professionalism course for students tel aviv, 29 june 2010
TRANSCRIPT
Welcome and Introductions
Israeli Association of Actuaries (Ofer Brandt) UK Actuarial Profession (Chris Daykin)
Overview Professional behaviour during the course
timely attendance expected active participation required please turn off mobile phones no office business
Expectations about the course raises questions rather than provides all the answers a step on the road to practising as a professional
Aims of Course
To enable attendees to understand what is meant by professionalism in the current business climate
To understand what actions must be taken to meet the professionโs requirements
To give attendees an opportunity to reflect on issues of professionalism and discuss these with their peer group
Timetable
14.00 Introduction to Course objectives14.15 Introduction to Professionalism and
Corporate Governance15.00 Code of Professional Conduct15.45 Tea/coffee break16.15 Professional roles for Israeli actuaries16.45 Generic Case Studies (1) โ group work17.30 Generic Case Studies (1) โ report back18.15 Presentation of attendance certificates18.30 Close
What we are going to coverโฆ. Characteristics of a profession What do members, clients and the public gain
from the existence of our profession? What is expected of us as professional people? In our profession:
โข What must we comply with?โข How should we contribute?โข How does corporate governance work?
Characteristics of a profession6 key characteristics of a profession are:
โข Members join together to apply a specialised skillโข The skill has been developed through appropriate
educationโข Members have a special relationship with those servedโข Recognised by the public as an authority in field of
expertise, able to serve the public interestโข Standards of competence and conduct of membersโข High level of integrity by members in exercising judgement
Characteristics of a profession
Other characteristics of a profession may be:
โข fully or partially self-regulatedโข fulfilling some specific statutory rolesโข champion of research and extension of knowledgeโข able to discipline its members if necessaryโข contributor to public debateโข contributing to well-being of societyโข member of international actuarial community (IAA)
What do members, clients and the public gain from the existence of our Profession?
Clients, Public Members
What do members, clients and the public gain from the existence of our Profession?
Clients, Public
specialist skills quality control high standards of service integrity input into public debate statutory roles
What do members, clients and the public gain from the existence of our Profession?
Clients, Public
specialist skills quality control high standards of service integrity input into public debate statutory roles
anything
Members
agreed standards mutual support lobby strength status income
else ?
What is expected of us as professional people?
demonstrating, and applying appropriately, specialist skills providing reliable up-to-date technical knowledge and advice complying with the professionโs code of conduct complying with legislation and with standards of practice performing statutory roles to a high standard behaving ethically exercising judgement with high level of integrity communicating well having due regard to the interests of those affected
What is expected of us as professional people? (continued)
respecting and supporting others having fiduciary relations with clients (relationship of trust) being reliably confidential life-long learning โ developing our knowledge and skills having no adverse disciplinary record assisting the profession to serve the public interest contributing to public debate contributing to the work of the profession having a good status and a relatively high level of income!
In our Profession, what must we comply with?
The Professionโs Controls
Code of Conduct qualification standards CPD Scheme Standards of Practice Practice Certificates recommended practice educational notes disciplinary scheme
In our Profession, what must we comply with?
The Professionโs Controls
Code of Conduct qualification standards CPD Scheme Standards of Practice Practice Certificates recommended practice educational notes disciplinary scheme
External Controls
legislation insurance commissioner pensions regulator for UK profession:
Financial Reporting Council Professional Oversight Board for
Accountants and Actuaries regulation of investment activities โ
impact on actuaries
In our Profession, how should we contribute?
becoming member of exam team participating in Israeli Association of Actuaries, UKAP,
SoA, CAS or IAA writing a paper for, and speaking at, conferences and
seminars becoming a member of a committee joining a working party joining a research group
Your Profession Needs You
Regulation of the UK ProfessionFinancial Reporting Council
(FRC)And Board
Professional Oversight Board (POB)
Prof Stds, Ethics, Disciplinary, Education
Institute and Faculty Council
Board for Actuarial Standards(BAS)
Technical guidance notes
Accountancy and Actuarial Discipline Board
(AADB)Public interest cases
Regulation of the UK Profession
Management Board
Qualifications Executive Committee
Committees
Practice Executive Committees
Professional Regulation Executive Committee
CommitteesCommittees
Our Scope
we are a profession that can provide solutions to any problem involving financial risk and contingent events, especially where quantitative techniques can be applied
we are increasingly involved in an ever widening range of businesses in which we have insight and are able to fulfil technical, advisory, managerial or directorship roles
Major Fields of Actuarial Work
life insurance general insurance pensions social security investment banking
enterprise risk management
health care financing corporate finance expert witness government service personal financial advice education
The Institute of ActuariesFormed 1848Royal Charter 1884
to improve the status of the actuary to promote knowledge and research to apply actuarial methods to real problems to promote and develop high standards
Israeli Association of ActuariesFormed 1946
The Role of a Professional Body
education quality control research and maintaining knowledge base professional standards and guidance discipline of members considering the public interest reputation and standing of profession influence of profession
International Actuarial Association (IAA)
association of associations focus on professionalism a global profession development of quality and standards core educational syllabus responsive committee structure sections for individual members
Vision of IAA
To seek worldwide recognition for the actuarial profession
as a major player in the decision-making process
within the financial services industry,
in the area of social protection
and in the management of risk,
for the well-being of society as a whole.
IAA Committees
Executive Nominations Accreditation Advice & Assistance Financial Risk Insurance Accounting
Standards Insurance Regulation Mortality Working Group
Education Professionalism Pensions and
Employee Benefits Social Security Supranational Relations International Education
Programme Audit
IAA Sections โ for individual members
ASTIN โ general insurance and research AFIR โ investments and financial risk IACA - consulting IAAHS โ health and care PBSS โ pensions, benefits and social security LIFE โ life insurance AWB โ Actuaries without borders
IAA activities
30th International Congress of Actuaries,
Washington DC, 30 March โ 4 April 2014 IAA Council and Committee meetings: -
Vienna, Austria, 9-13 October 2010 - Sydney, Australia, 6-9 April 2011
IACA/PBSS/IAAHS Colloquium, Edinburgh, UK, 26-27 September 2011
ASTIN Colloquium, Madrid, Spain, 19-22 June 2011 AFIR Colloquium, Madrid, Spain, 19-22 June 2011
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA
Having a code of conduct meeting the IAA minimum is one of main requirements to be fulfilled before an actuarial association can be admitted as a Full Member Association of the IAA
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (a)
An actuary shall perform professional services with integrity, skill and care (client responsibility) fulfil professional responsibility to client or employer fiduciary relationship with client
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (b)
An actuary shall act in a manner to fulfil the professionโs responsibility to the public (common good) uphold the reputation of the actuarial profession not engage in false or misleading advertising or
business solicitation
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (c)
An actuary shall co-operate with others serving the actuaryโs client or employer no disclosure of confidential information
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (d)
An actuary shall perform professional services only if competent and appropriately experienced an association may permit derogations, e.g. where client would be disadvantaged if advice denied where actuary is working with another fully competent
and experienced actuary
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (e)
An actuary is responsible for conforming to all applicable practice standards conform to relevant binding (mandatory) practice-
related guidance or standards issued or endorsed by actuaryโs Association
take into account any non-binding (recommended) guidance
know the requirements of the relevant Code of Conduct
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (f)
An actuary shall, in communicating professional findings, show that he/she takes full responsibility for them indicate whether the actuary is available to provide
supplementary information and explanation
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (g)
An actuary shall, in communicating professional findings, identify the client and the capacity in which the actuary is acting
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (h)
An actuary shall not perform professional services involving the actuary in an actual or potential conflict of interest unless ability to act is unimpaired (no inhibition); and there has been full disclosure of actual or potential
conflict Associations may require that an actuary may only act
in these circumstances if all principals have expressly agreed to it
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (i)
When asked to take on professional services previously provided by another actuary, the actuary shall consider whether it is appropriate to consult the previous provider to ensure there are no professional reasons to decline to take it on
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (j)
An actuary shall disclose to the client any sources of material income that are related to any service on behalf of the client, as soon as such a source is identified
Minimum Code of Conduct of IAA (k)
An actuary shall be subject to the disciplinary procedures for his/her Association and, subject to any right of appeal, shall accept any judgement passed or the decision of any appeal procedure
The Actuariesโ Code
principles-based small number of principles supported by Actuarial Profession Standards actuaries who disregard the principlesโฆ or operate outside their reasonable interpretation โฆmay be guilty of misconduct
The Actuariesโ Code (effective 1 October 2009)
Integrity Competence and Care Impartiality Compliance Open Communication
The Actuariesโ Code
Integrity
Members will act honestly and with the highest standards of integrity
show respect confidentiality honest, open and truthful
The Actuariesโ Code
Competence and Care
Members will perform their professional duties competently and with care
understand who your client is appropriate level of knowledge and skill care new appointments keep competence up to date (CPD)
The Actuariesโ Code
Impartiality
Members will not allow bias, conflict of interest, or the undue influence of others to override their professional judgement
objective and uncompromised advice avoidance/management of conflicts of interests consulting with previous adviser
The Actuariesโ Code
Compliance
Members will comply with all relevant legal, regulatory and professional requirementsโฆ..
challenging non-compliance speaking up
The Actuariesโ Code
Open Communication
Members will communicate effectively and meet all applicable reporting standards
clear and appropriate communication for the intended audience the purpose of the communication the significance of the communication for the audience the capacity in which the member is acting
accurate and not misleading
In case of any doubt
A member who has any doubt โฆ should normally first seek advice from the senior actuary in their firmโฆ
โฆor another senior actuary
Otherwise from the professional body (in the case of the UKAP normally through the secretary of the Professional Regulation Executive Committee)
Personal Responsibility
discuss problems with colleagues โฆ โฆ or a senior member of the profession think through all aspects carefully listen to your conscience take your decision have your work reviewed
ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืชืืงื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืฉื ืืงืืืืื
ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช
- ืืืจ ืืจ ืืืืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืงืืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืขืืจ ื ืฉืื
" ืืขืจืขืืจืื ืืืขืืช ืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืื
Tel Aviv, 29-30 June 2010
ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืงืฆืืขืืช
ืืชืืงื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืจืช ืืืืกืจ ืืืชืชืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช , ืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืคืืืืกืืคื ืืฉืืืืช
ืืืกืจ. ืืชืืงื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืชืืืืก ืืืืจืืืช
ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืงืฆืืขื.) ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืฆืืจื 2003ืคืจืืค' ืืกื ืืฉืจ (
ืืืื: ืชืคืืกื ืกืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืืืจืช ืฉื ืคืขืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืช
ืืืืืืช.
. ืืชื ืืืืช .ื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื
. ืืืงืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืชืืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืจืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ. ืืืงืฆืืข ืชืคืงืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืกืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืืื ืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืฉืขืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืจืง ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืกืขืืคืื . ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืืขืืฅ ืืืืงืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืงืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืกืืืืช ืฉื
. ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืคื ืืช ืืชืืงืฉืื ืขื ืืงืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืจ ืืจืืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช
, ืืืจืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจืช ืฉืืชื ืืื . , ืืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืข ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืขื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืจืื
, ืืืืข ืื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืขืืกืงืื ืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ. ืขืืืชืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืคื
, ืืชืฉืืืช ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืืชื ืจืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืฉืจ . . ืจืฆืื ื ืฉืืงืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืชื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืชื ืืืืขืช ืื
ืืืขืื ืืืฆืขื ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืงืืืข ืืกืืก ืขื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื. ืืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืขืจืืื ืืจืืืฉืช
ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืช .ืืืื .ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืืงืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืคื ืืืืฉืจ ืืคืขืื ืขืืื
. , ืืืืืื ืืชืงื ืื ืืืคืืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื
ืืืฉืจ ืจืง ืืื ืืืขืืฅ ืืืกืืจ ืืขืืื ืืงืืืืจื ืืืขืืฅ ืืืกืจ ืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืชื . ืืืืืื ืื ื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืช ืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืกืื ืืชื
. ืืกืคืงืช ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืชืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืขื ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ืคืขืืืชื . , ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืขืืฅ ืืืชืช ืืืืื ืข ืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉื . , ืชืคืขื ืฉืื ืจืฆืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืชืืืขืฆืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืฆืขืื
. ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืฉืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื
ืืืืืข ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืชืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืง ืืคืืืขื ืืฉืืฉ ืฉืขืฉืื ืืงืืืืจื ืฉืจืืช ืืชืช ืื ืืกืืจ . ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืง ืืคืจืืฉ ืืงืฉืจ ืกืคืง ืืืขืชื ืงืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืจืืช ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฃ ืขื
ืืืงืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืขืื ืืคืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืืข
ืืขืืื ืื ืืงืื ืขื ืืขืืื .ืืืกืื ืื ืืงืื ืขื .ืืืกืื. ืืฉืจืช ืืชื ืชืคืงืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื
ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืฉืจืช ืืืชื ืื ืืชืฉืืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืคื ืื ืืื ืขืืื , , . ืืืชื ืืืฉืจืชืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืช ืคืขืืื ืืฉืชืฃ ืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืกืื ืืกืืืืืช
. ืืขืืืืชื ืขืืืืชื ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืงืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืื ืืงืื
ืขืฉืืืืช ืฉืคืขืืืืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืคื ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืืช ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืื . ืืืืจืื ืฉืืชื ืกืคืง ืฉืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืจืืช ืืขืืืืชื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืช
, , ืืชืืืจื ืกืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืชืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืชืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืช ืืืืจืืจ ืืฆืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืืืชื. ืืืงืฉ ืขืฉืืืื ืืืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืขืืฅ ืื ืืกืคืง
, ืื ืืื ืืงืฆืืขื ืฉืจืืช ืืชืช ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืกืื ื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืืืจืืช ืืขืืืืชื ืืืฉืจ . ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ื ืจืื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืงืืื ืื ืชืืื ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืืืื
, ืืื ืืืฆื ืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืขืืืื ืชืืื ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืืคืขืื ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืกืคืงืืื ืืกืืืชื ืืช ืืืคืืจืฉ ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืขืฉืืืื ืืฆืืืื
. ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืช ืชืืชื ืฉืืชื " ืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืชื ืื ืฉืืชื ื ืื ืืชืืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืืก ืฉื ืื ืืชืืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืชื
. ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืืืฆืืข ืืงืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ ืืื
. ืืงืืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืื . ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืงืืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช
ื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืฉืขืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืื
ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืื, ืืกืคืืงืื ื ืชืื ืื ืขื ืืืืืกืกืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืื ื ืฉื ืชืช ืืขืช ืืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืช
ืฉืืืขืชื ืขืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืชืืงืฉ ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืื ืื ืืืชืืช. ืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืื
ืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืืงืื, ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื
ืืกืชืืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืคืืจืฉืช.
ืืื ืขืช ืขืืื ืืคืขืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืฆืืข, ืืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืคื ืฉืืคืืจืกืืื ืขื
ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืงืฆืืข, ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืคืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืขืช ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขื ืขื
ืคื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืช ืืื, ืขืืืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืืข.
ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืืจื ืฉืืจืืช ื ืืชื ืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืขื
, ืฉื ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืคื ืขื ืืืคืขืื ืืงืืืข ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืงืื
. ืืกืืื ืื ืืงืืืืจืืช ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืงืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืชืื ืฉืืคืื ืชืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืืฉืื
, ืืกืชืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ื ืขืืืืชืืืชืืืื
. ืืืคืืจืฉืช
, ืืฉืงืื ืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืขื ืฉืขืื ืืืจ ืืงืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืฉืจืืช ื ืืชื ืืชื ืืืฉืจืืชืืืขืฆืืช
, ืกืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืขื ืืืฉืืืจ ืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืืงืฆืืขืืืช
. ืื ืฉืจืืช ืืชืช ืืกืจื ืขืืื ืฉืืขืืืื
ืืืจืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื .ืคืจืกืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืกืื .ืคืจืกืื. ืืืขื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืื ืฉืืคืจืกืื ืืืจืฉืืช ืื ืืขืฆืื ืืคืจืกื ืื ืืกืืจ
ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืขื ืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืื ืช ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืืงืช ืืืชื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ืข ืขืืื . ืืืืชืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืืงื ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืืจ ืืงืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื
. ืืฆืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืงืืื ืฉื ืื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืช ืชืฉืจืช ืจืืื ืืืงืจืื ืจืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื , " ืฉื ืืกืืจ ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืจ ืืงืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืขื ืืืขืช ื ืข ืืืืื ืืืจื
. ืขื ืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืืขืชื ืืืืช ืขื ืื ืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืืขืชื ืชืืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืคื ืฉืขื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขื ืื ืืืืก ืขื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืชื ืืืจืื
ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืืืงื ืืื ื ืืชืขืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืชื ืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืืืกืืืจ. ืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืชื ืงืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืฉ ืืืงืฆืืข
, ืืืชื ืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืชื ืขืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืชื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงืืืืจ , " . ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืืืจ ืขื ืขืื ืืื ืืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืขืฉืืื ื ืื ืคืขืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืช
. ืืขื ืืื, ืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืกืงื ื ืืืืืข ืขืฉืื ืืชื ืืืจืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืงืืืืจืกืขืืฃ ) ืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืื ืืืื ืคื ืขื ืืฉืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืืช(, 16ืืืืขื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืื
ืืืจืืช.
ืืืจืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื .ืคืจืกืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืกืื .ืคืจืกืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืจืฉืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืกืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื
" ," ืื , " ืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืืืื " ).Fellowืืืงืืืืจืื ืืชืืืืช ืืจืืฉื (F.IL.A.Aืื
" ืื ืืชืืื ืขืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืจืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืชืืืืช " Associateืขืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืื, A.IL.A.Aืืืชืืืืื ) / ืืคื (. ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืขืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืจืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืจ
ืืขื ืืื.
" ืืืืฉืืฉ " ืืืจ ืชืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืข ืืฉ. ืฉืื ืืช ืงืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช
ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืื ื ืืืจ ืชืคืงืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืืชืืจืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืจืฉืื ืืืจ. , ืืืืืื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืขื ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืืืืจืื
, ืจืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืืืจืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ื ืืืฉืจ . ืืื ืขื ืืืฉืจื ืฉืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืชื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืขืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืชืืฉ
Privileged information
Mortality investigations Duties carried out by actuaries in your company Calculation of reserves on particular policy types Salary levels of actuaries in your organisation Current product development being undertaken Detailed bases for valuations you carry out Premium revisions to take into account higher
commission and recent tax changes
Ethics
questionable selling practices transparency in marketing literature public interest and the role of the profession your position as an individual actuary your responsibility to your company (client)
Challenging another actuary
is it appropriate to disagree with another actuary? how should you handle such a situation? what conditions apply to making criticisms? should you report the other actuary?