerasupaya, V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim and B. Withyachumnarnkul. 1995. Progress in characterization and control of yellow-head virus of Penaeus monodon. Invited paper at World Aquaculture Society meeting, San Diego, February, 1995.

Flegel, T.W. 1995. Development of nucleic acid probes for application in promoting sustainable shrimp aquaculture. International Conference on Biotechnology Research and Applications for Sustainable Development, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 7-10 August, 1995.

Flegel, T.W. 1996. Shrimp health management and the environment. Regional Study and Workshop on Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment, Beijing, 6-12 October, 1995.

Flegel, T.W., Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin and Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul. 1997. Current status of research on yellow-head virus and white-spot virus in Thailand. Third Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 29 Jan.-Feb. 4, 1996.

Flegel, T.W. 1996. Development and use of DNA diagnostic probes for sustainable shrimp aquaculture in Thailand. Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology: Issues and choices. Hua Hin, Thailand, 10-15 November, 1996.

Flegel, T.W. 1996. Economically important diseases of Penaeus monodon. Seminar on white spot and yellowhead virus diseases in shrimp and sustainability of shrimp farms. Sri Lanka Export Development Board, Waikal, Sri Lanka 19-20 November, 1996.

Flegel, T.W. 1997. Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand. International Workshop on New Approaches to Viral Diseases of Aquatic Animals, organized by the National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Nansei, Watarai, Mie 516-01 Japan and held at Kyoto, 21-24 January, 1997.

Flegel, T.W. 1997. Progress in the diagnosis and control of yellow-head virus (YHV) and white-spot virus (WSV). World Aquaculture ’97, World Aquaculture Society, Seattle, Washington, 19-23 February, 1997.

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Flegel, T.W. and Tirasak Pasharawipas. 1997. Progress in the use of a DNA probe to study Agmasoma penaei, a microsporidian parasite of penaeid shrimp. 10th International Congress of Protozoology, University of Sydney, Australia 21-25 July, 1997.

Flegel, T.W. 1997. Biotechnology for shrimp disease research in Thailand. Ajinomoto Lecture, Annual Meeting of the Thai Society for Biotechnology, Suratnaree University, Korat, Thailand, 18-20 November, 1997.

Flegel, T.W. 1997. Shrimp diseases and the environment I and II. Annual Meeting of the Australian Prawn Farmers Association (APFA), Brisbane, Australia, 25-27 July, 1997.

Flegel, T.W. 1999. The problem of HPV and MBV. Annual Meeting of the Surathani Shrimp Farmer’s Association, Surathani, Thailand, 6-7 February, 1999.

Flegel, T.W. 1999. An overview of prawn viral disease work in Thailand: PCR for shrimp disease diagnosis. Workshop on “Molecular diagnostics for shrimp viruses in the Asian region”, Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Salaya, Thailand, 10-13 February, 1999.

Flegel, T.W. 1999. Shrimp disease research in the development of farm-based shrimp health management programmes. World Aquaculture Society, Sydney Australia, 26 April-2 May, 1999.

Flegel, T.W. 2000. Aquaculture health management. Panel member, Aquaculture in the 3rd Millenium, 19-24 February, Bangkok, FAO.

Flegel, T.W. 2000. Update on in PCR for shrimp disease diagnosis in Thailand. Workshop on “Molecular diagnostics for shrimp viruses in the Asian region II”, Salaya, Thailand, 21-24 March, Australian Center for International Agricultural Research.

Flegel, T.W. 2000. The impact of MBV and HPV on shrimp aquaculture. Annual Meeting Australian Shrimp Farmers Association, 28-29 July, Brisbane.

Flegel, T.W. 2000. Biotechnology for the shrimp industry. Annual meeting, Thai Soc. for Biotechnology, 31 October-2 November, Felix Hotel, Kanchanaburi.

Flegel, T.W. 2000. The shrimp response to viral pathogens. 2nd National Symposium on Marine Shrimp, 23-25 November, Phuket, Department of Fisheries and BIOTEC

Flegel, T.W. 2001. The shrimp response to viral pathogens. Aquaculture 2001, 21-25 January, Orlando, World Aquaculture Soc.

Flegel, T.W. 2001. Opinion on solutions to solve the problem with WSSV, 17-18 February,

Annual Shrimp Day, Surathani Shrimp Farmers Club.

Flegel, T.W., Tirasak Pasharawipas, Linda Nielsen, Vitaya Thamavit and Suraphol Kongtim.

2001. Effects of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), monodon baculovirus (MBV) and multiple

viral infections on cultivated shrimp in Thailand. JSPS-NRCT international symposium on

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sustainable shrimp culture and health management diseases and environment, 30 September,

Tokyo University of Fisheries.

Flegel, T.W. and D.F. Fegan. 2001. Strategies for the prevention of fish and shellfish

diseases. 70th Anniversary International Commerative Symposium, Japanese Society of

Fisheries Science, 1-5 October, Yokohama, Japanese Soc. Fisheries Science.

Flegel, T.W. and D.F. Fegan. 2001. Strategies for the prevention of fish and shellfish

diseases. 3rd National Symposium on Marine Shrimp. 8-9 November, Bangkok, Department of

Fisheries and BIOTEC.

Flegel, T.W. 2001. Diagnostic practices for shrimp viral diseases in Thailand. Disease control

in fish and shrimp aquaculture in Southeast Asia – Diagnosis and husbandry techniques, 4-6

December, Iloilo, Philippines, SEAFDEC.

Flegel, T.W. 2002. Risks of spreading shrimp pathogens though live aquatic animal

movement. Workshop on Capacity and awareness building on import risk analysis (IRA) for

aquatic animals, 1-6 April, Network of Aquacultue Centers in Asia.

Flegel, T.W. and Fegan, D.F. 2002. Marine shipping – could ballast water and hull fouling be a formite for disease transmission? World Aquaculture 2002, 23-27 April, Beijing, World Aquaculture Soc.

Flegel, T.W. 2002. The development of PCR and other diagnostic tests for control of viral

diseases of shrimp in Thailand. Expert consultation on rapid diagnosis of shrimp viral

diseases. Marine Products Export Development Agency & Indian Council of Agricultural

Research, 12-14 June, Chennai, India.

Flegel TW, Pasharawipas T, Owens L, Oakey HJ. 2002. Phage induced virulence in the

shrimp pathogen Vibrio harveyi. 4th Annual Marine Shrimp Symposium, BIOTEC and Dept.

Fisheries, 18-19 November, Rayong, Thailand and Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Fish

Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, 25-28 November, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia

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Flegel, TW. 2003. Problematic transfer of viruses between Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus

monodon in Thailand. 13 Annual Black Tiger Shrimp Day, Surathani Shrimp Farmer’s

Association, Surathani Thailand, 29-30 March.

Flegel, TW. 2003. Problematic transfer of viruses amongst penaeid shrimp. Aquamarkets

2003. Accessing markets and fulfilling market requirements of aquatic products. Network of

Aqauaculture Centers in Asia Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 2-6 June.

Gaannontgeew W, Sritunyalucksana K, Archakunakorn S, Fegan, DF, Flegel TW. 2003.

Bacterial clearance and a new hemocyte staining method to measure yeast immunostimulant

activity in shrimp. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok, Thailand

22-25 September.

Sritunyalucksana K, Srisala J, Taweetangtrakul A, Flegel TW. 2003 Comparison of PCR

testing methods for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections in penaeid shrimp. Asian

Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok, Thailand 22-25 September.

Chayaburakul K, Nash G, Pratanpipat P, Flegel TW, Sriurairatana S, Withyachumnarnkul B.

2003. Multiple pathogens found in growth-retarded black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

cultivated in Thailand. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok,

Thailand 22-25 September.

Roekring S, Flegel TW, Kittayapong P. 2003. Adaptive tolerance to viral pathogens in

mosquitoes and shrimp. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok,

Thailand 22-25 September.

Molthathong S, Flegel TW. 2003. Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) inhibition in the lymphoid organ of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok, Thailand 22-25 September.

Sang-oum W, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW, Lightner DV. 2003. A new type of yellow head virus (YHV) detected in growth-retarded shrimp from Thailand. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok, Thailand 22-25 September.

Flegel TW, Nielsen L, Sang-oum W. 2003. Outbreaks of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) with exotic Penaeus vannamei cultivated in Thailand. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2003, World Aquaculture Soc., Bangkok, Thailand 22-25 September.

Flegel TW. 2004. The special danger of viral pathogens in translocated shrimp. Building capacity to combat impacts of aquatic invasive alien species and associated trans-boundary

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pathogens in ASEAN countries. NACA/FAO Workshop, Penang, Malaysia, 12-16 July, 2004.

Flegel TW. 2004. The advantage of persistent viral infections (viral accommodation) in crustaceans and other arthropods. Annual Meeting of the European Aquaculture Society, Barcelona, Spain, 20-23 October, 2004.

Flegel TW. 2004. Shrimp Disease Research Activities in Thailand. ASEM Aquaculture Platform workshop on Aquaculture Animal Health Improvement, Hotel Husa Oriente, Barcelona, 24-26 October 2004.

Flegel TW. 2004. Persistent viral infection (viral accommodation) reduces the severity of disease in crustaceans and other arthropods. Special Session on Shrimp Biotechnology, 7 Asian Fisheries Forum, Penang, Malaysia 30 November to 4 December 2004.

Flegel TW. 2005. Disease issues related to Penaeus vannamei importation. Workshop on P. vannamei in Vietnam. Ministry of Fisheries, SR Vietnam, Fortuna Hotel, Hanoi, 4-5 April, 2005.

Flegel TW, Withyachumnarnkul B. 2005. Research progress on monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) in Thailand. World Aquaculture Society meeting, Bali, Indonesia, 9-13 May 2005.

Flegel TW. 2005. Special precautions needed in the transboundary movement of crustaceans for aquaculture. World Aquaculture Society meeting, Bali, Indonesia, 9-13 May 2005.

Flegel TW. 2005. Major pathogens of cultivated shrimp and strategies for their control. In symposium on Diseases of Commercial Significance, at the 6th International Crustacean Congress, Glasgow, UK, 18-22 July, 2005.

Post Graduate Students Graduated :

1981 Chuenchit Boonchird (M.Sc.), Adisak Noonai (M.Sc.)

1983 Malee Srisodsuk (M.Sc.)

1984 Sirinda Yunchalard (M.Sc.), Anisa Kaenjak (M.Sc.)

1985 Ganjana Theeragool (M.Sc.)

1986 Taweelat Vichitsoonthonkul (M.Sc.)

1991 Supaporn Cheevadhanarak (Ph.D.)

1994 Tirasak Pasharawipas (Ph.D.)

1995 Kallaya Sritunyalucksana (M.Sc.)

1996 Prasert Rojlorsakul (M.Sc.), Chun Ter Kuo (M.Sc.)

1999 Jurairat Phromjai (M.Sc)

2000 Chumporn Soowannayan (M.Sc.)

2001 Kallaya Sritunyalucksana (Ph.D.)

2002 Srisombat Wannaying (M.Sc.), Tosapol Chatvarapitag (M.Sc.)

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2003 Orapim Puiprom (M.Sc.)

2004 Krit Khemayan (M.Sc.), Attaphon Satidkanitkul (M.Sc.), Songsak Roekring (Ph.D.)

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