progressive reforms. atomic theory atomic theory: the idea that all matter is made up of discrete...
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Progressive Reforms
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Atomic Theory• Atomic theory: the idea that
all matter is made up of discrete units called atoms
• Although the idea had been around since Classical Greece, English physicist John Dalton first developed a modern atomic theory around 1800
• Atomic theory led to the creation of the modern periodic table of elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869
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Geology• Geology is the study of the
Earth• Geologists, using scientific
dating methods, discovered that the Earth was at least 2 billion years old (today, geologists say it is closer to 4.5 billion)
• This caused an uproar because it contradicts the Bible, (which sets the date of the Earth’s creation as 4004 BC) thereby upsetting religious fundamentalists
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Paleontology• Paleontology is the study of
prehistoric life, primarily through fossilized remains
• Archaeologists and paleontologists made some unsettling discoveries – the fossilized remains of Neanderthal Man and dinosaurs – creatures not accounted for in the Bible
• Biblical scholars countered that these creatures either died in the Great Flood or never really existed at all (as in, they were “false” records left by Satan)
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Theory of Evolution• Naturalist Charles Darwin wrote
On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871)
• Argued that all forms of life, including humans, had evolved from previous life forms
• Proposed that evolution comes about due to “natural selection” or “survival of the fittest” – those best suited to survive live long enough to reproduce and pass on their traits to offspring, while the “unfit” die young without reproducing
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Response to Darwin• Darwin was strongly
opposed by Christian groups because his theory meant that man had evolved over millions of years rather than be created by God in a single day
• The evolution debate would open a new rift between science and religion that would carry over well into the twentieth century
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Social Darwinism• Some people adapted Darwin’s idea of
natural selection to fit their beliefs about society– strong nations were the “fittest”
and had a natural right to make war on weaker nations• led to many bloody wars and to
imperialism– Large corporations were the
“fittest” and had a natural right to run smaller, weaker companies out of business• led to dangerous monopolies
– White European culture was the “fittest” and was naturally superior to all other races and nationalities• Led to racism and encouraged
imperialism
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Social Changes• The Industrial Revolution ended
the age of “nobles and peasants” in the West
• The new upper class was now made up of wealthy industrialists and businessmen
• Growing middle-class was composed of doctors, lawyers, teachers, and “white collar” office workers
• The lower class was primarily “blue collar” factory workers, construction workers, and farmers
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British Democracy• In 1815: less than 5% of
British citizens could vote – had to be a white adult Anglican male who owned land
• Additionally, the House of Lords (the nobility) could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons
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Voting Reforms• 1820s: Catholics and non-
Anglican Protestants were extended the vote
• The Great Reform Act of 1832:– allowed any man who
owned property to vote– redistributed seats in the
House of Commons to more populated areas (away from rural villages and towards industrial towns and cities)
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Chartist Movement• Landless workers
demanded changes:– Wanted all men to be
able to vote– Wanted annual elections– Wanted voting to be by
secret ballot
• After petitioning Parliament 3 times with no success, the Chartist movement faded
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Further Voting Reforms• 1860s: Two new political parties
emerged – Conservatives (led by Benjamin Disraeli) and Liberals (led by William Gladstone)
• 1867: Reform bill pushed through by Disraeli extended the vote to many factory workers
• 1880s: Gladstone pushed through voting rights for farm workers
• 1911: House of Commons removed House of Lords right to veto laws
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The Victorian Age• Queen Victoria (1837-1901)• Longest reigning monarch in
British history• Her reign was marked by a
strict morality:– People were driven by a sense
of duty, thrift, honesty, & hard-work
– Good manners and respectability were extremely important
– Many began to believe in social reform as being the “proper” thing to do
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Middle Class Values• Parents very strict in raising their
children – the “seen and not heard” philosophy
• Marriages were no longer arranged, but one was expected to choose a socially acceptable mate, subject to parental approval (and no “dating” took place without an adult chaperone present)
• Wives were expected to stay at home and manage the household, raise the children, and obey their husbands
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Ending Slavery• Many Christian groups had
pushed for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire
• In 1833, thanks largely to the efforts of William Wilberforce, who had campaigned for abolition for nearly half a century, Parliament finally banned slavery in all British colonies
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Limiting Capital Punishment• In the early 1800s, over 200
crimes were punishable by death, including petty theft
• By 1850, Parliament had reduced that number to four: murder, piracy, treason, and arson
• Instead of death, many criminals were punished by being banished to penal colonies in Australia and New Zealand (newly discovered by Capt. James Cook in 1770)
• In 1868, Parliament ended public executions and outlawed imprisonment for debt
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Labor Reforms• Improvements in working
conditions– laws against child labor– laws set minimum wage,
maximum hours– more safety requirements in
factories and mines
• Unions came into existence (but strikes were still illegal)
• Improvements in housing, education, and benefits
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Women as Activists• Women began to fight
for suffrage, legalized divorce, and economic freedom for themselves
• Many campaigned for temperance (a ban on alcohol)
• Many had worked to bring an end to slavery
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Women’s Suffrage• Women tried for years to
win the right to vote through protesting and public demonstrations
• When this failed, they turned to violence, hunger strikes, and other high-risk behaviors
• In 1918, Parliament finally allowed women over 30 to vote