Prof. Younghee Lee

Computer Networks Lecture 13: Future Networks

Prof. Younghee Lee

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – Survey [1] Findings: agree

– Some 66% of the experts agreed that at least one devastating attack will occur in the next 10 years on the networked information infrastructure or the country’s power grid

– 59% of these experts agreed with a prediction that more government and business surveillance will occur as computing devices proliferate and become embedded in appliances, cars, phones, and even clothes.

– 57% of them agreed that virtual classes will become more widespread in formal education and that students might at least occasionally be grouped with others who share their interests and skills, rather than by age.

– 56% of them agreed that as telecommuting and home-schooling expand, the boundary between work and leisure will diminish and family dynamics will change because of that.

– 50% of them believe that anonymous, free, music file-sharing on peer-to-peer networks will still be easy to perform a decade from now.

[1] “In a survey, technology experts and scholars evaluate where the network is headed in the next ten years”, 202-419-4500 http://www.pewinternet.org/ , January 9, 2005

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – Survey [1]

Findings: disagree– Just 32% of these experts agreed that people would use the internet

to support their political biases and filter out information that disagrees with their views. Half the respondents disagreed with or disputed that prediction.

– Only 32% agreed with a prediction that online voting would be secure and widespread by 2014. Half of the respondents disagreed or disputed that idea.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – Survey [1] Findings: In the emerging era of the blog, experts believe the internet will

bring yet more dramatic change to the news and publishing worlds. They predict the least amount of change to religion.

– Connections across media, entertainment, advertising, and commerce» Google and Starbucks have a chance to build all-new new distribution models

– Health care is approximately 10 years behind» boom in the next 10 years

– Government will be forced to become increasingly transparent, – Digitization and the Internet make for a potent brew

» In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes in their own reality show

– Hyperlinks subvert hierarchy. – The ‘always-on’ internet, combined with computers talking to computers– The next decade should see the development of a more thoughtful internet.

We've had the blood rush to the head, we've had the hangover from that blood rush; this next decade is the rethink.”

– The dissemination of information will increasingly become the dissemination of drivel.

» As more and more ‘data’ is posted on the internet, there will be increasingly less ‘information

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – Survey [1] Findings: Experts are both in awe and in frustration about the

state of the internet. They celebrate search technology, peer-to-peer networks, and blogs; they bemoan institutions that have been slow to change. – What dimensions of online life in the past decade have caught them

by surprise?» Pleasant surprises: These experts are in awe of the development of the

Web and the explosion of information sources on top of the basic internet backbone. They also said they were amazed at the improvements in online search technology, the spread of peer-to-peer networks, and the rise of blogs.

» Unpleasant surprises: The experts are startled that educational institutions have changed so little, despite widespread expectation a decade ago that schools would be quick to embrace change. They are unhappy that gaps exist in internet access for many groups – those with low income, those with lower levels of educational attainment, and those in rural areas. And they still think there is a long way to go before political institutions will benefit from the internet.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Revised summary in terms of technology

– Broadband networks: core (fiber) + access (wireless)– Rethinking the Internet: improved or new one?

» Security» Network management..

– Ubiquitous computing» Smart device, smart space

– Dissemination networks» Content based networks

– Web based services: Good surprise: » Web + explosion of information sources

Search technology, P2P, blog» What about ad hoc environment or weakly connected environment?

– Applications: summary » Media (news, publishing, IPTV..), entertainment, advertising, commerce,

telecommuting, home schooling, p2p» Need more efforts: Healthcare, Education, information divide » Less impact: politics, on-line voting, religions..

Future Internet Services: summary

Prof. Younghee Lee

Services Service? [5]

– Telco view: » end user pays for» provided using communication infrastructure

– Internet view:» An executing component » is accessed using a communication infrastructure» Composition forms a hierarchy of services and applications

Need to change the concept of communication infrastructure to enlarge the communication market– Sharable => can be composed with various service elements for application– Service software infrastructure => sharable – Network virtualization, Service virtualization

Service Market of enabled by SOA, web services and Web 2.0 [5]– By 2011, 63% of products in the software infrastructure market and 56% in the software

application market will support web services and ‘Web 2.0’ technologies– The worldwide software market for service-oriented architecture(SOA), web services and

Web 2.0 will grow from $41 billion to $142 billion from 2006 through 2011(CAGR 28%)– The worldwide application software market enabled by SOA, web services and Web 2.0

will grow from $17.2 billion to $76.2 billion from 2006 through 2011.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – wireless [4]

The Internet is becoming wireless– Laptop sales exceeded desktop PC sales in July 2003– By 2015, # wireless Internet terminals >> # wired!– Laptops, cell-phones, PDA’s, Embedded devices (sensors, actuators,

RFID,…)– Wireless access networks must scale and handle new types of

devices (sensors, etc.)

Internet Architecture– IPv6, QoS, Mobile IP.. : deployment problems– B-ISDN, 3G ?– Need to encourage bottom-up transformation without loss of

investment in legacy system» Evolutionary strategy» New approaches to protocol standards» Economic incentives for deployment

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services – wireless [4] Mobile data

– Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff), mobile IPv6, Multicasting, IP multicast, Security, Wireless TCP: R&D during 90’s

Mobile P2P– Router mobility, delayed delivery, caching and opportunistic data delivery (in

network storage), content-aware/location-aware data delivery MANET Sensors: Applications:

– Highway safety: accident prevention» Opportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and cars, tight real-time and reliability

constraints

– Assisted Living» Emergency event triggers interaction between object sensors and body sensors and initiate

external communication: Heterogeneous ad-hoc network, Sensors used to detect events and specify location, Real-time communication with care provider

– Overlay services» used for content distribution or dynamic binding between sensor devices and servers, agents,

end-users Use of XML or similar content descriptor

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services Characteristics

– User Centric Service Network: Personalization– 1 to n, n to n Data dissemination– Peer-to-Peer/Ad-hoc Information dissemination– Heterogeneous devices for various services and information

Constraints of today’s Internet services– Not reflect user’s preference at network level– Limitation of TCP/IP– Need binding information prior to the communication

between the nodes– IP address based routing

» Do not directly related with service provider/requester» Service based routing between Service requester – service provider

Prof. Younghee Lee

Context aware service in other future internet initiatives

Projects in NSF NeTS FIND– “A Geometric Stack for Location-Aware Networking”

» New geometric stack for enabling general purpose spatial communications

– “Service-Centric End-to-End Abstractions for Network Architecture”

» Services can be specified by end-systems, mapped to resources inside the network, and controlled during their operation.

– “An Internet Architecture for User-Controlled Routes”» An Internet architecture that enables users or their end-systems to select

the paths their packets take through the network.

– “CABO: Concurrent Architectures are Better Than One”» Allows a service provider to operate multiple virtual networks, each of

which is tailored to a specific application

Prof. Younghee Lee

Context aware service in other future internet initiatives (cont.)

EC FP7 Work Programme 2007-08– Target outcome of “Objective ICT-2007.1.1: The

Network of the Future”» a) Ubiquitous network infrastructures and architectures supporting: …;

iv) context awareness;

– Target outcome of “Objective ICT-2007.1.2: Service and Software Architectures, Infrastructures and Engineering”

» a) Service architectures, platforms, technologies, methods and tools that enable context awareness and discovery, advertising, personalization and dynamic composition of services.

Prof. Younghee Lee

ICT-FET: ICT- Future Emerging Technologies Pervasive Adaptation: IST-2007.8.2: 17 M€

– Key features:» Self-adapting software, hardware, protocols, architectures, …» Massively scalable, Capable of adapting to highly dynamic contexts» Autonomous adaptation strategies (bio-inspired, stochastic, ...)» Multidisciplinary, human-centric research

– Evolve-able pervasive systems» From short term adaptation to long term Evolution» To robustly respond to dynamically changing environments, operating conditions..

– Networked societies of artefacts» From local autonomy to collaborative systems» Cooperatively attempting goals with society-like behaviour» Beyond localising and recognising other artefacts: adapting to each others and to

changing needs helping others to adapt to yourself» For context-sensitive service delivery in rapidly changing environments

– Adaptive security and dependability, Dynamicity of trust, Security for tiny and massively networked devices

Pervasive Adaptation: FP7 EU [3]

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services

Characteristics [1], [5], [6] – Nomadic access, always on experience– Real time Internet services: end to end QoS– From free-of-charge access to value-based transactions

» collaborative services emerge and the distinction between producers and consumers becomes blurred.

» some business models will be based on payment for services, others on payment by third parties, e.g. advertisers.

» Service brokers will form supermarket, where consumers can pick and choose and compose their personalized service

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services

Characteristics [1], [5], [6] – Creating trust: trusted and secure system– Simplification of the user interface

» An intuitive, easy-to-access user interface across a wide range of devices.

» The open system that users can combine services offered from several domains to compose new personalised ad-hoc services

– User empowerment: applications built on-demand by non-IT experts. (Demand rather than supply driven)

» transition to a world of user generated content and services» User: Consumers as suppliers» The creation and governance of applications of service-oriented

infrastructures» New language and design paradigms, tools, and interfaces for

empowering unskilled people

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future Internet Services

Characteristics [1], [5], [6] (continued)– Increased machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction:

» Significant part of the growth of internet usage» Need for standard low-cost, always-on ubiquitous network

access and secure, efficient (i.e. low-bandwidth) and time-sensitive protocols

– Evolvability and Adaptability» dynamically assembled and characterized by the ability to re-

configure themselves to accommodate unforeseen events

– Innovation» emerging business models and discover new possibilities

Prof. Younghee Lee

Challenges [5] High-level Service Description Languages

– powerful abstraction constructs to enable stakeholders to describe service-based applications in terms of what they require.

– allowing all kinds of parties to develop– Process execution language, e.g., BPEL.

» hard procedure that requires formally trained software developer

– High-level process fragments to facilitate reuse– For complex composite service-based applications– High-level language support for adaptation

Service Design Theories– To deal with large scale, dynamic, global reach and open service-

enabled applications and systems: Modelling Languages,– To provide suitable interfaces to allow runtime testability and

debugability.: Extended service interfaces

Prof. Younghee Lee

Challenges[5] Service Domains

– To understand dynamic problem domains, and to incorporate domain knowledge

» Models of dynamic problem domains

– Problem domain aware reasoning and search techniques» Future service discovery mechanisms must take knowledge about the

problem domain into account» Now: precise queries + domain knowledge from search engines such as

Google. » In the future: automated discovery => tightly coupled with problem domain

knowledge: large scale context aware semantic service discovery» problem domain knowledge could be retrieved from diverse sources (from

Wikipedia pages to domain-specific reference models)

– Domain specific composition and monitoring technologies» Natural language parsing techniques to be applied to match formal and

informal service queries to informal problem domain descriptions such as Wikipedia.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Challenges[5]

Service Platforms– virtualize vast numbers of heterogeneous computing systems and

resources: to share– flexibility to adapt to application-specific and contextual needs:

preserving QoS and SLAs.– Customization support:

» provide an application-specific response by discovering, coordinating and composing independent matching services in a dynamic manner

» optimize itself in accordance with the specific application requirements

Service Quality – to guarantee that appropriate end-to-end quality of service

» Dynamic quality assurance

» Run-time assurance of service quality and service-level-agreements

Prof. Younghee Lee

Challenges[5]

Software Service Life Cycle for

– open service networks that is spontaneous ad-hoc procedures– Change-oriented life cycle (from development => deployment)

» barriers between development (with testing) and deployment will blur: quantifiable real-time performance, and maintaining the temporal validity of data

– Software resource discovery, self-deployability and self-adaptability» dynamic discovery

» dynamic near-optimal allocation of heterogeneous resources

» end-to-end real-time QoS and SLA

» “intelligent” matchmakers

Prof. Younghee Lee

Challenges

Service architecture for highly reliable and secure service– Dynamic description technique based on pi-Calculus– Quality control – User centric context aware seamless service architecture– Media service and content oriented Internet service

Dynamic service creation technology based on Product line– User centric service creation– Service discovery for user’s context or user’s preference – Description and inference of user’s preference

Service based on Ambient Intelligence – Self adaptive service infra– Distributed system architecture of intelligence

Testbed system for development of future Internet services

Prof. Younghee Lee

Internet requirements [2]

Openness Scalability: use a platform which integrates billions or

trillions of entities Dynamicity and proactiveness: adapt to changing

scenarios and contexts No central control and governance: Partial predictability

Prof. Younghee Lee

IT – Telco – Media convergence [2]

Telco: getting increasingly open to new services ISP, P2P WEB 2.0 (3.0) :

– individuals take an active ‘producer’ role– services become community-centric.

Telcos are migrating to IP-based system (IMS)– to increase average revenue per user– However, the IMS is too complex to permit the rapid and low cost

application development => need simpler and powerful solution Telco 2.0

– software development kits (SDKs) to open their networks to other service providers to create federations

Prof. Younghee Lee

IT – Telco – Media convergence [2]

Difference between telco and web models– Telco: traditional platforms (Service Delivery Platforms) and business

models (e.g. customers pay for services)» looking for “killer” distributed service platforms to allow them to provide

services more flexibly

» Platforms for integrating the concept of web-as-a-platform

» Providing and operating service platforms rather than just infrastructure.

– Web model: based on web-as-a-platform and alternative business models (e.g. advertisers pay)

Telcos are investing in service-oriented architectures (SOAs) Convergence between IT and media

– Web 2.0 and IPTV

Prof. Younghee Lee

IT – Telco – Media convergence [2]

Key application domain: digital home (using IMS), urban ? (public space)

software-as-a-service (SaaS) The next step: applications as services: natural one for telco Telco: Instead of viewing service platforms as add-ons, on

top of network => standardised platform for service provision

Prof. Younghee Lee

IT – Telco – Media convergence [2]

Key to success? To survive or IT booming– Virtualisation of resources: Key cornerstone for

convergence» Network virtualisation: a solution for the telco carriers to open their

networks» Virtualisation of service platforms: same service to be developed

once and executed on top of different platforms. » Virtualisation of real objects : such as sensor networks, to be

located, identified and, when applicable, operated over the internet.

» And virtualisation of end-users

– Need to expand the market: many new service paradigm

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service Scenarios [7] future retail :

– to run a new retail store. Evaluating a suitable location for the store running a simulation with different providers

– Census data from local market data from a research institute paying for the simulation only based on the time that you use it

future health-care– Enjoying Paris as a tourist in your car, sudden accident occurs.– The car automatically alerts police and ambulance and reports

the location of the accident.– The closest available ambulance picks you up. Your medical

records are being downloaded, analysed, translated into French future service creation

– do not have to run your own small sized data-center, basic services..– not worrying about scalability or seasonal peaks– the execution of your services will happen somewhere in the Internet

and you are billed only on actual usage.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service Architecture [8]

Service oriented architecture – Current services emphasis assumes Internet cannot be changed. – What if we can do services and Internet together in a clean slate

way? – Internet does more than packet delivery

» Information dissemination» Integration of sensor networks: Data aggregation, data-oriented

connectivity and search» Virtualization: service customization, resource allocation & isolation» SILO

Technology driven cross layer architecture– Technologies offer new capabilities: how to exploit them?

» Optical networks: dynamic circuits and topologies» Cognitive radios: flexible use of spectrum, dynamic topologies» Location awareness

– Challenge and opportunity: how to create a workable architecture

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service and software: FP7 EU [9]Projects & Service Framework

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service and software: FP7 EU [2]

Service platforms: – automatic service discovery, description, composition and

negotiation – SLA management and QoS, access rights and customer charging. – Service aggregation platforms

Service engineering – Methods and tools to enable faster development and support the

evolution of higher-quality lower-cost services.

Service Front Ends– High-level, functionality-aware, network agnostic infrastructure– Exposure of user session state information (including the provision

of session management API)– Service brokering functions for the seamless blending of services.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service and software: FP7 EU [2]

Virtualised service delivery platforms– Virtualisation of service platforms– same service to be developed once and executed on top of

different platforms

Service platforms to manage opportunities for real-time multimedia.

SOA-Grid coupling to extend SOA for enterprise, embedded, pervasive and real-time systems and provide technology-independent standards for interoperability.

End-to-end solutions for instant, context-aware and personalised service creation

Prof. Younghee Lee

Unifying Reference Architectures [9]

Extending SOA for embedded, pervasive and real-time systems

Technology-independent standards for interoperability (e.g., Service Component Architecture (SCA); and a standardised enterprise service bus)

Advanced middleware (Grids, P2P, virtualisation) Dependability, security and trust; Means for mapping business processes to IT processes.

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service Oriented Architecture The concept of objects => replaced by the concept of

services S/W system that provides services to other applications

through publish and discoverable interface Composition of services Use of web services

Prof. Younghee Lee

Open service platform [10]

Prof. Younghee Lee

Service Description, Discovery and Composition [5]

User specification of required services Service creation by users

– Potential for intelligent agents in helping to compose new services based on user profile

– Base services available in different platforms– Mechanisms through which to match, negotiate and come to

acceptable solutions

Requirements for semantic technology– Semantic interoperability is necessary so that service data and

information can not only be exchanged but also understood– How to provide intelligence to the network – Distributed ontologies (or ‘folksonomies’: user generated taxonomy)

Prof. Younghee Lee

Security

A context aware middleware Service user/applications

Future Network

Service interaction protocollocation context

User Preference,User Context

Semantic service/resources discovery/composition

User context

Context manager

Service provider/resources

Service/Info. Dissemination

RoutingUnicast/Anycast/Multicast/Broadcast functions

Dynamic Group Interaction

Routing

Context info

...

Generic Routing Protocol

Requirements of service interaction

Composed service

Location, network context

User Query/Response

Service/Info.

Service Context

…

Priv

acy

Pro

tectio

n

Secu

rity

Prof. Younghee Lee

New Networks for future services

Active Networks, programmable routers Content Routers for data dissemination Data oriented networks Networks with SoA concepts: SILO Role based architecture

– a non-layered protocol

paradigm

Prof. Younghee Lee

SILO [12]

Services are defined generically at a typically fine level of granularity– E.g. in-order delivery, or CRC or flow control

Created dynamically by the SILO control agent per application request out of methods, on-demand

Some common silo recipes can exist to replicate e.g. TCP/IP Explicit cross-layer control and optimization by the control

agent Ontology Construction Agent, Management Agent, Tuning Agent Universe of Services Storage

Prof. Younghee Lee

SILO [12]

File Xfer

PHY

Ordered delivery

Encryption

Reliable delivery

Error detection

Expedited forwarding

Forwarding

File Xfer

ForwardingForwarding

Switch

VoIP (secure) VoIP (secure)

Other service ...

Prof. Younghee Lee

Conclusion

Expand Internet Service Market– New Service paradigm on resources, Prosumer,

virtualization

SOA, Web services, GRID, P2P Context aware services New network Architecture

– Programmable router, SOA type network services, Content based networks, Data oriented networks

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future of the Internet?

The Internet– 1st Jan 1983. === Flag day

– ARPAnet switched from NCP to TCP/IP– About 400 machines need to switch.

– As the Internet get bigger, it get much harder to change : Flag day?– Maybe we reach to almost the summit of the networking system

based on the paradigm of the Internet which are “distributed control, stateless,….”

Evolution?– New requirements: mobility, security, NM, content dissemination…– Small improvement, higher cost, complexity…

Future of the Internet?: No revolutionary technologies [5]– Optimistic view: many new challenges for disruptive technologies– Pessimistic view: networking research is at the end– Realistic? View: continuous evolution and change

We’re here

The Internet paradigm

Future Network?

Prof. Younghee Lee

Future of the Internet? Vision

– Virtual world, virtualization of network– Connectivity oriented network -> content oriented network– Service creation by consumer : producer– Context aware networking: user context, environment context– Mobile Internet, multi-sensory information– Virtual real world with emotion [6]

[5]

Prof. Younghee Lee

References

[1] Mike Papazoglou, Klaus Pohl “Longer term research challenges in Software & Services”, Jan2008

[2] “The Future Internet: A Services and Software Perspective”, Draft to be reviewed by a working group in Bled Feb 2008 FP7 EU

[3] “ICT-FET FP7 Work Programme: Extract from Work Programme 2007 for ICT – Information and Communication Technologies under FP7”, 2007 EU

[4] Mario Gerla, “New Service and Architecture Requirements for the Future Internet: The Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Network Perspective” based on the NSF WMPG report, Rutgers, Oct 2005, CCW OCT 2005

[5] “Expert Group on Services in the Future Internet, Consultation Meeting”, Brussels 12th November 2007 Directorate-General Information Society & Media, EC

[6] 김도현 , 이영희 , “ 미래 인터넷 서비스 기술 ,” 한국통신학회지 ( 정보와통신 ) 제 25 권 제 3 호 , 2008. 3.

[7] NESSI Strategic Research Agenda, Vol. 3.FP7-2.exec, NESSI Roadmap. Public -Version 29, February 2008

[8]: GENI: Global Environment for Networking Innovations, “To Reinvent the Internet”, Guru Parulkar, CISE/NSF, Nov. 2006

[9] http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/ssai/internet-services_en.html

[10] NEXOF-RA Project 216446, FP7 EU May, 2008

[11] Chris Brealey, “SOA Research Challenges:Present Day and the Future Service Component Architecture”, CASCON Oct. 2008

[12] Ilia Baldine, “Future Internet Architecture: Issues and non-Issues The SILO perspective” NC Univ.