programmable logic controllers. chapter 4 part 1 fundamentals of logic
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Programmable Logic Controllers
![Page 2: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 4 Part 1
Fundamentalsof Logic
![Page 3: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Binary Concept
Many things can be thought of as existing in one oftwo states.
These two states can be defined as “high” or “low”,“on” or “off”, “yes” or “no”, and “1” or “0”.
5V
high, on, yes, 1
low, off, no, 0
BinarySignal
![Page 4: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Binary Concept
This two-state binary concept, applied to gates, can be the basis for making decisions.
The gate is a device that hasone or more inputs with whichit will perform a logical decisionand produce a result at itsone output.
![Page 5: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gate Decision Making
ANDGate
Light Switch
High Beam Switch
High Beam Light
The automotive high beam lightcan only be turned on when thelight switch AND high beam switchare on.
The Logical AND
![Page 6: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gate Decision Making
ORGate
Passenger Door Switch
Driver Door Switch
DomeLight
The automotive dome light willbe turned on when the passengerdoor switch OR the driver doorswitch is activated.
The Logical OR
![Page 7: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AND Function
The outcome or output is called Y and the input signals are called A, B, C, etc.
Binary 1 represents the presence of a signal or the occurrence of some event, while binary 0 representsthe absence of the signal or nonoccurrence of the event.
![Page 8: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AND Gate Function Application – Example 1
If all inputs are 1,the output will be 1
If any input is 0,the output will be 0
Basic Rules
The device has twoor more inputs andone output
![Page 9: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AND Gate Function Application – Example 2
The AND gate operates like a series circuit.The light will be “on”only when bothswitch A and switch Bare closed.
![Page 10: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
OR Function
An OR gate can have any number of inputs but onlyone output.
The OR gate output is 1 if one or more inputs are 1.
![Page 11: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OR Gate Function Application – Example 1
If one or more inputs are 1, the output will be 1
Basic Rules
If all inputs are 0,the output will be 0
![Page 12: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
OR Gate Function Application – Example 2
The OR gate operates like a parallel circuit.The light will be “on”if switch A or switch Bis closed.
![Page 13: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NOT Function
The NOT function has only one input and one output.
The NOT output is 1 if the input is 0.The NOT output is 0 if the input is 1.
Since the output is always the reverse of the inputit is called an inverter.
![Page 14: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NOT Gate Application – Example 1
The light will be “on” if the pushbutton is not pressed.
Acts like a normallyclosed pushbuttonin series with the output.
The light will be “off” if the pushbutton is n pressed.
![Page 15: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NOT Gate Application – Example 2
If the power is “on” (1) and the pressure switch is not closed (0), the warningindicator will be “on”
Low-pressureindicating circuit
When the pressurerises to close thepressure switch, thewarning indicatorwill be switched "off"
![Page 16: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NAND Function
The NAND gate functions like an AND gate with aninverter connected to its output.
The only time the NAND gate output is 0 is when all inputs are binary 1.
![Page 17: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NOR Function
The NOR gate functions like an OR gate with aninverter connected to its output.
The only time the NAND gate output is 1 is when all inputs are binary 0.
![Page 18: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
XOR (exclusive-OR) Function
The output of this gate is HIGH only when one input or the other is HIGH, but not both.
The XOR function hastwo inputs and one output.
It is commonly used for comparison of two binary numbers.
![Page 19: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1. The two binary states can be defined as:(a) “high” or “low”(b) “on” or “off”(c) 1” or “0”(d) all of these
2. A gate can have one or more outputs butonly one input. (True/False)
![Page 20: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3. The ______ table shows the resulting output for each possible gate input conditions.
a. input status c. data
b. output status d. truth
4. A light that is "off" or a switch that is "open" would normally be represented by a binary 1.(True/False)
5. The OR function, implemented using contacts,requires contacts connected in series. (True/False)
![Page 21: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
6. With an AND gate, if any input is 0, the output will be 0. (True/False)
7. The symbol shown is that of a(an)
_________ .
(a) AND gate(b) OR gate(c) NAND gate(d) inverter
![Page 22: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
9. The basic rule for an XOR function is that ifone or the other, but not both, inputs are 1 theoutput is 1. (True/False)
10. A NAND gate is an AND gate with an inverterconnected to the output. (True/False)
8. Which of the following gates is commonly used
for the comparison of two binary numbers?(a) NAND(b) NOR(c) XOR(d) NOT
![Page 23: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gate Boolean Equations
AB
YAND Y = A B
Gate Boolean Equation
ORA
BY Y = A + B
NOTA Y Y = A
![Page 24: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Boolean Equation – Example 1
Each logic function can be expressed in terms of aBoolean expression
![Page 25: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Boolean Equation – Example 2
Any combination of control can be expressed in terms of a Boolean equation
ABY = AB + C
A + B
Y = (A + B) C
![Page 26: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Boolean Equation – Example 2
AB
Y = AB + C
A + BY = (A + B) C
![Page 27: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Circuit Development Using A Boolean Expression – Example 1
![Page 28: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Circuit Development Using A Boolean Expression – Example 2
![Page 29: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Producing A Boolean Expression From A GivenCircuit – Example 1
![Page 30: Programmable Logic Controllers. Chapter 4 Part 1 Fundamentals of Logic](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081418/5519b8ac55034660578b48b7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Producing A Boolean Expression From A GivenCircuit – Example 2