progressivism and the republican roosevelt,...
TRANSCRIPT
I.ProgressiveRoots
– Progressiveideasandtheories:• Oldphilosophyofhands-offindividualismseemedoutofplaceinmodernmachineage• Progressivetheoristsinsistedsocietycouldnolongeraffordluxuryoflimitless“let-alone”(laissez-faire)policy• Thepeople,throughgovernment,mustsubstitutemasteryfordrift
– Politiciansandwritersbegantopinpointtargets:• Bryan,Altgeld,andPopulistsbranded“bloatedtrusts”withstigmaofcorruptionandwrongdoing
I.ProgressiveRoots (cont.)
• 1894:HenryDemarestLloydcriticizedStandardOilCompanyinhisbookWealthAgainstCommonwealth• ThorsteinVeblenassailednewrichinhisTheTheoryoftheLeisureClass(1899):– Attacked“predatorywealth”and“conspicuousconsumption”– Inhisview,parasiticleisureclassengagedinwasteful“business”ratherthanproductive“industry”
– Urgedsocialleadershippassfromsuperfluoustitanstousefulengineers
• JacobA.Riisshockedmiddle-classAmericansin1890withHowtheOtherHalfLives
I.ProgressiveRoots (cont.)
– Damningindictmentofdirt,disease,vice,andmiseryinNewYorkslums
– BookdeeplyinfluencedTheodoreRoosevelt• NovelistTheodoreDreiser:
– UsedhisbluntprosetobatterpromotersandprofiteersinTheFinancier(1912)andTheTitan(1914)
• Socialistsregisteredappreciablestrengthatballotbox(seeThinkingGloballysection)• Socialgospelmovement:
– PromotedabrandofprogressivismbasedonChristianity– Usedreligiousdoctrinetodemandbetterhousingandlivingconditionsforurbanpoor
I.ProgressiveRoots (cont.)
• Otherreformers:– University-basedeconomistsurgednewreformsmodeledonEuropeanexamples
– Feministsaddedsocialjusticetosuffrageonlistofneededreforms
– Urbanpioneersenteredfighttoimprovelotoffamilieslivingandworkinginfesteringcities
II.RakingMuckwiththeMuckrakers
• Popularmagazines—McClure's,Cosmopolitan,Collier'sandEverybody's:– Dugdeepfordirtthepublicloved– Editorsfinancedextensiveresearch– PresidentTheodoreRooseveltcalledthemmuckrakers– Reformer-writersLincolnSteffensandIdaM.Tarbelltargeted:
» Corruptalliancebetweenbigbusinessandmunicipalgovernment.
» ExposéofStandardOilCompany» Malpracticesoflifeinsurancecompanies,tarifflobbies,trusts,
etc.» Someofmosteffectivefirebymuckrakersdirectedatsocial
evils:
II.RakingMuckwiththeMuckrakers(cont.)
» Immoral“whiteslave”trafficinwomen,ricketyslums,appallingnumberofindustrialaccidents,subjugationofblacks,andabuseofchildlabor
» Vendorsofpatentmedicinesalsocriticized• Muckrakerssignifiedmuchaboutnatureofprogressive
reformmovement:– Longonlamentationbutstoppedshortofrevolutionary
remedies– Countedonpublicitytorightsocialwrongs– Soughtnottooverthrowcapitalism,buttocleanseit– CureforillsofAmericandemocracywasmoredemocracy
III.PoliticalProgressivism(cont.)
• “Whoweretheprogressives?”–Militarists—TheodoreRoosevelt– Pacifists—JaneAddams– Femalesettlementworkers,laborunionists,andenlightenedbusinessmen
– SoughttomodernizeAmericaninstitutionstoachievetwogoals:• Usestatetocurbmonopolypower• Improvecommonperson'sconditionsoflifeandlabor
III.PoliticalProgressivism(cont.)
– Emergedinbothpoliticalparties,inallregions,andatalllevelsofgovernment
– Regainpowerfromcorrupt“interests”by:• Directprimaryelectionstoundercutpartybosses• Initiativesovoterscoulddirectlyproposelegislation• Referendumwouldplacelawsonballotforfinalapprovalbypeople• Recallwouldenablevoterstoremovecorruptofficialsbeholdentolobbyists
III.PoliticalProgressivism(cont.)
– Rootingoutgraftbecameaprimegoal– IntroducedsecretAustralianballottocounteractbossrule
– Directelectionofsenatorsafavoritegoalachievedbyconstitutionalamendment:• SeventeenthAmendment,approvedin1913,establisheddirectelectionofU.S.senators
–Womansuffragereceivedgrowingsupport:• StateslikeWashington,California,andOregongraduallyextendedvotetowomen
IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates
• Progressivesscoredimpressivegainsincities:– Galveston,Texasappointedexpert-staffedcommissionstomanageurbanaffairs
– Othercommunitiesadoptedcity-managersystem– Urbanreformersattacked“slumlords,”juveniledelinquency,wide-openprostitution
– LookedtoGermanandEnglishcitiesforexamplesofhowtoimproveservices:• Cleanupwatersupplies
IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates(cont.)
• Lightstreets• Runtrolleycars• Supportforpublicownershipofutilitiesgrew
– Reformsbubbleduptostates,likeWisconsin:• GovernorRobert(“FightingBob”)LaFolletteacrusaderandmilitantprogressiveRepublicanleader– Wrestedconsiderablecontrolfromcrookedrailroadandlumbercorporationsandreturnedittothepeople
– Perfectedaschemeforregulatingpublicutilities
IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates(cont.)
– Otherstatesmarchedtowardprogressivism:• Undertooktoregulaterailroadsandtrustsbywayofpublicutilitycommissions• Leaders:
– HiramW.JohnsonofCalifornia– CharlesEvansHughesofNewYork
V.ProgressiveWomen
• Womenanindispensablepartofprogressivearmy– Criticalfocuswassettlementhousemovement—whichofferedasidedoortopubliclife:• Exposedmiddle-classwomentoproblemsplaguingcities:– Poverty,politicalcorruption,andintolerableworkingandlivingconditions
• Gavethemskillandconfidencetoattackthoseevils
V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)
–Women'sclubmovementprovidedabroadercivicentrywayformiddle-classwomen
–Women,whoseplacewasseeninhome,defendednewactivitiesasanextension—notarejection—oftraditionalroles:• Thusdriventomoraland“maternal”issues:
– Childlabor,unsafefood,etc.• AgitatedthroughgroupslikeNationalConsumersLeague(1899)andWomen'sTradeUnionLeague(1903)• Campaignedforfactoryreformandtemperance:
V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)– FlorenceKelleybecameStateofIllinois'sfirstchieffactoryinspector:
» Oneofnation'sleadingadvocatesforimprovedfactoryconditions» TookcontrolofnewNationalConsumersLeague
• InlandmarkcaseMullerv.Oregon(1908):– LouisD.BrandeispersuadedSupremeCourttoacceptlawsprotectingwomenworkersbypresentingevidenceofharmfuleffectsoffactorylaboronwomen'sweakerbodies
– ProgressiveshailedBrandeis'sachievementastriumphoverexistinglegaldoctrines
• Americanwelfarestatefocusedmoreonprotectingwomenandchildrenthanongrantingbenefitstoeveryone
V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)
– Setbacks:• 1905,SupremeCourtinLochnerv.NewYorkvoidedNewYorklawestablishingten-hourdayforbakers• Iflawsregulatingfactoriesnotenforced,theyprovedworthless—forexample,lethalfire(1911)atTriangleShirtwaistCompanyofNewYork– 146womendied
• By1917thirtystateshadworkers'compensationlaws
V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)
• Cornersaloonsattractedireofprogressives:–Woman'sChristianTemperanceUnion(WCTU)mobilizednearlyonemillionwomen
– Somestatesandcountiespassed“dry”lawstocontrol,restrict,orabolishalcohol
– Bigcitiesgenerally“wet”becauseimmigrantsaccustomedinOldCountrytofreeflowofalcohol
– ByWorldWarI(1914),nearlyhalfofU.S.populationlivedin“dry”territory
VI.TR'sSquareDealforLabor• TRfearedpublicinterestbeingsubmergedathome:– Asaprogressive,hecalledfora“SquareDeal”forcapital,labor,andpublicatlarge
– HisprogramembracedthreeC's:• Controlofcorporations• Consumerprotection• Conservationofnaturalresources
– FirsttestcameincoalminesofPennsylvania(1902)• Exploitedworkersstruckforbetterpayandhours
VI.TR'sSquareDealforLabor(cont.)
• Rooseveltfinallythreatenedtoseizeminesifownerswouldnotagreetoarbitrationwithworkers– FirstthreattouseU.S.troopsagainstowners,asopposedtoagainstworkers
• RoosevelturgedCongresstocreatenewDepartmentofCommerceandLabor(1903)– Tenyearslateritwasseparatedintwo
• NewagencyincludedaBureauofCorporationsauthorizedtoinvestigatebusinessesengagedininterstatecommerce:– Bureauhelpedbreakstrangleholdofmonopoly– Clearedroadforeraof“trust-busting”
VII.TRCorralstheCorporations• First—railroads:– ElkinsAct(1903)aimedatrailroadrebates:• Heavyfinesimposedonrailroadsthatgaverebatesandonshippersthatacceptedthem
– HepburnAct(1906):• Freepassesseverelyrestricted• InterstateCommerceCommissionexpanded:
– Includedexpresscompanies,sleeping-carcompaniesandpipelines
– Commissioncouldnullifyexistingratesandstipulatemaximumrates
VII.TRCorralstheCorporations (cont.)
Trustsafightingwordinprogressiveera– Rooseveltbelievedtrustsheretostay:• Somewere“good”trustswithpublicconsciences• Somewere“bad”truststhatlustedgreedilyforpower
– FirstburstintoheadlineswithlegalattackonNorthernSecuritiesCompany(1902):• RailroadholdingcompanyorganizedbyfinancialtitanJ.P.MorganandempirebuilderJamesJ.Hill• TheysoughtavirtualmonopolyinNorthwest• TRchallengedpotentatesofindustrialaristocracy
VII.TRCorralstheCorporations (cont.)
• SupremeCourtupheldTR'santitrustsuitandorderedNorthernSecuritiesCompanytodissolve:– NorthernSecuritiesdecisionjoltedWallStreet– Angeredbigbusiness– EnhancedRoosevelt'sreputationastrustsmasher
• TRinitiatedoverfortylegalproceedingsagainstgiantmonopolies:– SupremeCourt(1905)declaredbeeftrustillegal– Fistofjusticefelluponmonopolistscontrollingsugar,fertilizer,harvesters,andotherkeyproducts
• TR'srealpurposewassymbolic:proveconclusivelythatgovernment,notprivatebusiness,ruledcountry
VII.TRCorralstheCorporations (cont.)
– TRbelievedinregulating,notfragmenting,bigbusinesscombines
– Hehopedtomakebusinessleadersmoreamenabletofederalregulation
– Heneverswungtrust-crushingstickwithmaximumforce– Industrialbehemothsmore“tame”byendofTR'sreign
• Hissuccessor,WilliamHowardTaftactually“busted”moretruststhanTR– TaftlaunchedsuitagainstU.S.Steel(1911)butitcausedapoliticalreactionbyTR
VIII.CaringfortheConsumer
• Rooseveltbackedameasure(1906)thatbenefitedbothcorporationsandconsumers:– Evenmeatpackingindustrycalledforsafercannedproducts
– UproarfromUptonSinclair'sTheJungle(1906):• Intendedtofocusonplightofworkers• Insteadappalledpublicwithdescriptionofdisgustinglyunsanitarypreparationoffoodproducts• DescribedChicago'sslaughterhouses
VIII.CaringfortheConsumer(cont.)
• RooseveltinducedCongresstopass:–MeatInspectionAct(1906):• Decreedthatpreparationofmeatshippedoverstatelinessubjecttofederalinspectionfromcorraltocan
– PureFoodandDrugAct(1906):• Designedtopreventadulterationandmislabelingoffoodsandpharmaceuticals
IX.EarthControl
• StepstoconserveU.S.naturalresources:– DesertLandAct(1877):• Wherebyfederalgovernmentsoldaridlandcheaplyonconditionthatpurchaserirrigatesoilwithinthreeyears
– ForestReserveAct(1891):• Authorizedpresidenttosetasidepublicforestsasnationalparksandotherreserves• Some46millionacresrescuedfromloggingin1890s
IX.EarthControl(cont.)
– CareyAct(1894)distributedfederallandtostatesonconditionthatitbeirrigatedandsettled
– NewdayforconservationdawnedwithRoosevelt(see“MakersofAmerica:TheEnvironmentalists”)• TRseizedbannerofconservationleadership• CongressrespondedwithlandmarkNewlandsAct(1902):
– Washingtonauthorizedtocollectmoneyfromsaleofpubliclandinwesternstates
– Usefundsfordevelopmentofirrigationprojects– RooseveltDam,constructedonArizona'sSaltRiver,dedicatedbyRooseveltin1911
IX.EarthControl(cont.)
• TRworkedtopreservenation'sshrinkingforests:– Setasidesome125millionacresinfederalreserves– Earmarkedmillionsofacresofcoaldeposits,andwaterresourcesusefulforirrigationandpower
• ConservationandreclamationwereRoosevelt'smostenduringtangibleachievements• Disappearanceoffrontier—believedtobesourceofnationalcharacteristics(individualismanddemocracy)encouragedpopularsupportforconservation• AsdidJackLondon'sCalloftheWild(1903)
IX.EarthControl(cont.)• Organizations:– BoyScoutsofAmericabecamelargestyouthgroup– AudubonSocietytriedtosavewildnativebirds– SierraClub(1892)dedicatedtopreservewildnessofwesternlandscape
• Losses:– (1913)SanFranciscobuiltdaminHetchHetchyValley• Causeddeepdivisionbetweenpreservationists(John
Muir)andconservationiststhatpersiststopresentday
IX.EarthControl(cont.)– Roosevelt'schiefforester,GiffordPinchot,believed“wildernesswaswaste”
– PinchotandTRwantedtousenation'snaturalendowmentintelligently—thustwobattles:» Onewithgreedycommercialintereststhatabusednature» Otherwithromanticpreservationistsinthralltosimple“woodman-spare-that-tree”sentimentality
– Nationalpolicydeveloped“multiple-useresourcemanagement”» Trytocombinerecreation,sustained-yieldlogging,watershedprotection,andsummerstockgrazingonsameexpanseoffederalland
IX.EarthControl(cont.)
–Westernerslearnedhowtoworkwithfederalmanagementofnaturalresources:• Newagencies,suchasForestServiceandBureauofReclamation• Workedwithfederalprogramsdevotedtorational,large-scale,andlong-termuseofnaturalresources• Single-personenterprisesshoulderedaside,ininterestofefficiency,bycombinedbulkofbigbusinessandbiggovernment
X.The“RooseveltPanic”of1907• Roosevelt'ssecondterm(1905-1909):– Calledforregulatingcorporations,taxingincomes,andprotectingworkers
– Declared(1904)undernocircumstanceswouldhebeacandidateforathirdterm
– Sufferedsharpsetback(1907)whenshortpanicdescendedonWallStreet:• Frightened“runs”onbanks• FinancialworldblamedRoosevelt• Conservativescalledhim“TheodoretheMeddler”
X.The“RooseveltPanic”of1907(cont.)
– Resultsof1907panic:• Pavedwayforlong-overduemonetaryreforms• Currencyshortageshowedneedformoreelasticmediumofexchange• Congress(1908)respondedwithAldrich-VreelandAct:
– Authorizednationalbankstoissueemergencycurrencybackedbyvariouskindsofcollateral
• PathsmoothedformomentousFederalReserveActof1913(seeChap.29)
XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut
• Rooseveltin1908:– Couldhavewonsecondpresidentialnominationandwonelection
– However,hefeltboundbypromiseof1904– Soughtsuccessorwhowouldcarryout“mypolicies”:• SelectedWilliamHenryTaft,secretaryofwarandamildprogressive• HeoftenservedwhenRooseveltaway
XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut(cont.)
• In1908TR“steamrolled”conventiontogetTaft'snominationonfirstballot• DemocratsnominatedWilliamJenningsBryanagain
– Campaignof1908:• TaftandBryanbothtriedtoclaimprogressiveTR'smantle• MajoritychosestabilitywithRoosevelt-endorsedTaft,whopolled321electoralvotesto162forBryan• Socialistsamassed420,793votesforEugeneV.Debs(seeChap.26)
XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut(cont.)
• Rooseveltbrandedbyadversariesaswild-eyedradical
• Numberoflawsheinspirednotinproportiontoamountofnoisehemade
• Attackedbyreigningbusinesslords,buttheyknewtheyhadafriendinWhiteHouse– Shouldfirstandforemostberememberedascowboywhotamedbroncoofadolescentcapitalism,thusensuringitalongadultlife
XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut(cont.)
• Roosevelt'sachievementsandpopularity:– Hisyouthfulnessappealedtoyoungofallages– Servedaspoliticallightningrodtoprotectcapitalistsagainstpopularindignationandagainstsocialism
– Soughtmiddleroadbetweenunbridledindividualismandpaternalistcollectivism
XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut(cont.)
– Inconservationcrusade,hetriedtomediatebetween:• Romanticpreservationistsandrapaciousresource-predators• Probablyhismosttypicalandhismostlastingachievement
– OthercontributionsofRoosevelt:• Greatlyenlargedpower/prestigeofpresidency• Helpedshapeprogressivemovementandlaterliberalreform• OpenedeyesofAmericanstofactthattheysharedworldwithothernationsandneededtoacceptresponsibilitiesofagreatpower
XII.Taft:ARoundPeginaSquareHole
• WilliamHowardTaft:– Enviablereputationaslawyerandjudge– TrustedadministratorunderRoosevelt– Sufferedfromlethalpoliticalhandicaps:• NotadashingpoliticalleaderlikeTR• Recoilingfromcontroversy,TaftgenerallyadoptedattitudeofpassivitytowardCongress• Taftapoorjudgeofpublicopinion
XII.Taft:ARoundPeginaSquareHole(cont.)
• Hiscandormadehimchronicvictimof“foot-in-mouth”disease
– Amildprogressive,butatheartweddedtostatusquoratherthanchange
– Hiscabinetdidnotcontainasinglerepresentativeofparty's“insurgent”wing
XIII.TheDollarGoesAbroadasaDiplomat
• Taft'sforeignpolicy:– UseinvestmentstoboostAmericanpoliticalinterestsabroad—dollardiplomacy:• EncouragedWallStreettoinvestinforeignareasofstrategicconcerntoU.S.A.– EspeciallyFarEastandPanamaCanal
• ThusbankerswouldstrengthenAmericandefensesandforeignpolicies—bringprosperitytohomeland• AlmightydollarsupplantedTR'sbigstick• RailroadinvestmentsinManchuriawereTaft'smostspectaculareffort,butRussiaandJapanblockedeffort
XIII.TheDollarGoesAbroadasaDiplomat(cont.)
– Newtroublespotinrevolution-riddledCaribbean:• WallStreetencouragedtopumpdollarsintofinancialvacuumsinHondurasandHaititokeepforeignfundsout• SporadicdisordersinCuba,Honduras,andDominicanRepublicbroughtAmericanforcestorestoreorderandprotectAmericaninvestments• 2,500marines(1912)landedinNicaragua• RemainedinNicaraguafor13years(seeMap29.1)
XIV.TafttheTrustbuster
• Taftgainedsomefameassmasherofmonopolies:– Brought90suitsagainsttrustsduringhisfouryearscomparedto44forRooseveltin7½years
– Biggestactioncamein1911whenSupremeCourtordereddissolutionofStandardOilCompany:• JudgedtobeacombinationinrestraintoftradeinviolationofShermanAnti-TrustActof1890
XIV.TafttheTrustbuster(cont.)
– SupremeCourtalsohandeddownitsfamous“ruleofreason”:• Doctrine—onlythosecombinationsthat“unreasonably”restrainedtradewereillegal• Doctrinetorebigholeingovernment'santitrustnet
– 1911:antitrustsuitagainstU.S.SteelCorporation:• InfuriatedRooseveltwhohadencouragedmerger• OnceRoosevelt'sprotégé,PresidentTaftincreasinglytookonroleofhisantagonist
XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty
• ProgressivesinRepublicanPartywantedlowertariffs:– ThoughttheyhadafriendinTaft– Housepassedmoderatelyreductivebill– Senateaddednumerousupwardtariffrevisions–Muchtodismayofsupporters,TaftsignedPayne-AldrichBillandcalledit“bestbillthattheRepublicanPartyeverpassed”
XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty(cont.)
• Taftprovedtobededicatedconservationist:– EstablishedBureauofMinestocontrolmineralresources
– HisaccomplishmentsovershadowedbyBallinger-Pinchotquarrel(1910):• SecretaryofInteriorRichardBallingeropenedpubliclandsinWyoming,Montana,Alaskatocorporateuse• BallingersharplycriticizedbyGiffordPinchot,chiefofAgricultureDepartment'sDivisionofForestryandastalwartRooseveltian
XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty(cont.)
• TaftdismissedPinchotonchargesofinsubordination– WidenedriftbetweenRooseveltandTaft
– ReformistwingofRepublicanpartyupinarms:• TaftbeingpushedintoarmsofOldGuard• By1910GrandOldPartysplitwide-open,largelyduetoclumsinessofTaft• Rooseveltreturnedin1910andstirreduptempestbygivingflamingspeechatOsawatomie,Kansas• Announceddoctrineof“NewNationalism:”
– Urgednationalgovernmenttoincreaseitspowertoremedyeconomicandsocialabuses
XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty(cont.)
• ResultsofdivisionswithinRepublicanParty:– Lostbadlyincongressionalelectionsof1910– Democratsemergedwith228seats,leavingonce-dominantRepublicanswithonly161
– Asocialistrepresentative,VictorL.Berger,electedfromMilwaukee
– Republicans,byvirtueofholdovers,retainedSenate,51to41:• buteventherereformerschallengedOldGuard
XVI.TheTaft-RooseveltRupture
• Nowafull-fledgedrevolt:– 1911:NationalProgressiveRepublicanLeagueformed• FierySenatorLaFollette(Wisconsin)becameleadingpresidentialcandidateforgroup
– February1912,RooseveltwrotetosevengovernorsthathewaswillingtoacceptRepublicannomination• Hisreasoning—third-termtraditionappliedtothreeconsecutiveelectiveterms• Rooseveltenteredprimaries,pushingLaFolletteaside
XVI.TheTaft-RooseveltRupture(cont.)
– Taft-RooseveltexplosionnearinJune1912,atRepublicanconventioninChicago• Rooseveltitesabout100delegatesshortofwinningnomination• Challengedrightofsome250Taftdelegatestobeseated• MostofthecontestssettledforTaft• Rooseveltrefusedtoquitgame:
– Havingtastedforfirsttimebittercupofdefeat,TRledathird-partycrusade
XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaignof1912
• DemocratsjubilantoverRepublicandivisions– Assumedcouldwinin1912withastrongreformer
• GovernorWoodrowWilsonseemedgoodfit:– ScholarofgovernmentwhobecamereformistpresidentofPrincetonUniversityin1902
– ElectedgovernorofNewJerseyin1910,Wilsoncampaignedagainst“predatory”trusts
– Onceelected,Wilsondrovethroughlegislatureanumberofprogressivereforms
XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaignof1912(cont.)
• DemocratsmetatBaltimore(1912):• NominatedWilson,aidedbyWilliamJenningsBryan'sswitchtohisside• HisprogressivereformplatformdubbedNewFreedom
• ProgressiveRepublicanticket:– Third-partywithRooseveltasitscandidateforpresident
– Pro-RooseveltsupportersheldconventioninChicagoinAugust1912
XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaign1912(cont.)
– Settlement-housepioneerJaneAddamsplacedRoosevelt'snameinnominationforpresidency:• SymbolizedrisingpoliticalstatusofwomenaswellasProgressivesupportforsocialjustice
– TRreceivedthunderousapplausewhenhedeclared“WestandatArmageddon,andwebattlefortheLord!”
– Rooseveltsaidhefelt“asstrongasabullmoose”thusbullmoosesymbol
XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaign1912(cont.)
• Bigissueofcampaignwastwoversionsofreform:– TRandWilsonagreedonmoreactivegovernment,butdisagreedonspecificstrategies
• Roosevelt'sNewNationalism:• BasedonideasofprogressivethinkerHerbertCodyinhisbookThePromiseofAmericanLife• Favoredcontinuedconsolidationoftrustsandlaborunions• Paralleledbygrowthofpowerfulregulatoryagencies• Campaignedforwomansuffrage
XVII.The“BullMouse”Campaign1919(cont.)
• Broadprogramofsocialwelfare,includingminimumwagelawsandpubliclysupportedhealthcare• TR'sProgressiveslookedforwardtocomprehensivewelfarestateofFranklinRoosevelt'sNewDeal
• Wilson'sNewFreedom:• Favoredsmallenterprise,entrepreneurship• Freefunctioningofunregulated,unmonopolizedmarkets• Shunnedsocialwelfareproposals• Pinnedeconomicfaithoncompetition—the“manonthemake,”asWilsonputit
XVII.The“BullMouse”Campaign1919(cont.)
• Bankingreformandtariffreduction• KeynoteofWilson'scampaignnotregulationbutfragmentationofbigindustrialcombines– Chieflybyvigorousenforcementofantitrustlaws
• Electionof1912offeredvotersachoicenotmerelyofpoliciesbutofpoliticalandeconomicphilosophies--ararityinU.S.History
XVII.The“BullMouse”Campaign1919(cont.)
• Election'sreturns:–Wilsonwonwith435electoralvotesand6,296,547popularvotes(41%oftotal)
– Rooseveltfinishedsecondwith88electoralvotesand4,118,571popularvotes
– Taftwononlyeightelectoralvotesand3,484,720popularvotes(seeMap28.1)
– Socialistcandidate,EugeneV.Debs,rolledup900,672popularvotes,6%oftotalcast
XVII.The“BullMouse”Campaign1919(cont.)
– Tafthimselfhadafruitfuloldage:• TaughtlawforeightyearsatYaleUniversity• In1921becamechiefjusticeofSupremeCourt—ajobforwhichhewasfarbettersuitedthanpresidency