progress pointers december 1973...massacre of lehenga's men by mhlonhlo 1867 69 war of the...

PROGRESS POINTERS D ECEM BER 1973

VOL. XX No. 12Registered at the G.P.O.

as a newspaper

The editorial staff of B A N TU wishes all our readers a M erry Christm as and a Prosperous N ew Year.

BANTU December, 1973

DECEMBER 1973

2. How the date of Shako's death helped to determine age 8 The Bantu and their literature

f DHEVELOPMENT )

10. Homelands: Financial co-operation promotes development 18. Agricultural activities in the Bantu homelands 22. Zwelitsho 26. Dimbaza

FRONT COVER

The 1936 Census — see p.2 (M . Erasmus)

INSIDE BACK COVER

A Profession for the future

BANTU December, 1973 1

C HISTORY/CULTURE J

HOW THE DATE OF HELPED TO

DETERMINE AGE

Edited by H. C. de Wet

Today's census enumerators have some interesting problems to contend with. Occasionally they are mistaken for book pedlars and summarily shown the door. Sometimes they can not get away without having coffee and listening politely to family problems and complaints. In immigrant homes, tricky language problems can crop up.

Enumerators of bygone days also had their problems; of these the most tricky was probably the determination of the ages of illiterate Bantu.

Many Bantu do not know their age, but know when they were born in relation to some historical event. This led to the publication of a pamphlet which was made available to supervisors and enumerators by the Director of Census, Mr A. W. Carruthers, during the 1936 Census. With this, the precise or approximate age of a Bantu could be determined and the use of this method of questioning enabled enumerators to achieve a reasonably accurate population census of the Bantu.

SHAKA’S DEATH

The pamphlet of which 12 000 copies were printed by the Government Printer, Pretoria, consisted of three tables. Table 1 reflected the dates of events in the South African history in general, with special reference to the Eastern Cape, including the Transkei. Table II mentioned historical events in Natal and Zululand, giving the date of each event and stating how many years before 1936 each occurred. Table III is a list of the 28 Zulu Royal Regiments, with the estimated age of members of each regiment in 1936.

It will be observed from the tables, published hereunder, how interesting historical events were employed to determine the ages of persons.

2 BANTU December, 1973

Table 1CAPE AND SO UTH AFR ICAN H IS TO R Y IN G E N E R A L

No. ofYear years prior

to 1936

Death of Shaka 1828 108Defeat and death of Matiwane 1828 108The second Mfecana 1828 108Gaika's attack on Tembus 1829 107Hintsa's war 1834 102Fingo emancipation 1834 102Death of Hintsa 1835 101King William's Town founded 1835 101Retief murdered by Dingaan 1838 98Death of Dingaan 1840 96Great rain 1840 96Sandili circumcised 1840 96Year of the comet 1841 95Year of the drought 1841 95Year in which Ngilo was arrested 1841 95Captain Smith's march from Cape 1842 94Town to Natal through PondolandLovedale established 1842 94

Outbreak of smallpox 1842 94Treaty with Faku. Faku paramount 1844 92Chief of PondosDeath of Baca Chief Ncopayi 1845 91Return of Faku to East Pondoland 1845 91War of the Axe. Fight at Salem 1846 90Meeting with Sandili 1848 88Basutoland — British Colony 1849 87Great snow 1849 87Mlangeni's War 1850 86Treaty with Moshesh 1851 85Col. Fordyce 1851 85Attack on Waterkloof (Fort 1852 84Beaufort)Outbreak of Lung-sickness 1853 83Great rain 1856 80Mlangeni Siodoyi outlawed 1856 80Cattle killing mania by Amaxosa, 1857 79through the false ProphetessNongqawaseWar with Basutos 1858 78Great drought 1862 74Adam Kok's Trek 1862 74Battle of Potchefstroom 1862 74Griquas settle in Mount Currie 1863 73Battle of Thaba Bosigo 1865 71Great Gale in Table Bay 1865 71Tembu and Fingo emancipation 1866 70

War between Bacas and Pondos 1866 70Diamond Fields discovered 1867 69Death of Faku 1867 69Massacre of Lehenga's men by Mhlonhlo

1867 69

War of the Qwatis 1868 68Nonesi escorted home to Pondoland West

1869 67

Zibi located in East Griqualand 1869 67Mhlonhlo's war with the Pondos 1870 66Death of Moshesh 1870 66Death of Rev. Tiyo Soga 1871 65Griqua and Baca War 1871 65Makanla driven across the Tina 1871 65Death of Sir Walter Currie 1872 64War of Gcalekas and Tembus 1872 64Commissioners Griffiths, Ayliff and Grant define Territorial and district boundaries

1872 64

Coronation of Cetewayo 1873 63Mr J. M. Orpen, British Resident at 1873 Port St. Johns

63

Langalibalele's War 1873 63The Flood 1874 62Death of Adam Kok 1875 61Fight at Mothibis Kop 1876 60Mr Shaw, Magistrate of Qumbu 1876 60Kreli's War. Battle of Umtata 1877 59Peace of Secoecoeni 1877 59Death of Maqomas 1878 58Arrest of Mfanta 1878 58Expulsion from Moxongas Hoek 1878 58Griqua Rebellion 1878 58Death of Adam Uys 1878 • 58Magazine blown up at Kokstad 1878 58Magistrate appointed with Jojo (M t. Ayliff)

1878 58

Gaika emigration 1878 58Fights at Bolo Drift and Bashee River and at Fort Warwick

1878 58

Frost's attack on Gaikas 1878 58The relief of Mpetsu; Sandili's sons 1878 captured

58

Tini Maqomas captured 1878 58The Battle of Qwilwili (Keiskama Hoek)

1878 58

Tembu W ar; Gumgubeli arrested 1878 58Zulu War. Battles of Isandhlwana, 1879 57Ulundi and Ginginhlovu. CetewayocapturedRedwater in cattle 1879 57Moirosi's War, Basutoland 1879 57( Lesotho)Pondo Outbreak 1879 57


Stokwe's War 1880 56Magistrate Hope murdered by 1880 56MdlondhloDeath of Stokwe 1880 56Battle of Mafeteng 1880 56Pondomise War 1880 56End of first Boer War. Battle of 1881 55MajubaThe end of the Pondomise War 1881 55Tembu Rebellion 1881 55Cape Mounted Rifles (C .M .R .) 1882 54moved to UmtataYear of the Comet 1882 54Death of Dr Moffat 1883 53Dalindyebo circumcised 1883 53Death of Cetewayo 1884 52Railway opened to Hope Town 1884 52Tomane murdered on Pondo Border 1884 52

The Mbongweni Battle. Death of 1884 52NgangelizweFamine 1885 51War between Zesibies and the 1885 51PondosSmall-pox 1885 51Gold discovered on the Witwaters- 1886 50randGreat meeting at Ntola's kraal 1886 50

Jojo goes to Cape Town 1886 50Maqwelana, son of Mqutu, Jali 1886 50Chief, killed.Redwater in cattle 1886 50Great Comet 1887 49Queen Victoria's Jubilee 1887 49Death of Nqikela 1887 49Dalindyebo visits Grahamstown 1887 49ExhibitionSigcau installed as Chief of the 1888 48PondosWar between Pondos and Konwayo 1888 48Release of Bantu chiefs from prison 1888 48Mawanja deposed 1889 47Mhlangaso's defection 1891 45Sir Henry Loch visits the Territoriesl891 45First appearance of locusts 1892 44Death of Rev. Jenkins in Pondolandl892 44The first Matabele War 1893 43The Mhlangase Rebellion 1893 43Death of Ledziya Moshesh 1893 43Foot-and-mouth disease (Nchwane) 1893 43The annexation of Pondoland 1894 42The Jameson Raid 1895 41Second Matabele War 1896 40War with Galishwe, Toto and Lukas 1896 40JantjeQueen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee 1897 39Rinderpest 1897 39Le Fleur's rebellion in East 1898 38GriqualandWar against Chief Mpefu in 1898 38Zoutpansberg area — also known as-Magatos War — October-December, 1898Anglo-Boer War begins 1899 37Bubonic plague 1901 35Queen Victoria's death 1901 35Mr Chamberlain's visit 1902 34The great blizzard (Mpengula or 1902 34Isitshi)End of Anglo-Boer War 1902 34Mrs Jenkins dies in East Pondolandl904 32Death of Sigcau 1904 32Crop disease (U-Ncfnca) 1904 32Death of Lutoli (Lerothodi) 1905 31Halley's Comet 1909 27Mlanga dies 1909 27Tina Maqena dies 1909 27Death of King Edward 1910 26Union of the four Colonies 1910 26East Coast fever at Umzimkulu and 1910 26Elliotdale


First census after Union — all racesl911 25Maralama, Paramount Chief of 1911 25PondosEast Coast fever in West Pondoland 1911 25Death of Bokleni 1912 24Lord Gladstone's visit 1913 23The Hlubi rebellion, East Griaualandl914 22Outbreak of Great War in Europe 1914 22Influenza epidemic 1918 18Death of Tembu Chief Dalindvebo 1920 16Death of Galeka Chief Gwebinkumbil921 15Death of Pondo Chief Moralana 1921 15Census of the Union, all races 1921 15Death of Tembu Chief, Jongilizwe 1928 8Table I I

E V E N TS IN Z U L U H IS TO R Y

Chaka's war against Sotshangana 1828 108Chaka's war against the Pondos 1828 108Assassination of Chaka 1828 108Accession of Dingaan 1828 108Dingaan's expedition against 1837 99MoselekatseThe arrival and settlement of 1837 99Voortrekkers in NatalKilling of Piet Retief by Dingaan a tl8 38 98the Umgungundhlovu Zulu Royal KraalBattle of Blood River 1838 98Battle between warriors of Panda 1840 96as a Boer ally and DingaanDeath of Dingaan 1840 96Panda proclaimed King by Andries 1840 96Pretorius at the Black UmfolosiThe killing by Panda's army of his 1843 93rival brother GqugquFlight of Mawa into Natal 1843 93Natal proclaimed a British Colony 1843 93Panda's expedition against 1852 84Sikwata, the Bahedi ChiefBattle between Umbuyazi and 1856 80Cetshwayo at TugelaImposition of Hut Tax in Natal 1857 79Faction fight between Sidoi and 1858 78MshukanguboFlight of Matshana into Zululand 1859 77from Umsinga, NatalIntroduction of Indian labourers intol860 76NatalOutbreak of smallpox in Zululand 1863 73€5 marriage law 1869 67Death of Panda 1872 64Succession of Cetshwayo 1872 64Coronation of Cetshwayo 1873 63Expedition to arrest Langalibalele 1873 63

moves into the Amahlubi locationArrest of Langalibalele in Orange 1873 63Free StateLangalibalele sent to the Cape 1874 62Establishment of Native High Courtl875 61for Civil CasesMarriage and threat of massacre of 1876 60Zulu regiment of girls called theIngcugceHut tax increased from 7s to 14s 1876 60Ultimatum delivered to the 1878 58representatives of the Zulu KingCetshwayoZulu War 1879 57British forces cross the Tugela 1879 57Battle of Isandhlwana 1879 57Battle of Rorke's Drift 1879 57The Battle of Inyezane River 1879 57Battle of Hlobane Mountain 1879 57Battle of Kambula 1879 57Battle of Gingindhlovu, attack on 1879 57Lord ChelmsfordRelief of Eshowe 1879 57Battle of Ulundi 1879 57Cetshwayo captured 1879 57The completion of the Durban — 1880 56Pietermaritzburg railwayAnglo-Boer War 1880 - 81 56The Usitimela disturbances 1881 55Uham defeats the Obaqulusi section 1881 55of the Zulu Tribe at the PivaanStreamCetshwayo landed at Port Durnford 1883 53Re-installation of Cetshwayo at 1883 53Emtonjaneni by Sir TheophilusShepstoneUsibep defeats the 1883 53Usutu in the Umsebe ValleyDeath of Bishop Colenso 1883 53Usibep burns Cethwayo's Ulundi 1883 53

kraalCetshwayo brought from Nkandhla 1883 53Forest bush to Eshowe by H. F. Fynn,the Acting Resident CommissionerDeath of Cetshwayo at Eshowe 1884 52Faction fight between Hlubi and 1884 52DabulamanziBattle of Itshaneni — the Usutu, 1884 52aided by Boers, defeat UsibepDinizulu signs a document granting 1884 52to the Boers — as compensation for services rendered by them to the Usutu in the defeat of Usibep at Itshineni — the land which they proclaimed the "N ew Republic"


Barberton Gold Rush — discovery 1885 51of goldfields in Kaap range and founding of BarbertonDiscovery of Witwatersrand Gold 1886 50FieldsLangalibalele's return to Natal — 1886 50located in area of Chief Teteleku,SwartkopUndabuku and Tshingan ask British 1886 50Government to enquire into mattersof difference between the Zulus andBoers, resulting in appointmentof a commission to define theboundary between the "N ewRepublic" and ZululandCompletion of Pietermaritzburg — 1886 50Ladysmith RailwayZululand, north of the Umhlatoos 1887 49River, proclaimed BritishTerritoryDmizulu disturbances and the Battle 1888 48of NdunuTrial and deportation of Dinizulu, 1889 47Undabuko and Tshingan

Death of Langalibalele 1889 47Completion of Ladysmith — Majuba 1891 45railwayDeath of Umnyamana, prime 1892 44minister of CetshwayoGreat hurricane (cf. 1904) 1892 44First appearance of swarms of locusts 1892 44Death of Sir Theophilus Shepstone 1893 43Territories of Umbikiz, Mdhlaleni 1895 41and Sambaan added to BritishpossessionsDeath of Chief John R. Dunn 1895 41Abolition of Bantu High Court. 1896 40(Natal Act No. 13 of 1895)Annexation of Amatongaland 1897 39(Zululand Proclamation X ,-1897)Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee 1897 39Outbreak of Rinderpest 1897 39Zululand annexed to Natal 1897 39Dinizulu, Undakbuko and Tshingan 1898 38repatriatedResuscitation of Native High Court 1899 37with three judgesTongaland joined to Zululand 1899 37Anglo-Boer War Commencement of 1899 37hostilitiesDeath of Queen Victoria 1901 35End of Anglo-Boer War — Peace of 1902 34Vereeniging signedCoronation of King Edward V II 1902 34Death of Usibep at his Bariganomo 1904 32xraalSnow blizzard (c.f. 1892) 1905 31Imposition of Poll Tax 1906 30The Bambata rebellion 1906 30H. M. Stainbank, Magistrate, 1909 30Mahlabatini, shot and killed at nightat Nelefe DriftThe Mome Gorge Fight — Bambata 1906 30and Mehlokazulu killedTrial of Dinizulu at Greytown 1907 29Death of King Edward 1910 26Consummation of Union of South 1910 26African Colonies, Union DayFirst Census of Union — All Races 1911 25Dinizulu's death at Middelburg, 1913 23Transvaal, Burial of Dinizulu at 1913 23Nobamba, Natal 1913 23The Great War 1914-18 22-18C. A. Wheelwright, C.M.G., assumes 1916 20duty as Chief Native Commissioner,NatalAppointment of Solomon, son of 1916 20Dinizulu, as Chief over the UsutuThe sinking of the Mendi 1917 19


Table I I IZ U L U ROYAL R E G IM E N TS

Serious faction fight in Eshowe 1918District between Ntuli and Bivela tribes, 24 Natives being killed Death of General Louis Botha, first 1919 Prime Minister of the Union of South AfricaChief Mskofini (Misi-Kofeli — 1921named after Mr Schofield) sentenced to death by Native High Court at DurbanCensus 1921Serious faction fight in Mpofana 1922District between Tembu and Baso tribes, 31 Natives being killed, including Chief Gqikazi of Baso tribe; many kraals burnt down First visit of General Smuts, Prime 1922 Minister of the Union of South Africa, to Zululand and Tongoland Visit of Prince Arthur of Connaught, 1923 Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, to Zululand Visit of the Prince of Wales to 1925 Eshowe

Enroled Born Approxi-by Approxi- mate mean

Regiment mately age in 1936

The full-grown Mpande 1833 103Crested King Mamba The Young Crested Mpande 1835 101King Mamba The Contemptibles Mpande 1837 99The Mongrels Mpande 1840 96The Shower of Shot Mpande 1840 96The Greyheads Mpande 1840 96The Beholders of Mpande 1842 94Sorrow"Unokenke" Mpande 1845 91The Leopard's BeautyMpande 1847 89SpotsThe Ruddy Sharp Mpande 1848 88Stake"uMcijo" Mpande 1848 88The Humbler(s) of Cetshwayo 1853 83KingsThe Bringer of the Cetshwayo 1858 78Elephant (The Kings Own)Bird Cetshwayo 1858 78Clouds of the heavens Cetshwayo 1864 72The Smell of Cetshwayo 1864 72

18 GunpowderThe Red Stone that Dinizulu 1867 69

17Grinds (to dust) The Flying Sparks Dinizulu 1867 69Repressed Fury Dinizulu 1871 65Drunk with Satiety Dinizulu 1879 57

15 Rough and Tough as aDinizuiu 1879 57CrocodileMountain without a Grave

Dinizulu 1886 50

15 The Drawers of Dinizulu 1886 5014 Attack(s)

The Closers of Gaps Dinizulu 1886 50The Up-and-at-'em Dinizulu 1889 47The Will-not-be- betrayed-by-foreign-

Solomon 1894 42

14 nersThe Will-not-be- betrayed

Solomon 1894 42

13 The Will-not-hide Solomon 1894 42

Footnote:

11Spelling is as near as possible to that of the original

article.— The Editor.


THE BANTU AND THEIR

LITERATUREBy Vincent van der Westhuizen

Although books in the various Bantu languages of South Africa are being published at an increasing tempo, this is not the case with the individual languages which are not widely spoken, e.g. Venda and Tsonga. Poetry is the genre which is becoming increasingly popular; con= versely, the greatest backlog exists in the field of drama and works written for the stage. However, as a result of the competition organised by the Department of Bantu Education in conjunction with the Republic festival of 1971, there appeared a large number of collections of short stories, as well as numerous reprints and revised reprints of such collections.

The Bantu language Committees in the different homelands were largely responsible for the increased tempo at which these books were appearing; these committees made concerted efforts to create the necessary terminologies and to standardise the orthography of the different lang= uages.

The themes of books have in recent times undergone a measure of change. Where writings until quite recently dwelt on the life of the Bantu in the milieu of the White man, the emphasis today falls on national identity. Themes are now more of a general nature and no longer limited to the field of personal experience; the narrative element is no longer of

Mr P. C . m okgokong plays an important part in com piling a dictionary in Northern S o t h o / A f r i k a a n s /

English. (X 706/5)

North-Sotho author C. K. N chabeleng has a la n g u a g e stu d y book, a drama and a novel to his name. (X

706/10)

A n o th e r w rite r of language study books in South-Sotho is M r J. M. Lenake. (X 706/7)

foremost importance and the topics are acquiring a broader literary basis: a greater number of authors are succeeding in leading the reader to constructive thought. Old themes are gradually disappearing.

The dearth of Bantu readers is the greatest single factor curbing de= velopment in the literary field; to combat this drawback the Depart= ment of Bantu Education established a Bureau for language and Culture for each of the language groups.

The radio medium is also exercis= ing a significant influence on Bantu literature, especially in the fields of drama, theatrical and radio plays and short stories; this medium is a great stimulant to Bantu writers.

It is remarkable how many cabinet ministers in the Bantu homeland governments have contributed to the literature of the respective nations. Prof. Hudson Ntsanwisi, Chief Minis= ter of Gazankulu and his counterpart in Lebowa, Chief C. Phatudi, are two such personalities, Professor Ntsan= wisi having written three novels and Mr Phatudi being the author of three novels and a translator of Shake= speare.

Numerous biographical works have also appeared in Bantu languages. Another author of note is J. M. Ntsime, whose drama in verse, Peloe

ja Serati (in Tswana) and Kobo e Ntsho are of high literary standard. A. Ngani's Umgol' Uphandle in Xhosa and D. B. Ntuli's Ngiyoze Ngim= thole in Zulu are two works of quality, as is also the work in Tswana, Mosele, by S. J. J . Lekhele, which has urban Bantu life as theme.

Montshepetsa bosego by W. T . Matlala is a novel in North-Sotho which has recently appeared; the literal translation of the title is "He who leads me in the early morning". The theme turns on the intrigues of chieftainship succession into which is woven a number of adventures with animals. This book won a prize for works in North Sotho in the Republic Festival literature competition or= ganised by the Department of Bantu Education in 1966.

Several of these Bantu authors are lecturers at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, and it follows that the majority of their works are of academic nature; there are, however, also themes which vary between urban and rural life of the Bantu and crime detection.

Mr A. T . Molepe is lecturer in Tswana with an M.A. degree. He has been writing language text books since the 50's and is at present engaged on his fifth work, Setswana sa borre en Thutapuo. The 63-year old


M r A. T . M olepe, a Tsw a n a lecturer at the University of South Africa, has been writing language study books since the fifties. (X

706/4)

Mr Z. S. Qungule has already produced important contributions to Xhosa literature.

(X 706/6)

Mr Molepe is of the opinion that Tswana literature is not developing fast enough but he is looking to younger writers to continue with the great task.

Mr C. M. M. Marivate is a lecturer in Tsonga at the University of South Africa who has a number of language text books to his credit, e.g. Mayana Xitsonga for Forms I, II and III. His latest work treats of folk legends. Mr Marivate also speaks with much appreciation of the many younger authors which are coming to the fore — he mentions E. N. G. Mbombi, B. K. Mtombeni and E. M. Nkondo.

A lecturer in South Sotho, Mr J. M. Lenake, has also written a number of language text books and mentions that a number of South Sotho authors are also active in this field. A very popular theme among Bantu novelists is that of ritual murder, according to Mr Lenake.

Mr P. C. Mokgokong is a North Sotho who has an important role in the compilation of a North Sotho= Afrikaans-English dictionary. He also assisted Prof. D. Ziervogel in the compilation of a text book on the North Sotho language in the dual media of Afrikaans and English. He is at the moment collaborating in the compilation of a major North Sotho dictionary which is expected to be

Mr T . N. M akuya, Venda lecturer at the University of South Africa, has written two volum es of short stories and a dram a in his own language. (X

706/8)

M r D. B. Ntuli holds a B.A . Hon. degree and is a prolific Zulu writer in a variety of genres.

(X 706/9)

Mr C. M. M. M arivate is a lecturer in Tso n g a and writes language study books. His latest book is about folk legends. (X 706/3)

M r M. K. M alom a is a cashier at a Pretoria com m ercial bank and his historical dram a, M arangrang, has been prescribed for

schools. (X 707/5)

published in the course of next year.Mr T . N. Makuya, lecturer in

Venda, has had two collections of short stories published, viz A Zwi FaneI and Dzimbava, as well as a drama titled Hu do sala nnyi. Mr Makuya is appreciative of the rise of young Venda poets and mentions the names of Tsnindame Mashuwaand M. N. Nemukvhuhani in this regard.

In the field of Xhosa literature Mr Z. S. Qangule has made a valuable contribution in the form of a volume of poems (Intshuntshe), a novel (Izagweba) and a collection of literary and general-interest essays under the title IgquDu. He also has a work in English The Making of a Servant and translations in English of Xhosa poems, to his credit.

Mr D. B. Ntuli is a B.A. Hons-graduate lecturer in Zulu at the University of South Africa. A Prolific writer in various genres, he has published two novels, Ubheka and Ngiyoze ngimthole, a stage play entitled Indandatho yesethembiso, three collections of poems titled Amangwevu, Imvunge yemvelo and Amehlo ka Zulu and short stories such as Imicibisholo, Izikhwili and Uthingo Iwenkosazana. He expresses praise for Zulu poets and writers such as S. Nyembezi, 0. E. H. Nxumalo and K. Bhenqu.

Also attached to this University is Mr C. K. Nchabeleng, North Sotho author who has a language text book Tsela ya Segagesu, a play entitled Sealogana and a novel Masela Wa Thabanaswana to his credit.

A productive writer who discovered his talent for writing while employed at the Department of Information in Pretoria, is Mr M. L. Maloma, who is at present cashier in a city bank. He was also at one stage employed in the Bantu Investment Corporation, where he lectured new employees on the elementary principles of bookkeep= ing. Mr Maloma is currently engaged in further study and his most important work to date is an historic drama entitled Maranrang. This work has been selected as Matriculation set work in Bantu schools for 1975/76. The historical main figure in this work is the folk hero Koni, who conquers several tribes and is considered by his compatriots an immortal, super= natural being. The theme of the story, however, is that pride comes before a fall and Koni becomes more and more reckless until he is killed by a group of young men.

A North Sotho work by this author, Gaamo Swanelo, was awarded a first prize at Unisa's golden jubilee this year.


\

C DEVELOPMENT

n o n M b sFINANCIALCO-OPERATIONPROMOTESDEVELOPMENT

Development of the Bantu homelands within the Republic of South Africa can primarily be summarised under two headings, viz development promoted by the South African Bantu Trust and that undertaken by the various homeland governments in their own areas.

Impressive modern apparatus is in use in the University of Fort Hare's Department of Geography (F618/7)

PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT IN BANTU AREAS BY THE SOUTH AFRICAN BANTU TRUST

The South African Bantu Trust, a body corporate with perpetual succession and legal entity, is in essence an instrument created by the Government to give effect to the policy as regards the Bantu nations.

Included in the scope of the Trust’s tasks are the purchase of land, aspects of development of the homelands in the interests of the Bantu as well as provision of health services in the Bantu areas.

Up to the mid-sixties the emphasis in the implementation of the large-scale development programme for the Bantu homeland areas, was laid on the preservation and utilization of available natural resources, realization of the agricultural potential and, in general, on the creation of the infrastructure necessary for industrial growth. Since then intensive efforts have been made to stimulate economic development of the

1

I l f - t i m M


homelands. The Bantu Investment Corporation and the Xhosa Development Corporation have concentrated their efforts on the establishment and encouragement of economic undertakings, while the Bantu Mining Corporation carries out specialised tasks in connection with mining development in the homelands.

Steps corollary to the programme of decentralisation of industry In the Republic, have been taken with a view to giving impetus to industrial development within the homelands.

The table hereunder reflects the amounts disbursed by the South African Bantu Trust over the past three financial years to adapt at an increased tempo the development of the Bantu homelands as self-sufficient units with a varied economy, to the momentum of the practical application of the policy of separate development:

Bird's-eye view of Lubisl Dam In the Transkei. Dams are one of the moat important factors In the preservation of natural resources (S367/2)

Expenditure by the S.A. Bantu Trust

Details 1970/71 1971/72(E s tlm .)

1972/73(E stim .)

T O T A L

P u rch a se of gro u n d 10 198 258 11 513 806 9 500 000 31 212 064

C o m p e n sa tio n to W hites In Tra n sk e i 4 327 174 4 942 155 3 000 000 12 269 329

are a ___H ealth se rvice s 28 746 485 34 695 349 41 800 000 105 241 834

S h a re capital C o rp o ra tio n s 12 050 000 15 530 000 13 250 000 40 830 000

Developm ent servicesTra n sk e i 1 549 472 2 324 200 3 600 770 7 474 44ic

Ciskei 3 731 913 7 118 300 4 648 640 15 498 853

B o ph u tha tsw a n a 6 325 592 2 928 900 1 483 700 10 738 192

Le b o w a 2 031 460 2 158 500 1 172 200 5 362 160

V e nda 433 053 719 600 476 140 1 628 793

G a za n k u lu 518 977 508 900 452 070 1 479 947

B a s o th o -Q w a q w a 26 974 591 900 268 920 887 794

kwaZulu 18 847 190 25 123 100 4 315 380 48 285 670

S w a zi A re a -★ 2 181 800 1 661 180 3 842 980

S o u th N d e b e le A re a -★ 63 000 49 500 112 500

D ive rse e xp e n d itu re s not a p p o rtio nable 6 908 245 9 981 800 5 776 500 22 666 545

b y area

Grand Total 95 694 793 12Q 381 310 91 455 000 307 531 103

★ Not se p a ra te ly re co rd e d


t

Investm ent In tourism alw ays pays dividends. Th e R500 000 Tran skel Hotel offers accom m odation for the Bantu tourist w ho dem ands luxury (note the air- conditioning) as well as for the casual or

com m ercial traveller (P595/9)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANTU AREAS BY THE HOMELAND

GOVERNMENT

The transfer to the various homeland governments of management and administrative functions, viz the administration of education, agriculture and development services, construction of roads, bridges and buildings, the administration of justice and the control of funds, necessitated the allotment of

State funds to these governments to enable them to carry out these functions.

Annual allocations for these purposes have been made from the S.A. Bantu Trust. However, the establishment of Legislative Assemblies for the various homelands has entailed the granting of financial assistance to the homelands on the same basis as that on which the Transkei had been assisted, namely the allocation of funds

previously paid into the Consolidated Revenue Fund, plus an annual statutory allocation and also an additional amount.

The tables given here hereto reflect State financial assistance allocated to the homeland governments, including the Transkei, over the past three financial years.

Expenditure by the respective Homeland Governments, each within its own area, is as follows:

TR A N S K E I

D e p a rtm e n t

C h ie f M inister and Fin a n ceJu s tic eEd u ca tio nInteriorA g ricu ltu re & Fo re stry R o a d s and W orks

T O T A L

1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 To ta l(E s tim J (Estim .)

R736 234 651 346

7 330 9875 486 9096 669 784 4 512 128

R25 387 388

R967 000 783 000

9 626 000 6 543 000 8 586 000 5 876 000

32 381 000

R985 000

1 280 000 11 058 000

7 418 000 10 017 000

7 271 000

38 029 000

R2 688 234 2 714 346

28 014 987 19 447 909 25 272 784 17 659 128

95 797 388


C IS K E I

D epartm ent 1970/71 1971/72(E s tim .)

1972/73(E stim .)

To ta l

R R R R

A uthority Affairs and Fin a n ce 352 623 281 100 299 300 933 023

C o m m u n ity Affairs 1 703 780 2 252 173 2 502 300 6 458 253

W orks 3 391 141 3 324 465 3 233 600 9 949 206

Ed u ca tio n & Cu ltu re 3 010 385 4 225 074 4 678 000 11 913 459

A gricu ltu re 1 054 530 1 049 504 1 079 100 3 183 134

Ju s tice 92 290 107 310 201 700 401 300

T O T A L R9 604 749 11 239 626 11 994 000 32 838 375

B O P H U T H A T S W A N A

D epartm ent 1970/71 1971/72(E s tim .)

1972/73(E s tim .)

To ta l

R R R R

A uth o rity Affairs and Fin a n ce 445 366 470 399 339 000 1 254 765


W orks 6 368 425 6 263 843 6 047 000 18 679 268

Ed u ca tio n & Culture 3 758 656 5 086 993 5 660 500 14 506 149

A gricu ltu re ♦ 791 508 789 287 1 073 800 2 654 595

Ju s tice 156 373 153 527 261 150 571 050

T O T A L R13 757 708 15 472 908 16 245 650 45 476 266

LE B O W A

D e p a rtm e n t 1970/71 1971/72(E s tim .)

1972/73(E s tim .)

To ta l

R R R R

A uth o rity Affairs and Fin a n ce 472 558 433 087 441 700 1 347 345


W orks 3 105 015 3 587 019 3 856 600 10 548 634

Ed u ca tio n and Culture 3 630 618 5 100 933 5 237 800 13 969 351

A gricu ltu re 1 623 349 1 667 348 2 284 500 5 575 197

Ju s tice 140 930 151 118 319 500 611 548

T O T A L R10 878 010 14 246 796 14 755 000 39 879 806


V EN D A


9172/73(E stim .)

To ta l

R R R RA u th o rity A ffairs a n d Fin a n ce 186 376 231 404 253 800 671 580C o m m u n ity Affairs 751 725 960 959 957 800 2 670 484W o rk s 463 331 1 076 734 1 760 800 3 300 865E d u c a tio n a n d Cu ltu re 1 140 291 1 613 643 1 821 500 4 575 434A g ricu ltu re 461 031 532 854 718 600 1 712 485Ju s tic e 43 561 53 711 92 800 190 072

T O T A L R3 046 315 4 469 305 5 605 300 13 120 920

G A Z A N K U L U


1972/73(E stim .)

To ta l

R R R RA u th o rity A ffairs a n d F in a n ce 236 285 266 784 296 000 799 069C o m m u n ity Affairs 674 971 966 830 1 024 000 2 665 801W o rk s 1 108 342 2 545 705 1 906 000 5 560 047E d u ca tio n a n d C u ltu re 1 089 560 1 515 207 1 380 000 3 984 767A gricu ltu re 625 520 762 863 785 000 2 173 383Ju s tic e 38 257 81 216 103 000 222 473

T O T A L R3 772 935 6 138 605 5 494 000 15 405 540

B A S O TH O -Q W A Q W A


1972/73(E stim .)

To ta l

R R R RA u th o rity A ffairs and F in a n ce 25 671 30 250 47 300 103 221Ju s tic e a n d C o m m u n ity Affairs 104 014 124 880 263 500 492 394A g ricu ltu re a n d W o rk s 651 168 1 091 455 1 164 200 2 906 823Ed u ca tio n a n d C u ltu re 217 165 324 540 500 000 1 041 705

T O T A L R998 018 1 571 125 1 975 000 4 544 143

KWAZULU

D e p a rtm e n t 1970/71 1971/72(E stim .)

1972/73(E s tim .)

To ta l

A u th o rity A ffairs a n d F in a n ceR R R

528 800R

528 800C o m m u n ity Affairs — — 6 678 400 6 678 400W o rk s — — 13 579 600 13 579 600E d u ca tio n a n d C u ltu re — — 7 868 500 7 868 500A gricu ltu re — — 2 759 600 2 759 600Ju s tic e — — 563 800 563 800

T O T A L R — — 31 978 700 31 978 700


Refreshment for the Transkel’s Public Servants? Scene In a tea nursery. Gazan- kulu also has Its own tea Industry

(D79S/2)

D E T A IL S O F F IN A N C IA L A S S IS T A N C E T O B A N T U H O M E L A N D S

H o m e la n d R e ve n u e a ccru in g to the re sp e ctive R e ve n u e F u n d s

a n d w h ich p re vio u sly a cc ru e d to the C o n so lid a te d R e ve n u e

F u n d and the S .A . Ba n tu T ru s t Fund

A llo ca tio n s from the co n so lid a te d R e ve n u e Fu n d via the S .A .B .T .

StatutoryA llo ca tio n

A dditionalA m o u n ts

• To ta l

R R R R R

Transkei1970/711971/72 (E stlm .) 1972/73 (E stlm .)

5 696 0006 693 000 8 864 000

— 10 348 000 10 235 000

9 628 000

8 150 000 13 282 000 16 794 000

24 194 000 30 210 000 35 286 000

21 253 000 — 30 211 000 38 226 000 89 690 000

Clskei

1970/711971/72 (E s tlm .) 1972/73 (E stlm .)

1 558 705 1 469 000 3 100 000

7 708 900 9 664 500

7 017 000 2 007 000

9 267 60511 133 50012 124 000

6 127 705 17 373 400 7 017 000 2 007 000 32 525 105


Bophuthatswana

1970/711971/72 (E s tim .) 1972/73 (E s tim .)

1 929 021 1 540 000 4 020 000

10 816 500 12 258 600

8 244 000 4 126 000

12 745 52113 798 600 16 390 000

7 489 021 23 075 100 8 244 000 4 126 000 42 934 121

Lebowa

1970/711971/72 (E stim .) 1972/73 (E s tim .)

2 046 719 1 346 000 4 404 800

9 988 400 11 355 800

8 248 000 1 078 000

12 035 11912 701 80013 730 800

7 797 519 21 344 200 8 248 000 1 078 000 38 467 719

Vend aR R R R R

1970/71 623 057 3 888 600 — — 4 511 6571971/72 (E s tim .) 305 000 4 030 700 — — 4 335 7001972/73 (E stim .) 934 800 — 3 515 000 327 000 4 776 800

1 862 857 7 919 300 3 515 000 327 000 13 624 157

GazankuluR R R R R

1970/711971/72 (E s tim .) 1972/73 (E s tim .)

928 756 408 600

1 648 000

3 724 3004 709 000

2 808 000 959 000

4 653 0565 117 600 5 415 000

2 985 356 8 433 300 2 808 000 959 000 15 185 656


Baotho Gwaqwa

1970/71 52 170 1 398 300 — — 1 450 4701971/72 (Estim .) 85 000 1 498 500 — — 1 583 5001972/73 (E stim .) 164 100 1 551 000 — — 1 715 100

301 270 4 447 800 — — 4 749 070

kwaZulu

1970/711971/72 (E stim .) — — — ‘---- —1972/73 (Estim .) 10 199 200 — 19 681 000 2 838 000 32 718 200

10 199 200 — 19 681 000 2 838 000 32 718 200

To ta l R 58 015 928 82 593 100 79 724 000 49 561 000 269 894 028

T h e Transkei has during the past three financial years invested an estim ated total of m ore than R17,5-million in roads and works. T h e Xhosa feels at hom e with notices in his ow n language (D595/4)


agricultural activities in the

Bantu homelands

In the Bantu homelands of the Republic of South Africa agriculture is at present by far the most important economic activity, although it is still largely a subsistence economy based on traditional lines. The intelligent exploitation and development of the latent agricultural potential of these areas would give rise to a gradual change from subsistence farming to a market economy.

In order to initiate this process and so to improve the economic viability of the homelands, agricultural develop: ment has received the attention of the authorities for about the last 40 years. However, substantial progress in this field was made only after the "Report of the Commission for the Socio* Economic Development of the Bantu Areas within the Union of South Africa" was published In 1955. This report stressed the fact that the Bantu homelands are well-endowed with agricultural natural resources and that the agricultural potential of these areas amounts to more than 2 0 % of South Africa's total agricultural production potential. The report contained recommendations on methods to utilize, exploit and develop these agricultural resources. Recommendations which have since been put into practice on an increasing scale.

The Bantu HomelandsThe Bantu homelands comprise an

area of approximately 15-million ha. About 7-million people live in these areas permanently and own the following numbers of stock:

Total:Cattle 3500000Sheep 3700000Goats 3200000

In order to bring about the desired development two main tasks had to be undertaken, namely:

(a) physical development work aimed at improving conditions under which agricultural produce tion can take place; and,

(b) the education and motivation of the different population groups with a view to enabling them to take advantage of the improved production conditions which have been created for them.

Large-scale physical development in the agricultural field has taken place in the Bantu homelands during the past 17 years. Adequate funds for this purpose were made available by the Government. This work covers, more or less, the following fields:

1. the undertaking of surveys of natural resources and their in= terpretation;

2. regional and in particular, local planning of agricultural produc* tion systems and facilities;

3. improvement in the local in= frastructure in the agricultural and related fields; and,

4. the implementation of all physical measures connected with the execution of approved plans

By the end of 1971 approximately 5 5 ,3 % of the total agricultural area in the homelands had been suitably planned. Apart from regional plan= ning and surveys, which are being undertaken by other competent bodies, local planning committees have been appointed for each particu= lar land unit. These planning commit* tees have the task of subdividing available land into three main categories, viz. residential areas, cultivated land, and grazing areas. Pastoral land is again subdivided into camps to enable Bantu farmers to practice rotational grazing. In terms of this development about 4 0 % of the total grazing area has, to date, been brought under grazing control.

At this same time this practice of agricultural planning is aimed at combating soil erosion and introduce ing farming systems which are conducive to the optimal utilization of land.

In this process land has been subdivided, fences erected, boreholes sunk, dams built and anti-soil erosion works constructed. The following table gives an indication of the magnitude of the work which has been undertaken in this field:


Tsolo Agricultural School breeds better calves and better lambs (D791/3)

Basotho-Qwaqwa Is one of the best mixed farming areas In the country and modern methods will soon have super

seded traditional methods (2621)

Completed during 1971

Total completed at the end of 1971

Fencing (km) 5 983 131 683Waterways (km) 464 19 738Grass stripping (km) 5 127 307 062Diversion banks (km) 286 244 4 521 865Contour banks (km) 886 21 124Roads built (km) 429 33 381Dams built (number) 170 4 546Boreholes equipped (number) 496 7 424

PROGRESS OF A G R IC U L TU R A L AN D R E L A TE D D E V E L O P M E N T W ORK U N D E R TA K E N IN T H E

B A N TU H O M ELAN D S

After these planning proposals have been implemented the next step would be to ensure optimum utilizar tion of such planned areas. In other Words, Bantu farmers occupying such planned areas have to be educated and motivated to make proper use of the production facilities thus created for their benefit. For this purpose an agricultural extension service had to be created, manned by suitably trained agriculturists. It was recog= nized from the beginning that the most suitable people to stimulate progress within the different Bantu communities would be those belong: ing to the ethnic group which they were expected to serve. This necessL tated the use of suitably trained Bantu agricultural extension workers to serve their own communities. For this reason five Agricultural Colleges have been established within the Bantu homelands, each serving its respec= tive ethnic group. At present 856 qualified Bantu agricultural extension workers are being employed. In addition more than 100 qualified Bantu stock inspectors are supervise


ing veterinary services in the Bantu homelands.

The objectives

With the active participation and assistance of this reorganised agricuU tural extension service, the following objectives of agricultural develop= ment are being pursued:

Dryland crop production

Of the total agricultural area of approximately 15-million ha in the homelands, approximately 10% is being utilized for the production of annual crops. Important obstacles, mainly of a sociological nature, have still to be overcome in order to utilize to the full the crop production potential of these areas.

With a ready demand for labour existing in the developed sector of the South African economy, able-bodied Bantu men often prefer to sell their labour in that sector.

Continued efforts are being made to introduce more advanced methods, including the use of fertilizer and improved seed in the homelands. Extension workers play an important role in increasing crop yields in these areas.

Irrigation farming.

As mentioned above, one of the important aims of development in the homelands is to intensify agricultural production as far as possible. Irriga= tion farming is ideally suited to this purpose. A considerable number of Bantu farmers have already been settled on irrigated holdings. Of the total potentially irrigatable area of

Indigenous forest in the Transkei (J855/8)

Irrigation farming in the Transkei (J787/10)


54,265 ha, in the homelands, 26,521 ha, have already been developed and settled. Bantu farmers are deriving good incomes from these irrigated farms.

Industrial crops.

As in the case of irrigation farming, the establishment of industrial crop projects can give rise to secondary and tertiary economic development in the homelands. For this reason the planting of certain crops is being actively encouraged and pursued. Sugar cane is one of the most important agricultural industrial crops at present, and 13723 ha have already been established. Fibre crops are also being planted on a large scale and 15 950 ha, have been put under fibre crops. The importance of tea and coffee production will probably in= crease in time and at present 540 ha and 200 ha are under tea and coffee respectively. Forestry cannot be regarded an agricultural activity but it furnishes at present one of the most important industrial crops in the Bantu homelands. To date 83 034 ha have already been afforested in the homelands with excellent prospects for further expansion.

Animal production.

To begin with, efforts have been made to build an acceptable markets ing organization for the sale of slaughter stock in the homelands. Small stock are usually consumed locally but reasonable progress has been made in the marketing of cattle. In recent years cattle sales organised by the Department of Bantu Adminis= tration and Development have in= creased. Other marketing channels are being explored with a view to encouraging Bantu stock farmers to sell surplus livestock, especially in the overstocked areas and thus increasing the turnover of slaughter stock. In the

O w am bo's Ruacana waterfall— sym bolic of w ater resources to be tam ed and made available to hom eland farm ers (X284/8)

meantime, as a result of improved environmental conditions brought about by agricultural planning, slaughter cattle are realising better prices at auctions organised by the Department. This has in turn resulted in Bantu farmers displaying a greater interest in the purchase of well-bred sires for stock improvement purposes. The number of bulls have increased threefold during the last 10 years and nearly 1,100 bulls were sold during 1971. During 1971 more than 2,200 improved sheep and goat rams were sold. In spite of this, the Department has in recent times been unable to satisfy the demands for well-bred sires. Therefore Bantu farmers are being encouraged to breed good quality sires themselves for sale and use in the homelands. A number of bulls and rams bred by Bantu farmers are approved for this purpose every year.

Economic and related services.

Up to now only physical and human development measures have been discussed. In addition, however, a

third important factor which may limit economic development must receive attention. This concerns the means whereby the Bantu farmer can get his production operations under way. It consists of such things as agricultural credit (mostly short term) for the purchase of seed, fertilizer and imple= ments, as well as organisations supplying and supervising this service. It is believed that agricultural co= operatives tailored to the needs of the Bantu farmer can play an important role here. Legislation providing for such services has already been passed by Parliament. Private enterprise can also play an important role in providing certain services. This de= velopment will be encouraged accords ing to the needs of the Bantu agricultural community.

The responsibility for the agricuL tural development has been handed over to the agricultural departments in the various homelands. These departments have their own budgets for the execution of agricultural development.


Old-world Zwelitsha was planned in 1948 in order to provide housing for the employees of the Good Hope Textile Corporation. It is situated some nine kilometres from King William's Town.

The modern Zwelitsha is the capital of the Ciskei Government and as it is the oldest and next to Mdantsane the largest Bantu town= ship in the Ciskei, it has all the modern amenities such as sewerage, electric street lights, tarred roads and purified water in some 2 331 homes serving a population of 23 000.

Extentions to Zwelitsha became essential when the Ciskei Territorial Authority came into being in 1968 and self-government was granted to the Ciskei on August 1,1972. The council hall of the Ciskei Parliament was erected in Zone 16 and additional housing for parliamentarians as well as offices for the six new Government Departments was also provided.

A hostel complex in the town houses 350 bachelors and there are adequate school facilities for the


Zwelitsha, the oldest Bantu township in the Ciskei (X254/8)

4 600 scholars in Zwelitsha. There is also a teacher's training college. The town has ample health and welfare services; the local cripple care association is assisted by sister organisations in King William's Town and the surrounding areas. There is also a crêche for the convenience of working mothers.

Th e G ood Hope Textile factory (X276/3)

A section of the G ood Hope Textile Corporation's building com plex (X270/8)

VHHkH1

■ •

j* *13 1 vJi


Technical TrainingThe modern Zwelethemba Trade

School was erected recently in the rural surroundings of the town. The first students registered in 1972 are due to graduate this year in the two year courses of bricklaying, carpen= try, plumbing and cabinet-making.

Th e instructor, Mr A. F. Fourie, supervises threadcutting by aspirant plum bers (X253/8)

Th is large lathe is used to advantage at Zwelethemba Mr B. M. Nel and his students cutting iron (X253/6)

Only applications from Xhosa speak= ing students are considered by the Ciskei Government. A Std 8 certify cate is essential for the course in Motor Mechanics and although Std 6 Ts prescribed for all other courses, candidates are advised to obtain a Std 8 certificate before registering, as this will enhance future promotion and salary prospects.

The school is equipped with a great variety of workshop facilities com= prising modern training and repair equipment. The Principal, Mr W. M. van Wyk, says that R25 000 was spent on equipment alone during the 1972/1973 financial year. This in= eludes pressure drills, welding ap= paratus and a large metal lathe

Of the 206 students who are registered at present, 60 are day students and the remainder are housed in the adjacent hostel which is to be enlarged to accommodate between 400 and 500 students.

Th e use of the pressure drill in the m anufacture of apparatus is an everyday occurence at

Zw elethem ba (X253/1)

Th e Zwelethem ba Tra d e School's roads are tarred and there are m ore than 100 ornamental trees in the grounds

(X266/10)

T h e Zwelitsha To w n Council. Front, from left to right: Dr B. R. M akul; M essrs W. W. Q eqe: W. W. M. Nkuhlu, Chairm an; P. T. Guzana. Vice Chairm an and G. G. Te n a . Back: M essrs A. N. N ongauza; H. M. Radebe; D. K. Ja n u a ry, Secretary and M. N.

Ndzikiza (X259/7)


DIMBAZABy Chris de Wet

The wooded hill at the foot of which the Ciskeian village, Dimbaza, lies not only gives the settlement a characteristic background but contri= butes to the moderate climate prevailing in this region of the Eastern Cape Province.

Dimbaza is one of three villages founded for the purpose of extending to pensioners, widows with families and others who as a result of some or other handicap have become superflu= ous in White areas, a decent existence in their homeland. The village lies 14

km from King William's Town.Because large numbers of these

people came to Dimbaza, priority had to be given to housing. Essential services such as provision of water and sanitary facilities were not neglected.

Part of the village dam which fully provides in the need for water (X266/5) ,

Dimbaza'* water supply Is purified under supervision of officials of the Department

of Works (X257/11)

The village's two water tanks (X267/10)

Nothing more is to be seen of the small wooden dwellings which in 1967 formed the nucleus of the village. In the eyes of Mr Nick Erasmus, manager of both Dimbaza and Zwelitsha, this is one of many signs that Dimbaza is growing “ It is so with all things that start in a small way", he says while pointing to a small tree nearby. “ That little tree throws no shade as yet but it will soon do so".

The proximity of mountains is conducive to a good rainfall. Mr Erasmus points out the village dam with its concrete wall, which has a capacity of some 1 500-million litre. The district is also virtual ly frost-free.

As is the case with any organised village planning, Dimbaza had its origin on the drawing boards of town


planners. Erven and streets were measured and pegged out to provide in the needs of a village community. Progress was made with the passage of time.

HousingWhile good progress has been

made with provision of living accom= modation, this aspect of development has given rise to problems. Prospec= tive inhabitants started streaming to Dimbaza on their own initiative, hoping soon to obtain the much sought-after residential rights. In May this year there were still some 500 families on the waiting list for housing. Applications come chiefly from the Western and Eastern Cape Province, the Witwatersrand and from inhabitants of the Ciskei itself.

By March this year 1 144 houses had been completed. These offer accommodation to about 5 000 adults and some 3 200 children, for whom three lower primary and two higher primary schools and one junior secondary school have been provided.

Health servicesThe village clinic furnishes all

necessary health services; Its ful 1= time personnel is composed of a senior staff sister, and two staff nurses. Together with the regional medical officer, Dr B. R. Maku, of Zwelitsha, who daily visits the clinic, the personnel of the clinic treat an average of 60 patients per day. All medical care and medicines are supplied free of charge.

A health officer is available full-time for consultation on hygiene and nutrition. The welfare officer's duties include all applications for pensions, support, disability and foster parent allowances.

Development

A total of 18 844 ha has been set aside for industrial expansion. The handicrafts centre being erected on this land, is rapidly nearing comple= tion and will consist of five large buildings with halls for weaving and needle work. The Xhosa Development Corporation has allocated R20 000 for this project. The centre will offer work opportunities and training facilities for about 400 Bantu.

Planning of a textile factory by an East London undertaking, has pro= gressed to a point necessitating the training of craftsmen at nearby Sada. It is expected that the crafts centre will also provide a labour source for this factory. The Dutch Reformed (N.G. Kerk) Mission Church in 1972 allotted an amount of R5 000 to cover the costs of an investigation into the possibility of establishing a labour= intensive industry which would also require unskilled workers.


SPECTRUM

TENNIS CLINIC FOR THE YOUNGSTERS

Eleven ambitious tennis youngsters attended the first coaching course for young Non-White players at Ellis Park in Johannesburg recently.

This week-long tennis clinic, under the auspices of the South African National Lawn Tennis Union (S A N L TU — Non-Whites) was conducted by Springbok Hob Hewitt and was sponsored by South African Breweries. The youngsters soon discovered that playing tennis meant more than hitting a ball with a racket — Bob Hewitt made them do a series of strenuous exercises before letting them onto the courts.

Seven men and four ladies were chosen by the Non-White selectors to attend the course. Among them were the national junior champions Shepard Mojanahaof Bloemfontein and Pascalina Katu of Welkom.

Mr Blen Franklin, president of S A LTU (South African Lawn Tennis Union) said, in welcoming the youngsters, that it should be their ambition to reach the point where they would be good enough to be selected on merit to represent South Africa. He said that the four best players of the course would be chosen to go on an experience= building tour overseas next year. The Non-Whites tennis heads also intend sending a team of six players overseas next year.

Bob Hewitt explains a point to Black junior tennis players at Ellis Park. T h e players are, t.l.t.r., Veli Mjiyako, Anthony Mtumba

and Prince Msibi(Africam era)

HAMMANSKRAAL TYCOON ABROAD

Mr Habakuk Shikwane (46), one of the most prosperous Bantu businessmen in South Africa, paid a

visit to the Far East, Australia, and Europe during July and August.

Mr Shikwane owns a cane furniture factory and shopping centre in Hammanskraal near Pretoria. The object of his trip was to place orders with big concerns where cane is grown and processed. The mounting demand for cane furniture in South Africa causes a shortage of this raw material.

Mr Shikwane's tour took him to Australia via Singapore, Kuala Lampur and Hong Kong, to London via Bangkok, to Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris. In London he shopped for cushion upholstery and for clothing and other stock for his shopping centre. He also paid visits to textile factories in Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Mr Shikwane has been to all these places before.

In his absence, his two children — Manoto, an 18-year old first student in Business Management and Accountancy and an 18-year old matric daughter Mapho= sane took care of his business during their holiday.

On his return to South Africa, Mr Shikwane said that his cane furniture compares well with the best in the world or is even better. Now he has his eye on a very lucrative export market to Australia, America and Europe.

In the cane factory of M r Habakuk Shikw ane (M342/4)


R25 000 GIVEN TO TRAINING CENTRE

A group of dignitaries from S.A. Breweries and the West Rand Bantu Administration Board attended the official presentation of school equipment to the value of R25 000 to the Orlando Vocational Training Centre in Soweto.

The donation was the brainchild of the General Manager of the group, M r Colin Hall who described the school as dedicated to the upliftment of the Bantu child.

The principal of the school, M r W . Tabor, succeeds in instilling discipline and good work in the school. The boys in the Vocational Training Centre are learning jobs which will make their future brighter.

Through this donation the Centre has been able to provide free uniforms for the more than 200 stundents — brown for builders, blue for plumbers and white for carpenters. In addition expensive machinery has been acquired for the various departments including an electric cal stencil cutter for the school office which enables lecturers to prepare drawings for a class in mere minutes.


GRADUATION CEREMONY AT ATTERIDGEVILLE

On July 14 this year history was made when the University of South Africa (Unisa) held its second graduation ceremony for the Bantu this year and the first ever at the Atteridgeville Community Centre near Pretoria. The first ceremony was held on May 5 in Ga-Rankuwa.

The Community hall was packed to capacity with educationalists, homeland leaders, other dignitaries and students.

Professor Theo van Wijk, Rector of Unisa, said that the University caters for all external or independent students, regardless of creed, colour or race.

“ The University does not like to boast of numbers but rather of the service it renders of which numbers are l.he measure and of its contribution to the intellectual and spiritual upliftment of all the varied and diversified popur lation groups", he said.

Dr M. J . Madiba, education planner of Lebowa who received an honorary doctorate from Unisa at the Ga-Rankuwa ceremony, said: “ Let leadership be under proper guidance so that in turn it may strengthen the nations."

He appealed to all Bantu university students to select courses in their studies which would be relevant to their particular professions.

The Chancellor of Unisa, Dr Francois J. de Villiers, conferred degrees, diplomas and certificates on 40 students.

Dr M. J. Madiba, Education planner of the Lebowa homeland, addresses those present at the Unisa graduation ceremony in

Atteridgeville (Africamera)

Mr Mzimkulu Themba (25), an art teacher at a beautiful double storied school in Soweto, was still young when he started with painting lessons. He has already exhibited works In a leading gallery and at the University of Fort Hare. He is connected to the school's arts and crafts department — the first serious tuition in arts at high school level for examination purposes — which will eventually lead to tuition in fine arts at university level. In the picture Mr Themba Is seen with one of his works, “Zlss, mourning'' — a picture of his distressed friend who came to tell him about a younger brother who had been stabbed to death

that night (AFRICAM ERA)

Danie Malan (left), the Stellenbosch Springbok athlete and world record holder of the 1 000 metres, with the principal of the University of Stellenbosch, Professor J . N. de Villiers, and the Bantu athlete, Josef Leserwane. Professor de Villiers presented certificates to Malan on behalf of the University for his athletic achievements. Leserwane Is holding the commemorative medal which he received from Malan on the same occasion. Leserwane paced Malan when he set up his world record In the 1 000 metres at Munich (Johan Stander)


INDUSTRIES AND TRADING STATIONS

During a meeting between members of the Transkei Cabinet and the Board of Directors of the Xhosa Development Corporation in Umtata recently, Chief Minister Kaiser Matanzima announced that he places no time limit on the length of time White industrialists could stay in the Transkei under the agency agreement, as long as they are prepared to pay his people's wages and to train them for higher posts.

On another occasion Mr Franko Maritz, Managing Director of the XDC, said that the rate at which White

trading stations are handed over to Bantu businessmen will increase, the aim being that all the trading stations should be in the possession of Bantu businessmen by 1976. He mentioned that the XDC has already taken over 600 trading stations from Whites — of which 450 have already been transferred to Bantu businessmen for operation on their own account. Eleven are handed over to Bantu per month compared to an intake of four a month.

To encourage Bantu businessmen to expand their parti= cipation in business in the Transkei and Ciskei, the rate of interest on loans has been revised. If a businessman.

redeems a loan within the normal loan period of six years, he is refunded 25 per cent of the amount of interest paid by him. The present rate of interest on loans is 7,50 per cent, but with this concession the effective rate of interest is approximately 5,50 per cent. If a businessman amortises his loan within two years - and many do - the loan is interest free.

Bantu businessmen will also be encouraged to form consortiums to take over bigger businesses, such as hotels, instead of leasing them from the XDC.

Th is picture shows the rem ains of circular floors of four Zulu ' ‘beehive” huts on the site of U n g u n g u n d h lo v u , or Great Kraal, ot the Zulu m onarch Dingane. Th e clay floors are rem arkably w ell-preserved despite their exposure to the elements for 130 years. It was at U n g u n g u n d h lo v u that the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief and 101 of his followers w ere m urdered in February, 1838. After the Battle of Blood River, on D ecem ber 16, 1838, the kraal was burned to the ground on Dingane s orders. In the foreground are mill stones used by the Zulus for grinding maize

(m ealies)(Jo han Brum m elkam p)

M em bers of the Board of Directors of the XDC talk to two cabinet ministers during a meeting between the two groups. Th e y are f.l.t.r. Mr Z. Mabandla, Minister of Roads and W orks. Mr Ja n Allen, XDC Director and M anager of the Wool Com m ission in Port Elizabeth, M r N. P. Bulupe, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry and Prof J. A. Smith of the University of Port Elizabeth,

an XDC Director


A PROFESSION FOR THE FUTURE

Th e university’s stately new building w hich w as recently com pleted for the

Faculty of Agriculture (X247/8)

Universities must furnish a nation with trained people. That means constant orientation of university instruction in order to attain in= creased efficiency and to keep abreast with social and economic changes.

As regards university training of agriculturists, it is realised that agriculture is no longer a pick-and= hoe profession. The world's popular tion is increasing rapidly and it is the duty of agriculturists to ensure the production of sufficient food. It will in future be expected of executive agricultural managers and specialist farmers to manage farms on factory production lines.

The University of Fort Hare is at present the only university for Bantu with a Faculty of Agriculture. This institution provides more specifically for the Xhosa-speaking Bantu groups but it must necessarily also make available its facilities for the training of agriculturists for other Bantu language groups.

The necessity of providing agricul= tural extension officers in the home= lands, has become an urgent matter. There is a special need for qualified Bantu extension officers to give purposeful instruction to Bantu work= ing on farms. These officers must also have the knack to persuade farmers to adopt their recommendations. Once qualified as agricultural officers, they must be capable of training their own technicians and extension officers.

The profession of extension officer for Bantu farmers demands specials ised training — a challenge which the University of Fort Hare has now taken up. The idea of introducing a specific introductory course in Agriculture Extension at the University became reality when Mr H. W. L. Lilley, of the

By Chris de Wet

Department of Bantu Administration and Development's division of Bantu Agriculture, as guest lecturer in his leisure time, delivered the first lectures to senior students of the University from April 30 to May 3.

The Ciskeian authorities, incollab= oration with Fort Hare, invited various homeland authorities to send students to attend this introductory course in Agriculture Extension. Nine students enrolled for the course — four from the Transkei, two from kwaZulu, two from Lebowa and one from Bophuthatswana. The course comprises 83 lectures divided into four sessions of approximately four days each.

During this period the students compiled questionnaires to enable them to carry out situation evalua= tions in the field. The course was concluded with a tour of the Transkei and Ciskei to enable students, armed with questionnaires, to conduct inter=

views with Bantu farmers. The data collected in this manner, was anal= ysed, identified and placed in order of importance. The students were re= quired to recommend solutions to the problems encountered. The reports and recommendations of the students will be compiled in one report which will be kept by the Faculty of Agriculture for reference purposes.

While on field work the students received the benefit of several practical demonstrations by the Divi= sion Extension of the Transkeian Department of Africulture and Fores= try, on the application of techniques developed by the information service.

It is ^expected that Agricultural Extension, which at present falls under the University's Faculty of Agricultural Economics, may develop into an independent Department. When this becomes reality it will be a considerable achievement of the University of Fort Hare.

BANTU December, 1973

UNIVERSITY TRAINING

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B A N T U December, 1973

A regular publication of the Department of Information, printed in the Republic of South Africa for the Government Printer, by Perskor, Doornfontein.— G7817

Collection Number: A1132 Collection Name: Patrick LEWIS Papers, 1949-1987

PUBLISHER: Publisher: Historical Papers Research Archive, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Location: Johannesburg ©2016

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