Progressive Progressive PresidentsPresidents

Teddy Roosevelt:Teddy Roosevelt:Republican reformerRepublican reformer

Thinking SkillThinking Skill: Explicitly assess Presidential : Explicitly assess Presidential reforms and draw conclusions about their reforms and draw conclusions about their impactimpact

"This country will not be a permanently good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a reasonably good place for all of us to live in."Chicago, IL, June 17, 1912

“TR” the President

United Mine Workers Union United Mine Workers Union StrikeStrike

May 1902 mineworkers demand higher May 1902 mineworkers demand higher wages, shorter hours, recognitionwages, shorter hours, recognition

How did previous Presidents handle How did previous Presidents handle labor strikes?labor strikes?

How did TR handle the UMWU strike?How did TR handle the UMWU strike? Arbitration – miners won 10% pay increase Arbitration – miners won 10% pay increase

and reduced workday from 10 to 9 hours and reduced workday from 10 to 9 hours

How does How does the cartoon the cartoon depict TR’s depict TR’s

stance stance toward toward trusts?trusts?

A “Square Deal” for All A “Square Deal” for All AmericansAmericans

Goal: prevent wealthy and powerful from Goal: prevent wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners taking advantage of small business owners and the poorand the poor

11stst major anti-trust lawsuit against JP major anti-trust lawsuit against JP Morgan’s Northern Securities Company Morgan’s Northern Securities Company (RR holding company) in 1901(RR holding company) in 1901 5-4 vote Supreme Court dissolved NSC5-4 vote Supreme Court dissolved NSC TR set sights on Standard Oil Co, American TR set sights on Standard Oil Co, American

Tobacco Co, and threatened U.S. SteelTobacco Co, and threatened U.S. Steel

From Trustbusting to From Trustbusting to RegulatingRegulating

Elkins Act (1903)- outlawed rebates on RR Elkins Act (1903)- outlawed rebates on RR freightsfreights

Hepburn Act (1906)- ICC could set Hepburn Act (1906)- ICC could set maximum RR rates and examine RR maximum RR rates and examine RR financesfinances

Meat Inspection Act (1906)- provided for Meat Inspection Act (1906)- provided for inspection of meat packing plantsinspection of meat packing plants

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)- required Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)- required accurate ingredient labels and prohibited accurate ingredient labels and prohibited unproven claims about a productunproven claims about a product

Conservation MovementConservation Movement Preservationists- John Muir, Sierra Club Preservationists- John Muir, Sierra Club

sought to maintain wilderness areas for sought to maintain wilderness areas for beauty and aestheticsbeauty and aesthetics

Developers- Big business sought to exploit Developers- Big business sought to exploit resources for economic gainresources for economic gain Mining, timber, farmers, ranchersMining, timber, farmers, ranchers

Conservationists- Gifford Pinchot, U.S. Conservationists- Gifford Pinchot, U.S. Forest Service sought to scientifically Forest Service sought to scientifically manage lands for public and commercial manage lands for public and commercial useuse

Distinction between Preservation and Distinction between Preservation and ConservationConservation

Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California

Roosevelt was an avid hunter

TR’s Approach to TR’s Approach to EnvironmentEnvironment

"The conservation of natural resources is the "The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem it will avail us little to solve all others."problem it will avail us little to solve all others."Address at Deep Waterway Convention, TN Address at Deep Waterway Convention, TN (10/4/07)(10/4/07)

"The object of government is the welfare of the "The object of government is the welfare of the people."…"Conservation means development as people."…"Conservation means development as much as it does protection. I recognize the right much as it does protection. I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land; but I do not natural resources of our land; but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us."wasteful use, the generations that come after us."

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft TR haunted by 1904 promise not to run for re-electionTR haunted by 1904 promise not to run for re-election

Wanted successor to continue “my policies”Wanted successor to continue “my policies” Helped Taft win 1908 election (against Bryan)Helped Taft win 1908 election (against Bryan)

Past Experience:Past Experience: Attorney, JudgeAttorney, Judge Oversight of Philippines under McKinleyOversight of Philippines under McKinley TR’s Secretary of WarTR’s Secretary of War

Moderate Republican reformer:Moderate Republican reformer: 2 times as many lawsuits against trusts2 times as many lawsuits against trusts Rift with Teddy Roosevelt and ProgressivesRift with Teddy Roosevelt and Progressives

Lawsuit against U.S. SteelLawsuit against U.S. Steel Unsuccessful in getting Congress to lower tariffsUnsuccessful in getting Congress to lower tariffs Fired Pinchot for criticizing BallingerFired Pinchot for criticizing Ballinger

Teddy Roosevelt enters 1912 Teddy Roosevelt enters 1912 Election CampaignElection Campaign

Teddy Roosevelt “New Nationalism”Teddy Roosevelt “New Nationalism” Regulation of business to serve public Regulation of business to serve public

interestinterest Taft vs. RooseveltTaft vs. Roosevelt

Contentious Republican conventionContentious Republican convention Roosevelt runs under (“Bull Moose”) Roosevelt runs under (“Bull Moose”)

Progressive Party Progressive Party Republican vote is split between the twoRepublican vote is split between the two

Woodrow Wilson wins ElectionWoodrow Wilson wins Election Taft – taught law at YaleTaft – taught law at Yale

Chief Justice of Supreme Court (1921)Chief Justice of Supreme Court (1921)

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Democratic Progressive ReformerDemocratic Progressive Reformer ““New Freedom” – govt. reg. of economyNew Freedom” – govt. reg. of economy Reigning in Banks, Tariffs, TrustsReigning in Banks, Tariffs, Trusts

Underwood Tariff Bill (1913)Underwood Tariff Bill (1913) Increased CompetitionIncreased Competition Launched income taxLaunched income tax

Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act Regulate banks and reserve fundsRegulate banks and reserve funds Sets interest RatesSets interest Rates

Clayton Antitrust Act – outlawed certain Clayton Antitrust Act – outlawed certain business practicesbusiness practices

Presidential LegaciesPresidential Legacies

What impact did each President’s What impact did each President’s actions have on the nation? On the actions have on the nation? On the Presidency?Presidency?

Which Progressive President do you Which Progressive President do you believe made the best contributions?believe made the best contributions?