programmer’s reference guide - fuze basic · this reference guide aims to provide a comprehensive...

©FUZE Technologies Ltd

Programmer’s Reference Guide

https://www.fuze.co.uk

2

Introduction

Immediate Mode Commands

Functions, Constants & Procedures

Joystick and Gamepad commands

Keycodes (scanKeyboard)

Notes & Octaves for Sound command

For new commands, features and projects visit;

www.fuze.co.uk

Published in the United Kingdom ©2016 - 2016 FUZE Technologies Ltd. FUZE, FUZEBASIC, FUZE logos, designs, documentation and associated materials are Copyright FUZETechnologies Ltd.No part of this document may be copied, reproduced and or distributed without writtenconsent from FUZE Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved. The Arduino brand, Arduinologo and design of their boards are copyright of Arduino LLC. Any other brand names arethe copyright of their respective owners.

With many thanks and a great deal of respect to Gordon Henderson for his work on RTB where FUZEBASIC originated.

FUZE BASIC is developed by FUZE Technologies Ltd in the UK. The team consists of;

Jon Silvera - Project managerLuke Mulcahy - Lead programmerMike Green - Code contributor & Technical consultantDavid Silvera - FUZE Product managerColin Bodley - DocumentationAdditional information – www.fuze.co.uk

Manual Version: Date: 7th July 2016 FUZE BASIC Version: 3.6

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Programmer’s Reference Guide



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main index

IntroductionThis reference guide aims to provide a comprehensive anddetailed explanation of every command in the FUZE BASIClibrary.

It is an evolving document because FUZE BASIC is constantlybeing updated and improved. To download the latest versionplease visit the resources section on the www.fuze.co.uk website.

FUZE BASIC is currently available for Microsoft Windows®,Raspberry Pi, The FUZE and Linux. We hope to add Android inthe coming months and possibly Mac OSx & iOS versions too.

Listed alongside each command is a series of operating systemicons highlighted to show which OS the command is compatiblewith. For example;

ANALOGREAD

The direct analog commands require the FUZE IO Board becauseit has a built in analog chip whereas the Raspberry Pi does nothave one as standard.

SENSEPLOT

..because this command will work on a standalone Pi and a FUZEwith a senseHAT connected.

Installing FUZE BASIC

For details on installing and getting started we highly recommendyou begin with the FUZE BASIC Project Workbook which can bedownloaded for free from the FUZE website.

The website also has many other tutorials, examples and projects.You are encouraged to contribute more to help fellow codingstudents.

Introduction

displays

displays

Community

We really hope you enjoy using FUZE BASIC as much as we do.

If you find yourself becoming quite proficient at FUZE BASIC thenwhy not show off er.. share your work on the FUZE website. At thevery least you’ll be helping others to progress.

Many thanks from teamFUZE

Using FUZE BASIC with an Arduino / Genuino

FUZE BASIC will only recognise an Arduino device once the driversoftware has been installed. Please visit the official Arduinowebsite at https://www.arduino.cc and download / install thelatest version.

Once installed FUZE BASIC will ask if you want to prepare it foruse. It will do this with any new unit or existing ones where youmight have installed a none FUZE BASIC application.


https://www.arduino.cc

4

main indexImmediate mode Commands

4

5

5667788889999

10101111

CD

CHAIN

CLEARCLSCONTCONTINUEDIREDITEXITLISTLISTGAMEPADSLOADLOOKNEWRUNSAVETROFFTRONVERSION

CDPurposeChange the current directory

SyntaxCD foldername

DescriptionChange the current folder to the one specified.

Example

CD fuzebasic Switch to the folder named fuzebasic. This must be in the current folder towork.

CD .. Go back to the parent folder ( CD ../.. will go back two folders.)

CD / Go back to root folder.

AssociatedPWD, LS, LOAD, SAVE, CHAIN, DIR

5


CLEARPurposeClear variable memory.

SyntaxCLEAR

DescriptionClears all variables and deletes all arrays. It also removesany active sprites from the screen. Stopped programs maynot be continued after a CLEAR command.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeVARIABLE=10PRINT VARIABLECLEARREM Unassigned variable error!PRINT VARIABLE

AssociatedNEW

CHAINPurposeLoad a program into memory and immediately execute it.

SyntaxCHAIN filename$

DescriptionLoads in a program from the local non-volatile storage. As withSAVE, you need to supply the filename without any quotes. Donot include the .fuze file extension. Note, if your filename hasspaces then you must enter it within quoatation marks. CHAIN"my game" for example.

The program will start automatically as soon as it loads.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeCHAIN demos/ballRUN

AssociatedLOAD, SAVE, NEW

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CLSPurposeClear the video display screen.

SyntaxCLS

DescriptionClears the video display screen and places the cursor inthe top left corner. The background is set to the currentbackground (PAPER) colour.

ExamplePAPER=WHITEINK=BLACKCLSPRINT "Hello World"END

AssociatedCLS2, INK, PAPER, UPDATE

CONTPurposeContinue running a program that has beenstopped.

SyntaxCONT

DescriptionContinues program execution after a STOPinstruction.Variables are not cleared.

ExampleREM Immediate modeCONT

AssociatedSTOP

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CONTINUEPurposeContinue a loop.

SyntaxCONTINUE

DescriptionWill cause the loop to re-start at the line containing theLOOP instruction, continuing a FOR instruction and re-evaluating any WHILE or UNTIL instructions.

ExampleREM Prints 1 to 10 but skips over 5FOR I=1 to 10 LOOP

IF (I=5) THEN CONTINUEPRINT I

REPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT

DIRPurposeList FUZE BASIC program files in the current or specifieddirectory.

SyntaxDIR [directory]

DescriptionLists the program files in your current working directory orthe optional specified directory. These will have the .fuzefile extension.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeDIR

AssociatedLOAD, SAVE

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LISTGAMEPADSPurposeTo display any connected joysticks and gamepads.

SyntaxLISTGAMEPADS

DescriptionThis lists, by name, any attached joystick devices that are currentlyconnected via USB or wireless USB, if supported by the OS.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeLISTGAMEPADS

Immediate mode Commands

LISTPurposeList the program stored in memory to the screen.

SyntaxLIST

DescriptionThis lists the program stored in memory to the screen. You can pausethe listing with the space-bar and terminate it with the ESC key.

EDITPurposeEdit the program in memory.

SyntaxEDIT

DescriptionEdits the program in memory using a full screen editor.

ExampleREM Immediate modeEDIT

EXITPurposeExit FUZE BASIC and return to the environment.

SyntaxEXIT

DescriptionExit FUZE BASIC and return to the environment you started it in.

ExampleREM Immediate modeEXIT

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NEWPurposeStart a new program

SyntaxNEW

DescriptionDeletes the program in memory. There is no verification andonce it’s gone, it’s gone. Remember to save first!

AssociatedCLEAR

RUNPurposeRuns the program in memory.

SyntaxRUN

DescriptionRuns the program in memory. Note that using RUN willclear all variables.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeRUN


LOADPurposeLoad a program into memory.

SyntaxLOAD filename$

DescriptionLoads in a program from the local non-volatile storage. As withSAVE, you need to supply the filename without any quotes. Donot include the .fuze file extension. Note, if your filename hasspaces then you must enter it within quoatation marks. LOAD"my game" for example.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeLOAD demos/ballRUN

AssociatedSAVE

LOOKPurpose

Not much at all

SyntaxLOOK

DescriptionErm…

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SAVEPurposeSaves your program to the local non-volatile storage.

SyntaxSAVE filename$

DescriptionSaves your program to the local non-volatile storage. Thefilename$ is the name of the file you wish to save andmay not contain spaces. If you have already saved a file,then you can subsequently execute SAVE without thefilename and it will overwrite the last file saved. (This isreset when you load a new program or use the NEWcommand)

ExampleREM Immediate ModeSAVE testprog

AssociatedLOAD

TROFFPurposeDisables TRON

SyntaxTROFF

DescriptionIf TRON is enabled then TROFF switches it off.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeTROFF

AssociatedTRON


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TRONPurposeEnables TRON mode for debugging.

SyntaxTRON

DescriptionSwitching TRON on has a very dramatic effect. Running yourprogram when TRON is enabled displays a section of code onscreen to show exactly which line is being executed.

You can adjust TRON settings with the following controls;

CTRL+ UP / DOWN to change speedCTRL+ LEFT to Pause (hold down)CTRL+ LEFT + RIGHT to stepCTRL+ RIGHT toggle transparentCTRL+ SHIFT + UP toggle TRON displayCTRL+ PAGEUP increase number of lines displayedCTRL+ PAGEDOWN decrease number of lines displayedCTRL+ SHIFT + PAGEUP move TRON display upCTRL+ SHIFT + PAGEDOWN move TRON display down

ExampleREM Immediate ModeTROFF

AssociatedTRON

VERSIONPurposePrint the current version of FUZE BASIC.

SyntaxVERSION

DescriptionPrint the current version of FUZE BASIC.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeVERSION


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main indexFunctions, Constants & ProceduresABSACOSADVANCESPRITEANALOGREADANALOGWRITEARDUINODIGITALREADARDUINODIGITALWRITEARDUINOPINMODEARDUINOANALOGWRITEARDUINOANALOGREADARMBODYARMELBOWARMGRIPPERARMLIGHTARMRESETARMSHOULDERARMWRISTASCASINATANBREAKCHR$CIRCLECLEARKEYBOARDCLOCKCLONESPRITECLOSECLSCLS2

COLOURCOPYREGIONCOSLOOPLOOP REPEATDATADATE$DEF FNDEF PROCDEFCHARDEGDIGITALREADDIGITALWRITEDIMDRCANALOGREADDRCCLOSEDRCDIGITALREADDRCDIGITALWRITEDRCOPENDRCPINMODEDRCPWMWRITEELLIPSEELSEENDENDIFENDPROCENVELOPEEOFEXP

FADEOFFFADEONFADINGFALSEFFWDFNFONTSIZEFOR LOOPFREEIMAGEFULLSCREENGETGET$GETIMAGEHGETIMAGEWGETMOUSEGETPIXELGETPIXELRGBGETSPRITEANGLEGETSPRITEHGETSPRITEWGETSPRITEXGETSPRITEYGHEIGHTGRABREGIONGWIDTHHIDESPRITEHLINEHTABHVTABIF THENINK

INKEYINPUTINPUT#INTLEFTLEFT$LENLINELINETOLOADIMAGELOADMUSICLOADSAMPLELOADSPRITELOCALLOGMAXMICROTIMEMID$MINMODE7PLOTIMAGEMODE7PLOTSPRITEMOUSEOFFMOUSEONMOUSEXMOUSEYMOVEMOVETONEWSPRITENUMFORMATOPENORIGIN

1414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728

2829303031313233333434353536373738383939404041414242434444

45454646474748484949505051515252535354545555565657575858595960

60616162626363646465656666676768686969707071717272737374757576

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SENSELINESENSEPLOTSENSEPRESSURESENSERECTSENSERGBCOLOURSENSESCROLLSENSETEMPERATURESENSEVFLIPSETCHANVOLSETMODESETMOUSESETMUSICVOLSETSPRITEALPHASETSPRITEANGLESETSPRITEFLIPSETSPRITEORIGINSETSPRITESIZESETSPRITETRANSSGETSGET$SGNSHOWKEYSSINSOFTPWMWRITESOPENSOUNDSPACE$SPRITECOLLIDESPRITECOLLIDEPPSPRITEOUTSPUT

REWINDRGBCOLOURRIGHTRIGHT$ROTATEIMAGERNDSAVEREGIONSAVESCREENSCALEIMAGESCANKEYBOARDSCLOSESCROLLDOWNSCROLLLEFTSCROLLRIGHTSCROLLUPSEEDSEEKSENSEACCELXSENSEACCELYSENSEACCELZSENSECLSSENSECOMPASSXSENSECOMPASSYSENSECOMPASSZSENSEGETRGBSENSEGYROXSENSEGYROYSENSEGYROZSENSEHEIGHTSENSEHFLIPSENSEHUMIDITY

PAPERPAPEROFFPAPERONPAUSECHANPAUSEMUSICPENDOWNPENUPPIPI2PINMODEPLAYMUSICPLAYSAMPLEPLOTPLOTIMAGEPLOTSPRITEPOLYENDPOLYPLOTPOLYSTARTPLOTTEXTPRINTPRINT#PRINTATPROCPWMWRITERADREADRECTREPEAT UNTILRESTORERESUMECHANRESUMEMUSIC

SPUT$SQRTSREADYSTOPSTOPCHANSTOPMUSICSTR$SWAPSWITCHTANTANGLETHEIGHTTIMETIME$TONETRIANGLETRUETWIDTHUPDATEMODEUNTIL REPEATUPDATEVALVLINEVTABWAITWHILE REPEAT

76777778787979808080818182828383848485858686878788888989909091

919292939394949595969697979797989899999999

100100100100101101101101102102

103103104104105105106106107107108108109109110110111111112113113114114115115116116117118119119

120120121121122122123123124125125126126127127128128129129130130131131132132133


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ABSPurposeReturn the absolute value of the argument.

Syntaxpositivenumber=ABS(number)

DescriptionReturns the absolute value of the supplied argumentnumber i.e. If the argument is negative, make it positive.

ExamplePRINT FN ElapsedYears(1966,2013)PRINT FN ElapsedYears(2013,1966)ENDREM Return Number of years elapsedREM Between two datesDEF FN ElapsedYears(Year1, Year2)=ABS(Year1-Year2)

AssociatedSGN

ACOSPurposeReturns the arc cosine of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle=ACOS(cosine)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the COS function returning the anglefor a given cosine.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with cosine = 0.5: "DEGREM 60 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ACOS(0.5)RADREM PI/3 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: "; ACOS(0.5)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: "; ACOS(0.5)END

AssociatedATAN, COS, SIN, TAN


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ADVANCESPRITEPurposeAdvances a sprite a specified amount

SyntaxADVANCESPRITE( sprite, distance )

DescriptionMoves a sprite forward by the specified distance. Thedirection is set by the SETSPRITEANGLE function. This is veryuseful when used with rotating sprites.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("logo.bmp", pic,0)PLOTSPRITE( pic, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0 )FOR angle = 0 TO 360 LOOPSETSPRITEANGLE( pic, angle )ADVANCESPRITE( pic, 5 )UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedPLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE

ANALOGREADPurposeReturns the value from an analog input.

SyntaxANALOGREAD(0)

Description

Returns the a value of between 0 and 255 (0V & 3.3V) from thespecified analog pin. There are four inputs, 0 to 3.

ExampleREM Attach an LDR to 3.3V and analog pin 0PRINT analogRead(0)REM cover the LDR and run again.END

AssociatedANALOGREAD, ANALOGWRITE, ARDUINOANALOGREAD,ARDUINOANALOGREAD


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ARDUNIODIGITALREADPurposeReturns the value from a digital input from an Arduinocompatible device

SyntaxARDUINODIGITALGREAD(2)ADNALOGREAD(2)

Description

Returns a value of 1 or 0 from the specified digital pindepending on the the signal being hi or low.

ExampleCLSAPINMODE (2, 1)ADWRITE (2, NOT ADREAD (2))PRINT ADREAD (2)END

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, ARDUINODIGITALWRITE

ANALOGWRITEPurposeSends a value to the analog output.

SyntaxANALOGWRITE(0,value)

Description

Sends a voltage between 0V and 3.3V (as a value of 0 to 255) toanalog pin 0. There is one analog output.

ExampleREM Attach an LED to analog OUT pin 0 (the longer leg) and theshorter leg to GNDLOOPFOR volt= 0 TO 255 LOOPanalogWrite(0,volt)REPEATREPEATEND

AssociatedANALOGREAD, ANALOGWRITE, ARDUINOANALOGREAD,ARDUINOANALOGWRITE


ARDUNIOPINMODEPurposeConfigure the mode of a digital pin on an Arduino compatibledevice.

SyntaxARDUINOPINMODE(pinno,pinmode)APINMODE(pinno,pinmode)

DescriptionConfigures the mode of a pin on the Pi’s GPIO. It takes anargument which specifies the mode of the pin - input, output orPWM output. The modes are:

0 pinINPUT1 pinOUTPUT


AssociatedPINMODE, SOFTPWMMODE, ARDUINOPINMODE

ARDUNIODIGITALWRITEPurposeSet the state of a digital pin on an Arduino compatible device.

SyntaxARDUINODIGITALWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)ADWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)

DescriptionThis procedure sets a digital pin to the supplied value - 0 for offor 1 for on. As with DigitalRead, you may need to set the pinmode (to output) beforehand.


AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, ARDUINODIGITALREAD

Functions, Constants & Procedures main index

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ARDUNIOANALOGWRITEPurposeWrite a value to an analog output on an Arduino compatibledevice.

SyntaxARDUINOANALOGWRITE( 0 )AAWRITE( 0 )

Description

Send a value between 0 and 1023 depending on the outputrequired.

ExampleREM Attach an LED (5V) to digital pin 11 and GND on anArduino compatible device.CLSAPINMODE (11, 1)LOOPFOR v=0 TO 1023 LOOPAAWRITE (11,v)REPEATREPEATEND

AssociatedANALOGREAD, ANALOGWRITE, ARDUINOANALOGREAD,

ARDUNIOANALOGREADPurposeReturns the value from an analog input on an Arduinocompatible device.

SyntaxARDUINOANALOGREAD( 0 )AAREAD( 0 )

Description

Returns a value between 0 and 1023 depending on the currentattached to an analog pin on an Arduino compatible device.

ExampleREM Attach an LDR (leg 1) to GND and (leg 2) to analog pin 0and then a 10k resistor from (leg 2) to 5V.

LOOPPRINTAT ( 0, 0 ); AAREAD(0); “ “REPEATEND

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, ARDUINODIGITALWRITE

Functions, Constants & Procedures main index

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ARMBODYPurposeMove the robot arm body.

SyntaxARMBODY(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the base of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:

1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move the body for 2 seconds clockwiseARMBODY(1)WAIT(2)ARMBODY(0)END

AssociatedARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST


ARMELBOWPurposeMove the robot arm elbow.

SyntaxARMELBOW(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the elbow of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move the elbow for 1s anti-clockwiseARMELBOW(-1)WAIT(1)ARMELBOW(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST

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ARMGRIPPERPurposeOpen or close the robot arm gripper.

SyntaxARMGRIPPER(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the gripper of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Open gripper0 Stop-1 Close gripper

ExampleREM Open the gripper for 1 secondsARMGRIPPER(1)WAIT(1)ARMGRIPPER(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST


ARMLIGHTPurposeSwitch the robot's LED on or off.

SyntaxARMLIGHT(switch)

DescriptionIf the switch argument is 1 then the LED is illuminated andif it is 0 it is switched off.

ExampleREM Flash the LED with 1 second intervalLOOP

ARMLIGHT(1)WAIT(1)ARMLIGHT(0)WAIT(1)

REPEAT

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST

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ARMRESETPurposeReset the robot arm.

SyntaxARMRESET

DescriptionStops any moving motors on the robot arm and switchesoff the LED.

ExampleARMLIGHT(1)ARMELBOW(1)WAIT(2)ARMRESETEND

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST


ARMSHOULDERPurposeMove the robot arm shoulder.

SyntaxARMSHOULDER(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the shoulder of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move shoulder for 1s clockwise & backARMSHOULDER(1)WAIT(1)ARMSHOULDER(-1)WAIT(1)ARMSHOULDER(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMRESET, ARMWRIST

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ARMWRISTPurposeMove the robot arm wrist.

SyntaxARMWRIST(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the wrist of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move wrist for 1s clockwise & backARMWRIST(1)WAIT(1)ARMWRIST(-1)WAIT(1)ARMWRIST(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMRESET, ARMSHOULDER


ASCPurposeReturn the ASCII code for a string character.

Syntaxasciicode=ASC(string$)

DescriptionReturns the ASCII value represented by the first character ofstring$ e.g. "A" would return 65. It is the opposite of the CHR$function.

Examplecode=ASC("A")PRINT "ASCII value of letter A is: "; codePRINT "ASCII char of code 65: "; CHR$(code)END

AssociatedCHR$

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ASINPurposeReturns the arc sine of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle = ASIN(sine)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the SIN function returning the anglefor a given sine.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with sine = 0.5: "DEGREM 30 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ASIN(0.5)RADREM PI/6 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: ";ASIN(0.5)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: ";ASIN(0.5)END

AssociatedACOS, ATAN, COS, SIN, TAN


ATANPurposeReturns the arc tangent of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle=ATN(tangent)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the TAN function returning the anglefor a given tangent.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with tangent equal to 1: "DEGREM 45 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ATAN(1)RADREM PI/4 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: ";ATAN(1)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: ";ATAN(1)END

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, COS, SIN, TAN

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BREAKPurposeProvide an early exit from a loop.

SyntaxBREAK

DescriptionTerminates a loop before the terminating condition ismet.

ExampleREM Loop until the space bar is pressedPRINT "Press the space bar to continue"LOOP

IF INKEY=32 THEN BREAKREPEATEND

AssociatedCONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


CHR$PurposeReturns the string character for the specified ASCII code.

Syntaxcharacter$=CHR$(asciicode)

DescriptionReturns a one-character string consisting of the charactercorresponding to the ASCII code indicated by the asciicodeargument. This is the opposite of the ASC function.

ExamplePRINT "The following print the letter A"PRINT CHR$(65)PRINT CHR$(ASC("A"))PRINT "The following print the number 3"PRINT CHR$(51)PRINT CHR$(ASC("0") + 3)END

AssociatedASC

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CIRCLEPurposeDraw a circle on the screen.

SyntaxCIRCLE(centrex,centrey,radius,fill)

DescriptionDraws a circle at position (centrex,centrey) with thespecified radius in the current foreground COLOUR. Thefinal parameter fill is either TRUE or FALSE, and specifiesfilled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw a filled yellow circle ";PRINT "In the centre of the screen"COLOUR=yellowCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,100,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedELLIPSE, RECT, TRIANGLE

CLEARKEYBOARDPurposeClear all pending keyboard input.

SyntaxCLEARKEYBOARD

DescriptionClears the keyboard input buffer.

ExamplePRINT "Press space to continue"WHILE NOT SCANKEYBOARD(scanSpace) LOOPREPEATCLEARKEYBOARDEND

AssociatedSCANKEYBOARD

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CLOCKPurposeSet angle units to minutes.

SyntaxCLOCK

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to clock mode. Thereare 60 minutes in a full circle.

ExamplePRINT "ATAN(1) = "DEGPRINT ATAN(1); " Degrees"CLOCKPRINT ATAN(1); " Minutes"RADPRINT ATAN(1); " Radians"END

AssociatedDEG, RAD


CLONESPRITEPurposeCreate a new sprite from an existing one.

SyntaxCLONESPRITE ( sprite handle )

DescriptionCopies a sprite and its settings from an existing one (spritehandle) into a new one.

Example

sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite (“ballBlue.png”, sprite, 0)sprite2 = cloneSprite (sprite)LOOP PlotSprite (sprite, 100, 100, 0) PlotSprite (sprite2, 200, 200, 0)REPEAT

AssociatednewSprite, loadSprite

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CLOSEPurposeClose a file after use.

SyntaxCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThe CLOSE instruction closes the file specified by handleafter use and makes sure all data is securely written to thestorage medium.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Colin"CLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("testfile.txt")INPUT# handle, Name$CLOSE(handle)PRINT "Name: " + Name$END

AssociatedEOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK


CLSPurposeClear screen.

SyntaxCLS

DescriptionCompletely clear the screen of text and graphics. Note, this doesnot clear sprites from the screen.

ExamplePRINT “Hello World”WAIT (1)CLSEND

AssociatedCLS, UPDATE

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CLS2PurposeClear screen without an update.

SyntaxCLS2

DescriptionIdeally suited to games and graphical programming. CLS2 clearsthe background or buffer screen and does not issue an updatecommand. This means you can wipe the screen buffer, redraw onit and then issue an update. This ensures flicker free updates. It isalso much faster than CLS.

Exampley = GHEIGHT / 2radius = GWIDTH / 10FOR x = 0 TO GWIDTH STEP radius LOOPCLS

COLOUR = PINKCIRCLE (x, y, radius, 1)UPDATE

REPEATFOR x = GWIDTH TO 0 STEP -10 LOOP

CLS2COLOUR = YELLOWCIRCLE (x, y, radius, 1)UPDATE

REPEAT

AssociatedCLS, UPDATE


COLOURPurposeSet/Read the current graphics plot colour.

SyntaxCOLOUR=setcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current graphics plot colour as follows:

0 Black1 DarkGrey2 Grey3 Silver4 LightGrey5 White6 Maroon7 Red8 Purple9 Raspberry

10 Pink11 LightPink12 DarkGreen13 Green14 BrightGreen15 Olive16 Lime17 LightGreen18 Navy19 Blue

20 Teal21 Cyan22 Aqua23 LightBlue24 Brown25 LightBrown26 Orange27 Gold28 Yellow29 LightYellow

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ExampleCLSFOR c=0 TO 29 LOOP

COLOUR=cCIRCLE(50,GHEIGHT-c*40-50,20,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITECIRCLE(50,GHEIGHT-c*40-50,20,FALSE)READ NameOfColour$HVTAB(5,c*2+2)PRINT NameOfColour$;" ";c

REPEATUPDATEDATA "Black", "DarkGrey", "Grey", "Silver"DATA "LightGrey", "White", "Maroon", "Red"DATA "Purple", "Raspberry", "Pink", "LightPink"DATA "DarkGreen", "Green", "BrightGreen", "Olive"DATA "Lime", "LightGreen", "Navy", "Blue", "Teal"DATA "Cyan", "Aqua", "LightBlue", "Brown"DATA "LightBrown", "Orange", "Gold", "Yellow"DATA "LightYellow"END

AssociatedINK, PAPER, RGBCOLOUR


COPYREGIONPurposeCopy a region of the screen from one location to another.

SyntaxCOPYREGION(oldx,oldy,width,height,newX,newY)

DescriptionThis enables you to duplicate the contents of a section of the screenfrom one place to another. This could be used for example to create abackground for a game by drawing an image and then duplicating it.The region to be copied is specified by the rectangle at coordinates(oldx,oldy) width pixels wide and height pixels high. The region iscopied to coordinates (newx,newy)

ExampleCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPCOPYREGION(0,0,50,50,X,Y)

REPEATREPEATUPDATE

AssociatedGRABREGION

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COSPurposeReturns the cosine of the given angle.

Syntaxcosine=COS(angle)

DescriptionReturns the cosine of the argument angle. This is the ratioof the side of a right angled triangle, that is adjacent tothe angle, to the hypotenuse (the longest side).

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw ellipse in screen centre"DEGFOR Angle=0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, ATAN, SIN, TAN

LOOPPurposeDefines the start of a block of code to be repeated.

SyntaxLOOP

DescriptionMarks the start of a block of repeating code (called aloop). The number of times that the loop is executeddepends on the command used before LOOP or at theend of the loop.

ExampleREM See Associated commands below.

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


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LOOP REPEATPurposeCreate an infinite loop.

SyntaxLOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements again and again forever. The BREAKcommand can be used to terminate a loop. Pressing the Esc keywill also interrupt the loop (and program).

ExampleREM Loop until the space bar is pressedPRINT "Press the space bar to continue"LOOP

IF INKEY = 32 THEN BREAKREPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, FOR REPEAT, REPEAT UNTIL,UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT

DATAPurposeStore constant data.

SyntaxDATA constant{,constant}

DescriptionStores numerical and string constants for later retrievalusing the READ command.

ExampleREM Load the name of the days of theREM week into a string arrayDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"DATA "Sunday"DIM DaysOfWeek$(7)FOR DayNo=1 TO 7 LOOP

READ DaysOfWeek$(DayNo)REPEATFOR DayNo=1 TO 7 LOOP

PRINT "Day of the week number ";DayNo;PRINT " is ";DaysOfWeek$(DayNo)

REPEATEND

AssociatedREAD, RESTORE


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DATE$PurposeReturn the current date.

Syntaxtodaysdate$ = DATE$

DescriptionThis returns a string with the current date in the format:YYYY-MM-DD. For example: 2015-03-24.

ExamplePRINT "Today is ";FN FormatDate(DATE$)END

DEF FN FormatDate()DayNo=VAL(RIGHT$(DATE$, 2))MonthNo=VAL(MID$(DATE$, 5, 2))Year$=LEFT$(DATE$,4)SWITCH (DayNo MOD 10)

CASE 1DaySuffix$ = "st"

ENDCASECASE 2

DaySuffix$ = "nd"ENDCASECASE 3

DaySuffix$ = "rd"ENDCASEDEFAULT

DaySuffix$ = "th"ENDCASE

ENDSWITCHFOR I=1 TO MonthNo LOOP

READ MonthName$REPEATResult$=STR$(DayNo)+DaySuffix$+" "

=Result$+MonthName$+" "+Year$DATA "January","February","March","April"DATA "May","June","July","August"DATA "September","October","November"DATA "December"

AssociatedTIME$


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DEF FNPurposeCreate a user defined function.

SyntaxDEF FN name({parameter}{,parameter})

{commands}=value

DescriptionUser defined functions are similar to user definedprocedures except that they can return a value. This canbe either a number or a character string.

ExampleREM Function test - print squaresFOR I=1 TO 10 LOOP

x=FN square(I)PRINT I; " squared is "; xREPEATENDDEF FN square(num)

LOCAL resultresult=num*num

=result

AssociatedFN, LOCAL

DEF PROCPurposeCreate a user defined procedure.

SyntaxDEF PROC name({parameter}{,parameter})

{commands}ENDPROC

DescriptionAllows you to create your own routines that can be called bytheir label. Once you have written a procedure to do a particulartask you can copy it into other programs that require it.Procedures are usually defined after the END of the program.

ExampleCLSPROC Hexagon(200,200,100,Red)UPDATEENDDEF PROC Hexagon(x,y,l,c)

PENUPMOVETO(x-l*COS(30),y+l/2)COLOUR = cPENDOWNFOR I=1 to 6 LOOP

RIGHT(60)MOVE(l)

REPEATENDPROC

AssociatedLOCAL, PROC, ENDPROC


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DEFCHARPurposeDefine a new font character.

SyntaxDEFCHAR(char,line1 … line10)

DescriptionCreate a user defined font character. The char parameter is theposition of the character within the font (0-255) e.g. 65 is thecapital letter A in ASCII. The character consists of 10 lines with8 pixels in each line. These are set by the corresponding bits ineach of the line parameters. So for example decimal 170 (binary10101010) would set alternate pixels on the corresponding lineof the character.

NOTE: The zero ‘CHR$(0)’ should not be used.

ExampleREM Define Chessboard CharacterFONTSIZE(10)DEFCHAR(2,0,85,170,85,170,85,170,85,170,0)PRINT CHR$(2)END

AssociatedCHR$

DEGPurposeSet angle units to degrees.

SyntaxDEG

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to degree mode. Thereare 360 degrees in a full circle.

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSDEGFOR Angle = 0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedCLOCK, RAD


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DIGITALREADPurposeRead the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi.

Syntaxpinvalue=DIGITALREAD(pinno)

DescriptionReads the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi. You mayneed to set the pin mode beforehand to make sure it’sconfigured as an input device. It will return TRUE or FALSE toindicate an input being high or low respectively.

ExampleREM Set pin 12 to inputPINMODE(12,0)REM Wait for button to be pushedUNTIL DIGITALREAD(12) LOOPREPEATPRINT "Button Pushed"END

AssociatedDIGITALWRITE, PINMODE, PWMWRITE

DIGITALWRITEPurposeSet the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi.

SyntaxDIGITALWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)

DescriptionThis procedure sets a digital pin to the supplied value - 0 for offor 1 for on. As with DigitalRead, you may need to set the pinmode (to output) beforehand.

ExampleREM Flash LED attached to pin2 of GPIOREM Set pin 2 to output modePINMODE(2,1)LOOP

REM Set output High (on)DIGITALWRITE(2,1)WAIT(1)REM Set output Low (off)DIGITALWRITE(2,0)WAIT(1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, PINMODE, PWMWRITE


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DIMPurposeDimension an array of variables.

SyntaxDIM variable(dimension{,dimension})

DescriptionCreates an indexed variable with one or more dimensions. Thevariable can be either a numeric or character string type (theycannot hold mixed values). The index is a number from 0 to thesize of the dimension. Associative arrays (sometimes calledmaps) are another way to refer to the individual elements of anarray. In the example below we use a number, however stringsare also allowed. They can be multi-dimensional and you canfreely mix numbers and strings for the array indices.

ExampleREM Initialise the squares of a chessREM board to black or whiteDIM ChessBoard(8,8)Count=0FOR Row=1 TO 8 LOOP

FOR Col=1 TO 8 LOOPCount=Count+1IF Count MOD 2=1 THEN

ChessBoard(Row,Col) = BlackELSE

ChessBoard(Row,Col) = WhiteENDIF

REPEATREPEATPRINT ChessBoard(1,4)END


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DRCANALOGREADPurposeRead an analog channel on a DRC device.

Syntaxvoltage=DRCANALOGREAD(handle,pin)

DescriptionThis function reads an analog channel on a DRC compatibledevice specified by handle and returns the result. The valuereturned will depend on the hardware you’re connected to - forexample the Arduino will return a number from 0 to 1023representing an input voltage between 0 and 5 volts. Otherdevices may have different ranges.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Get voltage on pin 4voltage=DRCANALOGREAD(arduino, 4)/1023*5PRINT "Voltage= "; voltageDRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCCLOSEPurposeClose a connection to a DRC compatible device.

SyntaxDRCCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThis closes a connection to a DRC device and frees up anyresources used by it. It’s not strictly necessary to do this whenyou end your program, but it is considered good practice.

Examplearduino = DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 12 to inputDRCPINMODE(arduino, 12, 0)LOOPREPEAT UNTIL DRCDIGITALREAD(arduino, 12)PRINT "Button Pushed"DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCDIGITALREAD, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE


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DRCDIGITALREADPurposeRead the state of a digital pin on a remote DRC device.

Syntaxstate=DRCDIGITALREAD(handle,pin)

DescriptionThis function allows you to read the state of a digital pin on aDRC device specified by handle. You may need to set the pinmode beforehand to make sure it’s configured as an inputdevice. It will return TRUE or FALSE to indicate an input beinghigh or low respectively.


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCDIGITALWRITEPurposeSet a digital pin on a remote DRC device to the suppliedvalue.

SyntaxDRCDIGITALWRITE(handle,pin,value)

DescriptionThis procedure sets a digital pin on a DRC device specified byhandle to the supplied value - 0 for off or 1 for on. As withDrcDigitalRead, you may need to set the pin mode beforehand.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 2 to output modeDRCPINMODE(arduino, 2, 1)REM Set Output High (on)DRCDIGITALWRITE(arduino, 2, 1)REM Pause for 1 secondWAIT(1)REM Set output Low (off)DRCDIGITALWRITE(arduino, 2, 0)DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE


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DRCOPENPurposeOpen a connection to a DRC compatible device.

Syntaxhandle=DRCOPEN(drcdevice)

DescriptionThis opens a connection to a DRC compatible device and makesit available for our use. It takes the name of the device as anargument and returns a number (the handle) of the device. Wecan use this handle to reference the device and allow us to openseveral devices at once. Some implementations may have IOdevices with fixed names.


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCPINMODEPurposeConfigure the mode of a pin on a remote DRC device.

SyntaxDRCPINMODE(handle,pin,mode)

DescriptionThis configures the mode of a pin on the DRC device specifiedby handle. It takes an argument which specifies the mode of thespecified pin - input, output or PWM output. Other modes maybe available, depending on the device and its capabilities. Notethat not all devices support all functions. The modes are:0 pinINPUT1 pinOUTPUT2 pinPWM


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCOPEN, DRCPWMWRITE


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DRCPWMWRITEPurposeOutput a PWM waveform on the selected pin of a DRCdevice.

SyntaxDRCPWMWRITE(handle,pin,value)

DescriptionThis procedure outputs a PWM waveform on the specified pinof a DRC compatible device specified by handle. The pin mustbe configured for PWM mode beforehand, and depending onthe device you are using, then not all pins on a device maysupport PWM mode. The value set should be between 0 and255.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 11 to PWM output modeDRCPINMODE(arduino, 11, 2)DRCPWMWRITE(arduino, 11, 200)DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE

ELLIPSEPurposeDraw an ellipse on the screen.

SyntaxELLIPSE(xpos,ypos,xradius,yradius,fill)

DescriptionDraws an ellipse centred at position (xpos,ypos) with thespecified xradius and yradius in the current foregroundCOLOUR. The final parameter fill is either TRUE or FALSE, andspecifies filled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSREM Draw a filled red ellipse atREM location 200,200COLOUR=redELLIPSE(200,200,100,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, RECT, TRIANGLE


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ELSEPurposeExecute statement(s) when a tested condition is False.

SyntaxIF condition THEN{statements}ELSE{statements}ENDIF

ExampleNumber = 13IF Number MOD 2 = 0 THEN

PRINT "Number is Even"ELSE

PRINT "Number is Odd"ENDIFEND

AssociatedENDIF, IF THEN

ENDPurposeEnd program execution.

SyntaxEND

DescriptionProgram execution is ended. Programs must terminatewith the END or STOP commands or an error will occur.

ExamplePRINT "Hello World"END


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ENDIFPurposeTerminate a multiline conditional statement.

SyntaxIF condition THEN{statements}ENDIF

DescriptionWe can extend the IF statement over multiple lines, ifrequired. The way you do this is by making sure there isnothing after the THEN statement and ending it all withthe ENDIF statement.

ExampleDayOfWeek = 5IF DayOfWeek < 6 THEN

PRINT "It is a Weekday"PRINT "Go to Work!"

ENDIFEND

AssociatedELSE, IF THEN

ENDPROCPurposeDefines the end of a PROCedure

SyntaxENDPROC

DescriptionEnd a PROCedure and return to the next command afterthe procedure was called.

ExampleCLSPROC helloENDDEF PROC helloPRINTAT (10,10); "Hello"ENDPROC

AssociatedPROC, DEF PROC


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ENVELOPEPurposeEmulate the BBC BASIC sound envelope command.

SyntaxENVELOPE(N,T,PI1,P12,PI3,PN1,PN2,PN3,AA,AD,AS,AR,ALA,ALD)

DescriptionNOTE: This is an experimental function. It might not performentirely as expected. It is also prone to crashing if incorrectvalues are used. Use with caution!

N 1 to 8 Envelope number.

T 0 to 127 Length of each step in hundredths of a second.Add 128 to cancel auto repeat of the pitch envelope.

PI1 −128 to 127 Pitch change per step in section 3PI2 −128 to 127 Change of pitch per step in section 2PI3 −128 to 127 Change of pitch per step in section 1PN1 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 1PN2 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 2PN3 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 3AA −127 to 127 Change of attack amplitude per stepAD −127 to 127 Change of decay amplitude per stepAS −127 to 0 Change of sustain amplitude per stepAR −127 to 0 Change of release amplitude per stepALA 0 to 126 Level at end of the attack phaseALD 0 to 126 Level at end of the decay phase

ExampleENVELOPE(1,2,-2,10,1,80,40,40,127,0,0,0,126,126)SOUND(1, 1, 53, 64)END

AssociatedSOUND


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EOFPurposeReturn true if the end of an input file has been reached.

Syntaxendoffile=EOF(handle)

DescriptionThe EOF function returns a TRUE or FALSE indication of the stateof the file pointer when reading the file. It is an error to try toread past the end of the file, so if you are reading a file withunknown data in it, then you must check at well defined intervals(e.g. Before each INPUT#).

Examplehandle=OPEN("eoftest.txt")FOR r = 0 TO 10 LOOP

PRINT# handle, "Record "; rREPEATCLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN("eoftest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF (handle) LOOP

INPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$

REPEATCLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

EXPPurposeReturn the exponential value of the specified number.

Syntaxexponential=EXP(number)

DescriptionReturns the exponential value of the specified number. This is eto the power of number where e is the exponential constant(approximately 2.718281828). The exponential function ariseswhenever a quantity grows or decays at a rate proportional to itscurrent value. This is the opposite of the LOG function i.e.EXP(LOG(X)) = X

ExampleREM prints 2.718281828PRINT EXP(1)REM prints 22026.46579PRINT EXP(10)REM prints 10PRINT LOG(EXP(10))END

AssociatedLOG


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FADEOFFPurposeFade the display from light to dark

SyntaxFADEOFF

DescriptionFADEOFF initiates a fade from light to dark. The entirescreen display is affected.

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOP

UPDATEREPEATFADEONWHILE FADING = true LOOP

UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEON, FADING

FADEONPurposeFade the display from dark to light

SyntaxFADEON

DescriptionFADEON initiates a fade from dark to light. The entirescreen display is affected.

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOOP


UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEOFF, FADING


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FADINGPurposeCheck if the display is fading

SyntaxFADING

DescriptionReturns either TRUE (if fade in progress) or FALSE (no fadeactive)

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOP


UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEON, FADING

FALSEPurposeRepresent the logical "false" value.

SyntaxFALSE

DescriptionRepresents a Boolean value that fails a conditional test. Itis equivalent to a numeric value of 0.

Examplecondition = FALSEIF condition = FALSE THEN

PRINT "Condition is FALSE"ENDIFIF NOT condition THEN

PRINT "Condition is FALSE"ENDIFPRINT "Condition= ";conditionEND

AssociatedTRUE


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FFWDPurposeMove the file pointer to the end of a file.

SyntaxFFWD(handle)

DescriptionMove the file pointer back to the end of the file specified byhandle. If you want to append data to the end of an existing file,then you need to call FFWD before writing the data.

Examplehandle=OPEN("ffwdtest.txt")PRINT# handle, "First Line"CLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN ("ffwdtest.txt")FFWD (handle)PRINT# handle, "Appended line"CLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN("ffwdtest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF (handle) LOOP



AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

FNPurposeCall a user defined function.

Syntaxresult=FN name({argument}{,argument})

DescriptionCalls the specified user defined function called name with thespecfied arguments. The returned result can then be used by theprogram. Once the function has been executed control returnsto the command following.

ExamplePRINT FN SphereVolume(10)ENDREM Function calculate volume of a sphereREM with radius rDEF FN SphereVolume(r)= (4/3)*PI*r*r*r

AssociatedDEF FN


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FONTSIZEPurposeScale the text font.

SyntaxFONTSIZE(scale)

DescriptionChange the size of the text font.

ExampleFOR S=1 TO 10 LOOP

FONTSIZE(S)PRINT "Hello World"

REPEATEND

AssociatedPRINTAT, LOADFONT

FOR LOOPPurposeLoop a specified number of times using a counter.

SyntaxFOR count=start TO end [STEP step] LOOP

statementsREPEAT

DescriptionThe count variable is initially set to start and changes by stepeach time around the loop until count is greater than or equal toend. The optional step, which defaults to 1 may be less than zeroto count backwards. The end of the loop is indicated using theREPEAT.

ExampleREM year into a string arrayDATA "January", "February", "March"DATA "April", "May", "June"DATA "July", "August", "September"DATA "October", "November", "December"DIM Months$(12)FOR Month = 1 TO 12 LOOP

READ Months$(Month)REPEATPRINT "The seventh month is ";Months$(7)END

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, REPEAT UNTIL,UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


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FREEIMAGEPurposeRelease an image from memory

SyntaxFREEIMAGE(handle)

DescriptionFrees up the memory space taken up by a stored image

Examplehandle = LOADIMAGE( "sprite1.bmp" )PLOTIMAGE( handle, 0, 0 )UPDATEFREEIMAGE( handle )handle = LOADIMAGE( "sprite2.bmp" )PLOTIMAGE( handle, 100, 100 )UPDATEEND

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE

FULLSCREENPurposeSets the display to full screen mode.

SyntaxFULLSCREEN={TRUE/FALSE}

DescriptionSwitches between full screen or windowed mode. Note this doesnot set the resolution to the screen display mode so unless youset the mode manually you will get a border.

ExampleSETMODE(800,600)FULLSCREEN=0COLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,GWIDTH, GHEIGHT,0)UPDATEWAIT(2)FULLSCREEN=1WAIT(2)END

AssociatedSETMODE


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GETPurposeGet a single character code from the keyboard.

Syntaxasciicode=GET

DescriptionThis pauses program execution and waits for you to type a singlecharacter on the keyboard, then returns the value of the keypressed as a numeric variable (ASCII).

ExamplePRINT "Press a key"key = GETPRINT "ASCII Value of key = "; keyEND

AssociatedGET$, INKEY

GET$PurposeGet a single character from the keyboard.

Syntaxkey$ = GET$

DescriptionThis pauses program execution and waits for you to type a singlecharacter on the keyboard, then returns the key as a stringvariable.

ExamplePRINT "Press a key"key$ = GET$PRINT "You Pressed Key: "; key$END

AssociatedGET, INKEY


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GETIMAGEHPurposeGet the pixel height of a loaded image.

SyntaxGETIMAGEH(handle)

DescriptionGets the height in pixels of a loaded image

ExampleREM Centre image on screenlogo=LOADIMAGE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp")imageW=GETIMAGEW(logo)imageH=GETIMAGEH(logo)X=(GWIDTH-imageW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-imageH)/2PLOTIMAGE(logo,X,Y)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEW, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE

GETIMAGEWPurposeGet the pixel width of a loaded image.

SyntaxGETIMAGEW(handle)

DescriptionGets the width in pixels of an image previously loaded usingLOADIMAGE (using the handle returned by LOADIMAGE).

ExampleREM Centre image on screenlogo=LOADIMAGE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp")imageW=GETIMAGEW(logo)imageH=GETIMAGEH(logo)X=(GWIDTH-imageW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-imageH)/2PLOTIMAGE(logo,X,Y)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEH, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE


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GETMOUSEPurposeRead values from an attached mouse

SyntaxGETMOUSE(xpos,ypos,buttons)

DescriptionThis reads values for the current state of the mouse. xpos is thehorizontal mouse position, ypos is the vertical position andbuttons is the state of the mouse buttons. You can test whetherthe left button has been pressed by using the logical & operatorto see if bit 0 of the buttons value is set: buttons & 1 will beTRUE. Likewise if the right button is pressed then bit 3 will be setand buttons & 4 will be TRUE.

ExampleCLSMOUSEONLOOP

GETMOUSE(x,y,b)LINETO(x,y)UPDATEREM LOOP colour if left button pressedIF b & 1 THEN

COLOUR = COLOUR MOD 16 + 1ENDIFREM Exit if right button pressed

REPEAT UNTIL b & 4MOUSEOFFEND

AssociatedMOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE

GETPIXELPurposeReturn the colour of the specified pixel.

Syntaxcolour = GETPIXEL(xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThis returns the internal colour code (0-15) of the pixel atthe specified point (xpos,ypos). This is for the "named"colours - e.g. Red, Green etc. It returns -1 if the pixelcolour is not a standard colour - in which case, you needto use GETPIXELRGB.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = REDXpos = GWIDTH / 2Ypos = GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)PRINT GETPIXEL(Xpos, Ypos)END

AssociatedGETPIXELRGB


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GETPIXELRGBPurposeReturn the RGB colour of the specified pixel.

SyntaxRGBcolour = GETPIXELRGB(xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThis returns the RGB colour of the pixel at the specified point(xpos,ypos). This will return a 24-bit value.

ExampleCLSRGBCOLOUR(49, 101, 206)Xpos = GWIDTH / 2Ypos = GHEIGHT / 2CIRCLE(Xpos, Ypos, 50, TRUE)pixel = GETPIXELRGB(Xpos, Ypos)PRINT "RGB = "; pixelPRINT "Red = "; (pixel >> 16) & 0xFFPRINT "Green = "; (pixel >> 8) & 0xFFPRINT "Blue = "; (pixel >> 0) & 0xFFEND

AssociatedGETPIXEL

GETSPRITEANGLEPurposeReturns a sprite’s current angle

SyntaxGETSPRITEANGLE(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the angle of the sprite with the specified spriteIndex.

Examplesprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)angle = 0plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)LOOPcls2 setSpriteAngle (sprite, angle) angle = angle + 1 if angle>359 THEN angle=0 printat(0,0);getspriteangle(sprite) UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


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GETSPRITEHPurposeGet the pixel height of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEH(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the height in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleREM Centre sprite on the screenindex=NEWSPRITE(1)fuzelogo$="logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,index,0)spriteW=GETSPRITEW(index)spriteH=GETSPRITEH(index)X=(GWIDTH-spriteW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-spriteH)/2PLOTSPRITE(index,X,Y,0)UPDATEEND


GETSPRITEWPurposeGet the pixel width of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEW(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the width in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleREM Centre sprite on the screenindex=NEWSPRITE(1)fuzelogo$="logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,index,0)spriteW=GETSPRITEW(index)spriteH=GETSPRITEH(index)X=(GWIDTH-spriteW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-spriteH)/2PLOTSPRITE(index,X,Y,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


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GETSPRITEXPurposeGet the X position of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEX(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the X position in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleupdateMode = 0sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)LOOP

CLS2plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)PRINT getSpriteX (sprite)PRINT getSpriteY (sprite)UPDATE

REPEAT


GETSPRITEYPurposeGet the Y position of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEY(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the Y position in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleupdateMode = 0sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)LOOP

CLS2plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)PRINT getSpriteX (sprite)PRINT getSpriteY (sprite)UPDATE

REPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


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GHEIGHTPurposeFind the current height of the display.

Syntaxheight=GHEIGHT

DescriptionThis can be read to find the current height of the display ineither high resolution or low resolution pixels.

ExampleREM Draw a circle in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR = blueCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGWIDTH, ORIGIN, SETMODE

GRABREGIONPurposeGrab a region of the screen to a temporary buffer

Syntaxhandle = GRABREGION(x, y, width, height)

DescriptionGrab a region of the screen with x and y as the location and withwidth and height in pixels. The region can be recalled by itshandle and pasted using PLOTIMAGE.

ExampleFOR n = 0 TO 15 LOOPRECT(0,n*GHEIGHT/16, GWIDTH, GHEIGHT/16,1)REPEAThandle=GRABREGION(0,0,200,200)CLSPLOTIMAGE(handle, GWIDTH/2, GHEIGHT/2)UPDATEEND

AssociatedCOPYREGION, FREEIMAGE, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE,SAVEREGION, SAVESCREEN, SCROLLDOWN, SCROLLLEFT,SCROLLRIGHT, SCROLLUP


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HIDESPRITEPurposeRemove a sprite from the screen.

SyntaxHIDESPRITE(spriteindex)

DescriptionThis removes the sprite at the specified spriteindex from thescreen. You do not have to erase a sprite from the screen whenyou move it, just call PLOTSPRITE with the new coordinates.

ExampleCLSfuzelogo$="logo.bmp"s1=NEWSPRITE (1)s2=NEWSPRITE (1)LOADSPRITE (fuzelogo$,s1,0)LOADSPRITE (fuzelogo$,s2,0)PLOTSPRITE (s1,100,100,0)PLOTSPRITE (s2,200,200,0)UPDATEWAIT(2)REM Remove a sprite from the screenHIDESPRITE (s2)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP, SPRITEOUT

GWIDTHPurposeReturns the current width of the display.

Syntaxwidth=GWIDTH

DescriptionThis can be read to find current width of the display in eitherhigh resolution or low resolution pixels.

ExampleREM Draw a circle in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR = blueCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGHEIGHT, ORIGIN, SETMODE


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HLINEPurposeDraw a horizontal line.

SyntaxHLINE(xpos1, xpos2, ypos)

DescriptionDraws a horizontal line on row y, from column xpos1 to columnxpos2.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=redFOR ypos=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 100 LOOP

HLINE(0,GWIDTH,ypos)REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLINE, LINETO, VLINE

HTABPurposeSet/Read the current text cursor horizontal position.

SyntaxHTAB=valuevalue=HTAB

DescriptionSet/Read the current text cursor horizontal position.

ExampleCLSFOR xpos = 0 TO TWIDTH STEP 2 LOOP

HTAB=xposPRINT HTAB

REPEATEND

AssociatedHVTAB, VTAB, PRINTAT


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HVTABPurposeMove the current text cursor to the specified position.

SyntaxHVTAB(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThe cursor is moved to the supplied column xpos and line ypos.Note that (0,0) is top-left of the text screen.

ExampleCLSHVTAB(TWIDTH/2-3,THEIGHT/2)PRINT "CENTRE"HVTAB(0,0)END

AssociatedHTAB, VTAB, PRINTAT

IF THENPurposeExecute a statement conditionally.

SyntaxIF condition THEN {statement}

DescriptionThe statement is executed when the condition evaluates to TRUE(not 0). Unlike some implementations of BASIC the THEN isrequired.

ExamplePRINT "Press Space Bar to Continue"LOOP

IF INKEY = 32 THEN BREAKREPEATPRINT "Space Bar Pressed"END

AssociatedELSE, ENDIF, SWITCH


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INKEYPurposeGet a single character code from the keyboard withoutpausing.

Syntaxasciicode=INKEY

DescriptionThis is similar to GET except that program execution is notpaused; If no key is pressed, then -1 is returned. The followingconstants are predefined to test for special keys: KeyUp,KeyDown, KeyLeft, KeyRight, KeyIns, KeyHome, KeyDel, KeyEnd,KeyPgUp, KeyPgDn, KeyF1, KeyF2, KeyF3, KeyF4, KeyF5, KeyF6,KeyF7, KeyF8, KeyF9, KeyF10, KeyF11, KeyF12.

ExampleREM Show the ASCII code for the last keypressedLastKey = -1REM Press Esc to QuitLOOP

Key=INKEYIF Key<>-1 AND Key<>LastKey THEN

PRINT "Key Pressed: "; KeyLastKey = Key

ENDIFREPEAT

AssociatedGET, INPUT, SCANKEYBOARD

INKPurposeSet/Read the current text foreground colour.

Syntaxforegroundcolour=INKINK=foregroundcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current text foreground (ink) colour.

ExamplePAPER=blackCLSstring$="This is multicoloured text"FOR I=1 TO LEN(string$) LOOP

INK=I MOD 15 + 1PRINT MID$(string$,I-1,1);

REPEATINK=whitePRINTEND

AssociatedPAPER


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INPUTPurposeRead data from the keyboard into a variable.

SyntaxINPUT [prompt$,] variable

DescriptionWhen FUZE BASIC encounters the INPUT statement, programexecution stops, a question mark(?) is printed and it waits foryou to type something. It then assigns what you typed to thevariable. If you typed in a string when it was expecting a number,then it will assign zero to the number. To stop it printing thequestion mark, you can optionally give it a string to print.

ExampleINPUT "What is your Name? ", Name$PRINT "Hello " + Name$END

AssociatedINKEY

INPUT#PurposeRead data from a file.

SyntaxINPUT# handle,variable

DescriptionThis works similarly to the regular INPUT instruction, but readsfrom the file identified by the supplied handle rather than fromthe keyboard. Note that unlike the regular keyboard INPUTinstruction, INPUT# can only read one variable at a time.

Examplehandle=OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle,"Hello World"REWIND(handle)INPUT# handle,record$PRINT record$CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK


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INTPurposeReturn the integer part of a number.

Syntaxintegerpart=INT(number)

DescriptionReturns the integer part of the specified number.

ExamplePRINT "The integer part of PI is ";PRINT INT(PI)END

LEFTPurposeTurns the turtle to the left (counter clockwise) by thegiven angle.

SyntaxLEFT(angle)

DescriptionTurns the virtual graphics turtle to the left (counter clockwise) bythe given angle in the current angle units.

ExampleREM Draw a box using turtle graphicsCLSCOLOUR=REDMOVE(50)DEGLEFT(90)MOVE(50)PENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 4 LOOP

LEFT(90)MOVE(100)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedMOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE


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LEFT$PurposeReturn the specified leftmost number of a characters froma string.

Syntaxsubstring$=LEFT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number characters from theleft (start) of the string. If number is greater than or equal to thelength of string$ then the whole string is returned.

Examplestring$="The quick brown fox"FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT LEFT$(string$, I)REPEATEND

AssociatedMID$, RIGHT$

LENPurposeReturn the length of the specified character string.

Syntaxlength=LEN(string$)

DescriptionReturns the number of characters in the specified string$.

ExampleString$="The Quick Brown Fox"Chars=LEN(String$)PRINT "String Length is: ";CharsFOR I=0 TO Chars - 1 LOOP

Char$=MID$(String$,I,1)PRINT "Character No. ";I;" is "+Char$

REPEATEND


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LINEPurposeDraw a line between two points

SyntaxLINE(xpos1,ypos1,xpos2,ypos2)

DescriptionDraw a line between point (xpos1,ypos1) and point (xpos2,ypos2)in the current COLOUR.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = limeGH=GHEIGHTGW=GWIDTHLINE(10,10,10,GH-10)LINE(10,GH-10,GW-10,GH-10)LINE(GW-10,GH-10,GW-10,10)LINE(GW-10,10,10,10)UPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINETO, VLINE

LINETOPurposeDraw a line from the last point plotted.

SyntaxLINETO(xpos1,ypos1)

DescriptionDraws a line from the last point plotted (by the PLOT or LINEprocedures) to point (xpos1,ypos1).

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = yellowORIGIN(10,10)GH=GHEIGHTGW=GWIDTHLINETO(0,GH-20)LINETO(GW-20,GH-20)LINETO(GW-20, 0)LINETO(0,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINE, VLINE


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LOADIMAGEPurposeLoad an image file into memory.

Syntaxhandle=LOADIMAGE(filename)

DescriptionLoad an image from a file with the specified filename. Thereturned handle can then be used to plot it on the screen withPLOTIMAGE.

ExampleCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)SAVEREGION("bricks.bmp",0,0,50,50)handle=LOADIMAGE("bricks.bmp")FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPPLOTIMAGE(handle,X,Y)

REPEATREPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEH, GETIMAGEW, PLOTIMAGE, FREEIMAGE

LOADMUSICPurposeLoad a music file into memory ready to be played.

Syntaxhandle=LOADMUSIC(filename)

DescriptionLoads an uncompressed music file in wav format (file extension.wav) from the file filename into memory and returns a handlewhich can then be used to play the music using the PLAYMUSICfunction.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)END

AssociatedPAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC


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LOADSAMPLEPurposeLoad a sound sample into memory ready to be played.

Syntaxhandle=LOADSAMPLE(filename)

DescriptionThe LOADSAMPLE function loads a sound sample from theuncompressed WAV format file called filename and returns ahandle to it so that it can be played using the PLAYSAMPLEfunction. You can load up to 32 sound samples into memory atthe same time.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(4.5)END

AssociatedPAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

LOADSPRITEPurposeLoad a sprite from a file into memory.

SyntaxLOADSPRITE(filename$,index,subindex)

DescriptionThis loads a sprite from the supplied filename$ into memory andassociates it with the given sprite index and subindex. The indexis the handle returned by a call to NewSprite and the subindex isthe version of the sprite to allow for animation. The first subindexis 0.

ExampleCLSREM Create a new sprite with 1 versionSpriteIndex=NEWSPRITE(1)REM Load a sprite from a filefuzelogo$="logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,SpriteIndex,0)REM Draw the sprite on the screenPLOTSPRITE(SpriteIndex,200,200,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


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LOCALPurposeDefine variables to be local to a user defined procedure orfunction.

SyntaxLOCAL variable

DescriptionAllows a variable name to be reused in a procedure orfunction without affecting its value in the calling program.

ExampleX=10PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)Proc Test()PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)ENDDEF PROC Test()

PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)LOCAL XX=5PRINT "Local X="+STR$(X)

ENDPROC

AssociatedDEF FN, DEF PROC

LOGPurposeReturn the natural logarithm of the specified number.

Syntaxnaturallogarithm = LOG(number)

DescriptionReturns the natural logarithm of the specified number.This is theopposite of the EXP function i.e. LOG(EXP(X)) = X. Logarithms areused in science to solve exponential radioactive decay problemsand in finance to solve problems involving compound interest.

ExampleX = EXP(10)PRINT X // Will print 22026.46579PRINT LOG(X) // Will print 10END

AssociatedEXP


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MAXPurposeReturns the larger of two numbers.

Syntaxmaxvalue=MAX(number1,number2)

DescriptionReturns the larger (highest value) of number1 or number2.

ExampleREM Prints the value of number2number1=12.26number2=27.45PRINT MAX(number1, number2)END

AssociatedMIN


MICROTIMEPurposeFind out how long the program has been running in 1,000,000sof a second.

Syntaxtime=MICROTIME

DescriptionThis returns a number which represents the time that yourprogram has been running in millionths of seconds.

ExampleREM Simple reaction timerWAIT(2)REM Make sure no key pressedWHILE INKEY<>-1 LOOPREPEATstime=MICROTIMEPRINT "Go!"WHILE INKEY=-1 LOOPREPEATetime = MICROTIMEPRINT "Your reaction time is ";PRINT etime-stime; " milliseconds"END

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MID$PurposeReturn characters from the middle of a string.

SyntaxMID$(string$, start, length)

DescriptionReturns the middle length characters of string$ startingfrom position start. The first character of the string isposition number 0.

ExampleREM Prints Quickstring$="The Quick Brown Fox"PRINT MID$(string$,4,5)END

AssociatedLEFT$, RIGHT$


MINPurposeReturns the smaller of two numbers.

Syntaxminvalue=MIN(number1,number2)

DescriptionReturns the smaller (lowest value) of number1 or number2.

ExampleREM Prints the value of number1number1=12.26number2=27.45PRINT MIN(number1, number2)END

AssociatedMAX

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MODE7PLOTIMAGEPurposeExperimental

SyntaxNot telling yet!

DescriptionGreat fun

ExampleErm… early Nintendo kart based racing games !

Associated

MODE7PLOTSPRITEPurposeExperimental

SyntaxNot telling yet!

DescriptionGreat fun

Example

Erm… early Nintendo kart based racing games !

Associated


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MOUSEOFFPurposeMake the mouse cursor invisible.

SyntaxMOUSEOFF

DescriptionMake the mouse cursor invisible within the FUZE BASIC window.This is the default value.





AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE


MOUSEONPurposeMake the mouse cursor visible.

SyntaxMOUSEON

DescriptionMake the mouse cursor visible within the FUZE BASIC window. Itis invisible by default.





AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE

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MOUSEXPurposeTo find the mouse X position

Syntaxvalue = MOUSEX

DescriptionReturns the X position of the current mouse location

ExampleLOOPPRINTAT(0,0); "Mouse X Position="; MOUSEX;" "REPEAT

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEY,SETMOUSE


MOUSEYPurposeTo find the mouse Y position

Syntaxvalue = MOUSEY

DescriptionReturns the Y position of the current mouse location

ExampleLOOPPRINTAT(0,0); "Mouse Y Position="; MOUSEY;" "REPEAT

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX,SETMOUSE

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MOVEPurposeMove the graphics turtle forward

SyntaxMOVE(distance)

DescriptionThis causes the virtual graphics turtle to move forwards distancein screen pixels. A line will be drawn if the pen is down.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=REDMOVE(50)DEGLEFT(90)MOVE(50)PENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 4 LOOP

LEFT(90)MOVE(100)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE


MOVETOPurposeMove the graphics turtle to a point on the screen.

SyntaxMOVETO(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis moves the virtual graphics turtle to the absolute location(xpos,ypos). A line will be drawn if the pen is down.

ExampleREM Draw a spiral in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR=REDPENUPMOVETO(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)PENDOWNFOR I=2 TO GWIDTH LOOP

MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE

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NEWSPRITEPurposeCreate a new sprite.

Syntaxindex=NEWSPRITE(count)

DescriptionThis returns an index (or handle) to the internal sprite data. Youneed to use the index returned in all future sprite handlingfunctions/procedures. The count argument specifies the numberof different versions of the sprite.

Example overleaf…


ExampleCLSCOLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=BLACKTRIANGLE(100,100,150,125,150,75,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac2.bmp",50,50,101,101)TRIANGLE(100,100,150,150,150,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac3.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLSpacman=NEWSPRITE(3)LOADSPRITE("pac1.bmp",pacman,0)LOADSPRITE("pac2.bmp",pacman,1)LOADSPRITE("pac3.bmp",pacman,2)FOR X=1 TO GWIDTH STEP 25 LOOP

FOR S=0 TO 2 LOOPPLOTSPRITE(pacman,X,GHEIGHT/2,S)UPDATEWAIT(.1)

REPEATREPEATHIDESPRITE(pacman)END

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP

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NUMFORMATPurposeControl how numbers are formatted.

SyntaxNUMFORMAT(width,decimals)

DescriptionYou can affect the way numbers are printed using theNUMFORMAT procedure. This takes 2 arguments, the widthspecifying the total number of characters to print and thedecimals the number of characters after the decimal point.Numbers printed this way are right-justified with leading spacesinserted if required. NUMFORMAT (0,0) restores the output tothe general purpose format used by default.

ExampleNUMFORMAT(6,4)REM Prints 3.1416PRINT PINUMFORMAT(0,0)REM Prints 3.141592654PRINT PIEND

AssociatedPRINT, PRINTAT


OPENPurposeOpen a file for read or write.

Syntaxhandle=OPEN(filename$)

DescriptionThe OPEN function opens a file and makes it available forreading or writing and returns the numeric handle associatedwith the file. The file is created if it doesn’t exist, or if it does existthe file pointer is positioned at the start of the file.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Colin"PRINT# handle, 47CLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("testfile.txt")INPUT# handle, Name$INPUT# handle, AgeCLOSE(handle)PRINT "Name: " + Name$PRINT "Age: "; AgeEND

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

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ORIGINPurposeMove the graphics origin.

SyntaxORIGIN(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis changes the graphics origin for the Cartesian plottingprocedures. The xpos, ypos coordinates are always absolutecoordinates with (0,0) being bottom left (the default).

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=yellowREM Move the origin to the screen centreORIGIN(GWIDTH/2, GHEIGHT/2)PLOT(-100,-100)LINETO(-100,100)LINETO(100,100)LINETO(100,-100)LINETO(-100,-100)UPDATEORIGIN(0,0)END

AssociatedGHEIGHT, GWIDTH


PAPERPurposeSet/Read the current text background colour.

Syntaxbackgroundcolour=PAPERPAPER=backgroundcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current text background (paper) colour. Clearscreen (CLS) will set the entire background to this colour.

ExamplePRINT "Text background colour "; PAPERPAPER=REDPRINT "Text background colour "; PAPERPAPER=7PRINT "Text background colour "; PAPEREND

AssociatedINK, PAPERON, PAPEROFF

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PAPEROFFPurposeSwitches the text background colour off.

SyntaxPAPEROFF

DescriptionThis function switches the background text colour off. It can beturned on or off so that the text background does not obscurewhatever is behind it.

ExampleLOOP INK = Orange PaperOn fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "ON"; WAIT(.3) INK = Yellow PaperOff fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "OFF"; WAIT(.3)REPEAT

AssociatedINK, PAPER, PAPERON


PAPERONPurposeSets text background colour to display

SyntaxPAPERON

DescriptionThis function switches the background text colour on. It can beturned on or off so that the text background does not obscurewhatever is behind it.

ExampleLOOP INK = Orange PaperOn fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "ON"; WAIT(.3) INK = Yellow PaperOff fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "OFF"; WAIT(.3)REPEAT

AssociatedINK, PAPER, PAPEROFF

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PAUSECHANPurposePause the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxPAUSECHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function pauses the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLE that hasbeen started using PLAYSAMPLE. The sample can be resumedwhere it left off using RESUMECHAN

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)PAUSECHAN(intro)Wait(2)RESUMECHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,SETCHANVOL, STOPCHAN


PAUSEMUSICPurposePause a playing music file

SyntaxPAUSEMUSIC

DescriptionPauses a playing music track which can them be restartedusing RESUMEMUSIC.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)PAUSEMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC

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PENDOWNPurposeStart drawing using the graphics turtle.

SyntaxPENDOWN

DescriptionThis lowers the “pen” that the virtual graphics turtle is using todraw with. Nothing will be drawn until you execute thisprocedure.


MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE


PENUPPurposeStop drawing using the graphics turtle.

SyntaxPENUP

DescriptionThis lifts the “pen” that the virtual graphics turtle uses to draw.You can move the turtle without drawing while the pen is up.


MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, RIGHT, TANGLE

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PI / PI2PurposeReturns the value of the constant Pi and Pi divided by 2

Syntaxvalueofpi=PI / valueofpi=PI divided by 2

DescriptionReturns an approximation of the value of the constant pi whichis the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter(approximately 3.141592654) which is widely used inmathematics, specifically trigonomtry and geometry.

ExamplePRINT FN AreaOfCircle(12)ENDDEF FN AreaOfCircle(withRadius)

LOCAL resultresult=PI*withRadius*withRadius

= result


PINMODEPurposeConfigure the mode of a pin on the Pi’s GPIO.

SyntaxPINMODE(pinno,pinmode)

DescriptionConfigures the mode of a pin on the Pi’s GPIO. It takes anargument which specifies the mode of the pin - input, output orPWM output. The modes are:

0 pinINPUT1 pinOUTPUT2 pinPWM

ExampleREM Set pin 12 to inputPINMODE(12,1)REM Wait for button to be pushedUNTIL DIGITALREAD(12) LOOPREPEATPRINT "Button Pushed"END

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, PWMWRITE,SOFTPWMWRITE

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PLAYMUSICPurposeStart playing a music track.

SyntaxPLAYMUSIC(handle,repeats)

DescriptionThis function plays a music track previously loaded using theLOADMUSIC function which returns the handle. The repeats arethe number of times to play the track.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)END

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC,SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC

PLAYSAMPLEPurposeStart playing a sound sample.

SyntaxPLAYSAMPLE(handle,channel,loops)

DescriptionThis function plays a sound previously loaded using theLOADSAMPLE function which returns the handle. The channel is0, 1, 2 or 3 which lets you play up to 4 concurrent samples. Theloops parameter is different to the repeats one in the PLAYMUSICfunction. Here it means the number of times to loop the sample– zero means no loops which means play it ONCE.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(4.5)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, RESUMECHAN, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

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PLOTPurposeDraw a single point on the screen.

SyntaxPLOT(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis plots a single pixel at screen location (xpos,ypos) inthe selected graphics mode in the selected colour. Notethat (0,0) is bottom left by default.

ExampleCLSLOOP

IF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAKxpos=RND(GWIDTH)ypos=RND(GHEIGHT)COLOUR=RND(16)PLOT(xpos, ypos)UPDATE

REPEATEND

AssociatedLINE, LINETO, MOVETO, RECT. TRIANGLE, CIRCLE, ELLIPSE,COLOUR, RGBCOLOUR


PLOTIMAGEPurposeDisplay a loaded image on the screen.

SyntaxPLOTIMAGE(handle,xpos,ypos)

DescriptionPlot an image previously loaded using LOADIMAGE (using the handlereturned by LOADIMAGE) on the screen at coordinates (xpos,ypos).

ExampleCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)SAVEREGION("bricks.bmp",0,0,50,50)handle=LOADIMAGE("bricks.bmp")FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPPLOTIMAGE(handle,X,Y)

REPEATREPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEH, GETIMAGEW, LOADIMAGE, FREEIMAGE

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PLOTSPRITEPurposeDraw a sprite on the screen.

SyntaxPLOTSPRITE(index,xpos,ypos,subindex)

DescriptionThis plots the sprite index and version subindex at thecoordinates (xpos, ypos). The coordinates specify the bottom-leftcorner of the bounding rectangle of the sprite.

ExampleCLSREM Create a new sprite with 1 versionSpriteIndex=NEWSPRITE(1)REM Load a sprite from a filefuzelogo$="/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,SpriteIndex,0)REM Draw the sprite on the screenPLOTSPRITE(SpriteIndex,200,200,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, SETSPRITEALPHA, SETSPRITEANGLE,SETSPRITEFLIP, SETSPRITESIZE, SETSPRITETRANS,SPRITECOLLIDE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP, SPRITEOUT


POLYENDPurposeDraw the filled polygon started by PolyStart.

SyntaxPOLYEND

DescriptionThis marks the end of drawing a polygon. When this iscalled, the stored points will be plotted on the screen andthe polygon will be filled.

ExampleCLSPROC Hexagon(200,200,50,Red)UPDATEENDDEF Proc Hexagon(x,y,l,c)

COLOUR=cPOLYSTARTPOLYPLOT(x+l,y)POLYPLOT(x+l/2,y-l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x-l/2,y-l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x-l,y)POLYPLOT(x-l/2,y+l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x+l/2,y+l*SQRT(3/2))POLYEND

ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYPLOT, POLYSTART

84


POLYPLOTPurposeAdd a point to a filled polygon.

SyntaxPOLYPLOT(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis remembers the given xpos,ypos coordinates as part of afilled polygon. Nothing is actually drawn on the screen until thePolyEnd instruction is executed. Polygons can have a maximumof 64 points.



ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYEND, POLYSTART

POLYSTARTPurposeStart drawing a filled polygon.

SyntaxPOLYSTART

DescriptionThis marks the start of drawing a filled polygon.



ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYEND, POLYPLOT

85


PLOTTEXTPurposeDisplay text using graphic coordinates.

SyntaxPLOTTEXT(“text”, xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThe PRINT command uses the cursor coordinates to display textwhereas PLOTTEXT can position text at a specified pixel location

ExampleLOOP INK = RND (30) fontSize (RND (10) + 1) plotText("HELLO", RND(gWidth), RND(gHeight-1)) UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedPRINT, PRINTAT

PRINTPurposeOutput text to the screen

SyntaxPRINT {text}{;text}

DescriptionOutputting text to the screen is done via the PRINT command.The PRINT command is quite versatile and will print anycombination of numbers and strings separated by the semi-colon (;). A trailing semi-colon will suppress the printing of a newline.

ExamplePRINT "Hello Colin"PRINT "Hello ";name$="Colin"PRINT name$PRINT "Hello "; name$END

AssociatedNUMFORMAT, PRINTAT

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PRINT#PurposePrint data to a file.

SyntaxPRINT# handle,data

DescriptionThe PRINT# instruction acts just like the regular PRINTinstruction except that it sends data to the file identified by thesupplied file-handle rather than to the screen. Numbers areformatted according to the settings of NUMFORMAT. It isstrongly recommended to only print one item per line if you aregoing to read those items back into a FUZE BASIC programagain.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Hello World"CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, REWIND, SEEK

PRINTATPurposeSet the text cursor position and print

SyntaxPRINTAT( x, y ); "text"

DescriptionUse to position the text cursor at the specified location andprint. Useful for laying out text and or variables at any preferredscreen location.

Examplename$ = "Sam"age = 10PRINTAT( 0, 5 ); "My name is "; name$PRINTAT( 5, 10 ); "I am "; age ; " yearsold"END

AssociatedCHR$, HTAB, HVTAB, INK,PAPER, PRINT, PRINT, THEIGHT, TWIDTH, VTAB

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PROCPurposeCall a user defined procedure.

SyntaxPROC name({argument}{,argument})

DescriptionCalls the specified user defined procedure called name with thespecified arguments. Once the procedure has been executedcontrol returns to the command following.

ExampleCLSLOOP

x=RND(TWIDTH)y=RND(THEIGHT)c=RND(15)Text$=”Blossom”PROC text(text$, x, y, c)

REPEATENDDEF PROC text(text$, x, y, c) INK=c PRINTAT(x,y); text$ENDPROC

AssociatedDEF PROC, ENDPROC

PWMWRITEPurposeOutput a PWM waveform on the selected pin.

SyntaxPWMWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)

DescriptionThis procedure outputs a PWM waveform on the selected pin.The pin must be configured for PWM mode beforehand. Thevalue set should be between 0 and 100.

ExampleREM Set pin 1 to PWM output modePINMODE(1,2)PWMWRITE (1,50)END

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, PINMODE

88


RADPurposeSet angle units to radians.

SyntaxRAD

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to radians. There are 2 * PIradians in a full circle.

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSRADFOR Angle=0 TO 2 * PI STEP 0.01 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos,Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedCLOCK, DEG

READPurposeRead data into program variables.

SyntaxREAD variable {,variable}

DescriptionTo get data into your program variables, we use the READinstruction. We can read one, or many items of data at a time.

ExampleREM Load the name of the days of theREM week into a string arrayDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"DATA "Sunday"DIM DaysOfWeek$(7)FOR Day = 1 TO 7 LOOP

READ DaysOfWeek$(Day)REPEATPRINT "The third day of the week is ";PRINT DaysOfWeek$(3)END

AssociatedDATA, RESTORE

89


RECTPurposeDraw a rectangle on the screen.

SyntaxRECT(xpos,ypos,width,height,fill)

DescriptionDraws a rectangle at position (xpos,ypos) with width and height.The final parameter, fill is either TRUE or FALSE, and specifiesfilled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSLOOP

COLOUR=RND(16)x=RND(GWIDTH)y=RND(GHEIGHT)w=RND(GWIDTH / 4)h=RND(GHEIGHT / 4)f=RND(2)RECT(x,y,w,h,f)UPDATEIF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAK

REPEATEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, ELLIPSE, TRIANGLE

REPEAT UNTILPurposeLoop until the specified condition is met.

SyntaxLOOP

{statements}REPEAT UNTIL condition

DescriptionExecute the statements one or more times until the condition isTRUE (not 0).

ExampleNumber=INT(RND(10)) + 1Guess=0REM Guessing GamePRINT "Guess a Number Between 1 and 10"LOOP

INPUT "Enter Your Guess: ", GuessIF (Number<>Guess) THEN

PRINT "Incorrect Guess Again"ENDIF

REPEAT UNTIL Number = GuessPRINT "You are Correct!"END

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,

90


RESTOREPurposeReset the DATA pointer.

SyntaxRESTORE

DescriptionWith no lineno specified resets the READ command to the veryfirst DATA statement in the program.

ExampleDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday","Sunday"FOR Day = 1 TO 3 LOOP

READ DayOfWeek$REPEATPRINT DayOfWeek$RESTOREFOR Day = 1 TO 4 LOOP

READ DayOfWeek$REPEATPRINT DayOfWeek$END

AssociatedDATA, READ

RESUMECHANPurposeResume the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxRESUMECHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function resumes the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLE that hasbeen started using PLAYSAMPLE and paused using PAUSECHAN.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)PAUSECHAN(intro)WAIT(2)RESUMECHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

91


RESUMEMUSICPurposeResumes music playing after it has been paused.

SyntaxRESUMEMUSIC

DescriptionResumes the playing of a music track previously pausedusing PAUSEMUSIC.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)PAUSEMUSICWAIT(1)RESUMEMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC

REWINDPurposeMove the file pointer to the start of a file.

SyntaxREWIND(handle)

DescriptionMove the file pointer to the start of the file specified byhandle.

Examplehandle=OPEN ("rewindtest.txt")PRINT# handle,"First Record"PRINT# handle,"Second Record"CLOSE(handle)handle=OPEN("rewindtest.txt")INPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$REWIND(handle)REM reads the first record againINPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, SEEK

92


RGBCOLOURPurposeSet the current graphical plot colour to an RGB(Red,Green, Blue) value.

SyntaxRGBCOLOUR(red,green,blue)

DescriptionThis sets the current graphical plot colour to an RGB (Red,Green,Blue) value. The values should be from 0 to 255.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Spectrum"FOR v = 0 TO 255 LOOP

RGBCOLOUR(255,v,0)LINE(v,300,v,400)RGBCOLOUR(v,255,0)LINE(511-v,300,511-v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,255-v,v)LINE(512+v,300,512+v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,v,255)LINE(768+v,300,768+v,400)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedCOLOUR, INK, PAPER

RIGHTPurposeTurns the turtle to the right (clockwise) by the given angle.

SyntaxRIGHT(angle)

DescriptionTurns the virtual graphics turtle to the right (clockwise) bythe given angle in the current angle units.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Pink Hexagon"PENUPCOLOUR = PINKPENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 6 LOOP

RIGHT(60)MOVE(100)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, TANGLE

93


RIGHT$PurposeReturn the specified rightmost number of a charactersfrom a string.

Syntaxsubstring$=RIGHT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number characters from theright (end) of the string. If number is greater than or equal to thelength of string$ then the whole string is returned.

ExampleString$="The quick brown fox"FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT RIGHT$(String$, I)REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT$, MID$

ROTATEIMAGEPurposeReturn the specified rightmost number of a charactersfrom a string.

Syntaxsubstring$=RIGHT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number characters from theright (end) of the string. If number is greater than or equal to thelength of string$ then the whole string is returned.

Exampleimage = loadImage ("screen.png")plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)CLSrotateImage (image, 90)plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)END

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, SCALEIMAGE

94


RNDPurposeGenerate a random number in a given range.

Syntaxrandom=RND(range)

DescriptionThis function returns a random number based on the value ofrange. If range is zero, then the last random number generated isreturned, if range is 1, then a random number from 0 to 1 isreturned, otherwise a random number from 0 up to, but notincluding range is returned.

ExampleDiceRoll=RND(6)+1PRINT "Dice Roll: "; DiceRollCoinToss=RND(2)IF CoinToss=0 THEN

PRINT "Heads"ELSE

PRINT "Tails"ENDIFEND

AssociatedSEED

SAVEREGIONPurposeSave a snapshot of an area of the screen to an image file.

SyntaxSAVEREGION(file$,xpos,ypos,width,height)

Description

Takes a snapshot of an area of the current screen specified bythe rectangle with bottom left at coordinates (xpos,ypos) ofspecified width and height, and saves it to the file named file$ ina bitmap (.bmp) format.

SAVEREGION Example

CLSCOLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE (100,100,50,TRUE)COLOUR=BLACKTRIANGLE(100,100,150,150,150,50,TRUE)TRIANGLE(100,100,150,125,150,75,TRUE)SAVEREGION ("pac1.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLSpacman=NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("pac1.bmp",pacman,0)FOR X=1 TO GWIDTH STEP 25 LOOPPLOTSPRITE(pacman,X,GHEIGHT/2,0)UPDATEWAIT(.1)REPEAT

AssociatedSAVESCREEN

95


SAVESCREENPurposeSave a snapshot of the screen to an image file.

SyntaxSAVESCREEN(filename$)

DescriptionThis takes a snapshot of the current screen and saves it tothe filename given in a bitmap (.bmp) format file.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Spectrum"FOR v = 0 TO 255 LOOP

RGBCOLOUR(255,v,0)LINE(v,300,v,400)RGBCOLOUR(v,255,0)LINE(511-v,300,511-v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,255-v,v)LINE(512+v,300,512+v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,v,255)LINE(768+v,300,768+v,400)

REPEATUPDATESAVESCREEN("screenshot.bmp")END

AssociatedSAVEREGION

SCALEIMAGEPurposeResize a loaded image.

SyntaxSCALEIMAGE(handle, percent)

DescriptionScales a preloaded image by a specified percentage.

Exampleimage = loadImage ("screen.png")plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)CLSscaleImage (image, 50)plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)END

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, ROTATEIMAGE

96


SCANKEYBOARDPurposeScan for a key pressed down.

SyntaxSCANKEYBOARD(keycode)

DescriptionAllows you to detect that any of the keys have been pressed(including special keys) and also to detect mutiple keys pressedat the same time. The keycode parameter indicates the key pressto be scanned for e.g scanSpace is the space bar. See the end ofthis guide for a full list of SCANKEYBOARD keycodes.

ExamplePRINT "Press Ctrl-Alt-Delete"LOOP

LCtrl = SCANKEYBOARD(scanLCtrl)LAlt = SCANKEYBOARD(scanLAlt)Delete = SCANKEYBOARD(scanDelete)Reboot = LCtrl AND LAlt AND Delete

REPEAT UNTIL RebootPRINT "Rebooting…"CLEARKEYBOARDEND

AssociatedCLEARKEYBOARD, GET, INKEY, INPUT

SCLOSEPurposeClose an open serial port.

SyntaxSCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThis closes a serial port and frees up any resources used by it. It’snot strictly necessary to do this when you end your program, butit is considered good practice.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY

97


SCROLLDOWNSCROLLLEFTSCROLLRIGHTSCROLLUPPurposeScroll a region of the screen down.

SyntaxSCROLLDOWN(xpos,ypos,width,height,pixels)

DescriptionScroll the region of the screen specified by the rectangleat position (xpos,ypos) with dimensions width X heightdown by the specified number of pixels.

Example overleaf

ExampleCLSW=100 // WidthS=2 // Step SizeX=(GWIDTH-W)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-W)/2COLOUR=WHITERECT(X,Y,W,W,TRUE)RECT(X+W,Y+W,W,W,TRUE)RECT(X-2,Y-2,W*2+4,W*2+4,FALSE)UPDATECOLOUR=BLACKFOR I=1 TO W STEP S LOOP

SCROLLUP(X,Y,W,W*2,S)SCROLLDOWN(X+W,Y,W,W*2,S)UPDATEWAIT(0.01)

REPEATFOR I = 1 TO W STEP S LOOP

SCROLLRIGHT(X,Y+W,W*2,W,S)SCROLLLEFT(X,Y,W*2,W,S)WAIT(0.01)

UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedSCROLLLEFT, SCROLLRIGHT, SCROLLUP

98


SEEDPurposeSeed the random number generator.

SyntaxSEED=value

DescriptionThis can be assigned to initialise the random number generator,or you can read it to find the current seed.

ExampleSEED=10PRINT RND(100)SEED=10REM Will print the same numberPRINT RND(100)REM Will print a different numberPRINT RND(100)END

AssociatedRND

SEEKPurposeMove the file pointer to any place in the file.

SyntaxSEEK(handle,offset)

DescriptionThe SEEK instruction moves the file pointer to any place in the file. It caneven move the file pointer beyond the end of the file in which case thefile is extended. The argument supplied to SEEK is an absolute numberof bytes from the start of the file. If you are using random access filesand want to access the 7th record in the file, then you need to multiplyyour record size by 7 to get the final location to seek to.

Examplehandle=OPEN("TestFile.txt")recSize = 20FOR recNo=0 TO 10 LOOP

record$ = "Record " + STR$(recNo)pad = recSize - LEN(record$)PRINT# handle,record$;SPACE$(pad)

REPEATREM read the 7th recordSEEK (handle,(recSize+1)*7)INPUT# handle,record$PRINT record$CLOSE(handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND

99


SENSEACCELX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT accelerometer.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEACCELXvalue=SENSEACCELYvalue=SENSEACCELZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors. Theaccelerometer can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Accelerometer X=”; senseAccelXPRINT “Sense Accelerometer Y=”; senseAccelYPRINT “Sense Accelerometer Z=”; senseAccelZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseCompass, senseGyro

SENSECLSPurposeSets all of the LEDs on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT to off.

SyntaxSENSECLS

Description

Sets an RGB value of 0, 0, 0 to all of the matrix LEDs therebyclearing the display.

ExampleCLSsensePlot(2,2)WAIT (1)senseClsEND

AssociatedsensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine

100


SENSECOMPASSX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT compass.

Syntaxvalue=SENSECOMPASSXvalue=SENSECOMPASSYvalue=SENSECOMPASSZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors. Thecompass can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Compass X=”; senseCompassXPRINT “Sense Compass Y=”; senseCompassYPRINT “Sense Compass Z=”; senseCompassZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseAccel, senseGyro,

SENSEGETRGBPurposeReturn the values used by a Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED

SyntaxSENSEGETRGB(xpos, ypos, red, green, blue)

Description

Returns the Red, Green and Blue values from a given LED at thespecified matrix coordinates. It is possible to use this for collisiondetection in games using the senseHAT.

ExampleCLSsenseRGBcolour (0, 0, 255)sensePlot (0, 0)SenseGetRGB (0, 0, R, G, B)PRINT “Red=”; RPRINT “Green=”; GPRINT “Blue=”; BEND

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseRGBcolour, , senseLine

101


SENSEGYROX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT gyro.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEGYROXvalue=SENSEGYROYvalue=SENSEGYROZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors. Thegyro can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Gyro X=”; senseGyroXPRINT “Sense Gyro Y=”; senseGyroYPRINT “Sense Gyro Z=”; senseGyroZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseAccel, senseCompass

SENSEHEIGHTPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT height sensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEHEIGHT

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors.Height above sea level can be accessed with this function. Note,this does not work well indoors.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Height”; senseHeightREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, sensePressure, senseTemperature

102


SENSEHFLIPPurposeHorizontally flips the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEHFLIP

Description

Reverses (flips) the LED matrix display horizontally.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)senseLine(0,0,0,7)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)senseLine(0,7,7,7)LOOPsenseHflipWAIT(1)SenseVflipWAIT(1)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, , senseLine

SENSEHUMIDITYPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT humidity sensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEHUMIDITY

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors.Humidity can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Humidity”; senseHumidityREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHeight, sensePressure, senseTemperature

103


SENSELINEPurposeLights a line on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSELINE(x1, y1, x2, y2)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to a line of LEDson the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix. The line is displayedfrom x1, y1 to x2, y2.


AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB

SENSEPLOTPurposeLights an LED on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEPLOT(xpos, ypos)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to a single LEDon the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)sensePlot(0,0)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)sensePlot(7,7)END

AssociatedsenseCls, senseHflip, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine

104


SENSEPRESSUREPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT air pressuresensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEPRESSURE

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors. Airpressure can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Pressure”; sensePressureREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, senseHeight, senseTemperature

SENSERECTPurposeLights a rectangle on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSERECT(xpos, ypos, width, height, fill)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to a rectangle ofLEDs on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix. The rectangle isdisplayed from xpos, ypos with a width and height as specified.Fill can be either 0 for an outline or 1 for filled in.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)senseRect(0,0,7,7,1)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)senseRect(0,0,7,7,0)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseLine, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB

105


SENSERGBCOLOURPurposeSet the Red, Green and Blue values used by a Raspberry PisenseHAT LED.

SyntaxSENSERGBCOLOUR(red, green, blue)

Description

Sets the Red, Green and Blue values to be used by the senseHATFUZE BASIC drawing commands.

ExampleCLSsenseRGBcolour (255, 0, 0)sensePlot (0, 0)senseRGBcolour (0, 255, 0)sensePlot (3, 3)senseRGBcolour (0, 0, 255)sensePlot (7, 7)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseLine, senseGetRGB

SENSESCROLLPurposeScrolls the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSESCROLL(direction, direction)

DescriptionShifts the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix in the specifieddirection by the number of pixels indicated.

ExamplesenseCLSsensePlot (2, 2)sensePlot (2, 3)LOOPSenseScroll (0, 2) // two upWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (2, 0) // two rightWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (0, -2) // two downWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (-2, 0) // two leftWAIT(0.1)REPEATEND

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseRGBcolour, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseLine, senseGetRGB

106


SENSETEMPERATUREPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT heat sensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSETEMPERATURE

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built in sensors.Temperature, in degrees, can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Temperature”; senseTemperatureREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, senseHeight, sensePressure

SENSEVFLIPPurposeVertically flips the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEHFLIP

Description

Reverses (flips) the LED matrix display vertically.


AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine

107


SETCHANVOLPurposeSet the volume of a sound sample.

SyntaxSETCHANVOL(channel,volume)

DescriptionSets the sound sample playback volume on the specifiedchannel where volume is a percentage of the maximum(0-100)

Examplechannel=0chomp=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_chomp.wav")FOR volume=10 TO 100 STEP 10 LOOP

SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)PLAYSAMPLE(chomp,0,0)WAIT(1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,STOPCHAN

SETMODEPurposeSet display width and height

SyntaxSETMODE( width, height )

DescriptionSets the display width and height to the specified. It isgenerally sensible to use standard screen display sizes

ExampleSETMODE( 1280, 720 )PRINT "Hello World"WAIT( 2 )SETMODE( 640, 480 )PRINT "Hello Another World"END

AssociatedGHEIGHT, GWIDTH

108


SETMOUSEPurposeMove the mouse pointer to the specified point.

SyntaxSETMOUSE(xpos,ypos)DescriptionMoves the mouse pointer to the screen coordinate (xpos,ypos)

ExampleCLSMOUSEONCOLOUR=WHITERECT(100,100,150,50,TRUE)INK=BLACKPAPER=WHITEPRINTAT(7,38); "Click Me"UPDATEClicked=FALSELOOP

GETMOUSE(X,Y,Z)IF Z <> 0 THEN

IF (X > 100 AND X < 250) THENIF (Y > 100 AND Y < 150) THEN

Clicked=TRUEENDIF

ENDIFENDIF

REPEAT UNTIL ClickedSETMOUSE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY

SETMUSICVOLPurposeSets the music playback volume.

SyntaxSETMUSICVOL(level)

DescriptionSets the music playback volume where level is apercentage of the maximum (0-100)

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, STOPMUSIC

109


SETSPRITEALPHAPurposeSets the transparency of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITEALPHA( sprite, alpha )

DescriptionSets how transparent a sprite is. An alpha of 0 means it'sinvisible and 255 means it's completely opaque, or solid.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0 )FOR alpha = 0 TO 255 LOOPSETSPRITEALPHA( pic, alpha )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITEANGLEPurposeRotate a sprite to the given angle

SyntaxSETSPRITEANGLE( sprite, angle )

DescriptionUse to rotate the specified sprite to the given angle indegrees. 0 is default.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0 )FOR angle = 0 TO 360 LOOPSETSPRITEANGLE( pic, angle )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITESIZE, SETSPRITEFLIP, SETSPRITEORIGIN,GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

110


SETSPRITEFLIPPurposeMirror a sprite in the specified direction

SyntaxSETSPRITEFLIP( sprite, flip )

DescriptionGraphically mirrors (flips) the specified sprite.

0 Reset to default1 mirrored vertically2 mirrored horizontally3 mirrored vertically & horizontally

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)PLOTSPRITE(pic, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)FOR a=3 TO 0 step -1 LOOPSETSPRITEFLIP( pic, a )UPDATEWAIT( 1 )REPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITESIZE,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITEORIGINPurposeSets the anchor point of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITEorigin( sprite, xpos, ypos )

DescriptionUse to set the origin of a specified sprite. When plotting a spriteits default origin is bottom left. You can change this to any pointon the sprite. This example sets it to the middle.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "logo.png", pic, 0 )LOOPSETSPRITEORIGIN( pic, 0, 0 )Plotsprite( pic, 0, 0, 0)UpdateWait(1)MiddleX=GETSPRITEW(pic)/2MiddleY=GETSPRITEH(pic)/2SETSPRITEORIGIN( pic, MiddleX, MiddleY )PLOTSPRITE( pic, 0, 0, 0)UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE,SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP, SETSPRITESIZE, GETSPRITEX,GETSPRITEY

111


SETSPRITESIZEPurposeChange the size of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITESIZE( sprite, size )

DescriptionSets the sprite to the specified size in percent. 100 is thedefault, therefore 50 is half the size and 300 is three timesas big as the original.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)FOR angle = 50 TO 200 LOOPSETSPRITESIZE( pic, size )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITETRANSPurposeSet a transparency colour for a given sprite and its sub-sprites.

SyntaxSETSPRITETRANS(spriteId, Red, Green, Blue)

DescriptionIf you specify a transparency colour for a sprite then anypixels in the sprite that are this colour will be transparenti.e. They will show as the background colour. This allows asprite to pass over a background image without blocking itout. You need to load the sprite files first before settingthe transparency colour.

Example (overleaf)

112


SETSPRITETRANS Example

CLSRGBCOLOUR(247, 247, 247)RECT(50, 50, 101, 101, TRUE)COLOUR = YELLOWCIRCLE(100, 100, 50, TRUE)SAVEREGION("s3.bmp", 50, 50, 101, 101)CLS2COLOUR = REDMidY = GHEIGHT / 2FOR X = 0 TO GWIDTH STEP 100 LOOP

RECT(X, MidY - 50, 50, 200, TRUE)REPEATCOLOUR = Blacks1 = NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s3.bmp", s1, 0)SETSPRITETRANS(s1, 247, 247, 247)FOR X = 0 TO gWidth STEP 10 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1, X, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEWAIT (0.0005)

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, RGBCOLOUR

SGETPurposeRead a byte from a serial port.

Syntaxbyte=SGET(handle)

DescriptionFetch a single byte of data from an open serial port and returnthe data as a number. This function will pause programexecution for up to 5 seconds if no data is available. If there isstill not data after 5 seconds, the function will return -1.

ExampleREM Read a byte from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)byte=SGET(arduino)PRINT byteSCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY

113


SGET$PurposeRead a character from a serial port.

Syntaxcharacter=SGET$(handle)

DescriptionFetch a single byte of data from an open serial port andreturn the data as a single character string. This functionwill pause program execution for up to 5 seconds if nodata is available. If there is still not data after 5 seconds,the function will return an empty string.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY

SGNPurposeReturns the sign of the specified number.

Syntaxsign=SGN(number)

DescriptionReturns -1 if the number is negative, 1 otherwise. (Zero isconsidered positive)

ExampleREM Prints 1PRINT SGN(100)PRINT SGN(0)REM Print -1PRINT SGN(-5)END

AssociatedABS

114


SHOWKEYSPurposeList the function key definitions

SyntaxSHOWKEYS

DescriptionIt is possible to set the 12 function keys at the top of thekeyboard to user defined values. This command will showwhat the current definitions are. By default function keyF2 is defined to enter the EDIT command and F3 the RUNcommand but it is possible to overwrite these.

ExampleREM Set key F5 to clear screenkeyF5$ = "CLS\n"SHOWKEYS

SINPurposeReturns the sine of the given angle.

Syntaxsine=SIN(angle)

DescriptionReturns the sine of the argument angle in radians. This isthe ratio of the side of a right angled triangle, that isopposite to the angle, to the hypotenuse (the longestside).

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSDEGFOR Angle=0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH/2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT/2PLOT(Xpos,Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedASIN, ATAN, COS

115


SOFTPWMWRITEPurposeSynthesize Pulse Wave Modulation to the specified GPIOpin.

SyntaxSOFTPWMWRITE(pinNo,value)

DescriptionThis enables you to simulate an analog output. For exampleinstead of an LED being just on or off you can make it appearbrighter or dimmer. The pinNo parameter is the number of theGPIO output pin. This must first be set to pinSoftPwm. The valueparameter is a percentage (0-100).

ExampleREM Connect an LED to GPIO pin 0PINMODE (0, PINSOFTPWM)FOR I=0 TO 100 LOOP

SOFTPWMWRITE (0,I)WAIT(0.1)

REPEATFOR I=100 to 0 STEP -1 LOOP

SOFTPWMWRITE (0,I)WAIT(0.1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedPINMODE

SOPENPurposeOpens a serial device and makes it available for use.

Syntaxhandle=SOPEN($device,speed)

DescriptionThis opens a serial device and makes it available for our use. Ittakes the name of the serial port and the speed as an argumentand returns a number (the handle) of the device. We can use thishandle to reference the device and allow us to open severaldevices at once. The following baud rates are recognised: 50, 75,110, 134, 150,200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 19200, 3840057600, 115200 and 230400, but do check your local PC anddevices capabilities. The device is always opened with the dataformat set to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity. Allhandshaking is turned off.

ExampleREM Read a byte from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)byte=SGET(arduino)SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY

116


SOUNDPurposePlay a synthesised sound with the specified parameters(emulates BBC BASIC SOUND command).

Syntaxsound(channel,amplitude,pitch,duration)

DescriptionThe channel is 0 to 3 with 0 being for white noise (static). Theamplitude goes from 0 to -15 where 0 is silent and -15 is fullvolume (-7 being half volume and so on). The duration is in20ths of a second, so 20 represents one second, 10 half a secondand so on. The pitch values are taken from a table which can befound at the end of the manual but, middle C has a value of 53and each note is 4 away from the next. Note that when usedwith a sound envelope amplitude is replaced by the envelopenumber.

ExampleChannel=1Volume=-10FOR Note=1 TO 5 LOOP

READ Frequency,DurationSOUND(Channel,Volume,Frequency,Duration)

REPEATENDDATA 89, 20, 97, 20, 81, 20, 33, 20, 61, 40

AssociatedENVELOPE, TONE

SPACE$PurposeReturns a blank string of the specified length.

Syntaxblankstring=SPACE$(number)

DescriptionReturns a string of blank spaces number characters long.

ExampleBlank$ = SPACE$(100)FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT Blank$REPEATEND

117


SPRITECOLLIDEPurposeDetect a sprite collision (fast bounding box)

Syntaxcollision=SPRITECOLLIDE(target)

DescriptionReturns the sprite index of the first sprite that the spriteindex target has collided with, or -1 if there is no collision.It only checks the current sprite location and this is onlyupdated after a screen update LOOP so it is possible to callPLOTSPRITE() and have a sprite overlap but it not bedetected until after the update has happened on screen.

ExampleCLSRGBCOLOUR(254,254,254)RECT(50,50,101,101,TRUE)COLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=REDCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s2.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLS2s1=NEWSPRITE(1)s2=NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s1.bmp",s1,0)LOADSPRITE("s2.bmp",s2,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 1 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1,X,200,0)PLOTSPRITE(s2,GWIDTH-X-100,200,0)IF SPRITECOLLIDE (s2) <> -1 THEN BREAKUPDATEWAIT(0.0005)

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP

118


SPRITECOLLIDEPPPurposeDetect a sprite collision (pixel perfect)

Syntaxcollision=SPRITECOLLIDEPP(target,accuracy)

DescriptionThis is a slower but more accurate version of SpriteCollide.It first does do a simple bounding box test then checksrow at a time. The accuracy parameter is how many pixelsto skip both horizontally and vertically. This is from 1 to16, where 1 is "perfect" and greater than 1 is lessaccurate, but faster. This will affect the amount of visibleoverlap you get before a collision is detected.

ExampleCLSRECT(50,50,101,101,TRUE)COLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=REDCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s2.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLS2s1=NEWSPRITE(1)s2=NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s1.bmp",s1,0)LOADSPRITE("s2.bmp",s2,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 1 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1,X,200,0)PLOTSPRITE(s2,GWIDTH-X-100,200,0)IF SPRITECOLLIDEPP(s2,1) <> -1 THEN BREAKUPDATE

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDE

119


SPRITEOUTPurposeFind out if a sprite is off screen

Syntaxresult = SPRITEOUT( sprite )

DescriptionIf the sprite is off screen then result is true otherwise it isfalse.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)WHILE NOT SPRITEOUT( pic ) LOOPADVANCESPRITE( pic, 2 )UPDATEREPEATPRINT "GONE!"END

AssociatedHIDESPRITE, PLOTSPRITE

SPUTPurposeSend a byte to an open serial port.

SyntaxSPUT(arduino,byte)

DescriptionSend a single byte of data to an open serial port.

ExampleREM Write a byte to a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)SPUT(arduino,52)SPUT(arduino,50)SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT$, SREADY

120


SPUT$PurposeSend a character string to an open serial port.

SyntaxSPUT$(arduino,string)

DescriptionSend a string of characters of data to an open serial port.

ExampleREM Write a byte to a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)SPUT$(arduino,"Hello")SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SREADY

SQRTPurposeReturn the square root of the specified number.

Syntaxsquareroot=SQRT(number)

DescriptionReturns the square root of the argument number. This isthe opposite of multiplying a number by itself i.e. X =SQRT(X * X)

Examplefoursquared=4*4PRINT SQRT(foursquared)END

121


SREADYPurposeGet the number of characters available to be read on anopen serial port.

Syntaxcount=SREADY(handle)

DescriptionReturns the number of characters available to be read from anopen serial port. This can be used to poll the device to avoidstalling your program when there is no data available to be read.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)IF SREADY(arduino) THEN

char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$

ENDIFSCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$

STOPPurposeStop a running program.

SyntaxSTOP

DescriptionProgram execution is stopped with a message indicatingthe current line number.

ExampleINPUT "Enter the Password: ", pass$IF pass$<>"wibble" THEN

PRINT "Password Incorrect"STOP

ENDIFPRINT "Password Correct"END

AssociatedCONT

122


STOPCHANPurposeStop the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxSTOPCHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function stops the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLE thathas been started using PLAYSAMPLE. It cannot be resumedonce stopped.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)STOPCHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,SETCHANVOL

STOPMUSICPurposeStop music playing completely.

SyntaxSTOPMUSIC

DescriptionStops a playing music track which cannot then beresumed.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)STOPMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC,SETMUSICVOL

123


STR$PurposeReturns a string version of the supplied number.

Syntaxstring$=STR$(number)

DescriptionReturns a string in the decimal (base 10) representation ofnumber. This is useful if you want to append a number toa string. This is the opposite of the VAL function.

ExamplePRINT "The Answer is "+STR$(42)END

AssociatedVAL

SWAPPurposeSwap the value of two variables.

SyntaxSWAP(value1,value2)

DescriptionThis swaps the value of the 2 variables round. Botharguments must be the same type - i.e. Both numeric orboth string.

Examplelowest=99highest=0IF lowest>highest THEN

SWAP(highest,lowest)ENDIFPRINT "Lowest "; lowestPRINT "Highest ";highestEND

124


SWITCHPurposeTest a value against many different values and executedifferent code.

SyntaxSWITCH (variable)

{ CASE value {, value }commands

ENDCASE }[ DEFAULT

commandsENDCASE ]

ENDSWITCH

DescriptionSimplify the writing of multiple IF. . . THEN. . . ELSE statements.

Rules:

• Every SWITCH must have a matching ENDSWITCH.• Every CASE or DEFAULT statement must have a matching

ENDCASE.• Statements after a CASE statement must not run-into another

CASE.• The constants after the CASE statement (and the expression in

the SWITCH statement) can be either numbers or strings, butyou can’t mix both.

ExampleINPUT aSWITCH(a)

CASE 1,2PRINT "You entered 1 or 2"

ENDCASECASE 7

PRINT "You entered 7"ENDCASEDEFAULT

PRINT "You entered something else"ENDCASE

ENDSWITCHEND

AssociatedENDCASE, CASE, ENDSWITCH

125


TANPurposeReturn the tangent of the given angle.

Syntaxtangent=TAN(angle)

DescriptionReturns the tangent of the angle in the current angle units. In aright-angled triangle the tangent of an angle is the ratio of thelength of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side.This is a measure of the steepness of an angle.

ExampleDEGPRINT "Tangent of 45 degrees: "; TAN(45)PRINT "ArcTangent of 1: "; ATAN(1)END

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, ATAN, COS

TANGLEPurposeRead or set the current angle of the turtle.

Syntaxangle=TANGLETANGLE=angle

DescriptionThis can be read or assigned to and represents the current angleof the turtle when using turtle graphics mode (in the currentangle units)

ExampleCLSORIGIN(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)CLOCKFOR I = 1 TO 60 LOOP

TANGLE = IMOVETO(0,0)PENDOWNMOVE(100)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT

126


THEIGHTPurposeThe height in characters of the display.

Syntaxheight=THEIGHT

DescriptionThe height in characters of the display.

ExampleCLStext$="This text is centred in the screen"HVTAB((TWIDTH-LEN(text$))/2,THEIGHT/2)PRINT text$END

AssociatedTWIDTH

TIMEPurposeFind out how long the program has been running in 1000s of asecond.

Syntaxtime=TIME

DescriptionThis returns a number which represents the time that yourprogram has been running in milliseconds.

ExampleREM Simple reaction timerWAIT(2)REM Make sure no key pressedWHILE INKEY<>-1 LOOPREPEATstime=TIMEPRINT "Go!"WHILE INKEY=-1 LOOPREPEATetime = TIMEPRINT "Your reaction time is ";PRINT etime-stime; " milliseconds"END

127


TONEPurposePlay a tone with the specified parameters.

SyntaxTONE(channel,volume,frequency,duration)

DescriptionThis plays a simple tone of the given frequency (1 to 5000Hz),volume (%) and duration (0.01 to 20 seconds) on the givenchannel.You can play multiple tones by playing them one after the otherand up to three tones can be played simultaneously on differentchannels.Channel 0 is white noise and the frequency has no bearing onthe sound produced.

ExampleChannel=1Volume=70FOR Note=1 TO 5 LOOP

READ Frequency,DurationTONE(Channel,Volume,Frequency,Duration)

REPEATENDDATA 440, 1, 493, 1, 392, 1, 196, 1, 294 ,2

AssociatedSOUND

TIME$PurposeReturns a string with the current time.

Syntaxnow$=TIME$

DescriptionThis returns a string with the current time in the followingformat: HH:MM:SS. For example: 18:05:45.

ExamplePRINT "The time now is ";PRINT TIME$END

AssociatedDATE$

128


TRIANGLEPurposeDraw a triangle on the screen.

SyntaxTRIANGLE (xpos1, ypos1, xpos2, ypos2,xpos3, ypos3, fill)

DescriptionDraws a triangle with its corners at the three given points. Thefinal parameter, fill is either TRUE or FALSE, and specifies filled(TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleLOOP

COLOUR=RND(16)x1=RND(GWIDTH)x2=RND(GWIDTH)x3=RND(GWIDTH)y1=RND(GHEIGHT)y2=RND(GHEIGHT)y3=RND(GHEIGHT)f=RND(2)TRIANGLE (x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,f)UPDATEIF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAK

REPEATEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, ELLIPSE, RECT

TRUEPurposeRepresents the logical "true" value.

SyntaxTRUE

DescriptionRepresents a Boolean value that succeeds a conditional test. It isequivalent to a numeric value of 1 (in fact anything other than 0evaluates to TRUE)

Examplecondition=TRUEIF condition=TRUE THEN

PRINT "Condition is TRUE"ENDIFPRINT conditionEND

AssociatedFALSE

129


TWIDTHPurposeThe width in characters of the display.

Syntaxwidth=TWIDTH

DescriptionThe width in characters of the display.

Exampletext$="This text is centred horizontally"HTAB=(TWIDTH-LEN(text$))/2PRINT text$END

AssociatedTHEIGHT

UPDATEMODEPurposeSet the video update mode.

SyntaxUPDATEMODE=mode

Description (overleaf)

UPDATEMODE DescriptionThe updateMode determines when the screen is redrawn.Redrawing the screen takes a little time and will slow down aprogram if you do it too often. The value of the mode parametercan be 0, 1, or 2 as follows:0- automatic updates do not happen. Nothing will be drawn onthe screen until the UPDATE command is issued.1-This is the default mode whereby an UPDATE happensautomatically when you output a new line, or the screen scrolls.2-The screen is updated after every PRINT instruction whether ittakes a new line or not.

ExampleCLSINPUT "Update Mode? ",modeIF mode>=0 AND mode<=2 THEN

PRINT "Press space to exit"WAIT(1)UPDATEMODE=modeLOOP

PRINT "Hello World ";REPEAT UNTIL INKEY=32UPDATE

ELSEPRINT "Invalid Update Mode"

ENDIFWAIT(1)END

AssociatedUPDATE

130


UNTIL REPEATPurposeLoop until the specified condition is met.

SyntaxUNTIL condition LOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements zero or more times until thecondition is TRUE (Not 0).Because the test is done at the start of the loop thestatements may not be executed at all

ExampleREM Print 1 to 10count=1UNTIL count>10 LOOP

PRINT countcount=count + 1

REPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,REPEAT UNTIL, WHILE REPEAT

UPDATEPurposeUpdate screen graphics.

SyntaxUPDATE

DescriptionGraphics are drawn to a temporary screen buffer ratherthan the visible screen. The UPDATE command copies theworking area to the main display. An update is alsoperformed if your program stops for input, or when youPRINT a new line.ExampleREM Moire patternsLOOP

CLSCOLOUR=RND(15)+1x=RND(GWIDTH)y=RND(GHEIGHT)FOR w=0 TO GWIDTH-1 STEP 3 LOOP

LINE(x,y,w,0)LINE(x,y,w,GHEIGHT-1)

REPEATFOR h=0 TO GHEIGHT-1 STEP 3 LOOP

LINE(x,y,0,h)LINE(x,y,GWIDTH-1,h)

REPEATUPDATE

REPEATEND

AssociatedUPDATEMODE

131


VALPurposeReturns the number represented by a character string.

Syntaxnumber=VAL(string$)

DescriptionReturns the number represented by string$. This is the oppositeof the STR$ function.

Examplenow$ =TIME$hh=VAL(LEFT$(now$, 2))mm=VAL(MID$(now$, 3, 2))ss=VAL(RIGHT$(now$, 2))elapsed=hh*3600+mm*60+ssPRINT "Seconds since midnight: "; elapsedEND

AssociatedSTR$

VLINEPurposeDraws a vertical line.

SyntaxVLINE (ypos1,ypos2,xpos)

DescriptionDraws a vertical line on column xpos, from row ypos1 to rowypos2.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=redFOR xpos=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 100 LOOP

VLINE(0, GHEIGHT, xpos)REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINE, LINETO

132

main index

VTABPurposeSet/Read the current text cursor vertical position.

SyntaxVTAB=valuevalue=VTAB

DescriptionSet/Read the current text cursor vertical position.

ExampleCLSFOR ypos = 0 TO THEIGHT LOOP

VTAB=yposPRINT VTAB

REPEATVTAB=0END

AssociatedHTAB, HVTAB

WAITPurposeWaits for the specified time to elapse.

SyntaxWAIT(time)

DescriptionThis waits (does nothing) for time seconds. This may be aractional number, but the accuracy will depend on the computeryou are running it on, however delays down to 1/100th of asecond should be achievable.

ExampleREM COUNT 10 SecondsCLSSeconds = 0FOR I=1 TO 10 LOOP

WAIT(1)Seconds=Seconds + 1HVTAB(10,10)PRINT Seconds

REPEATPRINT "Elapsed "; TIME/1000END


133

main index

WHILE REPEATPurposeLoop while the specified condition is met.

SyntaxWHILE condition LOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements zero or more times while the condition isTRUE (Not 0). Because the test is done at the start of the loopthe statements may not be executed at all.

Examplehandle=OPEN("whiletest.txt")FOR r=0 TO 10 LOOP

PRINT# handle,"Record ";rREPEATCLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("whiletest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF(handle) LOOP



AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,REPEAT UNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT

listGamepadsImmediate mode only. Displays a list of connected devices.

numButtons( gamepad )Returns the number of buttons on a specified device

numAxes( gamepad )Returns the number of analog axis on a specified device

numHats( gamepad )Returns the number of HATS on a specified device

numGamepadsReturns the number of devices connected

getAxis( gamepad, axis )Returns the value of a given axis on a specified device

getButton( gamepad, button )Returns the value of a given button on a specified device

getHat( gamepad, hat )Returns the value of a given HAT on a specified device

SetupGamepad( gamepad )Configure a specified device

Joystick and Gamepad commandsFunctions, Constants & Procedures

134

main index

scanBackspacescanTabscanClearscanReturnscanPausescanEscapescanSpacescanExclaimscanQuoteDblscanHashscanDollarscanAmpersandscanQuotescanLeftParenscanRightParenscanAsteriskscanPlusscanCommascanMinusscanPeriodscanSlashscan0

scanAscanBscanCscanDscanEscanFscanGscanHscanIscanJscanKscanLscanMscanNscanOscanPscanQscanRscanSscanTscanUscanV

scanDownscanRightscanLeftscanInsertscanHomescanEndscanPageupscanPagedownscanF1scanF2scanF3scanF4scanF5scanF6scanF7ScanF8scanF9scanF10scanF11scanF12scanF13scanF14ScanF15scanNumLock

scanCapsLockscanScrolLockscanRShiftscanLShiftscanRCtrlscanLCtrlscanRAltscanLAltscanRMetascanLMetascanLSuperscanRSuperscanModescanComposescanHelpscanPrintscanSysReqscanBreakscanMenuscanPowerscanEuroscanUndo

scan1scan2scan3scan4scan5scan6scan7scan8scan9scanColonscanSemiColonScanLessScanEqualsscanGreaterscanQuestionscanAtscanLeftBracketscanBackSlashscanRightBracketscanCaretScanUnderscorescanBackQuote

scanVscanWscanXscanYScanZscanDeletescanKP0scanKP1scanKP2scanKP3scanKP4scanKP5scanKP6scanKP7scanKP8scanKP9scanKpPeriodscanKpDividescanKpMultiplyscanKpMinusscanKpPlusScanKpEnterScanKpEqualsscanUp

ScanKeyboard values

135

main index

Octave Number

Note 1 2 3 4 5 6 7B 0 49 97 145 193 241

A# 0 45 93 141 189 237A 41 89 137 185 233

G# 37 85 133 181 229G 33 81 129 177 225

F# 29 77 125 173 221F 25 73 121 169 217E 21 69 117 165 213

D# 17 65 113 161 209D 13 61 109 157 205 253

C# 9 57 105 153 201 249C 5 53 101 149 197 245

Notes & Octaves for Sound function

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