project completion report - nbm.nic.in

Project Completion Report On

Project Title : Integrated Development of Bamboos for Economic Upliftment in Central India.

Sub project Title : Sustainable Development of new

Bamboo Agroforestry techniques for increased income generation in the Central Indian States.

Funded By National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

Submitted by

Dr. Nanita Berry, Scientist "D" Agroforestry Division

Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur (M.P.)

2011-2012

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

http://www.pdffactory.com

PROJECT PROFILE

1. Sub Project : Sustainable Development of new Bamboo Agroforestry techniques for increased income generation in the Central Indian States.

2. Funding Agency/Agencies: National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.

3. Institute/Directorate (ICFRE Hqrs.): Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P.)

4.Name and Designation of Principal Investigator: 1- Dr. Nanita Berry, Scientist- D

(Since October,2010 to March,2011)

2. Shri Rajat S.Pal, IFS, Conservator of Forest

5. Name (s) and Designation (s) of Associates :

• Shri ITK Dilraj, Research Assistant I

• Shri Saurabh Dubey, Technical assistant I

• Ms. Laxmi Thakur , Junior Research Fellow (w.e.f. 2008 to 2009)

• Ms. Richa Kakkar, Junior Research Fellow (w.e.f. 2009 to 2010)

6. Date of commencement of the project : 11th October, 2007

7. Date of completion of the project : 31st March, 2011

8. Total budget of the project : Rs. 11.10 lakhs only( Rupees Eleven lakhs ten

thousands only)

9. Total expenditure of the project : Rs. 11.10 lakhs only( Rupees Eleven lakhs

ten thousands only)

10. Objectives of the Sub Project:

1. Motivate progressive farmers by providing training to them on the benefits of adopting bamboo based agroforestry systems and subsequently providing them planting stock of bamboos. 2. Establish Bamboo based Agroforestry systems as an On Station Research (OSR) trial.



Introduction

Bamboos are inseparable part of the culture of rural people due to its multifarious uses like food , fodder, fuel, fencing, pulp and paper, house construction, cottage industries etc. These multiple uses meet the basic needs of the villagers/farmers/rural poor. Bamboos enrich the soil through leaf litter decomposition, and bind the earth against raging floods. Bamboos have good coppicing power, and the green culm produce coppice shoots after cutting. Bamboo can be grown under all agroforestry system, but in Asian countries it has been generally grown in home gardens. Bamboo can be grown quickly and easily, sustainably harvested in 3 to 5 year cycles. It grows on marginal and degraded land, elevated ground, along field bunds and river banks. it adapts to most climatic conditions and soil types, acting as a soil stabilizer, an ancient medicine, a food source, a critical element of the economy , integrally involved in culture and arts, an excellent alternative to wood and effective carbon sink and thus helping to counter the green house effect.

Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plant species is extremely versatile and has been traditionally put to a large number of uses. Application of modern technology and industrial processing has catapulted bamboo into a new global limelight. at present there is huge demand of bamboo based raw material viz., timber plywood, bamboo flooring, edible bamboo shoots, etc. in the international market of bamboo is captured by china. In India, most of the bamboo raw material comes from natural forest. To capture the emerging bamboo market we have to increase the bamboo cultivation outside the forest under different bamboo based agro forestry system.

India, China and Myanmar have 19.8 million hectares of bamboo reserve-80 percent of the word's bamboo forests. Out of the India's share is 45 percent, with nearly 130 different species of the plant, but only 4 percent of its global market. The government likes to see its bamboo industry, concentrated in the northeast of country, take 27 percent of the word market by 2015. Bamboo occurs almost ubiquitously in the country, except in Kashmir and cover about 12.8 per cent of the forest area occupying over 9.57 million ha. Areas particularly rich in bamboo are the north-east region, Western Ghat and Andaman. About 130 species belonging to 24 genera have been reported (Sharma, 1987). Sixty six percent of the growing stock of the bamboo is available in the north-eastern states and balance in rest of the country. Clump forming bamboos are 67.5 percent of the growing stock. Of all clump forming bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus is 45 percent, bambusa bambos 13 percent, D. hamiltonii 7 percent, Bambusa tulda 5 percent, B.pallida 4 percent and all other species put together 6 percent of the total growing stock. Melocanna bambusa, a non-clump forming bamboo, accounts for 20 percent of the growing stock and found mostly in the north-eastern states. D. strictus is the most widely distributed bamboo occurring in most part of the country. Bambusa bambos is equally distributed widely in most deciduous forest and cultivated by the farmers in northern India. Arundinaria and Chimnobambusa are two genera found in high altitude in the hills of the western Ghat and outer Himalayas. Ochlandra travancorica in Kerala and Oxytenanthera spp in coastal Karnataka, Goa, and Maharastra are the other commercially important species.



With use of bamboo as industrial raw material, rapid socio-economic transformation and industrialization in the country, bamboo gained importantance as raw material not only for cottage industry but also for large industries of pulp and paper. The first bamboo-based paper mill was established in 1919 (Prasad and Gadgil, 1981) and subsequently several more come up to use bamboo as the basis raw material.

Agroforestry is the integrated of woody plant with other agricultural enterprises such as crop or livestock production to drive both economic and ecological benefits. Bamboo occurs in forest as well as raised in homesteads in many countries. In homesteads, it is either found mixed with a large number of other species of tree or purely in patches (Krishankutty, 1988). Many of most useful bamboo species can occupy much the same ecological niche as tree, and are well suited for agroforestry. bamboo has many advantages over trees such as a relatively short time for planting to harvest, the ability to sustainable provide building materials and edible products for many year or even decades, and versatility of use which outmatches most tree species. No environmental conservation and commerce. It is an ideal replacement for both softwoods. its growth rate is three times that of Eucalyptus and it mature in just three years. This is explicitly why there are large scale endeavors at national as well as international level to promote bamboo under agroforestry system.

Bamboo based Agro-forestry system played a major role in rehabilitation of wasteland such as desert and lands that have been degraded by salinization and ravines, gullies and other forms of water and erosion hazards. Agroforestry has importance as a carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and reforestation. Agroforestry systems are the long- term land management system having a life cycle of more than one year. Moreover, these systems are the complex form of land management both ecologically and economically than other agricultural or forestry system. the economic impact of the agroforestry with bamboo considerably influence general economic development. Bamboo can be grown in Agrisilviculture, Sivilpatoral, Agrisilvipastoral, Agrisilvihorticultural system. Under Agrisilviculture system soyabean, niger, musterd, wheat, urd and arhar and some of the important crops like ginger, termaric , cinnamon are some of the others commercial crops which can grown very well with bamboo plantations in agroforestry system in which each plant receives individual care, bamboo shows promising results. The economic impact of the agroforestry with bamboo considerably influence general economic development The system is especially important and significant for developing countries like India .Under this system because of use of various intercrops, products are obtained even in the early stages of plantations and the income is much higher than any other system.

The review of bamboo based agroforestry practices (Sharda et al,2001) indicates that the safest choice of agroforestry species have come from the native vegetation, which has a history of adoption to local precipitation regimes. Farmers in Sikkim grow Dendrocalamus hamiltionii and D. sikkimensis in agriculture fields all along the irrigation channels and stream banks to meet the fodder needs of their livestock. Bambusa vulgaris, Melocanna baccifera and Bambusa nutans have been grown on homesteads throughout Bangladesh. Bambusa arundinacea is planted by farmers in depressed and water logged sites in Andhra Pradesh (India). Mango orchards in Tarai areas of Nepal are intercropped with agriculture crops, and the boundries of orchards are planted with one or two



rows of Dalbergia sissoo and Dendrocalamus strictus . In Thailand, Dendrocalamus spp. and Bambusa spp. are grown by farmers in their homegardens. Shifting cultivation if extensively practiced in the hills and mountains of Vietnam. Seshadri (1985) concluded that cultivation of soyabean (Glycine max) along with Dendrocalamus strictus was technically feasible and economically viable. Singh et. al. (1992) studied the effect of Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro shade on the yield of some agriculture crops at mid hills of eastern Himalaya. He reported that bamboo are slowed to grow or are planted along farm boundaries or drainage line and or uncultivated wasteland in the eastern Himalyan hills. Through experimentation he found that agriculture land near bamboo can be effectively utilized for growing ginger, termaric , large cardamom, orchards grass and dinanath grass (pennisetum pedicellatum) up to a distance of 11-15 m from the bamboo rows. Rice, finger millet, soyabeans,nandi setaria and fine stylo were suitable crop beyond this distance. Shanmughavel and Francis (2001) studied intercropping performance of four crops viz., pigeon pea, soyabean, ginger and turmeric with Bambusa bambos under Tamil Nadu condition. He found intecroping of pigeon pea and soyabean to be more productive than ginger and termaric. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropping B.bambos with pigeon pea and soyabean was equivalent to that of 1.2 ha or 1.1 ha under monoculture. Jha et al. (2004) reported that intercropping of soyabean with Melocanna baccifera and Dendrocalamus longipathus is feasible on degraded Jhum land of Mizoram and gave better results than pure bamboo stands. Wagh and Rajput (1994) intercropping performance of bamboo with that of mango, Chshewnut, Kokum and Rubber. He found that out of three traditional crops bamboo was found to be most profitable one. Jayashankar et al. (1997) carried out the profitability analysis of three bamboo species viz., Bambusa bambos, Thyrostachys oliveri and D. Strictus grown in Kerala. He revealed that all the three species of bamboo yielded B-C ratio higher than one, indicating high profitability. Among the three species, T.oliveri Showed better returns. Shamunghavel and Francis (1999) Recorded higher annual net return (Rs. 13,300) when pigeon pea was intercropped in 1:1 rows at 3 × 3 m spacing (250plant/ha) in comparison to 1:2 rows spaced at 2 × 2 m (500plants/ha). Cost- benefit analysis of bamboo plantation based on Dandrocalamus strictus at Gual Pahari, Haryana revealed that this system yielded better economic returns (Rawat, et al. 2002) Tiwari(2001) conducted a study to determine the financial feasibility of bamboo based agroforestry system of Kheda district of Gujrat (India) using 7 management models. Results indicated that the profitability of bamboo was very high and that the crop was financially feasible even at very high discount rate socio - economic factors are believed to be favorable to the domestication of bamboo as an factor are believed to be favorable to the domestication of bamboo as an agroforestry crop in resion. Singh (2002) suggested cultivation of bamboo along water springs as an agroforestry intevation for enhancing farmers income. Singh et al. (1992) studied the impact of 25-30 years old Bambusa nutans clump raised in agrisilviculture system on chemical properties of soil. He found that available Phosphorus (P) increased whereas exchangeable K and Ca +Mg decreased with increased distance from the bamboo row, soil pH and soil organic matter did not vary with distance. Patil et al. (2004) analyzed the effect of bamboo based agroforesry on soil profile and surface soil properties .He revealed that organic carbon content of these soils ranged from 0.43 to 0.72 percent. Soil profile investigation showed that



all of nutrients were increased in bamboo based agroforesry site .The organic carbon content of these soils increased from 0.37 to 0.58 per cent and 0.63 percent to 0.99 percent, respectively. In addition to it bamboo based agroforestry system also increases the biodiversity under its habitat (Behari et al. 2000). Resent access to global market for variation non-conventional products (edible fruit, herbal aromatics, cosmetics and medicine, spices, etc.) and bamboo, rattans and others palm group of trees of industrial importance will also provide opportunity to develop agroforestry based land use systems (Singh,1999). There are many traditional bamboo based agroforestry practices existing in this region, which are economically viable but need in-depth understanding for agronomic improvement to enlarge the area under agroforestry system.

Bamboo has many advantages over trees such as short rotation maturity , ability to provide building materials as strong as teak pole and other economically important produces. No other woody components compares with versatility of bamboo use which outmatches most tree species and environmental conservation. Thus bamboo based agroforestry system can be beneficial to increase the bamboo cover outside the forest to achieve the global demand of bamboo in the present scenario.

Dendrocalamus strictus occupies 53 per cent of total bamboo area in India. This is one of the predominant species of bamboo in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, , Orissa and Western Ghats. Widely distributed in India in semi dry and dry zone along plains and hilly tracts usually up to an altitude of 1000 m. also commonly cultivated throughout the plains and foot hills. D. strictus is widely adaptable to temperatures as low as 5oC and as high as 45oC. This species is mainly found in drier open deciduous forests in hill slopes, ravines and alluvial plains. It prefers well-drained, poor, coarse, grained and stony soils. It occurs naturally in tracts receiving as low as 750 mm of rainfall and also in extensive gregarious patches or as an under storey in mixed forests and teak plantations.

It has been estimated that one hectare may contain a growing stock of 4000 to 5000 culms (250 to 300 clumps) and provide an annual harvest of 750 to 1000 culms on a three year felling cycle. From a plantation having a spacing of 5 x 5 m yield is about 3.5 t/ha/ year. In favorable localities, D. strictus in each clump has 30-50 culms of 15-18 m height and 6-10 cm diameter. Plantation trials from Karnataka reports annual net income of Rs.35,000/ha/year starting from 6th year onwards (Yellappa Reddy et al., 1992). Intercropping with Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Lotononis bainesii and Casuarina equisetifolia are reported from Karnataka. Another study on the yield of D.strictus from a plantation with a spacing 5 x 5 m for a period of eleven years showed a net income of Rs.70,000/-. This was found to be more profitable than rubber and cashew (Wagh and Rajput, 1991). Felling cycle suggested is 3 to 5 years. Although a three year felling cycle has been adopted, a cutting cycle of 4 years is preferable since it allows the clumps rest and the rhizomes are not disturbed too frequently.

D.strictus is one of the two most important bamboos in India. It is found suitable for reclamation of ravine land. It is extensively used as raw material in paper mills and also for a variety of purposes such as construction, agricultural implements, musical instruments, furniture etc. Young shoots are commonly used as food. D. strictus deciduous densely tufted bamboo. Culms 8 - 16 m high, 2.5 - 8 cm diameter, pale blue green when young, dull green or yellow on maturity, much curved above half of its height; nodes somewhat swollen, basal nodes often rooting, lower nodes often with branches; internodes 30-45 cm long, thick-walled. D. strictus grows on all types of soils



preferably well drained. It does not grows on water-logged or heavy soils such as pure clay or a mixture of clay and lime. Well-drained localities with sandy loam are the best for bamboo growth. As compared to teak, bamboo has in general higher basic strength. A comparative study with mild steel has shown that the average ultimate tensile strength of Dendrocalamus strictus is nearly equal to the strength of mild steel. The specific ultimate tensile strength of bamboo specimen is nearly six times the specific ultimate tensile strength of mild steel.

Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb. Nees

Bambusa nutans Wall ex. Munro

Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro is a graceful bamboo can be grown as ornamental (Gamble, 1896), among the six species commonly used in Indian paper industry. The culm is good, strong, straight and used locally for various purposes, mainly as poles. B.nutans is a medium sized bamboo having Culms 6-15 m high, 5-10 cm in diameter, loosely clumped, much-branched above, usually unbranched below, straight, green, smooth, not shining, white-ringed below the nodes; node slightly thickened, often hairy, lower ones bearing rootlets; internodes usually 25-45 cm long, thick-walled. It is commonly cultivated in North-West India especially in and around Dehra Dun; extensively cultivated in Orissa and West Bengal. One of the widely cultivated species in Bangladesh and one of the commercial species of Thailand. In moist hill slopes and flat uplands in well-drained sandy loam to clayey loam.



Bamboo based agroforestry system are sustainable land use systems. Bamboo prevents erosion and improves soil fertility significantly. However, due to (Bester, 2000) the high underground competition with the intercropped crops, and low price of stem, farmer are not willing to expand the area under bamboo, despite the high demand of product (Brain, 1998).

To establish this facts that bamboo can be become highly remunerative crop for the farmers , there is an urgent need to identify or screen the species of bamboo which yield high value edible shoots. This complex system has to be investigated and to create awareness among the farmers site specific and need based Bamboo based system has to be develop in different agroclimatic zones of India.

Physical Achievements:

1. Identification and selection of study sites:

Survey for identification of Non Forest Bamboo growing areas of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh was carried out by conducting literature survey and obtaining data from the M.P. and Chhattisgarh forest departments by communicating with them and through visits in that areas.

2. Finalization of Bamboo species suitable for agroforestry : Identified and selected two bamboo species viz. Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus strictus to establish bamboo based agroforestry system on the basis of utility and growth performance and its marketable produce

3. Motivation of progressive farmer towards adoption of Bamboo based Agroforestry system : Conducted 4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises in Chhindwara ( 8th to 10th May,2008 ) and Gwalior district ( 13th to 14th May,2009) of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur (10-11th July,2008) and Ravanpara of Raipur districts (26-27th May 2009) of Chhattisgarh and Thereafter polypod seedlings of D.strictus and B.nutans were distributed amongst them, as per the need expressed by them, for planting on their agricultural field boundaries.

4. Sixteen progressive farmers in Devpur and Barnavapura of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh were identified after conducting a Paticipatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise and training was imparted to them on the benefits of adopting Bamboo based Agro-forestry systems on 11th -12th June, 2008.

5. Sixteen progressive farmers in Chhindwara and Gwalior district of M.P. were identified after conducting a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise during 8th to 10th May,2008 and 13th to 14th May, 2009 respectively and training was imparted to them on the benefits of Bamboo based Agroforestry systems .

6. Thereafter requirement of planting stock of bamboo species by the farmers were assessed during the above said training and planting materials were procured from the Chhattisgarh Forest Department and the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department and provided to the selected farmers of Devpur (CG) and Chhindwara (M.P.) for bamboo plantation in their agriculture field.



7. Establishment of Bamboo based silvi-agri system : Established Bamboo –Wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system involving the bamboo species of Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa nutans as an On Station Research in the experimental area of Agroforestry in TFRI campus during rabi and kharif season,2008 and 2009 , 2010 and standardize the practice for the tropical region of Central India. The data indicates that B. nutans was performed better as compared to D.strictus in terms of yield of agri crop and its management under the silvi-agri system.

8. Soil samples were collected from the experimental plot before the planting of the two Bamboo species and sowing of Wheat and various physico-chemical were estimated in the agroforestry Division laboratory and the data were compiled, tabulated and analysed statistically.

9. Prepared nutrient balance sheet through physico-chemical analysis of the soil samples collected before and after the each removal of the crop from the system. The data shows the increasing status of nitrogen as compared to initial stage of land. Data of yield and growth parameters were recorded and statistically analysed to draw the effect of bamboo on grain yield under the intercropping. Data indicates that the maximum grain yield of wheat was registered under the B.nutans and minimum in D.strictus.

Material & Methods : To achieve the above mentioned objectives following materials and

methods were adopted for the study.

Site : An experimental area of the Agroforestry Division, TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Two components:

1- Bamboo species – 1- Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro,

2- Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees

2- Agriculture crops- 1- Triticum estivum Linn.,

2- Vigna mungo( L.) Hepper

Methodology: 1.Identified and selected two bamboo species viz. Bambusa nutans Wall and Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb. to establish bamboo based agroforestry system. Surveyed and selected the farmers by conducting the PRA exercises in the selected sites of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states. 2. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises were conducted at four places i.e. Chhindwara ( 8th to 10th May,2008 ) and Gwalior district ( 13th to 14th May,2009) of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur (10-11th July,2008) and Barnavanpara of Raipur (26- 27th May 2009),Chhattisgarh , for identification of progressive farmers willing to adopt bamboo based agroforestry systems. 3. Training was imparted to the 17 - 40 farmers on the method and advantages of adopting Bamboo based agroforestry Systems, saliently the farmers were asked for their preference of bamboo species,



the preference expressed was for Desi bans i.e. D. strictus and they further desired that they would be willing to plant faster growing bamboos with longer internodes on their agriculture field boundaries. The spacing of planting recommended to these farmer for planting D.strictus was between 8-10m. This was a conservative recommendation so as to minimize the negative effect( if any) on associated agricultural crop yields as per the operational guidelines of NBM is 6 m between lines and 4 m in line. 4. Thereafter polypod seedlings of D.strictus was made available to these the selected farmers for planting. The number of planting stock provided to the farmers were as per needs expressed by them. In this connection it was found that the demand for planting bamboos varied proportionately to available water, monsoonal, irrigational or groundwater. List of farmers to whom training was imparted to the farmers is enclosed as Annexures I-IV. 5. Establishment of Bamboo based agroforestry system as an OSR trial involving two bamboo species of Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa nutans intercropped with agricrop i.e.Triticum estivum (Wheat) Linn.as rabi crop rotate with summer crop i.e. Phaseolus mungo (Urad or black gram) for two years. the rationale behind choosing D. strictus was owing to the fact that it is the most commonly growing Bamboo species in Central India and rationale behind choosing Bambusa nutans is because of its immense commercial importance. (Tewari,1994)

Seedlings of D.strictus were raised in the experimental area of Agroforestry Division of TFRI from seeds obtained from the Nagapahari area near Jabalpur. Vegetative propagated planting stock of B.nutans were obtained from the Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, TFRI.

Thereafter the two bamboo species were planted during November, 2008 in block consisting of

1- D.strictus - spacing - 6m (row to row) x 4m (plant to plant) 2- B.nutans - spacing- 6m (row to row) and 5m (plant to plant) in line at the experimental

area. (* These spacing were as per the recommendations contained in the operational guidelins of National Bamboo Mission).

Treatment details:

The observations on growth and yield parameters were recorded as per the given treatments- T1 = sole agriculture crop, T2= Dendrocalamus strictus + Rabi/kharif crop +Pruned Bamboo, T3= Dendrocalamus strictus + Rabi/kharif crop+ Unpruned Bamboo, T4= Bambusa nutans + Rabi/kharif crop + Pruned Bamboo, T5= Bambusa nutans + Rabi/kharif crop+ Unpruned Bamboo, T6= Sole Dendrocalamus strictus+ pruned, T7= Sole Dendrocalamus strictus + Unpruned Bamboo, T8= Sole Bambusa nutans + Pruned, T9= Sole Bambusa nutans + Unpruned. The layout of the experimental plot is enclosed as Annexure :V

The physical parameters i.e. height and Collar diameter (C.D.) of the two Bamboo species – D.strictus and B.nutans were recorded before sowing of agriculture crop wheat (in first cycle)



during November, 2008. Thereafter 80kg (as per seed rate) of Sujata variety of wheat procured from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University (JNAU) Jabalpur were sown in the said experimental field and maintained. After ripening, the wheat was harvested, cleaned, threshed and packed into gunny bags and yields was recorded. Three soil samples each were collected from the 8 blocks and analysed for their physical properties and macro chemical constituents. At the same time the casualty in the two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans were recorded and the failures were beaten up, 27 out of 64 seedlings of D.strictus planted survived after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle making a survival percentage of 42.19%. However, 36 out of 48 planting stock of B.nutans planted survived after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle making survival percentage of 75 %. In the month of July, 2009 and 2010 , 20 kg of black gram (Urad) procured from JNAU, Jabalpur and was sown in the experimental plot for establishing Bamboo-Urad system. The agroforestry system so created was maintained and after ripening of the Urad crop , the crop was harvested , threshed, cleaned and packed into gunny bags. Thereafter the blockwise grain yield was recorded . Three soil samples each were collected from the 9treatments and analysed for their physical and chemical properties. The growth data of the two bamboo species were recorded and presented in the table 1. The trial was repeated in the second year also. In the month of November,2009, 80 kgs of Sujata cv. of Wheat which was obtained from the harvested wheat from the previous crop of Bamboo-wheat system during its first cycle, was sown in the OSR to standardized the system. The system was maintained and the wheat was harvested in the month of April,2010 and after processing (threshing ,cleaning, winnowing ) , it was kept in gunny bags and recorded blockwise grain yield as shown in the table 6-8.The soil samples were collected after the harvesting of the rabi crop to determine the status of micro and macro nutrients of soil. (see in the fig. 1-8) The growth parameters of the bamboo species were recorded periodically and data were analysed in the table 1. Results and Discussions:

I. Extension activities:

During the four trainings imparted to the progressive farmers at Chhindwara and Gwalior of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur and Barnavapara project Range under Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, the lesson learnt that farmers were reluctant to plant Bamboos in their agricultural field bunds apprehending that it may lead to reducing the crop yields thereby laeding to losses.

However, they were more than willing to plant desi bans (D.strictus) on their agricultural fields

for augmenting their incomes and diversifying their production base. They also expressed that they would prefer to plant faster growing bamboo species having longer internodes.



Keeping the needs of the farmers in mind an effort was made to identify suitable planting stock of D.strictus and the same was made available to the interested farmers, as per need expressed by them and at no cost to them to enable them to plant the same on their agricultural field boundaries. As a matter of utmost caution so as to minimize the losses to agricultural crop yield the bamboo to Bamboo spacing was recommended as between 8m to 10m.

The study was initiated in the experimental area of Agroforestry field at Tropical Forest

Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P) during the year October,2007. The experimental material includes three replications with nine treatment combinations by involving two bamboo species (Dendrocalamus strictus & Bambusa nutans intercropped with Vigna mungo L. as kharif crop and Triticum aestivum L. as rabi crop of 2008 , 2009, 2010 and 2011 to standardize the Bamboo –Wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system for the tropical region of Central India in Randomized Block Design. The observations on growth and yield parameters of bamboo-crop interactions were recorded and data were compiled, tabulated and analysed statistically.

Performance of growth : Average height and diameter of the two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans intercropped with agri crop in respective season were recorded and tabulated in the table 1 – 4 . The table 1 shows that the growth performance of the bamboo species is increasing over a period of one and half years but analyzing the data as per the time period ,the D.strictus in the first cycle of sowing wheat has shown declining trend in its height and diameter from 70.77 to 51.48cm due to suppressed nature of wheat grown with bamboo seedlings and rat attack on the bamboo rhizomes and the survival percentage was 42.18% . Similarly, the growth performance of B.nutans also showed declining trend from 70.21 cm to 66.0277cm and survival percent of 75%,whereasthe average diameter showed the increasing trend from in both the bamboo spp. D.strictus - 0.347 to 0.3582 and in B.nutans - 0.3725 to 0.5687cm. During the 2nd year of the growth period of bamboo species i.e. D. strictus and B.nutans intercropped with V.mungo (Urad), data shown the tremendous change in its height and diameter, July , 2009 is considered to be the favourable period for the bamboo growth in which performance of the two species i.e. D.strictus shown significant increase in its height and diameter ranged from 110.892 to 167.6406 cm and from 0.7135cm to 1.1245cm respectively, similarly B.nutans has also shown a significant improvement in its height ranged from 114.35cm to 191.43cm and diameter i.e. 0.6941cm to 1.3208cm. The increase in height of bamboo is noticed due the fact that the bamboo growing period is between July to October and Urad is nitrogen fixing crop which plays positive role in the growth of associate crop i.e. Bamboo . During the second cycle of growing of wheat as rabi crop in November, 2009 to April, 2010 , there is regular increase in height and diameter of D.strictus from 1.49m to 1.65m and 1.16 to 2.35cm respectively. Similarly, in B.nutans height was increased from 1.75m to 1.89m and 1.34 to 2.86cm in diameter. (table 1) Maximum height 2.09m was recorded in T4 with 2.90cm stem diameter closely followed by the T5 i.e.2.86cm. Similarly, B.nutans attained regular increase in height of 5.75m in T4 followed by the T5 of 5.52m and in diameter 11.18cm followed by 11.06cm during the fourth year of its growth ,in other words, B.nutans attains maximum growth during the



2nd year (32.8 % to 35.45%) to 3rd year of its growth then the D.strictus (31.52% to 35.03%). (as shown in the table 2)

The canopy cover of the B.nutans was 2.90m unprunned followed by 2.32 in unpruned D.strictus during the 3rd year of its growth however D.strictus T1 has maximum culm 7.60 per clump followed by T2 7.45/clump (table 3). In the year of 2011 i.e. 4th year of bamboo growth, D.strictus (T1) produced maximum 16.18 culm/clump closely followed by T2 15.82 with 3.75m crown cover. But B.nutans (T3)has produced 11.51 culm/clump wit h the 4.73m canopy cover.Under intercropping , D.strictus produced 12.40 culm/clump having 4.53m canopy cover. Maximum number of harvestable culms 7.57 (as standardized length n diameter by the bamboo merchant) followed by 6.40 of B.nutans during 4th year of its growth.(table. 4) Table 1: - Year wise Performance of growth of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system.

Treatment combinations

2008 2009 2010 2011 Height (m)

Dia. (cm)

Height (m)

Dia. (cm)

Height (m)

Dia. (cm)

Height (m)

Dia. (cm)

W (Sole) - - - - - - - - S1P1W 0.66 0.35 1.49 1.16 1.65 2.35 4.73 8.15 S1P2W 0.62 0.36 1.39 1.18 1.54 2.40 4.62 8.08 S2P1W 0.67 0.37 1.75 1.34 2.03 2.90 5.75 11.18 S2P2W

0.70 0.36 1.81 1.29 1.96 2.86 5.52 11.06

S1P1 (Sole) 0.65 0.33 1.46 1.09 1.62 2.28 4.39 7.82 S1P2 (Sole) 0.59 0.34 1.32 1.12 1.47 2.22 4.19 7.69 S2P1 (Sole)

0.73 0.38 1.89 1.36 1.89 2.76 5.33 10.58

S2P2(Sole) 0.67 0.36

1.74 1.28 1.88 2.74 5.32 10.39

Index: Height = Plant height (m), D. = Diameter,

Table 2: - Percent Increase in the growth of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system.

Species Initial stage (July, 2008) (%)

I st Year (Dec., 2008) (%)

IInd Year (Dec., 2009) (%)

III rd Year (Dec., 2010) (%)

IV th Year (Dec., 2011) (%)

Dendrocalamus strictus

4.57 14.06 31.52 35.03 13.62

Bambusa nutans 4.79 13.13 32.8 35.45 14.33



Figure 1 Title 3: Growth performance of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system in third year (2010).

Treatment

combinations

Height (m) Diameter (cm) Canopy Cover (m)

Culms/clump

T0-W (Sole) - - - - T1- S1P1W 1.65 2.35 1.76 7.60 T2-S1P2W 1.54 2.40 2.31 7.45 T3-S2P1W 2.03 2.90 2.22 5.41 T4-S2P2W 1.96 2.86 2.95 5.23 T5-S1P1 (Sole)

1.62 2.28 1.60 5.69

T6 -S1P2 (Sole)

1.47 2.22 2.19 5.73

T7- S2P1 (Sole)

1.89 2.76 2.20 5.21

T8- S2P2 (Sole)

1.88 2.74 2.90 4.88

SE± 0.084 0.064 0.059 0.091 CD at 5% 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.20



Title 4 : Growth performance of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system in fourth year (2011). Treatment combinations

Height (m)

Diameter (cm)

Canopy Cover (m)

Culms/clump No. of Harvestable Culms/clump

T0-W (Sole) - - - - - T1-S1P1W 4.73 8.15 3.75 16.18 2.77

T2-S1P2W 4.62 8.08 5.04 15.82 2.47

T3-S2P1W 5.75 11.18 4.73 11.51 7.57

T4-S2P2W 5.52 11.06 6.30 11.11 6.40

T5-S1P1 (Sole) 4.39 7.82 3.40 12.14 1.74

T6-S1P2 (Sole) 4.19 7.69 4.53 12.40 1.63

T7-S2P1 (Sole) 5.33 10.58 4.62 10.81 5.12

T8-S2P2 (Sole) 5.32 10.39 6.16 10.69 5.10

SE± 0.23 0.21 0.17 0.23 0.15 CD at 5% 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.48 0.33 Table 5: Evaluation of Bamboo Based Silvi-Agri system in Jabalpur District (2011).

Treatments Plant height (m)

No. of Harvestable Clumps

Wheat yield (Q / ha)

3rd year 4th year 4th year 3rd year 4th year W (Sole) - - - 24.45 22.50

S1P1W 1.65 4.73 2.77 16.06 14.89

S1P2W 1.54 4.62 2.47 16.11 14.75

S2P1W 2.03 5.75 7.57 18.82 17.33

S2P2W 1.96 5.52 6.40 17.40 15.81

S1P1 (Sole) 1.62 4.39 1.74 S1P2 (Sole) 1.47 4.19 1.63 S2P1 (Sole) 1.89 5.33 5.09 S2P2 (Sole) 1.88 5.32 5.30



Effect of Bamboo crop on the yield of Wheat

The total yield of wheat from the system is 516.18kgs and the average production of wheat from the each block is 0.16kg/m2 during its first cycle i.e. first year of bamboo growth (table----). The maximum average production of wheat is 120g/m2 was recorded in T3 followed by T2 165g/m2 , whereas, in the sole plot of agriculture it was 165g/m2 associated with D.strictus . and 185g/m2 is recorded under sole associated with B.nutans. The data indicates that the presence of bamboos intercropped with wheat results in reduction in production of wheat to a certain extent with D.strictus exerting a more negative effect as compared to B.nutans.

During the second cycle of the wheat crop ,the total yield of wheat grain is 336.17g/m2 and the average production from the treatments is 11g/m2 registered. Maximum reduction in grain yield of the wheat is observed in the treatments T1 i.e. 55g/m2 followed by T3 i.e. 82, 0.13g/m2 in control and 20 g/m2 in sole of B.nutans . The data indicates that the B.nutans at the age of its second year give the significant negative effect on the productivity of wheat with a drop of nearly 72.5% as compared to sole crop. It is also noticed that the D.strictus and wheat shown a significant reduction in the productivity of wheat i.e. nearly 36.9%. Although both the bamboo has a negative effect on the productivity of agri crop , the B.nutans has maximum yield reduction as compared to D.structus. In the year 2010 i.e 3rd year of b.nutans, the wheat yield was18.82 q/ha as compared to sole crop 24.45 q/ha. The yield reduction may be due the fact that under the shade /canopy of bamboo crop production get reduced , it can be compensated by selling the bamboo stem after the fourth year of bamboo every year.

Title 6: Evaluation of Bamboo Based Silvi-Agri system in Jabalpur District (2010). Treatment

Treatment combination

Ht. of plant (cm)

No. of Tillers / plant

Length of Ear (cm)

No. of grains / Ear

Wt. of Bundle g / Sq m.

Grain yield g / Sq m.

Grain yield qt / ha.

Straw yield g / Sq m.

Grain Straw Ratio

T1 W (Sole) 121.35 18.87 9.86 51.81 994.48 244.54 24.45 749.94

T2 S1P1W 110.71 13.26 7.49 32.66 733.95 160.64 16.06 573.30

T3 S1P2W 111.18 11.57 6.80 33.81 717.67 161.12 16.11 556.55

T4 S2P1W 120.27 14.47 8.66 42.63 795.30 188.22 18.82 607.08

T5 S2P2W 97.60 12.95 7.49 25.02 706.74 174.02 17.40 532.72

T6 S1P1 (Sole)

T7 S1P2 (Sole)

T8 S2P1 (Sole)

T9 S2P2 (Sole)



Title 7: Evaluation of Bamboo Based Silvi-Agri system in Jabalpur District (2011). Treatment

Treatment combination

Ht. of plant (cm)

No. of Tillers / plant

Length of Ear (cm)

No. of grains / Ear

Wt. of Bundle g / Sq m.

Grain yield g / Sq m.

Grain yield qt. / ha.

Straw yield g / Sq m.

Grain Straw Ratio

T1 W (Sole) 118.42 16.52 9.07 48.82 970.90 233.50 22.50 737.40 3.16

T2 S1P1W 108.50 12.03 6.43 31.75 724.36 150.37 14.89 574.09 3.82

T3 S1P2W 107.84 11.14 5.52 32.23 686.76 152.63 14.75 534.12 3.50

T4 S2P1W 114.10 12.47 7.22 39.83 755.74 176.07 17.33 579.67 3.29

T5 S2P2W 95.53 11.49 6.20 22.53 675.16 163.67 15.81 511.50 3.12

T6 S1P1 (Sole)

T7 S1P2 (Sole)

T8 S2P1 (Sole)

T9 S2P2 (Sole)

Effect of bamboo on the yield of Urad crop

The urad crop was sown during the kharif season of 2009 and 2010 and harvested in the month of October and recorded total yield in the all treatments. Data revealed that the total yield of Urad was 115.4kg recorded from all the blocks and the average production of Urad is in each blocks is 40g m2. The maximum grain yield of urad is 20.5 kg/ha in T4 block (B.nutans with V.mungo) followed by 17.35kg/ ha in T2 ( D.strictus + V.mungo) whereas in T2 block 18.35 kg grain yield of urad was registered in first cycle. (Table 8) During 2nd cycle of the crop the slight reduction in yield was registered under D.strictus with Urad crop 12.40kg followed by 9.70kg.This may be due to the crown cover of D.strictus.

Table 8. Yield of Urad as intercropped in Bamboo based silvi-agri system.

S.no. Treatments Grain Yield (kgs) 1st cycle

Grain Yield (kgs/ha) IInd cycle

T1 13.75 14.8 T2 18.35 12.40 T3 8.55 9.70 T4 20.5 18.75

T5 17.35 18.00

T6 -- T7 -- T8 -- T9 --

Nutrient status of the soil under bamboo based silvi-agri system : Changes in Soil pH : The soil samples were collected at each season of agricrop i.e before sowing and after harvesting of the crop intercropped under the bamboo. The soil of the experimental plot was moderately acidic in nature. The lowest average pH was 6.17 to highest 7.14 in different treatments. In the control plots it was observed that the growing of agricultural crops resulted in the soils gaining its alkalinity, whereas during fallows, an increase in acidity of the soil was observed. The trend



in the change in pH of the soil with regard to the treatments consisting of bamboo with agriculture crop is similar to that observed for the control plot. The conclusion is that growing of bamboos is in an agroforestry system significantly effect the pH value , it increases the pH value after the 4th year onwards . The system increased the pH values from 6.8 to 7.01 in the T4 treatments i.e. B.nutans intercropped with agri crop and pruned followed by the T7 D.strictus sole from 6.7 to 7.00 during 3rd to 4th year of its growth.(figure.1) Analysis of change in EC values : The lowest E.C varied from the minimum 0.03mmhos to the maximum of 0.49mmhos. The general trend was observed in the EC of the soil samples collected from the four control plots was the highest in July2009 which can be ascribed to the monsoons which resulted in increased electrolytic activity in the soil. In the four control blocks consisting of bamboo ith agriculture crops an increase in EC was 1st observed from soil samples collected after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle in April,2009 which is due to the application of fertilizers applied as basal dressing before the sowing of rabi crop. (as shown in the figure-2)

Changes in Organic matter:

The organic matter was gradually increased upto November2009 when intercropped with B.nutans and wheat and urad crop in T4.Maximum increase 1.12% is observed in T8 closely followed by T7 1.10 during October,2009 and marginally declined 1.02 in T7 followed by T5 i.e 0.95%.(figure 3)

Changes in Available Nitrogen status :

The available nitrogen content under the system was determined and maximum 376.3kg/ha was recorded in T1 and T6 during April,2009 after the harvesting of 1st cycle of wheat crop followed by the T8 355.5kg/ha. (figure 4) In the four blocks the general trend was obsereved that the available nitrogen of the soil was the least during November 2008 when rabi crop was sown in its first cycle. Therafter an increase was recorded in April,2009 and it was gradually decreased till wheat was harvested in the 2nd cycle of the crop. A contradictory observation in the control plot was that available Nitrogen showed a decrease since the Urad crop was sown and harvested in October,2009 despite it is leguminous crop. The system shows the positive effect on the amount of nitrogen after 4th year and 4 crops taken as intercrops in each season. The Nitrogen level is increased from 229 to 355.9kg/ha in T7. In the two blocks containing B.nutans and D.strictus intercropped with Urad shows an increase in nitrogen content during October,2009 i.e. after the harvesting of urad crop thereby suggesting that a symbiotic relationship was established between B.nutans and urad in fixing nitrogen under the system.(Figure 4)

Changes in available Phosphorus content:

Maximum Phosphorus content was recorded 43.13kg/ha in the T6 during July,2009 followed by 38.05 in T7 and minimum was 13.55 kg/ha in T2. The phosphorus content was increased from 3.34 to



30.73 in the T5 and gradually decreased in the fourth year. The system was remained unaffected to increase the level of phosphorus.(Figure 5).

Changes in Potassium content of soil:

The highest potassium level observed was 585.17 kg/ha in T7 during the July,2009 and the lowest was 98.1kg/ha in T3 during November,2008 as shown in the figure 6. this lowest figure before the initiation of crop. Gradually the value increased to a maximum in July,2009,due to the soil working and intercropping of wheat with bamboo crop, thereafter reduced considerably till april 2010 i.e. after harvesting of wheat crop during its second cycle. Similarly, the potassium content was observed when intercropped.

Changes in Calcium content of soil:

The highest Calcium content observed was 74.4kg/ha in T7 closely followed by T5 72.4kg/haduring the initial stage of the system i.e. November2008. Lowest was observed 13.6kg/ha in T1 block to 25.73 in T8 during april,2009. A distinctive pattern in change in Calcium content was obsereved in the four blocks i.e. after highest value was recorded during November,2008. The Calcium values decreased after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle in April,2009. thereafter owing to the land being left fallow the calcium content showed an increase till july2009. This was followed by a decrease in the calcium content till the harvesting of urad in October,2009.

The increase in available calcium content in the soil between April,2009 (harvesting of wheat in first cycle) and july2009 (kharif i.e. sowing of urad) was more in the treatment T4 B.nutans with agri crop as compared to T2 D.strictus with agri crop, thereby suggesting that B.nutans has assisted in releasing more calcium as compared to D.strictus when the plot lay fallow. (Fig.7)

Changes in Magnesium content of soil:

The maximum magnesium values recorded was 54.8 meq/100g in April,2010 in T8 blocks and lowest was 9.6 meq/100g. No definite conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of soil analysis for the potassium during the period November2008 to April,2010. During the fallow period between April,2009 and July2009 the magnesium content was increased in T4 i.e. B.nutans and agri crop significantly higher as compared to D.strictus . The available magnesium was reduced significantly with T4 i.e. B.nutans with urad crop at the time of harvesting of urad then that of D.strictus with intercrop T2. (Fig.8)

Economic analysis of the system:

The bamboo silvi-agri system indicates that B. nutans was performed better as compared to D.strictus in terms of growth and yield of agri crop and its management under the silvi-agri system. B. nutans+Pruned Bamboo(25%) + Agri crops) found best treatment combination among other treatments. Maximum average height of B. nutans is 5.75 m , Diameter (11.18 cm), Canopy cover (4.75 m), No. of culms per clump (11.51), No. of harvestable culms per clump (7.57) were recorded at the age of fourth year of bamboo. Similarly the yield of agriculture crops like Urad grain is 4.53



qt/ha and Wheat yield (18.82qt/ha) during the respective season. Based on the economical analysis of the system , total Gross Income is 2,65,515.9 Rs. /ha while total Gross Expenses (1,56,813 Rs. / ha) and Net Income was Rs 1,08,703. /ha then sole agri crop i.e. 1,03991 and sole bamboo plantation gives rs. 13,259 to 21152.3/ha and the benefit and cost ratio (1.69 )at the fourth year onwards of plantation. Hence, grower can get more income per unit area by adopting this bamboo based silvi-agri system, without impairing the soil & environmental health.

Title 9: Cost of cultivation of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment combinations

1st Year (2008)

2nd Year (2009)

3rd Year (2010)

4th Year (2011)

Total cost

W (Sole) 36470 36470 36470 36470 145880 S1P1W 40402 37123 37123 38967.8 153616 S1P2W 40402 37123 37123 38768 153416 S2P1W 40402 37123 37123 42164.6 156813 S2P2W 40402 37123 37123 41385.4 156033 S1P1 (Sole) 11079 7800 7800 8958.84 35637.8 S1P2 (Sole) 11079 7800 7800 8885.58 35564.6 S2P1 (Sole) 11079 7800 7800 11209.9 37888.9 S2P2 (Sole) 11079 7800 7800 11196.6 37875.6

Table 10: Income by selling the bamboo stem under Bamboo based Silvi-agri system.

Note: @ Rs 25/ Culm for S1 & @ Rs 30/ Culm for S2.

Treatment

combinations

No. of Harvestable Culms/clump

No. of Harvestable Culms/ha Income (Rs/ha)

W (Sole) - - -

S1P1W 2.77 922.41 23060.25

S1P2W 2.47 822.51 20562.75

S2P1W 7.57 2520.81 75624.3

S2P2W 6.40 2131.2 63936

S1P1 (Sole) 1.74 579.42 14485.5

S1P2 (Sole) 1.63 542.79 13569.75

S2P1 (Sole) 5.12 1704.96 51148.8

S2P2 (Sole) 5.10 1698.3 50949



Title11: Income analysis of Wheat in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment

combinations

1st Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

2nd Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

3rd Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

4th Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

W (Sole) 48122.06 33050.32 35674.9 35218.2

S1P1W 40048.51 26951.089 24707.4 22378.6

S1P2W 38749.03 25857.75 24339.9 20999.16

S2P1W 40582.75 18744.32 27361.4 25383.1

S2P2W 38939.98 26912.29 24999.96 21978

S1P1 (Sole)

S1P2 (Sole)

S2P1 (Sole)

S2P2 (Sole)

Title12: Income analysis of Urad in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment

combinations

1st Year

Gross Income (Rs./ha)

2nd Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

3rd Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

4th Year Gross Income (Rs./ha)

W (Sole) 26027 22902 23827 25049

S1P1W 21772 19360 16422 13749

S1P2W 21659 18947 16348 12995

S2P1W 21809 20190 18758 17063

S2P2W 21696 19549 17591 14577

S1P1 (Sole)

S1P2 (Sole)

S2P1 (Sole)

S2P2 (Sole)



Title 13: Total Gross Income of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment

combinations

1st Year(2008) 2nd Year 2009) 3rd Year(2010) 4th Year(2011) Total Gross Income (Rs./ha)

Urad Wheat Urad Wheat Urad Wheat Urad Wheat Bamboo

W (Sole) 26027 48122.06 22902 33050.32 23827 35674.9 25049 35218.2 - 249870.5

S1P1W 21772 40048.51 19360 26951.089 16422 24707.4 13749 22378.6 23060.25 208448.8

S1P2W 21659 38749.03 18947 25857.75 16348 24339.9 12995 20999.16 20562.75 200457.6

S2P1W 21809 40582.75 20190 18744.32 18758 27361.4 17063 25383.1 75624.3 265515.9

S2P2W 21696 38939.98 19549 26912.29 17591 24999.96 14577 21978 63936 250179.2

S1P1 (Sole) 14485.5 14485.5

S1P2 (Sole) 13569.75 13569.75

S2P1 (Sole) 51148.8 51148.8

S2P2 (Sole) 50949 50949

Title 14: Economy based analysis of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment combinations

Total Gross Income (Rs./ha)

Gross Expenses (Rs./ha)

Net Income (Rs./ha)

B: C Ratio (In Rs)

W (Sole) 249870.5 145880 103991 1.71

S1P1W 208448.8 153616 54832.8 1.36

S1P2W 200457.6 153416 47041.6 1.31

S2P1W 265515.9 156813 108703 1.69

S2P2W 250179.2 156033 94146.2 1.60

S1P1 (Sole) 14485.5 35637.8 -21152.3 0.41

S1P2 (Sole) 13569.75 35564.6 -21994.9 0.38

S2P1 (Sole) 51148.8 37888.9 13259.9 1.35

S2P2 (Sole) 50949 37875.6 13073.4 1.35



Figure 9



Summary:

Studies on suitability of bamboo species for bamboo based silvi-agri system was successfully completed . For the establishment of the system , two bamboo species Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus strictus were raised at the spacing of 6mx4m and 6x5m as an OSR in the experimental area of TFRI . Standardized package of practices of bamboo-wheat and bamboo-urad silvi-agri system .

Motivated progressive farmers of Two districts Gwalior and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh Raipur and Ravanpara of Chhattisgarh towards benefits of adoption of bamboos in their field bunds. However, they were more than willing to plant desi bans (D.strictus) on their agricultural fields for augmenting their incomes and diversifying their production base. They also expressed that they would prefer to plant faster growing bamboo species having longer internodes. Keeping the needs of the farmers in mind an effort was made to identify suitable planting stock of D.strictus and the same was made available to the interested farmers, as per need expressed by them and at no cost to them to enable them to plant the same on their agricultural field boundaries. As a matter of utmost caution so as to minimize the losses to agricultural crop yield the bamboo to Bamboo spacing was recommended as between 8m to 10m.

Recommendations : It is suggested that improved polypod planting stocks of locally

available bamboos with longer internodes and less throny , smooth and clear stem of bamboo are suitable for agroforestry system with a spacing of minimum 5mx5m to ensure the proper spacing for tractor ploughing to gain maximum production.

While successfully demonstrating the establishment of Bamboo based silvi-agri system with an

intercrops T. aestivum (wheat) and V.mungo ( Urad) with two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans as an OSR trial at agro-forestry division of TFRI, Jabalpur, wherein certain losses in agricultural crop yield was observed in the treatments , the recommendations for adopting Bamboo based agroforestry systems by intercropping with the crops is as follows:

1. The Bamboo based Bamboo-wheat and Bamboo-urad model may be recommended for adoption by the farmers with a rider that the bamboo crop should be start to harvest after 4th year of its planting when intercropped. This will ensure minimizing the negative effect on agricultural crop productivity and at the same time would provide additional income of Rs.1,08,703/ha to the farmers by adopting it as also diversifying the production base.

2. This will also address the conservational issues including soil moisture conservation.



Suggestions to be followed:

The study was conducted in the experimental plot of the TFRI, Jabalpur and the bamboo based agroforestry system has standardized just for initial 4 years of bamboo growth. Some more experiments is to be needed like effect of bamboo growth on vegetational growth, its impact of soil structure, impact on associate agriculture crop production and it can be rotate with the shade loving crop like medicinal plants and grasses to demonstrate the bamboo based agroforestry system after 5 years of its growth. In india there is no work on bambusa nutans based agroforestry system, therefore it is most important to conduct study on Bambusa nutans based agroforestry system at later stage of its growth in the tropical region of Madhya Pradesh.

Research Papers Published:

Berry, N.; Singh, N. and Pal, RS. 2008 . Bamboo: potential in agroforestry systems. In Bamboos: Management, Conservation, Value addition and Promotion.. (Eds. Mandal, A.K.; Berry, N. and Rawat, G.S.) pp-103-114. In Proceedings of the National Conference on “Bamboos” , A TFRI publication, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Nath, V.; Pal, R.S.; and Banerjee,S.K.2008. Bamboo: its distribution,production, habitat and agroforestry potential. Indian Forester 134 : 387-396.

Pal, RS.; Berry, N. and Mandal,AK 2008. Sporadic flowering of Dendrocalamus strictus in the Jabalpur districts (M.P.) Indian Forester 134 :1416 .

N. Berry (2011). Evaluation of Bamboo based Agri-silviculture system in Jabalpur district. Abstract published in proceedings of the National seminar on Recent advances in Bamboo Propagation, Management and Utilization" held on 17-18th February,2011 at IWST, Banglore (Karnataka).

Field demonstration

v Bamboo based Bamboo-wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system were demonstrated in the

experimental field and explained to the the number of groups of trainines during the study period. 1. Forest Guards Trainees of Balaghat district, M.P. on 2nd February, 2011 at Agroforestry

experimental area of TFRI, Jabalpur. 2. Farmers of Majhauli under the NABARD training programme at TFRI , Jabalpur on 21st

December,2010. 3. B.Sc. students of Dr.Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)

during the education tour of the students held on 17th January,2011 at TFRI, Jabalpur. 4. Farmers of four villages viz. Padariya, Khamariya, Saliwada and Neemkheda of Jabalpur

district at TFRI during 31st, March, 2011.



REFERENCES

Behari, B; Rashmi Aggarwal; Singh AK;Banerjee,SK.(2000). Vegetation development in a degraded area under bamboo based agroforestry system. Indian forester 126 (7); 710-720.

Betser, E. (2000). Rapid reconnaissance surveys in market research. Lecture note in agroforesrty tree selection. International center for research in agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi,Kenya12p.

Bhatt,B.P. Singh,L.B.; Singh K; Sachhan,MS(2003). Commercial edible bamboo species and their market potential in three Indian tribal states of north eastern Himalayan region. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 2(2):111-133.

Brain M. Belcher (1998). A Production-to-consumption system approach:Lessons from the bamboo and rattan sectors in Asia. In Wallenberg and Ingles (Eds). Method for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities.pp.57-85.

Haridasan, K. (2000). Bamboo based socioeconomic revolution in rural south eastern china-relevance to north east India. Arunachal Forests News. 18(1&2):41-45.

Jayashankar,B;Anitha, V;Murlidharan,P.K.(1997).Economics of bamboo cultivation in homesteads agroforestry system of kerala. In: Iyenkar, P.K. (ED.). Ninth Kerala Science Congress, Trivandrrun, 27-29 January 1997. State committee on Science, Technology and Environment , Trivandrrum:22-24.

Jha LK,Lalnuntluaga;Marak C. (2004). Study on the growth performance of bamboo species of Melocanna Bacifera and Dendrocalamus longispathus along with crop (Glycine Max) in Degraded Jhum land of mizorum. Indian forester 130(9):1071-1077.

Krishnankutty, C.N.(1988). Bamboo resources in the homestead of Kerala. Proc. of the intenational Bamboo work shop, nov 14-18, Cochin, india. Kerela forest research institute and IDRC, Canada,pp 44-46

NABARD report. (2006). Bamboo for intergrated rural Devlopment. 1-11p.

Patil, V D ; Sarnikar, PN; Adsul, PB;ThengalPD. (2004) Profile studies, organic matter build-up and nutritional status of soil under bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) based agroforestry system. Journal of soil and crops 14(1):31-35.

Prasad,S.N. and Gadgil,M.(1981). Conservation of bamboo resources of Karnataka . a technical report by working group of bamboo resource constitute by Karnataka state council of science and technology, Karnataka .

Seshadri,P.91985).Intercropping of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees) with soyabean (Glycine max L.) Herill an agroforesty study. PhD Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore.

Sanmughavel , P and Francis, K(1999). Growth performance and economic returns of pigeon pea in agroforestry. Indian Journal of Agroforestry.22(4):351-353.



Sanmughavel , P and Francis, K(2001). Intercropping trials of four crops in bamboo plantation in bamboo plantation. Journal of bamboo and Rattan 1(1) vsp, Netherlands: 3-9.

Sharma,YML. (1987). Inventory and resources of bamboos. Proceeding of International workshop Singapore .pp.99-120.

Singh, K.A. (1999). Resource management and productivity enhancement through agroforestry in eastern hilly agro-ecosystems of India. Indian journal of agroforestry. 1 (1):63-72.

Singh, K.A.; Patiram; Singh, L.N; Roy, R.N. (1992). Effect of Bamboo (Bambus nutans Wall.ex Munro) shaded on the yield of some agricultural crops at mid hill of eastern Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry 15(4):339-341.

Tiwari, D.D. (2001). Domestication of non-timber forest products (NTFPs): a case of bamboo Farming in Kheda district, Gujrat, India. Ind.For. 127(7):788-789.

Wagh, Rand Rajput, J.C. (1994). Comparative performance of bamboo with the horticultural crops in konkan. Bamboo in Asia and Pacific. Proceedings of fourth international bamboo workshop, 27-30, November 1991, Chingamai, Thailand. International Development Research Center, Canada FORSPA, Bangkok, Thailand: 85-86.



1

Bamboo Species Suitability for Different Degraded Non Forest Areas of M.P.

[ID : 126 / TFRI / 2007 / Ecol. -2 (NBM)]

Project Completion Report

Submitted to

National Bamboo Mission, New Delhi

Forest Ecology and Rehabilitation Division Tropical Forest research Institute

P.O.- RFRC, Mandla Road Jabalpur - 482021(M.P.)

2011-12



2

Title of the project : Bamboo species suitability for different degraded non- with ID No. forest areas of M.P. [126 / TFRI / 2007 / Ecol. -2 (NBM)]

Duration : 4 years

Funding Source : National Bamboo Mission (NBM), New Delhi

Cost of the project : Rs. 3.60 lakh

Names of PI : Shri P.N. Mishra, Scientist C

Total expenditure incurred : Rs. 2.91 lakh.

Objectives :

Long Term : To evaluate the geological environment and suitable

regional bamboo species under different degraded

areas of M. P.

Short Term :

1. To conduct geo-environmental survey of degraded

lands in M.P.

2. To collect soil and other geological samples and

their chemical analysis.

3. To survey neighbouring natural forests (if exists) of

above localities.



3

Introduction

Bamboo is a woody grass belonging to the sub-family Bambusoideae of the

family Poacae. Worldwide there are more than 1,250 species under 75 genera of bamboo,

which are unevenly distributed in the various parts of the humid tropical, sub-tropical and

temperate regions of the earth (Subramaniam, 1998). This natural resource plays a major

role in the livelihood of rural people and in rural industry. This green gold is sufficiently

cheap and plentiful to meet the vast needs of human populace from the "child's cradle to

the dead man's bier". That is why sometimes it is known as "poor man's timber".

Bamboos has versatile uses as building material, paper pulp resource, scaffolding, food,

agriculture implements, fishing rods, weaving material, substitute for rattan, plywood and

particle board manufacture. Pickled or stewed bamboo shoots are regarded as delicacies

in many parts of the country. The major user of bamboo in India is paper industry, which

consumes sizeable proportion of the total annual bamboo production. Bamboos are good

soil binders owing to their peculiar clump formation and fibrous root system and hence

also play an important role in soil and water conservation.

An estimated 8.96 million ha forest area of the country contains bamboo (Rai and

Chauhan, 1998). Bamboo generally forms the under-storey in the natural forests. It is

found to grow practically all over the country, particularly in the tropical, sub-tropical

and temperate regions where the annual rainfall ranges between 1,200 mm to 4,000 mm

and the temperature varies between 16oC and 38oC. The most suitable conditions for the

occurrence of bamboo are found in between 770-1,080 meter above sea level. However,

two-thirds of the growing stock of bamboo in the country is available in the north-eastern

states.

Bamboo forms a part of a wide variety of forest types. It may constitute a separate

forest type or sub-type or occur as brakes. These types/sub-types are listed in Table 1

(Champion and Seth, 1968).

India is very rich in bamboo diversity. There are 124 indigenous and exotic

species, under 23 genera, found naturally and/or under cultivation (Naithani, 1993).

Clump forming bamboo constitute over 67% of the total growing stock, of



4

which Dendrocalamus strictus is 45%, Bambusa bambos 13%, D. hamiltonii 7%, B.

tulda 5% and B. pallida 4%. All other species put together are 6%. Melocanna baccifera,

a non-clump forming bamboo, accounts for 20% of the growing stock and is found in the

north-eastern states. Bamboo falls into two main categories according to growth pattern,

(i) sympodial or clump forming, and (ii) monopodial or non-clump forming, runner

bamboo.

Table 1: Distribution of bamboo in different forest types

No. Forest type/sub type Dominant species

1/E1 Cane brakes Calamus sp.

Schizostachyum sp.

1/E2 West bamboo brakes Ochlandra sp.

Bambusa sp.

2/E1 Cane brakes Calamus sp.

2/E2 West bamboo brakes Ochlandra sp.

Bambusa sp.

2/E3 Moist bamboo brakes Bambusa bambos

Schizostachyum kurzii

3/2S1 Dry bamboo brakes Dendrocalamus strictus

5/E9 Dry bamboo brakes Dendrocalamus strictus

8/E1 Reed brakes Ochlandra sp.

12/Ds1 Montane bamboo brakes

Sinarundinaria sp.



5

Methodology

1) Field survey conducted and selected the degraded sites in M.P., where the bamboo

plantations have been raised. Successful plantations were randomly selected for growth

parameter study. Vegetation study was conducted in bamboo plantations to observe the

growth performance of bamboo plantation raised on different parent materials. 20

bamboo clumps from each site were randomly selected and the total 400 culms in each

plantation site were taken into account. In most of the plantation sites, the distance among

clumps to clumps was found to be 5 m x 5 m.

2) Conducted pot culture experiments at silviculture nursery of TFRI, using soils

collected from non forest sites of Ghugri and Sanaidongri. Six bamboo species namely,

Bambusa vulgaris, B. arundinacea, B. longispatha, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa

tulda and Bambusa nutans were evaluated through pot culture experiments using RBD.

3) To know the fertility status of the soil, samples were randomly collected from natural

bamboo forest and bamboo plantation. From every site surface soil samples were

collected and analyzed them for their physico chemical properties viz. pH, EC, organic

carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorous and potash. Standard analytical procedures were

used for estimation of different parameters as described by Jackson (1965), Black (1965)

and Piper (1950).



6

Results and discussion

Under the project, selected 9 different bamboo plantation sites in non forest/

degraded areas of M.P., namely Ghugri (Jabalpur), Sanaidongri (Lakhnadon), Rajgarh

(Rewa), Sinduri bharri (Shahdol), Majgaon (Katni), Barelipar & Dhokli (Sarni/Betul),

and Delakhadi & Sonapipri (Chhindwara).

Description of sites :

(i) Ghugri bamboo plantation

This site comes under Jabalpur district. In this site, the bamboo plantation was raised

in 2006 by M.P. Forest Department. Dendrocalamus strictus species was found to be

successfully grown in undulating land. The growth of the bamboo species planted at 5m x

5m spacing with proper fencing was found good. The parent rock was granite and derived

soil is loamy texture and was found favorable for growth specially in plain areas.

However in the hilly /upland site soil available moisture was comparatively less and this

clearly reflects with their growth response. Average growth parameters of D. strictus of

this site is shown in Table 1.

(ii) Sanaidongri bamboo plantation (Near Lakhnadon)

The Dendrocalamus strictus plantation was raised by Forest Department in the

year 2002-03. It is raised in basaltic upland and covering about 30 ha degraded area. The

interspaces between bamboo clumps was given as 5m x 5m. Soil is shallow mixed with

basaltic boulders gravels and the colour varies from red to black in different places. The

surface soil texture also varied from silty loam to clay in the upland /hilly area. Soil

moisture conservation work was done by the Forest Department, which boosted the

growth of bamboos in a particular site.

(iii) Rajgarh bamboo plantation

This site is near to Rewa. Dendrocalamus strictus plantation was raised in the

plain area by the M.P. Forest Department in the year 2001. In the plantation site, soil

was found very shallow (1.5-3 feet) at some places sand stone outcrops were exposed.



7

Parent rock of the plantation site is vindhyan sand stone. The texture of the top soil is

sandy loam to loamy sand and they are grey in colour. Due to coarse texture moisture

holding capacity of this soil was observed very less and moisture stress was clearly seen

in the growth of bamboo species.

(iv) Sinduri bharri bamboo plantation

This site is near to Shahdol. The bamboo plantation was raised in July 2005 by

M.P. State Forest Department. Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa vulgaris have been

raised in Badkhera circle, Compartment No-RF-25s, Shahdol range. The site is almost

plain, parent rock is sand stone, soil depth is moderate to very deep, having sandy loam

surface texture. The interspace between the bamboo seedlings is 5m x5m covering an

area of about 15 ha. At the time of plantation 45x45x45 cm sized pits were dug and black

soil FYM and parent soil was added equally and after some time when seedlings were

established, Urea + BHC and Vermicompost @100g/plant were also added. For moisture

conservation, one small pit was dug very near to every bamboo clump. Overall the

plantation is excellent.

(v) Majhgaowa bamboo plantation

This site is near Katni. The Dendrocalamus strictus plantation was raised by the

Forest Department. It is located in RF 169, Maghgawa Beat, Katni circle. Ferruginous

sand stone is the parent rock and surface soil is very stony /gravelly sandy loam texture.

The soil depth is shallow to moderately deep and plantation site is hilly undulating upland.

For moisture conservation, small pit was dug in the close vicinity of every seeding.

Plantation is nicely protected by CPT and covered 91.35 ha area with 5m x5m inter space.

Due to the coarse texture, moisture holding capacity of this soil is very less and moisture

stress is clearly seen in the growth of bamboo species. Overall the growth performance is

not found satisfactory.



8

(vi) Barelipar, near sarni (Betul)

The Dendrocalamus strictus plantation was raised by Forest Department in 2001-

02. It is situated in Compartment No. 478(p), range Sarni, North Betul. The parent rock

is sandstone, physiographical site is plain, very deep soil, water table is 25-30 m. The

plantation was irrigated till 4 years after plantation through river Tapti and insecticide

was added during plantation. A very good plantation has been raised with spacing 5m x

5m and 3000 seedlings were planted in 10 ha area.

(vii) Dhokli, near sarni (Betul)

The bamboo plantation was raised in July 2001 by M.P. Forest Department.

Dendrocalamus strictus (3500 seedlings) and Bambusa nutans (500 seedlings) were

raised in Compartment No. 353(RF) at Dhokli beat and Sarni range, north Betul Division.

The site is undulating, parent rock is schist, soil depth is moderate to very deep, surface

soil shows fine texture. FYM and insecticide were added during plantation.

(viii) Delakhandi, near Tamia (Chhindwara)

The bamboo plantation was raised in July 1987 by M.P. Forest Department.

Dendrocalamus strictus was raised in Kumardeo, Compartment No. 159 at east

Sitadongri, Dholki Delakhandi range, west Chhindwara division. The site is undulating,

parent rock is sand stone, soil depth is moderate to very deep, surface soil having medium

texture. FYM and insecticide were added during plantation. Excellent plantation was

raised with 5 x 5 m spacing in about 60 ha area.

(ix) Sonapipri, near Parasia (Chhindwara)

The Dendrocalamus strictus plantation was raised in 2006-07 by Forest

Department. It is situated in Compartment. No 725, Sonapipri beat, Parasia range and

falls under west Chhindwara territorial division. The plantation site is plain, parent rock

is granite, surface soil is very stony /gravelly sandy loam texture, soil depth is deep to

very deep. Water table is 25-39 feet only. The plantation was raised in 10 ha area with

5m x 5m spacing. Overall the growth performance is satisfactory.



9

Vegetation study

Results reveal that average growth performance (height and collar diameter) of

bamboo plantation (2001-02) raised at Dhokli Sarni, Betul was found to be the best one,

which is grown on Schist / sloppy upland, followed by bamboo plantation raised at

Barelipar, Sarni, Betul grown on sandstone / plain area and raised during 2001-02.

Average growth performance of D. strictus plantation (Non forest / degraded areas of

different locations of M.P. is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Growth performance of D. strictus plantations raised on non forest/

degraded areas of M.P.

S.

No.

Name of the site Year of

plantation

Parent rock /

physiography

Height

(m)

No. of

clumps

GBH

(cm)

1. Sinduri Bharri,

Shahdol

2005-06 Gondwana sandstone /

plain

6.3 10 10.3

2. Majhgawa, Katni 2004-05 Ferrugenous sandstone

/ undulating

5.6 8 7.8

3. Ghugri, Jabalpur 2006 Granite / undulating 3.5 9 8.1

4. Sanaidongri,

Lakhnadon

2002-03 Basalt / hilly upland 3.5 12 10.8

5. Rajgarh, Rewa 2001 Vindhyan sandstone /

plain

3.8 7 6.9

6. Barelipar, Sarni,

Betul

2001-02 Sandstone / plain 8.2 15 14.1

7. Dhokli Sarni, Betul 2001-02 Schist / sloppy upland 7.0 18 15.5

8. Delakhadi, Tamia,

Chhindwara

1993 Sandstone/hilly upland 7.7 11 13.0

9. Sonapipri, Parasia,

Chhindwara

2006-07 Granite / plain 6.3 5 11.2



10

Soil analysis

Physico-chemical properties of natural bamboo forest soil and bamboo plantations

on degraded site are shown in Table 2 (a) and 2 (b).

Hydrogen ion activity or pH value is a measure of soil reaction and any drastic

change in pH value indicates drastic change in soil environment. As pH value increases,

activity decreases and vice versa. However, not much variability was noticed in pH of the

soils of natural bamboo forests and bamboo plantation. In natural bamboo forests, due to

higher percentage of organic carbon (0.90%), pH of the soil is comparatively less (6.69).

Not much variation was noticed in the concentration of electrical conductivity of

natural forest and degraded planted soil.

Organic carbon is an integrative property of soil, which is responsible for the

fertility of the soil. The higher organic carbon (0.90%) in natural forest could be due to

continuous accumulation of bamboo leaf litter to the soil. However, in plantation soil

organic carbon was found comparatively less (0.66%), which could be due to less

accumulation of bamboo leaf litter.

The available nutrient status of the soils under natural bamboo forest shows

comparatively higher value ranging nitrogen from 125.44 to 203.84 kg/ha, available P2

O5 from 6.02 to 36.13 kg/ha and K2O from 495.0 to 1065.0 kg/ha. In bamboo plantations,

available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium varied from 78.40 to 120.80 kg/ha, 2.99

to 33.11 kg/ha and 165.0 to 454.0 kg/ ha respectively.



11

Table – 2 (a) Physico-chemical characteristics of natural forest soils

Table 2 (b) Physico-chemical characteristic of soils of bamboo plantations on

degraded sites

S. No.

Details of soil sample

pH EC (μS/cm)

Org. C

(%)

Org. matter (%)

Available nutrients (kg/ha)

N P2O5

K2O

1. Shahdol 7.36 9.5 0.77 1.33 188.16 36.13 1065

2. Kumardeo 5.93 15.8 0.44 0.77 156.80 6.02 495.0

3. Ghunghuti range 6.59 5.3 0.63 1.08 203.84 33.11 1020

4. Natural soil

(Control)

6.88 17.0 1.77 2.02 125.44 24.09 1050.0

S. No.

Details of soil sample

pH EC (μS/cm)

Org. C (%)

Org. matter (%)

Available nutrients (kg/ha)

N P2O5

K2O

1. Compartment No.

725, Range

Parasia , Sona pipri

beat West-

Chhindwara

6.06 10.3 0.53 0.91 94.08 2.99 330.0

2. Dokli 6.22 8.6 0.43 0.14 94.08 33.11 360.0

3. RF 353 Range

Sarni, north Betul,

Beat Dokli

5.89 15.5 0.57 0.98 78.4 2.99 360.0

4. Majhgaon, near

Katni road

6.19 7.6 0.48 0.83 120.88 21.06 454.0

5. Ghugri 6.28 17.0 0.43 0.74 94.08 21.06 165.0

6. Umaria, Chandia 6.30 14.9 0.43 0.75 109.76 27.09 180

7. Compt.R.F.25,

Birrhi Barhen

6.13 2.5 0.21 0.36 94.08 21.06 330



12

Pot culture Experiments

Two pot culture experiments were laid out at silviculture nursery TFRI, Jabalpur.

The objective of the study was to find out the a) Suitability of different bamboo species in

two different parent material soil. and b) Performance of D. strictus in three different

parent material soil. Two trucks of degraded soil was collected from two different non

forest areas namely Ghugri Jabalpur and Sanaidongri (Lakhnadon) M.P. Soil was mixed

with FYM (1:1) (v/v) and filled in poly bags. The potting mixture of the seedlings was

changed from their normal potting mixture to collected degraded soil potting mixture.

Poly bags were arranged in RBD design. The experiment was conducted on bamboo

seedlings having 6 treatments with 3 replications.

Experimental Lay out

Experiment -1(a) : Suitability of different species of bamboo in different parent material

Parent Material – Deccan Trap

Treatments : Design - RBD

T1 – B. vulgaris Treatment - 6

T2 – B. bambos Replication - 3

T3 – B. longispathus Av. No. of seedlings - 15

T4 – D. strictus

T5 – B. tulda

T6 – B. nutans



13

Table 3 (a) : Growth performance of different bamboo species in Deccan Trap parent material under pot culture experiment

S. No.

Name of species

Initial growth*

Growth after 3 months

Increment after 3 months

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

1. B. vulgaris 68.4 0.40 73.4 0.54 5.0 0.14

2. B. bambos 30.4 0.22 40.5 0.26 10.1 0.04

3. B. longispathus 14.6 0.10 22.9 0.15 8.3 0.05

4. D. strictus 77.1 0.36 82.5 0.42 5.4 0.06

5. B. tulda 75.2 0.40 82.5 0.44 7.3 0.04

6. B. nutans 86.2 0.41 87.9 0.47 1.7 0.06

* Average of 45 seedlings

Experiment -1(b) : Suitability of different species of bamboo in different parent material.

Parent material : Granite

Treatments : Design - RBD

T1 – B. vulgaris Treatment - 6

T2 – B. bambos Replication - 3

T3 – B. longispathus Av. No. of seedlings - 15

T4 – D. strictus

T5 – B. tulda

T6 – B. nutans



14

Table 3 b : Growth performance of different bamboo species in Granite parent

material under pot culture experiment

S. No.

Name of species

Initial growth*

Growth after 3 months

Increment after 3 months

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

Height (cm)

GBH (cm)

1. B. vulgaris 57.0 0.38 69.0 0.40 12.0 0.02

2. B. bambos 31.7 0.26 36.5 0.30 4.8 0.04

3. B. longispathus 31.6 0.50 32.8 0.56 1.2 0.06

4. D. strictus 84.3 0.30 85.4 0.36 1.1 0.06

5. B. tulda 82.4 0.35 89.5 0.47 7.1 0.12

6. B. nutans 89.8 0.40 90.1 0.44 0.3 0.04

Significant achievements :

Ø Survey of different bamboo plantations reveals that D. strictus can suitably grow on

degraded lands with a variety of parent materials (geological formation).

Ø Growth performance of bamboos depends on the type of parent material, their

nutrient status, site characteristics (soil depth) and moisture retention capacity of the

soil.

Ø Results of pot culture experiments showed that B. vulgaris performed the best in their

growth parameters in yellow soil (Granatic parent material), while B. bambos

performed the best in Black soil (Deccan trap parent material).



15

References

Black, C. A. (1965). Method of soil Analysis. Am. Soc. Agron. Inc. Madison, USA.

Champion H.G. and Seth, S.K. (1968). Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India 1-

402, Manager, Publications, Delhi.

Jackson, M.L.(1965, 73) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New

Delhi.

Naithani, H.B. (1993). Contributions to the Taxonomic Studies of Indian Bamboos. Ph.D.

Thesis, Vol. I. H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal.

Piper, C.S (1950) Soil and Plant Analysis, Inter Science, New York.

Rai, S.N. and Chauhan, K.V.S. (1998). Distribution and Growing Stock of Bamboos in

India. Indian For. 124(2):89-98.

Subramaniam, K.N. (1998). Bamboo Genetic Resources in India. In : K. Vivekanandan,

A.N. Rao and V. Ramanatha Rao (Eds.) : Bamboo and Rattan Genetic Resources in

Asian Countries, IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Malaysia.



Sub Project 3. Insect and diseases of bamboo occurring in central India and their management.

Funding Agency/Agencies: National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.

Institute/Directorate (ICFRE Hqrs.): Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur

Name and Designation of Principal Investigator:

Dr. K.C.Joshi, Scientist-G

Name (s) and Designation (s) of Co-Principal Investigator (s) and Associates, if any

Dr. V.S. Dadwal Scientist C

Dr. C.K.Tiwari, Scientist C

Shri Subhash Chandra Scientist- B

Ms. Poonam Dubey, Junior Research Fellow

Division: Forest Entomology and Forest Pathology Division

Project Discipline: Forest Entomology and Forest Pathology

Objectives of the Sub Project:

1. Identification and incidence of insects and diseases of different species of

bamboos in central India.

2. Assessment of damage caused due to insect and disease pests.

3. Development of strategies for the management of major pests.

Species involved: Bambusa vulgaris, B. nutans, Dendrocalamus asper and D.strictus



Physical Achievement:

1. Identification and incidence of insects and diseases of different species of bamboos in central India

A. Insect pests and Diseases of seeds:

Bamboo species are attacked by various insects and diseases while they are in flowering and

developing seed stage in plantations and forests. To investigate the various insect pests and diseases

attacking different bamboo species in central India, periodical surveys of seedlings and plantations of

selected bamboo grown localities including planted at TFRI Jabalpur, were conducted throughout the

years 2008-2009. The insects damaging flowers, developing seeds in the field plantations/ forests and

mature seeds of Bambusa nutans, B.vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were collected and identified

with the help of available literature. The developing seeds were observed to be attacked by a pentatomid

bug identified as Ochrophara montana Distant (Pentatomidae) (Fig. 1). The mature seeds collected from

different sources were examined for the insects and fungi damaging them. It was observed that the seeds

of D. strictus were damaged by a gelechiid seed borer identified as Sitotroga cerealella Olivier in

storage (Fig. 2). The larvae of this moth passed their whole life by feeding inside the seeds. The full

grown larvae are about 5 mm in length. Both the identified species were preserved in the museum of the

Forest Entomology Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur.

The seed microflora of D. strictus kept in storage was tested by moist blotter plate method. 400 seeds were tested in moist petriplate and kept in BOD incubator at a constant temperature of 280

Fig1. Bug, Ochrophara montana

Fig 2. Stored bamboo seeds damaged by larvae of Sitotroga



C for 7 days. The fungi occurring on seeds were cultured and identified. In all, following 9 fungi were recorded.

Table 1. The seed microflora recorded during the study.

S.No. Name of microorganism 1. Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B.Ellis 2. Humicola grisea Traaen 3. Memnoniella echinata (Riv.) Galloway 4. Spegazzinia sundara Subram. 5. Trichoderma viride pers. ex. S.F.Gray 6. Trichoderma koningii Oudem. 7. Trichobotrys effusa (Berk.&Br.) 8. Stachybotrys kampaleneis (Hansf) 9. Periconia sp.

The cultural characteristics of each seed microflora are described as below:

Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda ) M.B.Ellis

Colonies variable in structure on culms commences beneath the epidermis which split longitudinally to expose the shiny black spore masses, at first 2-3 mm long and 0.5 mm wide later expanded up to 5× 1 mm. Mycelium superficial immersed septate colourless-pale brown smooth 2-6 µm wide immersed hyphae colourless thin smooth or verruculose 1-4 µm thick . (Plate-I Fig.2)

Humicola grisea Traaen

Colonies effuse cottony some time funiculose at first white later pale grey then dark grey black in reverse. Mycelium is superficial. Conidiophore micronematous or semi- macronematous, unbranched or irregularly branched straight or flexuous, colorless to pale golden brown smooth. Conidiogenous cell monoblastic, integrated terminal, determinate cylindrical, dolliform or infundibuliform. Conidia solitary, dry acrogenous simple typical occasionally obovoid or pyriform, pale to mid golden brown 0- septate 12 × 17 um in size (Plate-I Fig. 1 &2 ).

Memnoniella echinata (Riv.) Galloway

Colonies Small thick coal black composed of simple conidiophores. Condiophores 60-80 µm long wide 2-3 septate blackish erect hyaline at the base conidiophore bearing at the tip a head about 14 µm wide and 10 µm high with one or two compact whorls of about then phialides. Phialides sub hyaline, 1 celled about 8µm long 3 µm wide slightly diverging. Conidia opaque,

black, globose to angular rough nearly disc like 5-5.5 wide 3.5 -4 µm thick forming persistent simple chain up to 200 µm long (Plate-VII Fig. 3).



Spegazzinia sundara Subram.

Colonies black pulverulent of variable size. Sporodochia of variable size and consisting of closely aggregated clusters of numerous conidiophores and conidia two types of conidia produced the spiny and the smooth, spiny conidia of variable shape and size. Dark brown in colour and 1-4 celled born singly and acrogenously at the tip of conidiophores. Each conidium ornamented all over with many spines which are up to 8.5 µm long and 2.5 µm wide, 1 cell conidia subglobose to ovoid and 1-12 µm in diameter excluding the spines 2 celled, 20 × 17 µ and 4 celled, 25.5-30.6 × 15.3-23.8 µm conidiophores simple long and filamentous, erect straight or flexuous, pale brown non septate 79-137 µm long 2-3 µm broad at the apex and 1-2 µm broad below (Plate-VII Fig. 6).

Trichoderma viride Pers.

Colonies grow rapidly up to 7 cm in 3 days at 27oC .The mycelium is watery white becoming hairy from the formation of loose scanty arial mycelium which makes the colonies floccose to arachnoid somewhat whitish. The colonies become green to dark green with maturity and reverse remained uncoloured. The conidiophores are 4-5 µm in diameter and produce smaller side branches ultimately a conifer like branching system is formed. All the branches stand at wide angle to bearer and tip terminated by phialides. Phialides are formed in false whorls beneath each terminal phialide, generally not more than 2 or 3 phialides and arise at right angle to the bearer. Phialides 8-14× 2.4-3 µm. Conidia 4-4.8× 3.5 -4 µm in size (Plate-VII Fig. 4).

Trichoderma koningii Oudem.

Colonies on PDA spreading floccose white at first becoming light green in 4-5 days reverse colorless vegetative hyphae septate hyaline. Conidiophore pyramidically branched i.e. short branches, occurring near the tip and longer ones with repeated branching in the lower part 2.5µm wide. Phialides uncrowded, seldom in verticals of more than three arising terminally or laterally 3.7-7.5× 2-2.5 µm. Conidia smooth walled rounded bluish green in colour 3.7-4.3 µm (Plate-I Fig. 1&2).

Trichobotrys effusa (Berk. & Br.)

Colonies effuse dark, olivaceous brown to purplish brown, velvety. Mycelium partly superficial partly immersed. Stomata absent but the ends of conidiophores are usually sterile and setae form. Conidiophores macronematous, mononimatous, long, narrow, straight or flexuous pale olivaceous to dark brown, verruculose to echinulate bearing short smooth fertile widely spaced uniform lateral branches, apex sterile stratiform about 200-400 µm and 5 µm thick. Conidiogenous cell polyblastic integrated and terminal or discrete on branches determinate ellipsoidal spherical or sub spherical 7.5-15× 3.5 -5 µm. Conidia dry simple spherical dark brown smooth or verruculose unseptate 5-7.5 µm. in diameter (Plate-VII Fig. 1).

Stachybotrys kampalensis (Hansf).



The isolation reveals colonies black in colour, mycelium superficial and immersed.

Conidiophores hyaline to olivaceous, smooth rather thick walled up to 10-14 µm thick at the base

tapering to 4-6 µm then swelling at the apex to 7-9 µm. Phialides 11-15 µm long, 5-7 µm thick in

the broadest part. Conidia ellipsoidal or oblong rounded at the ends, dark oblivious to black,

verruculose when mature 11-15 × 6-8 µm (Plate VII, Fig. 5).

Periconia digitata (Cook) Sacc.

The fungal colonies effuse, brown in colour mycelium partly superficial. Conodiophores up

to 660 µm long 9-15 µm thick at the base, 6-9 µm below the head, branches seen clearly in mature

head where the conidia, brown, verruculose to shortly echinulate, 7-11 µm diameter.

B. Insect pests and diseases in nurseries and plantations:

i. Insect and animal pests

To investigate the insect pests damaging different species of bamboos in central India, periodical

surveys of selected forest nurseries, plantations and bamboo growing areas were conducted throughout

the years 2007-2010. The observations showed that the nursery seedlings of Bambusa nutans and

Dendrocalamus strictus are damaged by nearly 10 species of pests. A brief about each of them is as

here under

Termites:

The termites or white ants feed on the roots, rootlets of nursery seedlings as well as bamboo

culms in plantations from May to August (Fig. 3,4).The infestation is generally low



White grub, Holotrichia sp.

The beetles come out from the soil just after onset of monsoon in June- July. They enter inside

the loose soil and lay smooth, oval, cream coloured eggs at a depth of about 3-7 cm. The hatching occurs

within a week.The freshly hatched grubs are creamy white, C-shaped and measure about 4.5 mm in

length. The grub grows to a maximum size of 40 X 10 mm by the end of September- October. Pupation

occurs in earthen cocoon. After sometimes the beetles develop and remain hidden in soil till the onset of

monsoon.

Grasshopper, Hieroglyphus banian Fab.:

Generally, the nymphs and adult green grasshopper Hieroglyphus banian voraciously feed on the

foliage of bamboos in nurseries and plantations from July to November in central India (Fig. 6). The

other species of grasshoppers reported by other workers are the painted grasshopper

Fig.5 Grubs of Holotrichia sp.

Fig 3. Bamboo attacked by termite

Fig 4. Damaged bamboo rhizome



Poecilocerus pictus and the locust Scistocerca gregaria. But,none of these grasshoppers was recorded

during the present study.

Leaf roller, Cryptisia coclesalis Walker:

The infestation of this species begins from the month of July to November. Bamboo species

Bambusa nutans is more susceptible to the attack of this species of defoliator. The moth lays eggs in

masses mostly on the ventral side of the leaves and occassionally on the dorsal side.The eggs are green,

pale coloured covered by gelatinous secretion. The number of eggs in a cluster varies from 8-12. Before

hatching the eggs turned to light brown. The viability of the eggs varies 95-100 percent per cluster. After

nearly 4 days of incubation period the newly hatched larva which is whitish coloured, 1mm long with

dark head hatches out. The young larvae feed on young leaf tissues in groups. As they grow 4-5 mm

long roll Bamboo leaves for their protection.

Leaf miner Cosmopterix bambusae Meyrick

Fig 6. Green grasshopper Hieroglyphus banian

Fig. 7 Bamboo damaged by leaf roller

Fig.8 Larva of leaf roller



It is a minor pest and occurs during monsoon i.e. from July to September- October. Its Larvae

form blotch by mining the leaf. The mine appears yellowish in the beginning and later turn to patch on

the blade of the leaf. The basal part of the mine is narrow and remain filled with brown frass.

Bamboo white fly Aleurocanthus sp.:

It is occasionally found in July. The wings of the adult fly are dusted with a white floury

wax.The pupa is oval and remain on the underside of the leaf. A black moulds develops on the infested

part of the bamboo culm.

Bamboo Aphid Oregma bambusae Buckton:

The pale greenish yellow young nymphs have a pair of very long projecting cephalic processes,

which reduce in size in adult stage.As the nymphs grow older, they turn pale yellowish- greenwith

spherical, flattened body,distict head and thorax, black eyes and dark antennae. They turn to dull green

with dark abdomen, reddish eyes and black antennae. The damaged leaves curl and growth of the

affected seedlings remains stunted. The aphids secrete a sweet secretion which is often visited by ants.

The culm borer, Cyrtotrachelus dux Boheman and C. longimanus Fabricius:

These weevils were observed as occasional borers of young sprouting culms of B. bambos and D.

strictus. The weevils are reddish brown, having some black marginal markings, measuring 20 to 40 mm

Fig.9 Bamboo leaf damaged by Cosmopterix bambusae



in length. During monsoon, the weevils mate and oviposit white elliptical eggs singly in pits on the

young bamboo culms of about 1 Mt height. A single culm bears 3 or 4 eggs at various places. After 1 or

2 weeks of egg laying, the hatching takes place. The grub bores the internodes wall of the bamboo and

forms irregular, long tunnel from egg- pit onwards, passing through the nodes and internodes to the apex

of a shoot. The soft upper portion of the culm remains filled with excreta and the wood dust, which

readily breaks away from the remaining internodes by wind, rain, wood peckers, etc. The tunnel

sometimes may reach the external rind and thus form an ejection hole. After a grub period of about 4

weeks, the full grown grub escapes from the fallen clump in August- September and burrows in loose

moist soil for pupation. The pupal period lasts for nearly 3 weeks. The immature weevil develops inside

earthen cell or cocoon by the end of September but emerges out only when the earthen cell-wall softens

in monsoon i.e. nearly after 9½months.

Estigmena chinensis Hope:

Light brown to black coloured, 10 to 16 mm long beetles of this borer were observed as borer of B. bambos and D. strictus. The over-wintering female beetle of this insect oviposits a maximum of about 12 eggs in batches on the surface of the internodes soon after the onset of monsoon i.e. in June-July. On hatching, the grub feeds the tender tissues between the culm sheath and surface of the culm by eating out irregular, broad, shallow patches. At the time of falling of the culm sheath, the grubs separate from each other and bore the wall of the internode separately. Each grub excavates a tunnel up and down in length. A single internode bears one to five larval galleries running generally

longitudinal or sometimes in transverse manner. The grubs eject out a fine wood dust through their entrance holes. The pupation begins in September and after a short pupal period, the beetle develops but remains hidden inside the larval tunnels for nearly 9 months i.e. from October to the onset of monsoon.

Fig.10 Weevil Cyrtotrachelus

Fig 10. Weevil, Cytotrachelus



Rat:

Rats were observed to cause a great menace to the rhizomes of B. nutans and D. strictus in

nursery beds where as hares observed to feed on leading soft branches of culms of bamboos. Bambusa

nutans is more damaged than that of D. strictus.

The incidence of various species of insect pests in nurseries and plantations:

The incidence of various species of insect pests in bamboo nurseries at TFRI Jabalpur were taken

throughout during the years 2008-09. The incidence percentage during each month is shown in the

following table 2.Table 2.Incidence of insect and mammal pests in bamboo nurseries.

Insect pest

Year Jan Feb Mar Apl May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Termite 2008 2009

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0-6 (2.0) 0

0-6 (2.2) 0

0-3 (0.4) 0

0-2 (0.3) 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

White grub

2008 2009

0 0-2 (0.8)

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0-4 (1.5) 0

0-4 (1.5) 0

0-2 ( 0.8) 0

0-2 (0.8) 0

Grass-hopper

2008 2009

0 0

0 0-2 (0.6)

0 0-4 (1.2)

0 0-2 (0.5)

0 0-1 (0.2)

0 0

1-11 (3.9) 1-15 (4.8)

2- 7 (3.7) 5-30 (10.0)

9-32 (4.3) 9-50 (19.0)

0-2 (0.3) 0-33 (8.2)

0-2 (1.0) 0-2 (0.2)

0 0

Leaf roller

2008 2009

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1-68 (29.1) 0-32 (20.4)

2-30 (11.9) 72-96 (70.1)

2-48 (15.1) 90-98 (96.6)

0-4 (0.6) 2-70 (27.5)

0 0-18 (2.4)

0 0

Leaf miner

2008 2009

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0-6 (0.5)

0 0-6 (0.5)

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Whitefly 2008 2009

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1-6 (0.5) 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Fig. 11. Entrance hole of E. chinensis



Aphid 2008 2009

0 0

0 0-2 (0.5)

0 0-2 (0.6)

0 0-2 (0.6)

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Rat 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3* 0-3* 0-3* *Indicates no. of holes per bed

Similar observations were taken in plantations at TFRI Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) and Kosabari, Korba (Chhattisgarh) throughout the year. The observations on different species recorded and their incidence are summarised as in table 3.

Table 3. Incidence of insect and mammal pests in bamboo plantations.

Insect pest

Year Jan Feb Mar Apl May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Termite 2009 0 0 0-8 (2.5)

0-5 (2.0)

0-8 (2.0)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grass-hopper

2009

0 0 0 0 0 0 0-52 (19.1)

0- 96 (40.0)

0-96 (45.6)

0 0 0

Leaf roller

2009 0 0

0 0 0 0 14-95 (29.1)

2-30 (11.9)

2-48 (15.1)

0-4 (0.6)

0 0

Aphid 2009 0 0

0-8 (2.3)

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shoot borer

2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (0.1)

0 0 0 0

Wild hare

2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3* 0-3* 0-3*

On the basis of above observations, the larvae of the bamboo leaf roller C. coclesalis were concluded as the major threat to the bamboo especially in in nurseries and young plantations.

ii. Pathogen pests

The seedlings grown by forest Departments at selected localities when screened for different diseases showed that bamboo culms are attacked by pathogens at Rewa, Seoni, Chhindwara, Badwah, Bahrai forest area in M.P, Korba and Bilaspur in Chhattishgarh. Disease sample of leaf spot culm rot and stem rot were collected from all the localites and the pathogens were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar medium and identified with the help of available literature (Booth 1971, Ellis 1971,1976 and Groove 1937and Sutton 1980).

Symptoms and Description:

Alternaria pluriseptata (Karst. & Har.):

Drying from the tip were noticed due to the infection of Alternaria pluriseptata (Karst. & Har.) . The infection started as small necrotic spot which later increased in size and covered the half



of the leaf surface with dark brown discoloration. Small black conidial mass of the fungi were observed on the discolored portion of the leaf.

Colonies amphigenous, effuse, black. Conidiophores solitary or fasciculate, often branched, pale brown, smooth up to 80 µm long 2-5µm thick. Conidia in short chain; the basal conidium in each chain usually obclavate, rostrate, pale to mid golden brown, smooth, the body 25-50 µm long 11-17 µm thick in the broadest part, with 2-7 transverse and several longitudinal or oblique septa the pale beak 10-25 × 3-4 µm. other conidia not beaked, ellipsoidal or ovoid, rarely slightly varruculose, golden brown, with 2-6 transverse and several oblique or longitudinal septa 17-50 × 11-16 µm (Plate-IX Fig. 3).

Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn:

The disease appeared in the month of August onwards at the TFRI nursery. Disease symptom appeared on the lamina as brown restricted spots and later spread over the entire leaf surface. Conidial stage appeared on the upper surface of the leaf. About 2-37 percent infection were recorded from the nursery beds (Plate-II Fig. 2).

Colonies on PDA dark gray, usually zonate mycelium branched septate conidiophores long, conidia elliptic curved septa 2-3 middle cell broad and darker than other cell middle septum present median smooth 18-32 × 8-16 µ (Plate-VI Fig. 1)

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn:

Water-soaked lesions with yellow halo appear on young and mature leaves. The lesions coalesce and form circular to irregular grayish black spots with dark yellow halo. The lesions develop near the leaf tips and margins, and later coalesced to form large necrotic areas. The affected leaf tips roll in and dry up (Plate-II Fig. 1).

It is a weak pathogen and enters the host tissues through stomata or injury. Proliferation of hyphae occurs within the cell and intercellular spaces, causing rupture of the infected cells. The fungus thrives well in damp conditions and produces conidia in the affected necrotic tissue as inoculum for further spread of the disease.

Colonies effuse, grey velvety, conidia slightly curved, conidiophores and conidial cell pale brown, conidia 17-32 × 7-12 µm. in size( (Plate- VI Fig. 3).

Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundk. & Khes.:

Infection usually appears during October to February on mature leaf in the form of grayish brown minute flecks usually juvenile leaves are free from infection. The small flecks coalesces and form spindle shaped dark brown pustules surrounded by a pale area mature leaves are more



susceptible to infection then the younger one. Uredinal sori yellowish in colour develop in the flecks on the lower surface of leave (Plate-II Fig. 3).

Development of uredinal sori occurs rarely on the upper surface. In severe case the lower surface of the entire leaf lamina is covered with uredinia imparting a yellowish brown colour. The rust infection continues until late May. Dark brown lesions develop either in mature uredinal sori or separately on the adaxial surface in inner rows during January. Necrosis and withering of leaves recorded due to rust infection (Plate-VI Fig. 2).

Drechslera stenospila (Drechsler) Subram &Jain:

The spots developed as narrow brown strips mostly 2-10 mm long each surrounded by a yellow halo region. The disease occurs during the month of September-November.

Conidiophores solitary or in small groups, straight or flexuous, occasionally geniculate, mid to mid dark brown, paler towards the apex, smooth septate up to 200 µm long 5-9 µm thick sometimes swollen up to 13 µm at the base. Conidia mostly curved, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or broadly fusiform rather dark olivaceous or golden brown smooth characteristically closely psedoseptate 70-84 × 14-22 µm thick in the broadest part with 6-14 pseudoseptate scars not very conspicuous (Plate-IX Fig. 2).

Fusarium oxysporum Schlect.:

Due to the infection of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect the culm shows rotting appearance. The infection starts from the sheath of the apical shoot of the culm. The growth could not be observed in this type of rotted shoot. Post emergence damping-off in juvenile seedlings were also observed in the month of May-June and caused 5-33 percent mortality in nursery beds (Plate-III Fig. 5).

The average growth rate of culture is 4.5 cm. Mycelium white with a purple tinge, floccose. Microconidia in abundant and oval in shape 5-12× 2.2-3.5 µm. Macroconidia are thin walled generally 3-7 septate, fusoid- falcate and pointed at both ends: 3 septate : 27-46× 3-5 µm. 5 septate: 35-60× 3-5 µm and 6-7 septate : 50-66× 3.5-5 µm (Plate-VI Fig. 7).

Fusarium semitectum , Berk. & Rav. :

The drying of culms starts from top and travels towards down wards. Initially the disease develops in the culm sheath or the soft apical part of the culms. The premature death of the

culms sheath occurred. This is followed by rot and partial collapse of the fragile apical regions. The culm sheath eventually died and usually fall away (Plate-III Fig. 1).

Growth rate 6.1. Aerial mycelium first white and floccose, gradually changing to peach and finally becoming buff brown after 21 days. Macroconidia formed in aerial mycelium from loosely branched conidiophores. Each branch terminate in a conidiogenous cell 19-24 × 2-4 µm which



appears to from a single apical pore and then to form successively a second third and even fourth pore thus forming a polyblastic sympodial cell. The conidia vary from 3-5 septate. The 3 septate conidia are 17-28× 2.5-4 µm in size and 5 septate are 22-40× 3.7-4 µm. in size. The microconida are 7.5× 10 µm. in size (Plate-VI Fig. 5).

Helminthosporium solani Dur. & Mont.:

Minute, water socked lesions on the upper surface of the mature leaves and later spread to form large reddish brown area linear to irregular in shape often concentrated either at the leaf base or at the margins and the tips. The discolored area becomes necrotic. 2-26 percent disease was observed in the month of November to January from Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur.

Helminthosporium solani produces hyphae conidiophore and conidia. Hyphae are septate conidiophore brown to dark brown erect parallel walled and ceasing to elongate when the terminal conidium is formed. Conidia multicellular (4-10) celled, solitary club shaped and pale to dark brown. They are located along the side of the conidiophore and their wider end is towards the conidiophores. Conidiophore 5-8 septate dark brown paler near the apex smooth up to 5-40 µm long thick near the base 6-9µm at the apex with dark brown scar at the base conidia 12.5 -50× 5-10 µm in size (Plate-VI Fig. 4).

Nigrospora oryzae (Berk & Broome) Petch:

Colonies at first white with small, shining back conidia easily visible under a low power dissecting microscope, later brown when sporulation is abundant. Mycelium all immersed or partly superficial. stroma none. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores micronematous or semi- macronimatous branched, flexuous, colourless to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cell monoblastic, discrete, solitary, determinate, ampulliform or subspherical, colourless. Conidia solitary, simple, spherical or broadly ellipsoidal, compressed dorsiventrally, black, shining, smooth, 0 septate.

Vollutella colletotrichoides J. E. Chilton:

Sporodochia discoid, with marginal dark setae; conidiospores usually, simple in a compact palisade; conidia hyaline 1 celled, ovoid to oblong; parasitic or saprophytic.

The description of remaining species of pathogens as shown in table 4 is not given due to their occassional and restricted appearance in nursery and plantations.

Table 4 . Locality wise identified pathogens infesting seedlings, young culms and their incidence percentage in nursery and plantations.

S. Herba Description of collected samples Isolated Name of Infection



N. rium No.

Location Name of bamboo sp.

Date of collection

from leaf/ culm

/storage

Identified pathogen &disease

(%)

1. 1199 TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)


30.01.09 Leaf Alternaria pluriseptata (Leaf spot)

Infection

along with rust

2. 1192

TFRI Jabalpur (M.P.)


27.08.08 Leaf Curvularia lunata (Leaf spot)

2-37

3. 1183 Patarpara (Chhattish-

garh)

Dendrocalamus asper

30.01.08 Leaf

Curvularia pallescens (Leaf spot)

15-21

4.

1176 Rewa (M.P.) Dendrocalamus strictus

18.12.07 Leaf Dasturella divina (Leaf rust)

5-20

5. 1180 Bahrai Seoni (M.P.)



5-15

6. 1203 TFRI, Jabalpur (MP)



1.24-19.37

7. 1202 TFRI Jabalpur

(MP)

Bambusa nutans


28-72 (49.58)

8. 1194 Karaboh

nursery Chhindwara

(M.P.)



12-25

9. 1195 Plantation Tinsi, Bargi

(M.P.)



5-18

10 1196 TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)


12.11.09 Leaf Dasturella divina ( Leaf rust)

5.37-32.28



15.01.09

Leaf

Drechslera stenospila (Leaf spot)

Infection along

with rust 12 1136 Badwah,

Khandwa (MP)


5.05.08 10.06.08 2.09.08

Culm Fusarium oxysporum

15-22

13 1124

Chhindwara (M.P.)


15.01.08 Culm

Fusarium semitectum (Culm rot )

3-7



17.11.09 to 16.01.10

Leaf Helminthosporium solani

(Leaf blight)

5.37-32.28

15 1137 Badwah Khandwa

(M.P.)


2.09.08 Culm Torula herbarum

15-20

16 1138 Badwah, Khandwa

(M.P.)


2.09.08 Culm Nigrospora oryzae

11-15

17 1139 Badwah Khandwa

(M.P.)


2.09.08 Culm Vollutella colletotrichoides

5-12



C. Insect pests and diseases of bamboos in storage:

i.Insect Pests:

In storage, bamboo species are occasionally attacked by many species of borers including the common ghun and other borer species. A brief on common insect pest is given below:

1. Chlorophorus annularis Fab.:

The beetle of this species is 8 to 15 mm long, ochreous, yellow with a dark brown or black pattern of curved and rounded spots on the elytra and Pronotum . The emergence of the beetle observed through a rounded hole in May to September but it may be delayed according to the dryness of the wood. The consequence development may continue even after the bamboo has been converted into furniture or other items. The pest has normally one generation in a year.

2. Shot hole borer, Dinoderus spp.:

Three species of ghun viz. Dinoderus brevis Horn., D. minutus Fab. and D. ocellaris Stephens have been reported from different states of India. During present survey D. brevis was observed to damage stored bamboos in depots. The intensity of attack is observed to be influenced by the distribution and concentration of food material, age of host, felling season of bamboos, etc. The beetle bores the cut end or exposed end and finally form vertical or horizontal oviposition tunnel. The pairing takes place inside the tunnel and ultimately the eggs are laid. After hatching, each grub bores a tunnel upwards and downwards with many holes appearing like gun shots through which wooden

dust is thrown by the grubs and beetles. The pupation occurs in a cell at the end of the larval tunnel. It has 3 generations in a year in central India.

3.Termites:

Some species of Odontotermes like O. distans, O. feae, O. microdentatus and O. obesus were observed to attack dry or felled bamboos. They formed a plaster covering all over the surface of the bamboo before feeding on the soft tissues leaving the outer rind portion intact.

18 1204 Patarpara (Chhattishgarh)


30.01.08 Leaf Scytalidium thermophilum

-

19 1126 Ambikapur (Chhattishgarh)

Dendrocalamus asper

01.02.08 Leaf Trichoderma viride

-

20 1129 Kosabadi, Korba

(Chhattishgarh)


11.02.08 Culm sheath

Trichoderma atroviride

-

21 1127 Plantation Kosabadi,

Korba (Chhattishgarh)


11.02.08 Leaf Trichoderma koningii

-

22 1205 Nagaghati, Mandla (M.P.)


16.12.08 Culm Arthrinium phaeospermum

-



ii. Pathogen pests:

Following 13 species of fungi were observed to cause decay to the bamboo culms and spoil them in storage. The locality and the infestation percentage of only common five species are summarized as hereunder. The remaining species were recorded as occassional and hence not included in the description.

Table 5. Locality wise identified pathogens and their incidence percentage in storage.

S. N.

Herbarium No.

Description of collected samples Isolated from

leaf/culm /storage

Name of Identified pathogen &disease

Infection (%)

Location Name of bamboo sp.

Date of collection

1. 1125 Kosabadi, Korba

(Chhattishgarh)

Dendrocalamus

strictus

11.02.08

Culm

Paecilomyces varioti

(wood decay)

10-18

2. 1132 Kosabadi Korba

(Chhattishgarh)

Bambusa nutans 28.06.08 Culm Porea rhizomorpha, (Wood decay)

12-18

3. 1134 Umaria (M.P.)


26.08.08 Culm Phebia subserialis

10-15

4. 1135 Umaria (M.P)


26.08.08 Culm Stereum hirsutum

2-8

5. 1137 Badwah, Khandwa(M.P.)


2.09.08 Culm Torula herbarum

15-20

6. 1207 Kalpi, Mandla (M.P.)


16.12.08 Stored bamboo

Humicola grisea

-

7. 1173 Jabalpur (M.P.)



Trichobotrys effusa

-

8. 1204 Kalpi, Mandla (M.P.)



Schizophyllum commune

-

9. 1174 TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)



Sporidesmium pendunculatum

-


Bambusa vulgaris


Arthrinium phaeospermum

-

Fig12. Plaster formed by termite



Paecilomyces varioti Bainier :

The disease symptom appears in young culms during the growing period i e, July-Aug due to the infection of pathogen the culms started rotten from the upper portion and growth of the culm retarded. Isolation from disease portion reveals the presence Paecilomyces varioti (Plate-III Fig. 2).

Colonies on PDA broadly spreading 5-6 cm in 10 days, velvety at first becoming powdery at mature with aerial growth consisting of mostly trailing fertile hyphae or definite rope of hyphae, yellowish brown reverse at first uncolored to bluish green shade odour sweet, aromatic fertile hyphae usually short mostly creeping , conidiophores repeatedly verticillate or freely and irregularly branched up to 325 μm long metuale divergent variable in size phialides irregularly distributed along the fertile hyphae with long acuminate conidium bearing tubes usually bent away from the axis of the cell and widely divergent at the apex, bearing long, tangled chain of conidia, 11.5-20.2 × 2.4 -3 µm conidia strongly elliptical, yellowish to brown smooth walled very unequal in size within same colony 3.2-5 × 2-4 µm.

Porea rhizomorpha (Bagchee):

Sporosphore annual effused, inseparable from substratum, thin, brittle; subiculum white, with 2-3 distinct zones; hymeneal surface white, 'pale pinkish buff ' to ' light- pinkish cinnamon' with age; pore tubes up to 1.5 mm long, pores round to angular, 2-3 per mm, pore wall fimbriate; basidia clavate, up to 4.5 µm broad; basidiospores hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 4-5×2-2.5 µm, hymenium continuous over the dissepiments, hyphal pegs present (simple and branched); hyphae of two types: (1) hyaline, thin-walled, with clamp connections and (2) hyaline thick-walled, with lumen narrow to almost obliterated, clamp connection present, the former abounding in

subiculum, and latter in trama, rhizomorphs cord-like white, changing to 'pale chamois' on drying.

Phlebia subserialis (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk

Fructification resupinate, membranous, ceraceous becoming rigid and brittle on drying, separable widely diffused 3-3.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm, hymenial surface cream yellow smooth-uneven wavy, adnate, concolouress, hyphae branched, hyaline-pale yellow, dimitic, 5 µm wide, no reaction with KOH, basidiospores hyline, elongated, smooth 5-6.5×2.5-3.05 µm (Plate-II, Fig. 5 & 6).

Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers.


Bambua vulgaris


Phlebia subserialis

-


Bambusa vulgaris


Trichobotrys effusa

-

13 1176 Kalpi, Mandla (M.P.)

D. strictus 16.12.09 Stored bamboo

Hysterium sp. -



Fruit body annual effuse reflex or effuse, resupinate, leathery, up to 400 µm thick upper surface with finally delicate hair or hirsute, concentrically zonate, wood colour to different shade of brown, margin even, thin, light brown, context subhyaline to hyaline with radially arrange compact hyphe, hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae thin walled, septate, clamped, hymenial layer 50-60 µm, basidia 25-37×6-8 µm, basidiospores, ellipsoid, thin walled smooth, hyaline, ameloid 2-2.5 µm diameter (Plate-VIII, Fig. 3)

Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link

Colonies very variable on stem black, velvety. Conidiophores branched towards tips, septate, pale yellow light brown, 12.5-17.5 × 2.5.5 µm. Conidia straight or slightly curved simple or branched chain more or less cylindrical, ends rounded, dark brown, slightly verrucose 1-4 septate slightly constricted at septa, 7.5-25× 6-7 µm.

II. Assessment of damage caused due to insect and disease pests:

To assess the loss caused by insect and disease pests, the nursery, plantation and store depots were survyed and the loss caused by different insect pests and disease causing organisms were studied. The observations showed that the bamboo leaf rollers cause a considerable damage in the nurseries not only by retarding in growth but sometimes by killing the young seedlings. The rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking culms in bamboos were also observed to cause a considerable damage to the young sprouting bamboo culms. The remaining species of pests were observed causing minor loss to the bamboos.

III. Natural Enemies of the bamboo defoliators:

1. Insect Predators: i. Calleida splendidula F. : The larva and beetle (Fig.13) of this species eat 2 or 3 small caterpillars of C. coclesalis per day. The freshly emerged beetle is creamish-pale which turns to brownish in due course of time. The head and prothorax are shining greenish steel blue and

elytra are dark brown with seven furrows on each elytron. A light yellow patch occurs on both the elytra at 2/3 distance from the anterior end. The size varies from 13 x 4 to 15 x 5.5 mm. The beetles mate in September –October and oviposit 1.5 x 1 mm, oval, cream coloured eggs on moist top soil after 32 days of preoviposition period. The egg and pupal period last for nearly 7days, 30 days and 4 to 9 days respectively.The beetles survives for about 227 days. The alternative host of this predator are Hyblaea puera, Eutectona machaeralis, Pagyda salvalis, Nephantis serinopa and Margaronia pyloalis.



ii.Canthecona furcellata Wolff : The nymphs and adult bugs of this species feed on the larvae of bamboo leaf rollers and other defoliators. A maximum of 39 larvae are consumed by a single adult of this species in a day. The female bug oviposits bucket- shaped, yellowish-grey, 1 x 0.7 mm, eggs in close rows in batches of 20 to 70 eggs on lef surface. The eggs hatch after 7 days ofincubation or egg period.The freshly hatched nymphs are black and bright markings. They feed gregariously on the sap of leaves and drops of water. The nymphs are carnivorous after 2nd instar.It undergoes 5 moults with a total nymphal period of 23 to 32 days. The bugs undergo hibernation in February- March and become active to feed on alternative host larvae (Fig. 14).

2. Entomopathogen:

Beauvaria bassiana (Bals,Crisv.)Vuill.1912

The infected larvae exibited fungus infection in the cuticle at the advance stage of infection, the larvae became mummified and the fungus growth covered the larvae. The heavy sporolation of fungus was noticed on the infected larvae of bamboo leaf roller Crypsiptia coclesalis (Plate-VI Fig. 3&4).

The growth rate of Beauveria bassiana is moderately rapid. The colony reaches a diameter 8cm following incubation at 250c for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. The texture is cottony and the surface is yellowish white. The reverse is white. The hyphae are hyaline septate, 2.5um wide and narrow. The conidiogenous cell on the hyphae are typically flask shaped (2.5-3.75um long, 2.5um wide) with an inflation at the base and narrow zigzag filaments (3.75-5um long) at the apex.

Fig. 13 Calleida splendidula

Fig.14 Canthecona furcellata



Laterally from the filaments conidia are produced from each bending point. This type of conidium production is called sympodial geniculate growth. The conidia diameter 2.5 um is hyaline one celled globose to ovoid in shape. The conidiogenous cell tends to form dense cluster (Plate-IX Fig. 4).

IV. Development of strategies for the management of major pests:

(i) Against bamboo diseases:

A field trial was laid out at Kosabadi (Korba) in Chhattisgarh on 29th June 2008 for the control of rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking culms in bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus. In all, 6 treatments viz, 1.Streptomycin: 0.5 %, 0.5g/lit, 2 lit /clump, 2. Bavistin-16g/clump, 3. Redomyl:w.w-50%-.02%(4g/lit) , 5 lit/clump, 4.Trichoderma sp. +FYM – 10 kg/clump, 5. FYM - 10 kg/clump and 6. an untreated control were taken. Each treatment was replicated five times. The second doses of above pesticides were given in September 2008. The observations on number of dead culms and numbers of new culms arise will be taken in last quarter of the year. The data on new culm arise were taken and summarised in the following table 6.

Table 6 : Showing number of new culms arise after application of second dose of treatments.

The data did not show any significant difference between the treatment and the untreated control.

(ii) Against Insect pests of bamboos:

Seeds of Bambusa nutans were sown at the institute in twenty nursery beds of the size 1 x 1

m in the month of November 2007. After 4 months of sowing, 1,500 seedlings were transferred to

polythene bags. Later, seeds of D. stratus were also sown in 25 nursery beds. Seedlings of one

nursery bed were transferred in 1200 polythene bags. All above nursery beds and poly bag seedlings

S.N.

Treatments Replications R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean

3.7 12.2 10.7 14.4 20.0 12.2 2 Ridomyl 3.0 19.3 19.3 13.5 19.9 15.0 3 Streptomycin+ Ridomyl 3.2 15.6 13.1 11.9 17.8 12.3 4 FYM 5.2 15.8 13.6 13.5 12.7 12.2

5 Trichoderma sp. (in FYM)

3.6 14.7 17.6 12.0 13.5 12.3

6 Control (Without treatment)

3.5 19.5 11.9 12.1 15.4 12.5



were used for field trials between July to September 2008. In all, 7 field trials were laid out to

investigate the lowest effective concentration of 10 modern insecticides. The insecticides used were

endosulfan 35 EC, monocrotophos 36 EC, malathion 50 EC, m-parathion 50 EC, chlorpyriphos 20

EC, carbaryl 50 WP, alphamethrin 10 EC, fenvalerate 20 EC, cypermethrin 25 EC and

lamdacyhathrin 5 EC. The different concentrations were formulated on the basis of the active

ingredient of each insecticide. In all, 7 insecticidal concentrations viz. monocrotophos 0.08%,

monocrotophos 0.04%, carbaryl 0.1%, endosulfan 0.05%, chlorpyriphos 0.05%, malathion 0.05%,

m-parathion 0.05% were formulated in field trials 1, 2, 3. Each treatment was uniformly sprayed on

entire bamboo seedling bed having larvae bearing rolled leaves. Each treatment was replicated

thrice. The observations on percentage of larvae dead after 72 hrs of spray were counted (Table 7).

Table 7. Efficacy of seven insecticidal concentrations against the larvae of bamboo leaf roller, Cryptisia coclesalis.

S.

N.

Treatments Average mortality in % Trial 1

17.07.2008 Trial 2

18.07.2007 Trial 3

11.08.2008 1. Monocrotophos 0.08% a.i. 95.89 (82.98) 68.94 (57.67)) 83.72 (66.81)

2. Monocrotophos 0.04% a.i. 84.81 (67.06) 88.23 (77.85) 75.09 (60.55)

3. Carbaryl 0.1% a.i. 89.11 (71.38) 89.58 (74.54) 56.66 (48.84)

4. Endosulfan 0.05% a.i. 90.39 (75.39) 91.71(80.37) 70.29 (57.44)

5. Chlorpyriphos 0.05% a.i. 90.20 (75.48) 93.61 (78.10) 83.53 (66.38)

6. Malathion 0.05% a.i. 85.31 (72.33) 53.04 (46.85) 70.99 (67.44)

7. M-parathion 0.05% a.i. 91.02 (75.65) 86.24 (72.01) 66.95 (54.96)

8. Control (without treatment) 2.79 (6.01) 4.16 (6.90) 30.79 (33.64)

CD at 5% (17.20) (28.06) (9.51)

Data in parenthesis indicate angular transfer values

In another trial, 9 insecticidal concentrations viz. monocrotophos 0.1 %, 0.08%, carbaryl

0.2%,0.1%, endosulfan 0.07%, endosulfan 0.05%, chlorpyriphos 0.05%, malathion 0.05%, and m-

parathion 0.05% were sprayed against the leaf roller of bamboo, C.coclesalis on 9th September

2008. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Similar trial was laid out on 15th September 2008 in

which 7 concentration of insecticides viz. monocrotophos 0.08%, carbaryl, 0.2%, carbaryl 0.1

%,endosulfan 0.07%, Chlorpyriphos 0.05%, malathion 0.05%, and m- parathion 0.05% were taken.

The percentages of dead larvae after 72 hrs of spray were counted in each trial (Table 8).



Table 8. Effectiveness of some insecticides against the larvae of bamboo leaf roller, Cryptisia coclesalis.

S.N. Treatments Average mortality in %

Trial 4 9th Sept.2008

Trial 5 15th Sept. 2008

1. Monocrotophos 0.1% a.i. 76.50 (59.38) -

2. Monocrotophos 0.08% a.i. 69.82 (56.77) 87.12 (69.18)

3. Carbaryl 0.2% a.i. 74.82 ( 60.01) 89.18 (71.83)

4. Carbaryl 0.1% a.i. 75.78 (60.66) 85.56 (67.39)

5. Endosulfan 0.07% a.i 84.09 (66.64) 92.15 ( 77.08)

6. Endosulfan 0.05% a.i. 81.59 (64.83) -

7. Chlorpyriphos 0.05% a.i. 75.98 (61.83) 96.82 (84.01)

8. Malathion 0.05% a.i. 81.46 (68.79) 90.47 (72.30)

9. M-parathion 0.05% a.i. 87.09 (69.02) 97.91 (85.19)

10. Control (without treatment) 1.40 (5.55) 08.12 (15.85)

CD at 5 % (17.40) (14.12)

Data in parenthesis indicate angular transfer values

The data shown in table 7 and 8 indicate that all the treatments are significantly superior to

the untreated control. Foliar spraying of chlorpyriphos 0.05% and endosulfan 0.07% are the best and

statistically equally effective against the larvae of bamboo leaf roller C.coclesalis.

To investigate the efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids two field trials were conducted on 18th

July 2008 and 11th September 2008. In all, 7 insecticidal concentrations viz. alphamethrin 0.01%,

0.005%, fenvalerate 0.01%, 0.005%, lamdacyhathrin 0.01%, 0.005% and cypermethrin 0.01% and a

untreated control were taken. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The data on the percentage of

larvae dead after 72 hrs of spray counted are presented in the following table.

Table 9: Efficacy of some synthetic pyrethroids against bamboo leaf roller, Cryptisia coclesalis.

S. N.

Treatment Average mortality in % Trial 6

18.07.2008 Trial 7

11.09.2008 1. Alphamethrin 0.01% a.i. 87.76 (75.85) 91.18 (76.09) 2. Alphamethrin 0.005% a.i. 83.29 (61.17) 85.78 (68.08) 3. Fenvalerate 0.01% a.i. 95.37 (80.38) 94.83 (79.27) 4. Fenvalerate 0.005% a.i. 88.12 (70.22) 87.64 (69.58)



5. Lamdacyhalothrin 0.01% a.i. 87.87 (74.92) 97.61 (84.85) 6. Lamdacyhalothrin 0.005% a.i. 89.19 (75.42) 93.45 (77.95) 7. Cypermethrin 0.01% a.i. 84.27 (66.69) 96.29 (83.51) 8. Control (Without treatment) 56.37 (48.68) 2.22 (5.00)

CD at 5% (28.02) (16.34) Data in parenthesis indicate angular transfer values

The data showed that all the treatments are significantly superior to the untreated control.

Foliar spraying of fenvalerate 0.01 % is proved to be best causing 94.83 to 95.37% kill of the larvae

within 3 days of the spray among synthetic insecticides.

Summary:

The pests attacking bamboos in nurseries, plantations and forests in central India consisting of

Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra were identified. The incidence of each

species was also recorded. Field trials were laid out to find out the suitable control measures of

Bamboo rhizome rot and the leaf roller C. coclesalis. Foliar spaying of chlorpyriphos 0.05 % a.i. or

endosulfan 0.07% a.i. or fenvalerate 0.01% a.i. proved to kill 75.98 to 96.82 % larvae of C.

coclesalis.



Suggestions to be followed:

The rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking young culms of bamboos are serious

problems in young as well as old bamboo plantation grown in different localities of Chhattisgarh.

During present study a field trial was laid out on randomized block design (RBD) with five

replications but the data observed were insignificant without any conclusion. The trial could not be

repeated in the study period. It is therefore advised that the efforts should be continued to take up the

problem in near future. Similarly some field trials should also be initiated against the bamboo borer

Estigmena chinensis which is a serious threat in some other parts of the country.

Research Papers Published:

1. Dadwal,V.S., Verma, R.K. and Dubey, P. 2008. Diseases of bamboos and their management. In Proceedings of the National Conference on bamboos:Management, Conservation, Value addition and Production. Edited by A. K. Mandal, Nanita Berry and G. S. Rawat.

2. Joshi, K.C. and Meshram, P.B. 2008. White grub, Holotrichia sp. threatening bamboo seedlings, saplings and its management. Indian Forester, 134: 1257-1260.

3. Roychoudhury, N. and Joshi, K.C. 2008. Leaf roller, Crypsiptya coclesalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) a major pest of bamboos in nurseries and plantations. Indian Forester, 134 (9):1229-1235.

4. Dadwal, V.S., Neka Karim, Bhartiya, S. and Verma, R.K. 2009. Studies on fungal flora of stored bamboo and its biocontrol in vitro. Indian J. Trop. Biodiv., 17 (2):241-246.

References:

Booth, C. (1971).The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau, Farnham Royal Bucks, England. 237 p.

Ellis, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, surrey, England. 1-608.

Ellis, M. B. (1976). More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, surrey, England. 1-507.

Groove, W. B. (1937). British stem and leaf fungi (Coelomycetes). Cambridge University Press (Reprinted by Verlog Von J Cramer, Germony, 1967), 488 p.

Sutton, B. C. (1980). The Coelomycetes Fungi with pycnidial acervuli and stromata. CMI Kew, England 696 p.



PCR of NBM Project (Abstract)

Name of the Sub-Project: Insect and diseases of bamboo occurring in central India and their management.

Funding Agency/Agencies: National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.

Institute/Directorate (ICFRE Hqrs.): Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur

Name and Designation of Principal Investigator:

Dr. K.C. Joshi, Scientist-G

1. Name (s) and Designation (s) of Co-Principal Investigator (s) and Associates, if any

Dr. V.S. Dadwal Scientist C Dr. C.K.Tiwari, Scientist C Shri Subhash Chandra Scientist- B Ms. Poonam Dubey, JRF

2. Division: Forest Entomology Division 3. Project Discipline Forest Entomology and Forest Pathology 4. Objectives of the Project:

1. Identification and incidence of insects and diseases of different species of bamboos in central India.

2. Assessment of damage caused due to insect and disease pests. 3. Development of strategies for the management of major pests.

5. Species involved: Bambusa vulgaris, B. nutans, Dendrocalamus asper and D.strictus 6. Experimental Work

a) Methods adopted: Periodical surveys of bamboo growing localities of M.P., C.G. M.S. and Orissa were conducted throughout the years 2007 to 2009 and the insect and disease pests were collected and identified with the help of available literature. The confirmation of each identified pest was done with the available identified culture/specimens. The immature insect species were collected from different localities and reared in the laboratory.

b) Equipments used, if any: BOD Incubators, Microscope, Camera, Foot sprayers. c) Scope (States covered): MP, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.

7. Date of commencement of the Project: October 2007

8. Date of completion of the Project: March 2011

9. Budget outlay of the Project: Rs. 7.70 lakhs



10. Expenditure incurred on the Project: 7.354 lakh

11. Reason for the financial deviation – The PI of the Project Dr. K.C. Joshi has been retired on October 2010.

12. Manpower involved

a) No. of Scientists/ officers: 4

b) No. of Research personnel: 1

c) No. of office staff 1

13. Extension of findings to the User Groups:

14. Publications from the findings of the Project: Published the following 4 research papers:

i. Dadwal,V.S., Verma, R.K. and Dubey, P. 2008. Diseases of bamboos and their management. In Proceedings of the National Conference on bamboos:Management, Conservation, Value addition and Production. Edited by A. K. Mandal, Nanita Berry and G. S. Rawat.

ii. Joshi, K.C. and Meshram, P.B. 2008. White grub, Holotrichia sp. threatening bamboo seedlings, saplings and its management. Indian Forester, 134: 1257-1260.

iii. Roychoudhury, N. and Joshi, K.C. 2008. Leaf roller, Crypsiptya coclesalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) a major pest of bamboos in nurseries and plantations. Indian Forester, 134 (9):1229-1235.

iv. Dadwal, V.S., Neka Karim, Bhartiya, S. and Verma, R.K. 2009. Studies on fungal flora of stored bamboo and its biocontrol in vitro. Indian J. Trop. Biodiv., 17 (2):241-246.

15. Patents, if any: Nil

16. Project Summary/ Achievements

The pests attacking bamboos in nurseries, plantations and forests in central India consisting

of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra were identified. The incidence of

each species was also recorded. Field trials were laid out to find out the suitable control

measures of Bamboo rhizome rot and the leaf roller C. coclesalis. Foliar spaying of

chlorpyriphos 0.05 % a.i. or endosulfan 0.07% a.i. or fenvalerate 0.01% a.i. proved to kill 75.98

to 96.82 % larvae of C. coclesalis.



Project Completion Report

On

Sub Project 3. Insect and diseases of bamboo occurring in central India and their management.

Funded By

National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

Submitted by

Dr. K.C.Joshi, Scientist-G Dr. V.S. Dadwal, Scientist- C Dr. C.K.Tiwari, Scientist -C



Shri Subhash Chandra, Scientist- B Ms. Poonam Dubey, Junior Research Fellow

Forest Entomology and Forest Pathology Division Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education)

P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur 2010



1

Nutritive value and value addition of some

bamboo species of central India

PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT

Project Funded by

National Bamboo Mission Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,

Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi

By

Dr. Ashok Kumar Pandey

Scientist F and Head

Non Wood Forest Produce Division

Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur

2011



2

Project Profile

1. Project No: 126/TFRI/2007/NWFP-4 (NBM)

2. Project (Title): Nutritive value and value addition of some bamboo species of central India

3. Principal Investigator and other associates:

PI : Dr. A. K. Pandey, Scientist F Co PI : Dr. S. C. Biswas, Scientist B

Associates : Dr. K.C. Choudhary, RA- I

Shri. D.C. Kori, RA- I

4. Project approval date by i. RAG:

ii. RPC: iii. ICFRE:

National Bamboo Mission sponsored project

5. Date of commencement of the project: August 2007 6. Date of completion of the project: March 2011

7. Budget outlay of the Project: Rs. 5.80 Lakhs

i. List of equipment procured under the project (with cost):

a. Distillation unit Rs.40,234/- b. Syringe filter Rs. 7450/-

ii. Total expenditure on the project: Rs. 5.78 Lakhs

8. Other institutional support in terms of equipment and infrastructure: NIL



3

Overview of the project

Bamboo is an important natural resource that plays a distinctive role in the

forest ecosystems with a wide range of values and uses. Apart from the diverse uses

of bamboo, the tender shoots, being low in fat, high in dietary fiber and rich in

mineral content (good source of potassium) have been consumed traditionally by the

people. The bamboo shoot industry, using shoots from both natural forests and

plantations, makes a substantial contribution to the economy and development of rural

communities, in which people use bamboo shoots as food and also earn substantial

income from bamboo shoot harvesting. In addition, bamboo shoots have become a

popular vegetable, with Asian cuisine spreading quickly around the globe. In India,

particularly the people of North East regions have been consuming bamboo shoots

either raw or processed because of its exotic taste, flavour and medicinal value.

Fresh bamboo shoots have a crisp, sweet flavour and are used as food in

various ways. They are mainly used fresh, dried, shredded or pickled. Moreover, the

shoots are used as an extender as they take on the flavour of the ingredients they are

cooked with. Different types of preparations like bamboo shoot bhaji, chutney,

bamboo candy, pickle, fried shoots (pakoda), kadi, pulav, keema, manchurian

(oriental cuisine), soup, bamboo canned juice and bamboo beer are made from

bamboo shoots.

Keeping in view the utility, increasing demand and need for processing of

bamboo shoots, present study was carried out in central India to find out the

nutritional composition of bamboo shoots and make bamboo shoot products that can

be stored for long time and used when the fresh shoots are not available. Study was

also conducted to find out the best processing methods for removal of anti-nutritional

constituents from bamboo shoots.

The results revealed that the bamboo shoots have a high nutritive value and

are a good source of potassium and dietary fibers. As compared to D. asper, edible



4

species from Thailand, D. strictus, B. tulda and B. bamboos found in central India

also have a potential to be explored for edible purposes. The studies to determine the

optimum harvesting time revealed that the shoots should be harvested within 6-16

days after emergence from the soil as they contain significant amount of nutrients and

lesser concentration of cyanogens. Each species has a different harvesting time, for D.

asper, D. strictus and B. tulda, 10-14 days, 6-10 days and 10-16 days old shoots are

best to harvest.

Scientific validations of indigenous knowledge of tribal coupled with modern

scientific inputs have provided a simple, efficient and cost effective method for

processing of bamboo shoots. Shoots were processed by various treatments (boiling in

different concentrations of NaCl and acetic acid), which significantly reduced the

amount of cyanogens and retained considerable amount of nutrients. Cyanogens in B.

bambos, B. tulda, D. asper and D. strictus were significantly reduced by boiling the

fresh shoots in 5% NaCl for 15 minutes, 1 % NaCl for 10 minutes, 1 % NaCl for 15

minutes and 5 % NaCl for 10 minutes respectively.

Value addition was done in bamboo shoots by making different products such

as bari, papad, pickle, sauce and crunches. Value addition in bamboo shoots has

increased their nutritional value and will also increase their market. The products

made were good in taste and texture having a shelf life of 6 months from the

processing date. Preservation of shoots in different concentrations of NaCl and acetic

acid increased the shelf life of shoots upto 6 months. The shoots can be stored either

in 2 and 5 percent acetic acid or NaCl (brine) solution for 6 months as the nutrient

loss is much less. Bamboo shoot is not significant in commercial terms and

development of different products from bamboo shoots will add to its business

development in India. Thus, further experimentation on development of different

products and effect of processing on nutritional status of various bamboo species

growing in different agro-ecological regions needs to be carried out.

( Dr. M. S. Negi )

Director



5

Contents

S. No. Particular Page No. 1. Introduction 1-4

2. Objectives 5

3. Review of literature 6-9

4. Methodology 10-23

5. Results 24-49

6. Discussion 50-51

7. Conclusion 52

8. Abstract of significant findings 53

9. Research output 54

10. Utility of the research findings &

Acknowledgement

55

11. References 56-60



6



7

Bamboo belongs to the Gramineae family and has about 90 genera. They are

one of the precious and important plant resource. Since ancient times, it has played a

significant role in human civilization and is still contributing to the subsistence of

people living in the tropical and subtropical belts in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Worldwide there are more than 1,250 species of bamboo which are unevenly

distributed in various parts of the humid tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions

of the Earth (Scurlock et al., 2000). Globally, domestic trade and subsistence use of

bamboo are estimated to be worth US$4.5 billion per year, and export of bamboo

generates another US$2.7 billion (INBAR 1999). Approximately, 26 species of

bamboo are used for edible purpose in pacific region of Asia. India is the second

richest country in bamboo genetic resources after China, comprising of 136

indigenous and exotic species, under 23 genera (Tiwari, 1992), found naturally and/or

under cultivation.

Bamboo has received increasing attention over the last two decades for its

economic and environmental values. In Africa, Asia and Latin America, it is closely

associated with indigenous culture and knowledge and is widely used for housing,

forestry, agroforestry, agricultural activities and utensils. In countries undergoing

economic development, traditional bamboo culture gradually disappears. However,

industrial development of bamboo is offering a new opportunity to younger

generations to retain and continue developing cultural traditions related to the

cultivation, harvesting and use of bamboo. The physical and environmental properties

of bamboo make it an exceptional economic resource with a wide range of uses. It

grows quickly and can be harvested annually without depletion and deterioration of

the soil. Bamboo can grow on marginal land, not suitable for agriculture or forestry,

or as an agroforestry crop. It has a relatively light weight, because the culms are

hollow, and unlike wood can be easily harvested and transported without specialized

equipment or vehicles. It splits easily for weaving and is thus easy to handle also for

women. Bamboo is often cultivated outside the forest on farms, where it is more

easily managed. For the same reason, it could offer income-earning opportunities to

under privileged people. Processing, normally, does not require highly skilled labor or

special qualifications, thus, can be started by rural poor communities at a minimal

cost.



8

The use and trade of bamboos have been growing rapidly in recent years.

Bamboo is becoming popular as an excellent substitute for wood in producing pulp,

paper, board and charcoal. It is widely used in construction, either in its natural form

or as a reconstituted material (laminated boards and panels). The many uses and the

economic importance of bamboo play a considerable role in improving the livelihoods

of rural poor people. The bamboo shoot industry, using shoots from both natural

forests and plantations, makes a substantial contribution to the economy and

development of rural communities, in which people use bamboo shoots as food and

also earn substantial income from bamboo shoot harvesting. In addition, bamboo

shoots have become a popular vegetable, with Asian cuisine spreading quickly around

the globe.

Bamboo shoots and culms grow from the dense root rhizome system. There

are two main categories of rhizomes: monopodial and sympodial. Monopodial

rhizomes grow horizontally, often at a surprising rate, and thus they are nicknamed as

‘runners’. The rhizome buds develop either upward, generating a culm, or

horizontally, with a new tract of the rhizomal net. Monopodial bamboos generate an

open clump with culms distant from each other and can be invasive. They are usually

found in temperate regions such as Phyllostachys and Pleioblastus genus. Sympodial

rhizomes are short and thick, and the culms above ground are close together in a

compact clump, which expands evenly around its circumference. Their natural habitat

is tropical regions and they are not invasive such as genus Bambusa.

A bamboo shoot is young, immature, expanding culm that emerges from

nodes of the rhizome of plants. It is harvested shortly after it appears above the soil

surface. The edible part consists of tissue with regions of rapid cell division, which is

enveloped in a protective, non-edible leaf sheaths (Farrelly, 1984). Bamboo shoots

have been used as culinary item and find an, important place in the diet of the people

of South East Asian countries. In India, particularly the people of North East regions

have been consuming bamboo shoots either raw or processed because of its exotic

taste, flavour and medicinal value. Normally people harvest bamboo shoots for their

own consumption but in some areas they are being sold in the market. However the

actual availability of the edible fresh bamboo shoots is very limited in a year and in

many places of the world. Since shooting season for a bamboo generally lasts only

from 1 – 4 months.



9

There are a number of bamboo species available in India and many of the

species are used for edible purpose. Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa bambos are

the commonly occurring species in central India. The other species are B. nutans, B.

tulda, D. giganteus and D. hamiltonii. However, Dendrocalamus asper an important

edible species of Thailand (Fu et al., 1987) has been introduced in India for shoot

production. In central India, bamboos are not commercially cultivated for its edible

shoot production. Generally people harvest bamboo shoots from nearby forests.

However, in some places it is also harvested from cultivated sources (plantations and

home gardens). D. longispathus, D. brandissi, B. balcoa, B. polymorpha, B. pallida

and Melocanna baccifera are used for edible purpose in North east region (Bhatt et

al., 2004). Other than these, Arundinaria aristata, A. hirsuta, B. glaucescens, B.

longispiculata, B. vulgaris, Cephalostachyum capitatum, C. fuchsianum, D. hookeri

and Oxytenanthera albocilita are the edible species found in southern India

(Shanmughavel, 2004).

Fresh bamboo shoots have a crisp, sweet flavour and are used as food in

various ways. They are mainly used fresh, dried, shredded or pickled. Moreover, they

are used as an extender as they take on the flavour of the ingredients they are cooked

with. Different types of preparations like bamboo shoot bhaji, chutney, bamboo

candy, pickle, fried shoots (Pakoda), kadi, pulav, keema, manchurian (oriental

cuisine), soup, bamboo canned juice and bamboo beer are made from bamboo shoots.

They are also used as biofertilizer, bioinsecticide and as medicine for stomach

disorders (ERG, 2003). Juice of fermented shoots or bamboo vinegar, stored for about

50–60 days is used for flavouring vegetables (Sharma and Borthakur, 2008).

Bamboo shoots have high nutritional value, low fat and are a good source of

dietary fibers. Shoots are also rich in vitamins, cellulose, amino acids, minerals and

crude fibers. They are a good source of potassium (ERG, 2003) and also contain

flavones, phenols and phenolic acids which possess antioxidant (Rice-Evans et al.,

1997; Oboh and Ademosun 2010), anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory

(Galeotti et al., 2008; Mattile and Hellstorm 2007) and antifungal activities. At

harvesting, a shoot may contain as much as 90% water. The edible content of a newly

harvested shoot is typically around 30%; the balance is made up of the sheath, and the

extreme portions of the shoot. Besides nutrients bamboo shoots also contain lethal



10

concentration of the anti-nutrient (cyanogen) that needs to be removed before human

consumption (EFSA, 2004). These cyanogenic glycosides on endogenic hydrolysis

yield hydrocyanic acid which is harmful for human consumption (Seigler, 1991).

The acute lethal concentration of hydrogen cyanide for human beings is

reported to be 0.5–3.5 mg/kg body weight (EFSA, 2004). The symptoms of cyanide

intoxication from inadequately prepared bamboo shoots include rapid respiration,

drop in blood pressure, dizziness, headache, stomach pains, vomiting, convulsions etc.

(Anonymous, 2004). By adequate processing cyanogens can be removed or reduced

prior to consumption, thus significantly reducing the potential health risk (Ferreira et

al., 1995a). Therefore freshly harvested bamboo shoots should be processed before

cooking to remove the toxic and bitter components. Native populace on the basis of

their traditional knowledge adopted different processes such as peeling, slicing,

washing in running water, boiling for hours etc.

Value addition refers to any activity that enhances the value of product in the

market thereby increasing its utility and profit. Value addition in bamboo shoots can

be done by making different edible products; this will lead to cultivation of bamboo

shoots by the farmers and help in their income generation. Keeping the above into

consideration present study was carried out to find out the nutritional composition of

bamboo shoots and make bamboo shoot products that can be stored for long time and

used when the fresh shoots are not available. Study was also conducted to find out the

best processing methods for removal of anti-nutritional constituents from bamboo

shoots.



11



12

OBJECTIVES

Ø Study the chemical composition of bamboo shoots for dietary

supplements.

Ø Quantification of anti-nutritional constituents of bamboo shoots and its

removal.

Ø Development of value added products from fresh bamboo shoots.



13



14

In international markets, China earns 6,500 million Indian rupees every year

from export of edible bamboo shoots, with import of USA at around 44,000 tonnes

accounting for 14.5% of the total world import (Lobovikov, 2003). Every year USA

imports 30,000 tonnes of canned bamboo shoots from Taiwan, Thailand, India and

China for domestic consumption as food items (Daphne, 1996). Dendrocalamus

asper, Dendrocalamus lactiferous and Bambusa oldhami are the most important

edible species in Thailand (Fu et al., 1987) and Taiwan (Tai, 1985), respectively. The

import of Australia is estimated about 8,000 tonnes per annum (Cahill, 1999). Taiwan

consumes about 80,000 tonnes of bamboo shoots annually constituting a value of

2,500 million Indian rupees, covering 30,000 ha of land of bamboo shoots under

cultivation, producing total 380,000 tonnes of bamboo shoots per year (Tai, 1985). In

Japan, the present annual consumption of bamboo shoots is 3 kg per person,

compared to 1.2 kg per person in 1950s (Yang et al., 2008). At present, over two

million tonnes of edible bamboo shoots are consumed in the world in each year (Yang

et al., 2008; Vaiphei, 2005). Statistics illustrated that about 26.2, 435 and 426.8 tonnes

of bamboo shoots are harvested annually in the north eastern states of India like

Sikkim, Meghalaya and Mizoram, respectively, where about 20–30 million tonnes of

bamboo shoots are utilized for production of canned bamboo shoots annually (Bhatt et

al., 2003; 2005a; b). India’s size of domestic bamboo economy currently is estimated

at 2,000 million Indian rupees. The market potential of bamboo in India is estimated

at present at 450 million Indian rupees, which will increase to 26,000 million Indian

rupees by 2015, thus enabling five million families of artisans and farmers, crossing

the poverty line (Farooquee et al., 2007).

Bamboo shoots have a long history of being used as a source of both food and

medicine in China and Southeast Asia (Bao, 2006). In Japan, the bamboo shoot is

called the “King of Forest Vegetables.” In China, knowing the nutritional value and

delicious taste, people considered bamboo shoots a treasure dish in the Tang Dynasty

(618 to 907) and there was a saying that “there is no banquet without bamboo.” The

properties of bamboo shoots were recorded in the book Compendium of Materia

Medica, a pharmaceutical text written during the Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644), with

the following words: “It’s slightly cold, sweet, nontoxic, and it quenches thirst,

benefits the liquid circulatory system and can be served as a daily dish” (Yuming and

Jiru, 1999). Presently, though the shoots are consumed more as a vegetable by local



15

people, they are made available to others as a delicacy in up-scale markets and

specialty restaurants. Hence, bamboos are no longer considered as “poor man’s

timber” but they form a “rich man’s delicacy.” Most bamboo species produce edible

shoots but less than 100 species are commonly grown or utilized for their shoots

(Midmore, 1998; Collins and Keilar, 2005). The shoots are not only used as

vegetables but are also processed and preserved in many forms such as dried,

fermented, salted, pickled, water soaked, and canned. Bamboo shoots are gastronomic

treats whether used fresh or in fermented or roasted form. In addition to being

delicious, bamboo shoots are rich in some nutrient components, mainly proteins,

carbohydrates, and minerals but have a low fat content. Bamboo shoots also contain

phytosterols and a high amount of fiber that have cholesterol-lowering and

anticarcinogenic activity and therefore could be called nutraceuticals or natural

medicines. The shoots are free from residual toxicity as they grow without the

application of hazardous fertilizers or pesticides.

The nutritional value of edible shoots of different bamboo species has been

worked out by several workers (Giri and Janmejoy, 1992; Shi and Yang, 1992;

Tripathi 1998; Chen et al., 1999; Sharma et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2005; Kumbhare and

Bhargava, 2007; Nirmala et al., 2007; 2008). Bamboo shoots are low in calories, high

in dietary fiber, and rich in various nutrients. The main nutrients in bamboo shoots are

protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, fat, sugar, fiber, and inorganic salts.

The shoots have a good profile of minerals, consisting mainly of potassium (K),

calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),

lower amounts of phosphorus (P) and selenium (Se) (Shi and Yang, 1992; Nirmala et

al., 2007). Fresh shoots are a good source of thiamine, niacin, vitamin A, vitamin B6,

and vitamin E (Visuphaka, 1985; Xia, 1989; Shi and Yang, 1992). They are rich in

protein, containing between 1.49 and 4.04 (average 2.65 g) per 100 g of fresh bamboo

shoots. They contain 17 amino acids, 8 of which are essential for the human body

(Qiu, 1992; Ferreira et al., 1995 b). Tyrosine amounts to 57% to 67% of the total

amino acid content (Kozukue et al., 1999). Fat content is comparatively low (0.26%

to 0.94%) and the shoots contain important essential fatty acids. The total sugar

content, 2.5% on average, is lower than that of other vegetables. The water content is

90% or more. Satya et al., (2009) have also done a significant work on the nutritive

value of bamboo shoots and have found that they are low in cholesterol (total fats



16

0.5%) and high in carbohydrates (5.7 %), proteins (3.9 %), minerals (1 %) and

moisture (88.8 %). Park and John, 2009 reported that the shoots are a good source of

vitamin B, B6, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, vitamin E and dietary fibers like

hemicelluloses, pectin and lignin.

Bamboo shoots are soft and develop an acrid flavor, if not harvested as soon

as they come out of the ground (Sue, 1995). They contain a potentially toxic glycoside

of á- hydroxynitrile, called taxiphyllin (Anonymous, 2004) which is turned on by the

hydrolytic enzymes upon disruption of plant cell (Ermans et al., 1980; Nahrstedt,

1993). Taxiphyllin further breaks down to form cyanohydrins and sugar, which

rapidly decomposes into hydrocyanic acid and an aldehyde or a ketone. In D.

giganteus, it varies upto 894 mg/kg (Ferreira et al., 1995), in M. babusoides 0.14mg/g

and in B. pallid 0.04 mg/g. The new shoots are almost free from acridity and good for

consumption. Homogentisic acid is, however, responsible for the pungent taste of the

shoots (Bhargava et al., 1996).

Major advances have been made in fresh shoot production and processing and

in the analysis of nutrient components of edible shoots. Based on nutritional analysis,

it has been determined that bamboo shoots are a good source of food energy and are

being projected as a new health food. This is because bamboo shoots are endowed

with these health-enhancing properties.

1. Rich in nutrients: Shoots have a high content of protein (amino acids),

carbohydrate, minerals, and several vitamins.

2. Function as nutraceuticals: Nutraceuticals are ordinary foods with

components or ingredients imparting a specific medical or physiological

benefit other than a purely nutritional effect. Bamboo shoots contain

phytosterols and a high amount of fiber that can qualify as “nutraceuticals” or

“natural medicines.” Phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering activity (Brufau

et al., 2008).

3. High fiber content, almost no calories: Bamboo shoots are a good source of

edible fiber (6 to 8 g/100 g fresh weight), which helps in lowering the blood

cholesterol. Dietary fibers are vegetable fibers obtained from fiber-rich parts

of plants. They are neutral in taste, odour free and have no calories and fats.



17

Bamboo fiber is available as a white powder with at least 95% fiber. A

number of companies market such fiber additives that are rich sources of

dietary fiber.

4. Low fat: Fat content is extremely low in bamboo shoots (2.46 g/100 g) that

are, therefore, very good for weight-conscious and dieting people.

5. Appetizer: The high cellulosic content of bamboo shoots stimulates appetite.

Being crisp, crunchy, and tender with a sweet flavor, shoots have a unique and

delicious taste that function as an appetizer.

Changes in nutrient components in shoots after boiling, fermentation, canning,

and during aging have been studied (Kumbhare and Bhargava, 2007; Nirmala et al.,

2007, 2008). Protein and sugar contents in the shoots decrease after boiling. The ash

content also decreases on boiling, fermentation, and canning. The reduction varies

from 20% after boiling, 15% after canning, and 12% after fermentation. The

carbohydrate content ranges from 4.09 to 6.91 g/100 g fresh weight, and though there

was an increase in the content after boiling, there was a substantial increase up to 72%

after fermentation and canning (Nirmala et al., 2008). The fiber content does not seem

to change after boiling (Kumbhare and Bhargava, 2007) but it increases significantly

after fermentation and canning (Nirmala et al., 2008). Changes in the nutrient

components in fresh, fermented, and canned shoots of a commercially important

bamboo, D. giganteus, were determined by Nirmala et al., (2008).



18



19

Plant material source

The species selected for the study were Bambusa bambos, B. tulda,

Dendrocalamus strictus and D. asper. The newly emerging shoots were collected

from different parts of central India as presented in Table 1.

Table 1- Collection localities

Species State Location

B. bamboos Madhya Pradesh Chillod (Balaghat)

B. tulda Madhya Pradesh TFRI, Jabalpur

D. strictus Madhya Pradesh

Chattisgarh

Maharashtra

TFRI and Barha Jabalpur

Lavada

Chillod (Balaghat)

Ponar Kala (Seoni)

Melnadi

Kariapara (Bilaspur)

Lohara

Chandrapur

D. asper (Cultivated species) Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur and Barha

Analysis of fresh bamboo shoots

The shoots were collected and brought to the laboratory for further studies.

The outer sheath was peeled and length, diameter at the base, weight of fresh shoots

before and after removing sheaths was recorded to determine the percentage of edible

portion. The inner soft portion was taken and nutritional composition of the fresh

shoots was determined by using standard established methods.



20

Shoots of B. bambos (Before removing sheaths)

Shoot of B. bambos (After removing sheaths)



21

Shoot of D. strictus (After removing sheaths)

Shoot of D. strictus (Before removing sheaths)



22

Shoots of D. asper (Before removing sheaths)

Estimation of total carbohydrate

The total carbohydrate content was measured by hydrolysing the

polysaccharides into simple sugars by acid hydrolysis and estimating the resultant

monosaccharides spectrophotometrically by Anthrone’s method (Hedge and

Hofreiter, 1962). 0.1 g of bamboo shoots were hydrolysed by keeping in boiling

water bath for 3 hours in 5ml of 2.5 N hydrochloric acid (HCl), cooled to room

temperature, neutralised with solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) till the effervesence

ceases, filtered and volume was made upto 100 ml with distilled water. The filterate

(0.5 ml) and glucose standards were taken, volume was made upto 1 ml and 4 ml of

anthrone reagent was added. The solutions were then kept in boiling water bath for 8

minutes and absorbance was measured at 630nm against blank. The standard curve

was prepared using range of 0 - 1.0 ml of 100µg/ml solutions of glucose in distilled

water. The amount of carbohydrate (g/100g) present in the sample was then calculated

with the help of standard curve.



23

Estimation of total protein

The protein content in the shoots was determined by the Lowry’s method

(Lowry et al., 1951). Extraction was carried out with phosphate buffer (2M, 7.4 pH).

0.5 g of sample was grinded well in 5-10 ml of buffer, centrifuged and supernatant

taken for estimation. The supernatant (0.2ml) and bovine serum albumin solution

(BSA, standard protein) were taken, volume made upto 1 ml with distilled water,

mixed with 5 ml of alkaline copper solution and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. 0.5

ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was then added and tubes were incubated at room

temperature in dark for 30 minutes and absorbance was measured at 660nm against

blank. The standard curve was prepared by using a range of 0 - 1.0 ml of 200µg/ml

solutions of BSA in distilled water. The amount of protein (g/100g) present in the

sample was then calculated from the standard curve.

Estimation of total phenols

Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteau method (McDonald et al.,

2001). The sample was extracted by grinding 0.5g of bamboo shoots in 80% ethanol

and the homogenate was centrifuged. The supernatant was evaporated to dryness and

residue dissolved in a known volume of distilled water (5-15 ml). The extract (0.2ml)

and catechol (standard phenolic compound) were taken seperately; volume made upto

3 ml, mixed with Folin Ciocalteau reagent 0.5 ml and left for 3 minutes. 3 ml of 20%

Na2CO3 was then added. The mixtures were kept in water bath for exactly 1 minute

and the total phenols were determined by measuring the absorbance at 650 nm against

blank. The standard curve was prepared using range of 0 - 2.0 ml of 100µg /ml

solutions of catechol in distilled water. The amount of phenols (g/100g) present in the

sample was then calculated from the standard curve.

Estimation of cyanogens

Cyanogens were estimated as hydrocyanic acid eqvivalents which evolve from

the samples (Hogg and Ahlgren, 1942). 1 g of sample was homogenised in 25ml of

water with 3-4 drops of chloroform and placed in a 500ml conical flask. A filter paper

strip (10-12 cm x 0.5 cm) saturated with alkaline picrate solution was hanged in the

flask and incubated at room temperature for 20 – 24 hrs. The sodium picrate present



24

on the filter paper reduces to reddish compound in proportion to the amount of

hydrocyanic acid evolved. The colour was eluted by placing the filter paper strip in a

test tube containing 10ml distilled water and absorbance was measured at 625 nm.

The standard curve was prepared using range of 0 - 3.0 ml of 100µg /ml solutions of

sodium cyanide (NaCN) in distilled water. The amount of cyanogens present in the

sample was then calculated as hydrogen cyanide equivalent (g/100g) from the

standard curve.

Estimation of ascorbic acid

The ascorbic acid content in the bamboo shoots was determined

volumetrically (Raghu et al., 2007) by titrating with 2, 6 dichloro-phenol indophenol

dye. 0.5g of sample was extracted in 0.4% oxalic acid and made upto a known volume

(10-20ml) and centrifuged. To 5 ml of supernatant 10ml of 0.4% oxalic acid was

added and titrated. The amount of dye consumed is equivalent to the amount of

ascorbic acid present in the sample and expressed as g/100g of sample.

Mineral estimation (Jacobs, 1999)

Digestion of the sample

0.5 g of sample was taken in a conical flask, 5ml of conc. Nitric acid (HNO3)

was added and heated at high temperature until acid evaporates then 5ml of ternary

mixture was added (H2SO4, HClO4 and HNO3 in the ratio 1:4:10). The mixture was

heated till the digested material becomes clear, cooled, 5ml hydrochloric acid (HCl)

was added and the volume was made upto 100 ml with distilled water. This digested

extract was then used for further analysis.

Estimation of Sodium and Potassium

Sodium and Potassium were estimated by using flame photometer. Standard

curves of sodium and potassium were made and the amount of sodium and potassium

in the samples was calculated from the standard curve.



25

Estimation of Phosphorus

To 5 ml of extract 10 ml of vanadomolybdate solution was added and volume

was made up to 50 ml with distilled water. The standard curve was prepared by using

a range of 0.02ppm – 0.2ppm of dihydrogen potassium phosphate (KH2PO4). The

solutions were allowed to stand for 10 minutes and absorbance was measured at 470

nm against blank. The amount of phosphorus in the samples was calculated from the

standard curve.

Estimation of Calcium

5 ml of extract was taken and 20 ml of distilled water was added followed by

10 drops of sodium cyanide, 10 drops hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 1 drop of 1%

potassium ferricyanide solution (yellow colour develops). To the solution 10%

sodium hydroxide was added till yellow colour disappears. A pinch of mureoxide

powder (indicator) was added to the resultant solution and titrated with EDTA (0.02

N). The end point is colour change from pink to purple. The amount of EDTA

consumed is equivalent to the amount of calcium present in the sample and expressed

as g/100g of sample.

Estimation of Magnesium

5 ml of extract was taken and 20 ml of distilled water was added followed by

10 drops of sodium cyanide, 10 drops hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 1 drop of

potassium ferricyanide (yellow colour develops). Buffer solution (NH4Cl + NH3) was

then added till colour disappears and titrated with EDTA (0.02N) after adding 2-3

drops of EBT (Erichrome black T) indicator. The end point is colour change from

blue to grey. The amount of EDTA consumed is equivalent to the total amount of

calcium and magnesium present in the sample and expressed as g/100g of sample.

The amount of magnesium was calculated by subtracting the amount of calcium from

the total calcium and magnesium content.



26

Estimation of phenolic acids (Shrivatava et al., 2009)

Sample and standard preparation

2.5 g of sample (fresh bamboo shoot/ product/ preserved shoot) was taken in a

conical flask containing 50 ml of 2 N hydrochloric acid (HCl). The content was then

kept in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate was

transferred to a separating funnel and extracted with 150 ml (50 x 3) of diethyl ether.

The combined ether layer was washed with distilled water and dried over anhydrous

sodium sulphate. The residue thus obtained was dissolved in 10 ml of HPLC grade

methanol and filtered through a 0.22μm disc filter before injecting in HPLC. Standard

solutions (1mg/ml) of gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and

ellagic acid (all purchased from sigma) were prepared by dissolving in HPLC grade

methanol and filtered through a 0.22μm disc filter.

Chromatographic equipment and conditions

A Waters (Milford, USA) gradient HPLC instrument equipped with two 515

pumps and controlled by an interface module PC2, manual injector valve (Rheodyne),

reverse phase C18 (100 × 4.6 mm i.d.) X bridge HPLC column (Waters, Milford,

USA) and Waters 2996 PDA (Photo Diode Array) detector was used for HPLC

analysis. Waters Empower software was used to control the equipment and analyze

the data. Mobile phase consisted of water, methanol and acetic acid in the ratio

60:40:0.4 having a flow rate of 1.6 ml/min. 5μl of sample and standard were injected.

Day wise analysis of fresh shoots

The concentration of cyanogens is said to increase with the age of shoots,

hence it is necessary to harvest the shoots before a lethal concentration gets

accumulated in them. Therefore, fresh bamboo shoots of different age, ranging from

2-20 days, were analyzed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional composition to

determine the suitable age for harvesting of bamboo shoots. In D. asper, 8-18 day, D.

strictus, 2-16 day and in B. tulda, 4-20 day shoots were selected as shoots before the

particular mentioned day are much leafy and doesn’t contain considerable amount of

edible portion and shoots after the day mentioned are much woody with less soft

portion.



27

Precooking processing of bamboo shoots for removal of cyanogens

Bamboo shoots contain lethal concentration of the anti-nutrient (cyanogen) that

needs to be removed before human consumption (EFSA, 2004). Therefore freshly

harvested bamboo shoots were processed before cooking to remove the toxic and bitter

components. After removing the sheaths fresh bamboo shoots were chopped into small

pieces, thoroughly washed under running water and subjected to following different

treatments to remove cyanogens along with retainment of nutrients:

1. Cold water treatment

2. Hot water treatment

3. 1% saline solution treatment



6. 1% sodium bicarbonate treatment

7. 10% sodium bicarbonate treatment

8. 50% ethanol treatment

Sodium bicarbonate and ethanol treatments were not found suitable for

processing as the sample became coloured on boiling. Thus, bamboo samples were

further processed in water and different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl)

solution by using following treatments: (a) boiling in water, (b) boiling in 1% NaCl

solution, (c) boiling in 5% NaCl solution and (d) boiling in 10% NaCl solution for

different time intervals (10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes). Firstly, the salt solution was allowed

to boil and then shoots were added. Boiled shoots were taken out at regular intervals for

chemical analysis. Chemical analysis was performed using the above mentioned standard

protocols.

Value addition in bamboo shoots

Bamboo shoots are available for a short duration (2-3 months) only and can

not be stored for a longer time due to high moisture content. Therefore, to increase

their shelf life and made them available after the season; they were preserved in

different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).

Some products were also made from fresh shoots so that they can be consumed after

season when fresh shoots are not available.

Change in colour of shoots

Change in colour of shoots



28

Preservation of shoots

The fresh shoots were chopped into small pieces, thoroughly washed under

running water and stored in air tight containers in different concentrations of NaCl

solution (1%, 2%, 5% and 10%) as well as acetic acid (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%

and 5%). The effect of long term storage on the nutrient contents of shoots was

studied by analyzing the preserved samples on monthly basis (Table 5-14).

Product development

For product development, the shoots were chopped into small pieces,

thoroughly washed under running water, subjected to pre treatment (as per species) to

remove the toxic and bitter components and then used. Following products were

made:

Bari

3 parts of pretreated bamboo shoots was mixed with 1 part of soaked pulse, red

chili powder, turmeric powder and salt as per taste. The mixture was then grinded into

coarse paste. Small equal sized balls were then made from the paste and dried in oven

for 3 days at 45-50 °C. Dried bari’s were then stored in airtight containers.

Preserved shoots



29

Bamboo baris

Bamboo baris



30

Bamboo pickle

Pickle

Bamboo shoots were cut into small pieces, treated and dried under fan for about 1

hour. Red chilli powder, turmeric powder, salt, roasted fenugreek seeds, mustard

seeds, black cumin seeds (kalonji) and asafoetida were mixed in a bowl, bamboo

shoots were then added and transferred to a sterile glass container. Mustard oil was

then heated till smoke comes, cooled for 10 minutes and poured into the container to

cover whole pickle. Container was shaken once a day and kept unopened for a week.

Sauce

Oil was heated in a saucepan, to this the spice bag made from muslin cloth

containing cumin seeds, cinnamon, cardamom and clove was dropped. Boiled and

mashed bamboo shoots along with garlic-ginger paste, red chili powder, sugar, salt to

taste and ½ cup water then added in the sauce pan, cooked on low flame till the water

evaporates and a thick syrup is formed. Spice bag was then removed, vinegar was

added and the sauce was transferred to sterile glass container.



31

Bamboo sauce

Crunches

1 part of pretreated shoots was mixed with cornflour, red chili powder and salt

to taste. Dough was prepared by adding little water. Long threads like crunches were

made and dried in oven for 2 days at 45-50 °C. Dried crunches were then stored in

airtight containers.

Bambno crunches



32

Papad

1 part of pretreated shoots was mixed with 1 part of boiled potatoes, red chili

powder, black pepper powder, cumin seeds and salt to taste. Mixture was then ground

to make a fine paste. Equal sized balls were then made from paste and each ball was

pressed to make round papads. Papads were then dried in oven for 2 days at 45-50 °C.

Dried papads were then stored in airtight containers.

Regular analysis of the products was done on monthly basis to observe the

change in nutritional status and determine the exact shelf life.

Statistical analysis

Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistix (PC DOS Version

2.0, N H Analytical Software) and SPSS (Version 14.0) software. Data are expressed

as means ± SD. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Statistically

best treatment was determined using Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05 level of

significance.

Bambno Papad



33



34

Analysis of fresh bamboo shoots

Table 2 depicts the various parameters recorded after collection of fresh

shoots. Percentage of edible portion was calculated and maximum was found in B.

bambos (60.86 ±11.79) followed by D. strictus (60.46 ± 13.5), D. asper (51.95 ±

15.45) and B. tulda (44.24 ± 14.4) (Fig 1).

Table 2: Edible portion percentage in different bamboo species

Species Length

(cm)

Diameter

(cm)

Fresh

weight (g)

Weight after

removing

sheath (g)

Edible

portion %

B. bamboos 50.1 ± 11.83 7.08 ± 0.96 1099.1 ±

364.41

669.13 ±

250.69

60.86

±11.79

B. tulda 33.43 ± 18.12 5.95 ± 1.03 477 ±

356.82

237.2 ±

233.01

44.24 ±

14.4

D. asper 51.85 ± 18.86 7.44 ± 1.79 927.89 ±

622.49

519.8 ±

444.47

51.95 ±

15.45

D. strictus 41.6 ± 16.96 4.13 ± 1.04 350.67 ±

248.39

224.41 ±

176.35

60.46 ±

13.5

Data is presented as mean ± SD.

Fig 1: Percentage of edible portion in selected bamboo species



35

Nutritional composition of fresh bamboo shoots of selected species is

presented in Table 3 and no significant difference was observed between the

nutritional compositions of studied species.

Table 3: Nutritional composition of fresh samples of bamboo shoots

D. asper D. strictus B. tulda B. bambos

Crude fiber (g/100g) 0.72 ± 0.05 c 0.96 ± 0.05 a 0.75 ± 0.05 b,c 0.82 ± 0.04 b

Carbohydrates (g/100g) 2.64 ± 0.67 a 2.98 ± 0.57 a 2.85 ± 0.04 a 2.32 ± 0.28 a

Proteins (g/100g) 1.45 ± 0.31 a 1.68 ± 0.30 a 1.46 ± 0.2 a 1.64 ± 0.23 a

Total Phenols (g/100g) 0.84 ± 0.25 a 1.25 ± 0.68 a 0.96 ± 0.56 a 0.76 ± 0.47 a

Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.017 ± 0 a 0.019 ± 0 a 0.019 ± 0 a 0.011 ± 0 b

Ascorbic acid (g/100g) 0.005 ± 0 a 0.004 ± 0 a 0.005 ± 0 a 0.005 ± 0 a

Potassium (g/100g) 0.49 ± 0.03 a 0.42 ± 0.04 a 0.43 ± 0.04 a 0.32 ± 0.03 b

Sodium (g/100g) 0.06 ± 0.03 a 0.05 ± 0.03 a 0.05 ± 0.02 a 0.05 ± 0.02 a

Phosphorus (g/100g) 0.04 ± 0.03 a 0.06 ± 0.04 a 0.04 ± 0.03 a 0.04 ± 0.03 a

Calcium (g/100g) 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.1 ± 0.03 a,b 0.09 ± 0.05 b 0.10 ± 0.02 a,b

Magnesium (g/100g) 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.01 a

Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.094 ± 0.017 a 0.117 ± 0.038 a 0.109 ± 0.032 a 0.072 ± 0.030 a

Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) 0.432 ± 0.059 a 0.702 ± 0.046 b 0.530 ± 0.043 c 0.362 ± 0.032 c

Vanillic acid (mg/g) 0.775 ± 0.024 a 1.931 ± 0.033 a 1.72 ± 0.028 a 0.618 ± 0.032 a

Caffeic acid (mg/g) 3.24 ± 0.066 a 1.163 ± 0.038 b 1.07 ± 0.024 b,c 0.465 ± 0.034 c

Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤ 0.05



36

Day wise analysis of fresh bamboo shoots

Edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of D. asper harvested on different days is presented in Table no. 4. The percentage of edible portion (53.50 ± 8.48) and total phenols (1.32 ± 0.1) initially increased with maximum on 12th day and then decreased. Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to harvesting days (maturity), however, the percentage of proteins decreased. Ascorbic acid, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of sodium and potassium. Concentration of gallic acid and chlorogenic acid initially increased upto 14th day however, the concentration of gallic acid became constant and that of chlorogenic acid decreased. Concentration of caffeic and vanillic acid was found to increase with the days of harvest, while the concentration of initially increased upto 14th day and then decreased.

Table no. 5 depicts the edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of D. strictus harvested on different days. The percentage of edible portion and total phenols initially increased and then decreased. Highest percentage of edible portion was found on 12th day (62.23 ± 6.59) and that of total phenols on 6th day (2.97 ± 0.19). Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to days of harvest (maturity), however, the percentage of proteins decreased. The concentration of ascorbic acid, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of sodium and potassium. Concentration of gallic acid, caffeic and vanillic acid increased with maturity, while the concentration of chlorogenic acid initially increased till 10th day and then decreased.

Table no. 6 represents the edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of B. tulda harvested on different days. The percentage of edible portion, proteins and total phenols initially increased and then decreased. Highest percentage of edible portion (53.72 ± 4.68) and proteins (1.29 ± 0.14) was found on 14th day and that of total phenols on 18th day (2.51 ± 0.14). Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to harvesting days (maturity). The concentration of ascorbic acid, phosphorous, sodium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of potassium and significant in calcium. Concentration of gallic acid and chlorogenic acid initially increased till 16th and 10th day respectively while the concentration of vanillic acid decreased and that of caffeic increased with respect to harvesting days.



37

Table 4: Edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of different aged shoots of D. asper

Days of Harvest

Constituent 8 day 10 day 12 day 14 day 16 day 18 day

Edible portion (g/100g) 46.81 ± 3.61 a 51.53 ± 8.19 a 53.50 ± 8.48 a 52.60 ± 5.21 a 52.30 ± 6.08 a 48.70 ± 8.84 a

Dietary fibers (g/100g) 0.72 ± 0.03 f 1.68 ± 0.04 e 2.34 ± 0.04 d 2.89 ± 0.03 c 3.35 ± 0.05 b 3.86 ± 0.03 a

Carbohydrates (g/100g) 1.44 ± 0.20 c 1.60± 0.08 b c 1.90 ± 0.23 a, b 2.12 ± 0.28 a 2.13 ± 0.22 a 2.21 ± 0.17 a

Proteins (g/100g) 1.21 ± 0.10 a 1.2 ± 0.10 a 1.18 ± 0.09 a 1.14 ± 0.19 a 1.10 ± 0.15 a 0.86 ± 0.19 b

Phenols (g/100g) 0.77 ± 0.04 d,e 0.92 ± 0.12 c 1.32 ± 0.10 a 1.09 ± 0.15 b 0.89 ± 0.15 c, d 0.71 ± 0.13 e

Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.016 ± 0.001 a 0.018 ± 0.000 b 0.019 ± 0.001 b 0.018 ± 0.000 b 0.020 ± 0.002 c 0.021 ± 0.001 c

Ascorbic acid (g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a

Sodium (g/100g) 0.04 ± 0.01 a,b 0.04 ± 0.02 a 0.06 ± 0.01 a 0.05 ± 0.02 a 0.04 ± 0.01 a, b 0.02 ± 0.0 b

Potassium (g/100g) 0.49 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.01 a 0.45 ± 0.02 b 0.42 ± 0.02 c 0.4 ± 0.0 c

Phosphorous (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.01 a 0.01 ± 0.01 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a

Calcium (g/100g) 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.02 a 0.16 ± 0.0 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a, b 0.14 ± 0.02 b, c 0.14 ± 0.02 c

Magnesium (g/100g) 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.0 a 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.03 a

Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.048 ± 0.017 a 0.052 ± 0.020 a 0.057 ± 0.017 a 0.067 ± 0.023 a 0.067 ± 0.015 a 0.067 ± 0.031 a

Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) 0.077 ± 0.022 d 0.183 ± 0.018 c 0.277 ± 0.025 c 0.58 ± 0.026 b 0.29 ± 0.020 b 0.184 ± 0.027 a

Vanillic acid (mg/g) 0.009 ± 0.015 c 0.02 ± 0.011 c 0.22 ± 0.020 c 0.47 ± 0.016 b,c 0.88 ± 0.017 a,b 1.262 ± 0.018 a

Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.382 ± 0.019 f 0.508 ± 0.012 e 0.665 ± 0.033 d 2.07 ± 0.023 c 4.41 ± 0.026 b 4.47 ± 0.028 a Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤ 0.05



38

Table 5: Nutritional composition of different aged shoots of D. strictus

Days of Harvest

Constituent 2 day 4 day 6 day 8 day 10 day 12 day 14 day 16 day

Edible portion (g/100g)

16.24 ± 5.92 d 36.65 ± 5.96 c 57.63 ± 7.31 a,b 59.24 ± 7.20 a,b 59.60 ± 7.70 a,b 62.23 ± 6.59 a 59.28 ± 8.32

a,b 47.53 ± 9.39

b,c Dietary fibres (g/100g) 0.52 ± 0.04 h 0.92 ± 0.04 g 1.59 ± 0.04 f 2.87 ± 0.03 e 3.36 ± 0.06 d 3.96 ± 0.05 c 4.68 ± 0.03 b 5.46 ± 0.04 a

Carbohydrates (g/100g)

1.42 ± 0.16 f 1.55 ± 0.18 e, f 1.83 ± 0.19 d, e 1.91 ± 0.18 c, d 2.12 ± 0.17

b,c,d 2.18 ± 0.23

a,b,c 2.27 ± 0.19 a,b 2.46 ± 0.12 a

Proteins (g/100g) 1.72 ± 0.15 a 1.6 ± 0.13 a 1.48 ± 0.19 a, b 1.34 ± 0.16 b, c 1.22 ± 0.25 c, d 1.01 ± 0.18 d, e 0.93 ± 0.15 e 0.8 ± 0.14 e Phenols (g/100g) 1.92 ± 0.21 a 2.4 ± 0.16 b 2.97 ± 0.19 c 2.04 ± 0.18 c, d 1.77 ± 0.19 d, e 1.65 ± 0.19 e 1.32 ± 0.17 f 1.04 ± 0.20 g

Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.001 a 0.015 ± 0.001 b 0.015 ± 0.0 b 0.015 ± 0.0 b 0.021 ± 0.001 c 0.03 ± 0.004 d 0.032 ± 0.003

d Ascorbic acid (g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a

Sodium (g/100g) 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.04 ± 0.01 a, b 0.04 ± 0.01 a 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c Potassium (g/100g) 0.52 ± 0.03 a 0.5 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.01 a 0.49 ± 0.0 a 0.45 ± 0.03 b 0.4 ± 0.0 c 0.39 ± 0.02 c, d 0.36 ± 0.0 d

Phosphorous (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a Calcium (g/100g) 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.02 a 0.14 ± 0.02 a, b 0.15 ± 0.01 a, b 0.14 ± 0.01 b 0.14 ± 0.01 b 0.14 ± 0.02 b 0.12 ± 0.02 c

Magnesium (g/100g) 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.02 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.1 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.01 b

Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.040 ± 0.012

f 0.059 ± 0.015

e,f 0.072 ± 0.023

d,e,f 0.088 ± 0.026 c,d

0.102 ± 0.030 b,c

0.126 ± 0.014 a,b

0.144 ± 0.022 a 0.173 ± 0.020

a Chlorogenic acid

(mg/g) 0.092 ± 0.042

g 0.143 ± 0.032 f 0.306 ± 0.024 e 0.42 ± 0.020 d 0.99 ± 0.020 a 0.89 ± 0.030 b 0.631 ± 0.016 c

0.464 ± 0.018 d

Vanillic acid (mg/g) 0.273 ± 0.032

g 0.598 ± 0.024 f 0.805 ± 0.019 e 0.993 ± 0.022 d 2.01 ± 0.018 c 2.222 ± 0.018 b 2.436 ± 0.021a

2.563 ± 0.016 f

Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.258 ± 0.022

g 0.466 ± 0.032 f 0.575 ± 0.035 e 0.613 ± 0.028 e 0.782 ± 0.017 d 0.974 ± 0.022 c 1.19 ± 0.018 b

1.317 ± 0.020 a

Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤0.05



39

Table 6: Nutritional analysis of different aged shoots of B. tulda

Days of Harvest

Constituent 4 day 6 day 8 day 10 day 12 day 14 day 16 day 18 day 20 day

Edible portion (g/100g) 24.53 ± 4.04 e 32.73 ± 6.43 d,

e 38.97 ± 6.04

b,c,d 41.73 ± 3.51

b,c,d 45.04 ± 5.99

a,b,c 53.72 ± 4.68 a 49.91 ± 6.34 a,b

42.76 ± 4.39 b,c,d

35.14 ± 5.88 c,d

Dietary fibres (g/100g) 0.79 ± 0.05 i 1.22 ± 0.03 h 1.77 ± 0.03 g 2.18 ± 0.03 f 2.71 ± 0.05 e 3.22 ± 0.03 d 3.98 ± 0.04 c 4.57 ± 0.03 b 5.20 ± 0.03 a

Carbohydrates (g/100g) 1.91 ± 0.19 e 1.97 ± 0.19 e 2.16 ± 0.18 e 2.21 ± 0.24 d, e 2.51 ± 0.14 c,e 2.75 ± 0.14 e 3.31 ± 0.15 b 3.7 ± 0.17 a 3.89 ± 0.18 a

Proteins (g/100g) 0.51 ± 0.20 c 0.43 ± 0.18 c 0.95 ± 0.19 b 1.06 ± 0.21 a, b 1.13 ± 0.17 a,b 1.29 ± 0.14 a 1.15 ± 0.20 a, b 1.02 ± 0.21 a,b 0.89 ± 0.27 a

Phenols (g/100g) 0.57 ± 0.21 f 0.62 ± 0.27 e,f 0.96 ± 0.25 d, e, f 1.15 ± 0.34 d 1.11 ± 0.38 d,e 1.33 ± 0.22 c,d 1.81 ± 0.27 b,

c 2.51 ± 0.14 a 1.86 ± 0.36 b

Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.022 ± 0.01 a,b 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.0 a 0.021 ± 0.0 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.0 a 0.022 ± 0.01

a,b 0.025 ± 0.04

b,c 0.025 ± 0.04

c Ascorbic acid

(g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a

Sodium (g/100g) 0.02 ± 0.01 b 0.03 ± 0.01 a,b 0.03 ± 0.01 a, b 0.03 ± 0.0 a 0.03 ± 0.0 a 0.02 ± 0.01 b 0.02 ± 0.0 a,b 0.03 ± 0.02 a,b 0.02 ± 0.0.0. a,b

Potassium (g/100g) 0.33 ± 0.03 c 0.33 ± 0.0 c 0.41 ± 0.06 a 0.41 ± 0.05 a, b 0.3 ± 0.04 c,d 0.34 ± 0.06 b,c 0.34 ± 0.05 b,c 0.25 ± 0.01 d,e 0.21 ± 0.03 e Phosphorous

(g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a

Calcium (g/100g) 0.1 ± 0.02 f 0.12 ± 0.03 e,f 0.14 ± 0.0 d, e 0.14 ± 0.02 d, e 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d,e

0.16 ± 0.02 b, c,d

0.18 ± 0.03 a,b,c 0.18 ± 0.0 a,b 0.2 ± 0.0 a

Magnesium (g/100g) 0.12 ± 0.02 b 0.12 ± 0.0 b 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.14 ± 0.02 a 0.15 ± 0.0 a 0.15 ± 0.0 a

Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.041 ± 0.015 e

0.056 ± 0.019 d,e

0.076 ± 0.019 c,d

0.085 ± 0.030 c,d

0.105 ± 0.021 b,c

0.112 ± 0.017 b,c 0.25 ± 0.021 a 0.127 ± 0.016 b 0.129 ± 0.013

b Chlorogenic acid

(mg/g) 0.02 ± 0.013 h 0.112 ± 0.017 e,f 0.72 ± 0.013 b 1.6 ± 0.017 a 0.53 ± 0.015 c 0.36 ± 0.014 d 0.121 ± 0.012

e 0.091 ± 0.022 f 0.052 ± 0.019 g

Vanillic acid (mg/g) 4.483 ± 0.018 a 3.4 ± 0.017 b 3.05 ± 0.019 c 1.84 ± 0.015 d 1.67 ± 0.025 e 1.1 ± 0.020 f 0.925 ± 0.013

g 0.732 ± 0.016 h 0.61 ± 0.021 i

Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.423 ± 0.015 i 0.55 ± 0.021 h 0.68 ± 0.026 g 0.82 ± 0.020 f 1.02 ± 0.015 e 1.183 ± 0.021 d 1.326 ± 0.015 c 1.41 ± 0.017 b 1.582 ± 0.018

a Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤ .05



40

Precooking processing of bamboo shoots

Among all other treatments used for precooking processing, hot water and

saline water treatment were found to be superior. 10% saline solution treatment is not

suitable for processing for bamboo shoots because after this treatment the samples

become very hygroscopic, and it was difficult to remove the moisture from the shoots

for long term storage. Sodium bicarbonate and ethanol treatments were also not found

suitable for processing because, the samples became coloured on processing by these

methods. Thus, the fresh bamboo shoots were processed in hot water and NaCl

solution.

Table 7 represents nutritional composition of B. bambos shoots after

processing. It reveals that the best method for reducing the concentration of

cyanogens (0.011± 0 g/100g in fresh shoots to 0.002 ± 0 g/100g after treatment) was

boiling shoots in 5% NaCl for 15 minutes along with the retention of 1.94 ± 0.015

g/100g total carbohydrates, 1.45 ± 0.04 g/100g total proteins, 0.28 ± 0.006 g/100g total

phenols, 0.08 ± 0g/100g calcium, 0.15 ± 0.006 g/100g magnesium, 0.53 ± 0.006

g/100g sodium, 0.25 ± 0.006 g/100g potassium and 0.03 ± 0g/100g phosphorus.

Table 8 denotes the amount of nutrients and anti-nutrients in treated samples

of B. tulda. The best method for reducing the concentration of cyanogens (0.016 ±

0.001 g/100g in fresh shoots to 0.006 ± 0.001 g/100g after treatment) was boiling

shoots in 1 % NaCl for 10 minutes along with the retention of 2.65 ± 0.006 g/100g

total carbohydrates, 1.32 ± 0.006 g/100g total proteins, 0.38 ± 0.01 g/100g total

phenols, 0.06 ± 0.01 g/100g phosphorus, 0.10 ± 0 g/100g magnesium, 0.44 ± 0 g/100g

sodium, 0.33 ± 0 g/100g potassium and 0.00 g/100g calcium.

Table 9 depicts the amount of nutrients and anti-nutrients in the shoots of D.

asper after treatment. It reveals that the best method for reducing the concentration

of cyanogens (0.016 ± 0.001 g/100g in fresh shoots to 0.002 ± 0 g/100g after

treatment) was boiling shoots in 5% NaCl for 10 minutes along with the retention

of 1.92 ± 0.007 g/100g total carbohydrates, 0.28 ± 0.025 g/100g total proteins, 0.07 ±

0.015 g/100g total phenols, 0.06 ± 0 g/100g phosphorus, 0.02 ± 0 g/100g magnesium,

0.78 ± 0 g/100g sodium, 0.50 ± 0 g/100g potassium and 0.08 ± 0 g/100g calcium.



41

Table 7: Nutritional composition in treated samples of B. bambos (in g/100g)

Treatments 10 min boiling

15 min boiling

20 min boiling

25 min boiling

Carbohydrates

Water 2.02 ± 0.01 1.86 ± 0.006 0.98 ± 0.01 0.80 ± 0 1 % NaCl 2.00 ± 0.01 1.58 ± 0.025 1.00 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.015 5 % NaCl 2.14 ± 0.015 1.94 ± 0.015 1.22 ± 0.015 0.74 ± 0.01 10 % NaCl 1.97 ± 0.015 1.12 ± 0.015 0.94 ± 0.006 0.82 ± 0.006

Proteins

Water 1.40 ± 0.01 1.12 ± 0.025 0.87 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.03 1 % NaCl 1.53 ± 0 1.20 ± 0.045 0.64 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.025 5 % NaCl 1.64 ± 0.015 1.45 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.006 0.52 ± 0.032 10 % NaCl 1.48 ± 0.025 1.15 ± 0.025 0.86 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.045

Cyanogens

Water 0.009 ± 0.001 0.007 ± 0.001 0.004 ± 0 0.000 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.006 ± 0 0.006 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.005 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.007 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0

Phenols

Water 0.30 ± 0.035 0.25 ± 0.006 0.18 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.28 ± 0.025 0.22 ± 0.006 0.15 ± 0 0.09 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 0.34 ± 0.006 0.28 ± 0.006 0.19 ± 0.006 0.11 ± 0.00 10 % NaCl 0.29 ± 0 0.17± 0.015 0.11 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.006

Calcium

Water 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 1 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 5 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 0.00 10 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 0.00

Magnesium

Water 0.15 ± 0 0.15 ± 0 0.12 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.14 ± 0 0.11 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.16 ± 0 0.15 ± 0.006 0.12 ± 0.006 0.11 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.13 ± 0.006 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 0.06 ± 0.006

Sodium

Water 0.07 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.006 1 % NaCl 0.26 ± 0.006 0.25 ± 0.006 0.38 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 0.45 ± 0.006 0.53 ± 0.006 0.78 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.012 10 % NaCl 0.94 ± 0.006 1.00 ± 0 0.96 ± 0.006 1.15 ± 0.006

Potassium

Water 0.31 ± 0.006 0.22 ± 0.006 0.18 ± 0.006 0.12 ± 0.015 1 % NaCl 0.28 ± 0.006 0.20 ± 0 0.15 ± 0.006 0.09 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 0.30 ± 0.015 0.25 ± 0.006 0.19 ± 0.006 0.11 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 0.24 ± 0.015 0.18 ± 0.006 0.12 ± 0.006 0.08 ± 0.006

Phosphorus

Water 0.05 ± 0.006 0.03 ± 0.006 0.02 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.03 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.04 ± 0 0.03 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3)



42

Table 8: Nutritional composition in treated samples of B. tulda (in g/100g)


15 min boiling 20 min boiling 25 min

boiling

Carbohydrates


Proteins

Water 1.63 ± 0.015 1.60 ± 0.01 1.58 ± 0.006 1.52 ± 0 1 % NaCl 1.59 ± 0.006 1.32 ± 0.02 1.07 ± 0.015 1.05 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 1.65 ± 0.006 1.54 ± 0.006 1.45 ± 0.006 1.06 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 1.66 ± 0.025 1.24 ± 0.035 1.10 ± 0.015 1.00 ± 0.006

Cyanogens

Water 0.010 ± 0 0.005 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.006 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0 0.005 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.012 ± 0.001 0.009 ± 0.001 0.004 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.010 ± 0.001 0.006 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0

Phenols

Water 0.31 ± 0 0.31 ± 0 0.30 ± 0 0.30 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.38 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0 0.22 ± 0 0.22 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.33 ± 0 0.28 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0 0.25 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.35 ± 0 0.26 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0 0.24 ± 0

Magnesium

Water 0.12 ± 0 0.12 ± 0.006 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0.006 1 % NaCl 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0.012 0.07 ± 0 0.07 ± 0.01 5 % NaCl 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0.012 0.10 ± 0 0.02 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 0.12 ± 0 0.12 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0 0.05 ± 0.006

Sodium

Water 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0.006 0.10 ± 0 0.11 ± 0.025 1 % NaCl 0.44 ± 0 0.44 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0 0.39 ± 0.015 5 % NaCl 0.80 ± 0 0.86 ± 0.015 1.00 ± 0 1.02 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 1.22 ± 0 1.25 ± 0.006 1.33 ± 0 1.35 ± 0.006

Potassium

Water 0.30 ± 0 0.28 ± 0.006 0.15 ± 0 0.15 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.33 ± 0 0.29 ± 0.006 0.15 ± 0 0.13 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.23 ± 0 0.16 ± 0.006 0.13 ± 0 0.13 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.17 ± 0 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0 0.12 ± 0

Phosphorus

Water 0.07 ± 0.006 0.07± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.006 0.04± 0.015 1 % NaCl 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 0.06 ± 0.006 0.05 ± 0.006 0.03 ± 0.006 0.03 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 0.05 ± 0.006 0.05± 0.006 0.05 ± 0.015 0.04 ± 0.012

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3). Calcium is not tabulated as its value decreased to zero.



43

Table 9: Nutritional status in treated samples of D. asper (in g/100g)

Treatments 10 min boiling 15 min boiling 20 min

boiling 25 min boiling

Carbohydrates

Water 3.14 ± 0.006 2.20 ± 0.006 1.27 ± 0.01 0.94± 0.006 1 % NaCl 1.88 ±0.006 1.45 ± 0.01 1.27 ± 0.02 1.27± 0.01 5 % NaCl 1.92 ± 0.007 1.59 ± 0.01 1.59 ± 0.015 0.98 ± 0.012 10 % NaCl 2.16 ± 0.01 1.17 ± 0.01 1.31 ± 0.006 0.84± 0.012

Proteins

Water 0.28 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.015 1 % NaCl 0.24 ± 0 0.21 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.015 5 % NaCl 0.28 ± 0.025 0.18 ± 0.006 0.26 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01 10 % NaCl 0.26 ± 0.023 0.28 ± 0.015 0.16 ± 0.015 0.20 ± 0

Cyanogen

Water 0.004 ± 0.001 0.004 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.003 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.002 ± 0 0.002 ± 0 0.001 ± 0.001 0.001 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.003 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0 0.002 ± 0.001 0.001 ± 0

Phenols

Water 0.08 ± 0.015 0.07 ± 0.015 0.07 ± 0.015 0.04 ± 0.01 1 % NaCl 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 5 % NaCl 0.07 ± 0.015 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.12 ± 0.015 0.09 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.015 0.07± 0.006

Calcium

Water 0.10 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 1 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 5 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 0.00 10 % NaCl 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 0.00 0.00

Magnesium

Water 0.17 ± 0 0.17 ± 0 0.17 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.05 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 0.14 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.02 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.05 ± 0 0.12 ± 0 0.10 ± 0 0.05 ± 0

Sodium


Potassium


Phosphorus

Water 0.07 ± 0.006 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.006 0.05 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.06 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.06 ± 0 0.05 ± 0.006 0.05 ± 0.006 0.05 ± 0.006 10 % NaCl 0.04 ± 0.006 0.03 ± 0.006 0.02 ± 0 0.02 ± 0

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3)



44

Table 10 shows the amount of nutrients and anti-nutrients in treated samples

of D. strictus. It shows that the best method for reducing the concentration of

cyanogens (0.018 ± 0.001 g/100g in fresh shoots to 0.003 ± 0.001 g/100g after

treatment) was boiling shoots in 1 % NaCl for 15 minutes along with the retention

of 1.03 ± 0.025 g/100g total carbohydrates, 1.29 ± 0.015 g/100g total proteins, 0.16 ±

0.015 g/100g total phenols, 0.03 ± 0 g/100g phosphorus, 0.07 ± 0 g/100g magnesium,

0.27 ± 0.01 g/100g sodium, 0.23 ± 0 g/100g potassium and 0.00 g/100g calcium.

Table 10: Nutritional status in treated samples of D. strictus (in g/100g)


15 min boiling

20 min boiling

25 min boiling

Carbohydrates


Proteins

Water 1.34 ± 0.045 0.96 ± 0.006 0.80 ± 0.025 0.72 ± 0.012 1 % NaCl 1.52 ± 0.025 1.29 ± 0.015 1.00 ± 0.035 0.68 ± 0.02 5 % NaCl 1.46 ± 0.006 1.00 ± 0 0.70 ± 0.012 0.56 ± 0.01 10 % NaCl 1.21 ± 0.015 1.00 ± 0.035 0.68 ± 0 0.43 ± 0.01

Cyanogen

Water 0.016 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0.001 0.000 0.000 1 % NaCl 0.008 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.001 0.000 0.000 5 % NaCl 0.005 ± 0 0.003 ± 0.001 0.000 0.000 10 % NaCl 0.001 ± 0 0.001 ± 0 0.000 0.000

Phenols

Water 0.11 ± 0.006 0.09 ± 0.015 0.09 ± 0.025 0.05 ± 0.006 1 % NaCl 0.20 ± 0.015 0.16 ± 0.015 0.08 ± 0.015 0.06 ± 0.015 5 % NaCl 0.15 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.015 0.08 ± 0.015 10 % NaCl 0.16 ± 0.006 0.16 ± 0.025 0.10 ± 0.006 0.06 ± 0.006

Magnesium

Water 0.12 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 0.02 ± 0 0.00 1 % NaCl 0.12 ± 0 0.07 ± 0 0.07 ± 0 0.03 ± 0 5 % NaCl 0.17 ± 0 0.07 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 0.03 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.22 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 0.05 ± 0 0.00

Sodium

Water 0.09 ± 0.006 0.09 ± 0.006 0.08 ± 0 0.08 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.27 ± 0.006 0.27 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.006 0.27 ± 0.01 5 % NaCl 0.75 ± 0.006 0.67 ± 0.01 0.5 ± 0.006 0.5 ± 0.01 10 % NaCl 0.98 ± 0.006 1.20 ± 0.006 1.25 ± 0.01 1.42 ± 0.02

Potassium


Phosphorus

Water 0.06 ± 0.006 0.04 ± 0.015 0.02 ± 0.006 0.02 ± 0 1 % NaCl 0.03 ± 0 0.03 ± 0 0.03 ± 0 0.03 ± 0.006 5 % NaCl 0.07 ± 0.015 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 10 % NaCl 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0 0.01 ± 0

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3). Value of Calcium and Ascorbic acid arem not tabulated as they decreased to zero.



45

Value addition in bamboo shoots

Preservation of shoots

The texture of shoots in the preserved samples was good without any change in

colour. Hence, it is concluded that the shoots can be preserved in brine (salt) solution and

vinegar for use after the season. Table 11-20 shows the changes in concentration of

different constituents with respect to time.

Product development

The products made from bamboo shoots are good in taste, texture and accepted in

terms of flavour, odour and appearance as assessed by the organoleptic and sensory

evaluation. Table 21 and 23 represents the nutritional status of different bamboo shoot

products made in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Preliminary data reveals that products

contain good amount of nutrients and the value addition has increased their nutritive

value. Table 22 and 24 shows the nutritional data of products after six and seven months

respectively and it has been observed that the amount of nutrients has decreased at a

considerable rate.

The data revealed that baris and sauce are good to consume within 6 months

while pickle, papad and crunches should be consumed in 8 months and from the

processing date. Further analysis was not done due to microbial contamination of the

products (in bari) and change in texture and taste of papads.



46

Table 11: Change in concentration of carbohydrate (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Carbohydrate (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 2.42 ± 0.03 1.82 ± 0.03 1.14 ± 0.04 0.81 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03 TC - D. asper 1.83 ± 0.04 1.59 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.02 0.83 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.04 TC - D. strictus 2.02 ± 0.01 1.8± 0.02 1.65 ± 0.03 1.18 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.04 TC -

0.2% acetic acid B. tulda 2.4 ± 0.01 1.86± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.04 TC - D. asper 1.82 ± 0.01 1.72± 0.03 1.3 ± 0.04 0.92 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.03 TC - D. strictus 2.09 ± 0.01 1.82 ± 0.03 1.62 ± 0.02 1.32 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.03 TC -

0.5% acetic acid B. tulda 2.49 ± 0.01 1.95± 0.03 1.21 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.03 TC - D. asper 1.86 ± 0.01 1.59 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.03 0.83 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.03 TC - D. strictus 2.1± 0.57 1.82 ± 0.03 1.7 ± 0.03 1.35 ± 0.04 0.9 ± 0.04 TC -

1% acetic acid B. tulda 2.52 ± 0.01 2.04 ± 0.02 1.52± 0.03 1.2 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.05 TC D. asper 1.88 ± 0.01 1.7 ± 0.02 1.35 ± 0.03 0.9 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.03 TC - D. strictus 2.15± 0.02 1.86 ± 0.03 1.72 ± 0.04 1.3 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.03 TC -

2% acetic acid B. tulda 2.6± 0.01 2.13 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.04 TC D. asper 2± 0.01 1.86 ± 0.04 1.52 ± 0.03 1.18 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.03 0.67 ± 0.04 TC D. strictus 2.29 ± 0.01 2.05 ± 0.03 1.88 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 1.09 ± 0.04 0.86 ± 0.04 TC

5% acetic acid B. tulda 2.78 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.02 1.96 ± 0.04 1.34 ± 0.04 0.95 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.04 TC D. asper 1.95 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.04 1.12 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.04 TC D. strictus 2.36 ± 0.02 2.12 ± 0.03 1.86 ± 0.03 1.52 ± 0.03 1.18 ± 0.04 0.95 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.02

1% NaCl B. tulda 2.46 ± 0.02 1.97 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 TC - D. asper 1.86 ± 0.02 1.62 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.03 1 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.03 TC - D. strictus 2.12 ± 0.02 1.96 ± 0.03 1.62 ± 0.03 1.28 ± 0.03 1 ± 0.01 TC -

2% NaCl B. tulda 2.8 ± 0.02 2.53 ± 0.03 2.28 ± 0.03 1.92 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.03 D. asper 1.96± 0.01 1.85 ± 0.03 1.64 ± 0.04 1.33 ± 0.03 1.11 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.03 D. strictus 2.32± 0.02 2.08 ± 0.02 1.88 ± 0.05 1.58 ± 0.04 1.33 ± 0.03 1.11 ± 0.04 0.92 ± 0.02

5% NaCl B. tulda 2.82± 0.02 2.65 ± 0.03 2.32 ± 0.03 2.04 ± 0.03 1.76 ± 0.05 1.28 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.04 D. asper 1.99 ± 0.01 1.62 ± 0.03 1.4 ± 0.06 1.18 ± 0.02 0.96 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.02 0.3 ± 0.02 D. strictus 2.41 ± 0.02 2.24 ± 0.04 2.03 ± 0.03 1.85 ± 0.03 1.64 ± 0.04 1.4 ± 0.02 1.18 ± 0.02

10% NaCl B. tulda 2.76 ± 0.02 2.44 ± 0.04 2.19 ± 0.03 1.92 ± 0.03 1.62 ± 0.01 1.09 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.04 D. asper 1.84± 0.01 1.65 ± 0.03 1.38 ± 0.04 1.05 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.03 TC D. strictus 2.28± 0.02 2.04 ± 0.03 1.88 ± 0.03 1.65 ± 0.04 1.38 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.02 TC

Data is presented as means ± SD (n=3). TC= Texture change



47

Table 12: Change in concentration of proteins (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatments Species Proteins (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 1.14 ± 0.05 0.91 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.01 TC - D. asper 0.98 ± 0.04 0.76 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 TC - D. strictus 1.2 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03 0.2 ± 0.01 TC -



1% acetic acid B. tulda 1.12 ± 0.04 0.98 ± 0.04 0.69 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 TC D. asper 1.04 ± 0.06 0.8 ± 0.04 0.5 ± 0.04 0.2 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 TC - D. strictus 1.25 ± 0.05 1.08 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.04 0.49 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 TC -

2% acetic acid B. tulda 1.13 ± 0.03 0.98 ± 0.04 0.71 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.04 0.1 ± 0.02 TC D. asper 1.09 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.04 0.62 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02 TC D. strictus 1.4 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.05 0.98 ± 0.03 0.58 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.01 TC

5% acetic acid B. tulda 1.16 ± 0.05 1.02 ± 0.04 0.85 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.05 0.28 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.01 TC D. asper 1.1 ± 0.03 0.88 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.01 0.00 D. strictus 1.39 ± 0.03 1.22 ± 0.03 1.03 ± 0.03 0.84 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.01 TC

1% NaCl B. tulda 1.02 ± 0.04 0.86 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 TC - D. asper 0.98 ± 0.03 0.77 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 TC - D. strictus 1.22 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.04 0.96 ± 0.05 0.6 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.05 TC -

2% NaCl B. tulda 1.19 ± 0.03 1.05 ± 0.05 0.86 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.1 ± 0.01 - D. asper 1.08 ± 0.04 0.87 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 D. strictus 1.38 ± 0.04 1.25 ± 0.04 1.09 ± 0.05 0.79 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01

5% NaCl B. tulda 1.2 ± 0.02 1.12 ± 0.03 0.98 ± 0.04 0.59 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.04 TC D. asper 1.12 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 D. strictus 1.35 ± 0.04 1.2 ± 0.04 1.1 ± 0.05 0.83 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.1 ± 0.01

10% NaCl B. tulda 1.09 ± 0.03 0.93 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.02 - D. asper 0.97 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.05 0.52 ± 0.05 0.26 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 TC D. strictus 1.17 ± 0.05 0.98 ± 0.04 0.75 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 TC




48

Table 13: Change in concentration of total phenols (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Phenols (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 1.31 ± 0.03 0.98 ± 0.04 0.6 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 TC - D. asper 0.8 ± 0.03 0.44 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.01 0.00 TC - D. strictus 1.75 ± 0.03 1.41 ± 0.05 1.02 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 TC -

0.2% acetic acid B. tulda 1.32 ± 0.04 1 ± 0.04 0.63 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 TC - D. asper 0.82 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.00 TC - D. strictus 1.76 ± 0.06 1.4 ± 0.01 1.02 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 TC -

0.5% acetic acid B. tulda 1.35 ± 0.05 0.94 ± 0.04 0.58 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 TC - D. asper 0.82 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.00 TC - D. strictus 1.79 ± 0.06 1.46 ± 0.01 1.06 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01 TC -

1% acetic acid B. tulda 1.43 ± 0.03 1.12 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.07 TC D. asper 0.8 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.00 TC - D. strictus 1.79 ± 0.03 1.45 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.02 TC -

2% acetic acid B. tulda 1.42 ± 0.03 1.14 ± 0.01 0.77 ± 0.02 0.4 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 TC D. asper 0.85 ± 0.03 0.51 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 TC D. strictus 1.85 ± 0.03 1.51 ± 0.02 1.11 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 TC

5% acetic acid B. tulda 1.43 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.01 0.8 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 TC D. asper 0.86 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 D. strictus 1.87 ± 0.03 1.53 ± 0.02 1.12 ± 0.03 0.66 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02 TC

1% NaCl B. tulda 1.29 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.04 0.3 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 TC - D. asper 0.79 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.00 TC - D. strictus 1.8 ± 0.04 1.45 ± 0.05 1.08 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.01 TC -

2% NaCl B. tulda 1.4 ± 0.04 1.1 ± 0.02 0.73 ± 0.05 0.41 ± 0.03 0.2 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 - D. asper 0.84 ± 0.01 0.5 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 D. strictus 1.82 ± 0.03 1.5 ± 0.02 1.1 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.03 0.2 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.00

5% NaCl B. tulda 1.39 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.03 0.7 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 - D. asper 0.86 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 D. strictus 1.84 ± 0.02 1.53 ± 0.50 1.12 ± 0.03 0.68 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.00

10% NaCl B. tulda 1.3 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.03 0.55 ± 0.05 0.3 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 TC D. asper 0.82 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 TC D. strictus 1.76 ± 0.01 1.41 ± 0.01 1 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 TC




49

Table 14: Change in concentration of cyanogens (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Cyanogens (g/100g)

Sept. Oct. Nov.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.015 ± 0.0 0.009 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.012 ± 0.0 0.005 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.005 ± 0.0 0.00



1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.015 ± 0.0 0.009 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.011 ± 0.0 0.005 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.004 ± 0.0 0.00



1% NaCl B. tulda 0.015 ± 0.0 0.008 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.011 ± 0.0 0.005 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.005 ± 0.0 0.00



10% NaCl

B. tulda 0.014 ± 0.0 0.008± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.011 ± 0.0 0.004± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.004± 0.0 0.00

Data is presented as means ± SD (n=3).



50

Table 15: Change in concentration of potassium (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Potassium (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

0.1% acetic acid

B. tulda 0.32 ± 0.04 0.17± 0.0 0.08 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.3 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.0 0.06 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.26 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.0 0.05 ± 0.0 0.00

0.2% acetic acid

B. tulda 0.3 ± 0.0 0.16 ± 0.0 0.07 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.26 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.0 0.04 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.31 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.0 0.08 ± 0.0 0.00

0.5% acetic acid


1% acetic acid


2% acetic acid


5% acetic acid


1% NaCl B. tulda 0.3 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.0 0.07 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.28 ± 0.0 0.12 ± 0.0 0.04 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.28 ± 0.0 0.14 ± 0.0 0.05 ± 0.0 0.00







51

Table 16: Change in concentration of sodium (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Sodium (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.05 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. asper 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. strictus 0.08 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC -

0.2% acetic acid B. tulda 0.04 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. asper 0.07 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. strictus 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC -

0.5% acetic acid B. tulda 0.05 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. asper 0.02 ± 0.0 0.02 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. strictus 0.06 ± 0.01 0.01± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC -

1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.05 ± 0.0 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC D. asper 0.03 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC - D. strictus 0.08 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC -

2% acetic acid B. tulda 0.07 ± 0.0 0.02 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC D. asper 0.03 ± 0.0 0.02 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC D. strictus 0.10 ± 0.1 0.02 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC

5% acetic acid B. tulda 0.07 ± 0.0 0.02 ± 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC D. asper 0.03 ± 0.0 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 D. strictus 0.11 ± 0.0 0.03 ± 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TC

1% NaCl B. tulda 0.43 ± 0.0 0.35 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 TC - D. asper 0.36 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 TC - D. strictus 0.37 ± 0.0 0.25 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.1 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 TC -

2% NaCl B. tulda 0.68 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.0 0.29 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 D. asper 0.53 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.0 0.16 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 D. strictus 0.42 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01

5% NaCl B. tulda 0.6 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 D. asper 0.60 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.0 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 D. strictus 0.5 ± 0.05 0.41 ± 0.07 0.34 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01

10% NaCl B. tulda 0.77 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 D. asper 0.77 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.05 0.55 ± 0.05 0.41 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 TC D. strictus 0.72 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.06 0.52 ± 0.02 0.4 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 TC




52

Table 17: Change in concentration of phosphorus (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Phosphorus (g/100g) Sept. Oct.

0.1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00



1% acetic acid B. tulda 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00



1% NaCl B. tulda 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00







53

Table 18: Change in concentration of calcium (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Calcium (g/100g) Sept. Oct. Nov.

0.1% acetic acid

B. tulda 0.08 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.0 0.00 D. asper 0.05 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.0 0.00 D. strictus 0.06 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.0 0.00

0.2% acetic acid


0.5% acetic acid


1% acetic acid


2% acetic acid


5% acetic acid









54

Table 19: Change in concentration of magnesium (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Magnesium (g/100g)

Sept. Oct. Nov.

0.1% acetic acid


0.2% acetic acid


0.5% acetic acid


1% acetic acid


2% acetic acid


5% acetic acid









55

Table 20: Change in concentration of ascorbic acid (g/100g) in preserved samples

Treatment Species Ascorbic acid (g/100g)

Sept. Oct.














56

Table 21: Nutritional status of bamboo products in the month of September 2009 (initial data) (g/100g) S. No Product name Carbohydrates Proteins Phenols Cyanogens Na K P Ca Mg

1 Bari (D. asper + Chana) (Jabalpur) 38.38 ± 0.02 1.65 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.01 0.002 ± 0.001 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00

2 Bari (D. asper + Urad) (Jabalpur) 18.35 ± 0.02 2.01 ± 0.0 0.42 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.001 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00

3 Bari (D. asper + Soya) (Jabalpur) 8.31 ± 0.01 1.92 ± 0.0 0.48 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00

4 Bari (D. asper + Moong) (Jabalpur) 20.85 ± 0.02 1.68 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 5 Bari (D. strictus + Urad) (Maharashtra) 25.08 ± 0.02 5.9 ± 0.03 0.98 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.001 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01 6 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Maharashtra) 34.46 ± 0.03 5.8 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.0 7 Bari (D. strictus + Soya) (Maharashtra) 10.21 ± 0.02 4.2 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.00 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.0 0.24 ± 0.03 8 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Maharashtra) 40.55 ± 0.01 5.46 ± 0.03 1.09 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.0 9 Bari (B.Bambos + Chana) (Balaghat) 35.55 ± 0.01 3.95 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.0

10 Bari (B.Bambos + Urad) (Balaghat) 17.5 ± 0.01 3.98 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.0 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.0 11 Bari (B.Bambos + Moong) (Balaghat) 34.69 ± 0.02 4.15 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.0 0.001 ± 0.00 3.1 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.0 12 Bari (B.Bambos + Soya) (Balaghat) 9.49 ± 0.02 3.52 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.001 3.2 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.0 13 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Jabalpur) 32.11 ± 0.03 5.02 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.001 3.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.0 0.21 ± 0.01 14 Bari (D. strictus + Urad) (Jabalpur) 21.57 ± 0.02 6.03 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.0

15 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Jabalpur) 28.52 ± 0.02 2.25 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.03 0.001 ± 0.00 3.1 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.0

16 Bari (D. strictus + Soya) (Jabalpur) 11.25 ± 0.01 4.35 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.21± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.0 0.22 ± 0.0 17 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Balaghat) 36.1 ± 0.02 2.34 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.0 0.21 ± 0.01 18 Bari (D. strictus + Urad) (Balaghat) 20.29 ± 0.02 2.46 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.001 3.2 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.0 0.20 ± 0.0 19 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Balaghat) 26.68 ± 0.02 1.84 ± 0.01 1.02 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.2 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01 20 Papad (D. stictus) (Jabalpur) 73.71 ± 0.03 2.06 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 21 Sauce (D. stictus) (Jabalpur) 3.33 ± 0.04 0.46 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.00 1.6 ± 0.02 1.2 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 22 Crunches (D. stictus) (Jabalpur) 54.85 ± 0.03 1.75 ± 0.03 0.8 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.02 1.5 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 23 Pickle (D. asper) (Jabalpur) 1.40 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.01 0.50 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.00 3.5 ± 0.03 1.76 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 24 Pickle (D. stictus) (Jabalpur) 1.76 ± 0.01 0.95 ±0.03 0.48 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.00 3.5 ± 0.02 1.76 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 26 Pickle (B. Bamboos) (Balaghat) 1.69 ± 0.04 0.90 ± 0.04 0.75 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.00 2.4 ± 0.01 1.8 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.00 0.20 ± 0.00

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3).



57

Table 22: Nutritional status of bamboo products in the month of February 2010* (after 6 months) (g/100g)

S. No Product name Carbohydrates Proteins Phenols Na K P 1 Bari (D. asper + Chana) (Jabalpur) 15.02 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.0 1.05 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 2 Bari (D. asper + Urad) (Jabalpur) 5.1 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.0 1.02 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.01 0.0 3 Bari (D. asper + Soya) (Jabalpur) 1.2 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 1.04 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 4 Bari (D. asper + Moong) (Jabalpur) 7.1 ± 0.02 0.73 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 5 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Maharashtra) 14.25 ± 0.01 2.02 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.02 0.3 ± 0.02 0.0 6 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Maharashtra) 22.56 ± 0.01 2.05 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 7 Bari (B.Bambos + Urad) (Balaghat) 6.02 ± 0.02 1.14 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.01 0.0 8 Bari (B.Bambos + Moong) (Balaghat) 12.34 ± 0.02 1.56 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01 1.03 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 9 Bari (B.Bambos + Soya) (Balaghat) 0.98 ± 0.01 1.23 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 1.02 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 10 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Jabalpur) 18.52 ± 0.02 1.56 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.01 1.01 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.01 0.0 11 Bari (D. strictus + Urad) (Jabalpur) 8.26 ± 0.02 2.26 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.01 1.04 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.0 12 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Jabalpur) 12.06 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 1.03 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 13 Bari (D. strictus + Chana) (Balaghat) 12.68 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.01 1.06 ± 0.02 0.3 ± 0.0 0.0 14 Bari (D. strictus + Urad) (Balaghat) 7.98 ± 0.01 0.84 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.01 0.0 15 Bari (D. strictus + Moong) (Balaghat) 9.64 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.01 1.05 ± 0.02 0.3 ± 0.01 0.0 16 Papad (D. strictus) (Jabalpur) 32.59 ± 0.04 0.1 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.02 0.6 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 17 Sauce (D. strictus) (Jabalpur) 0.1 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.03 0.9 ± 0.03 0.5 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 18 Crunches (D. strictus) (Jabalpur) 26.54 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 1.12 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 19 Pickle D. asper (Jabalpur) 0.65 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 1.4 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 20 Pickle D. strictus (Jabalpur) 0.57 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.03 1.4 ± 0.03 0.8 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 21 Pickle B. Bamboos (Balaghat) 0.67 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.02 0.1 ± 0.02 1.4 ± 0.03 0.8 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01

Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3)* February in case of all baris and sauce while April in case of pickle, papads and crunches.

** Data of some products is omitted as they were contaminated by fungal infection.



58

Table 23: Nutritional composition of bamboo products in the month of September 2010 (initial data) (g/100g)

S. No Product Name Carbohydrates Proteins Phenols Cyanogens K Na P Ca Mg Ascorbic

acid Crude fiber

1 Bari (D. stictus + Moong) 26.03 ± 0.04 3.19 ± 0.03 2.43 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.001 1.06 ± 0.02 1.88 ±

0.06 0.2 ± 0.02

0.17 ± 0.01

0.2 ± 0.02

0.004 ± 0.0

2.57 ± 0.02

2 Bari (D. stictus + Soya) 8.63 ± 0.01 3.43 ± 0.02 2.26 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.001 1.11 ± 0.02 1.88 ±

0.05 0.21 ±

0.0 0.16 ± 0.02

0.18 ± 0.03

0.004 ± 0.0

2.88 ± 0.02

3 Bari (D. stictus + Urad) 24.27 ± 0.02 3.26 ± 0.02 1.52 ± 0.04 0.002 ± 0.0 0.98 ± 0.02 1.62 ± 0.06

0.21 ± 0.03

0.16 ± 0.04

0.17 ± 0.04

0.004 ± 0.0

2.73 ± 0.01

4 Bari (D. stictus + Chana) 35.1 ± 0.09 2.53 ± 0.03 1.94 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.0 1.14 ± 0.02 1.82 ± 0.05

0.22 ± 0.02

0.16 ± 0.02

0.18 ± 0.04

0.004 ± 0.0

2.28 ± 0.02

5 Bari (B. tulda + Soya) 6.37 ± 0.02 2.94 ± 0.01 1.3 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.0 0.92 ± 0.02 1.8 ± 0.09

0.21 ± 0.02

0.16 ± 0.0

0.18 ± 0.02

0.004 ± 0.0

2.8 ± 0.01

6 Bari (B. tulda + Urad) 31.47 ± 0.01 1.97 ± 0.02 1.56 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.001 0.9 ± 0.01 1.8 ±

0.05 0.22 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.03

0.2 ± 0.03

0.004 ± 0.0

1.98 ± 0.01

7 Bari (B. tulda + Moong) 23.23 0.02 2.46 ± 0.04 1.35 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.03 1.78 ± 0.07

0.2 ± 0.03

0.16 ± 0.02

0.19 ± 0.04

0.004 ± 0.0

3.52 ± 0.03

8 Bari (B. tulda + Chana) 34.94 ± 0.02 2.06 ± 0.04 1.34 ± 0.04 0.002 ± 0.0 0.98 ± 0.02 1.95 ± 0.06

0.2 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.02

0.2 ± 0.03

0.004 ± 0.0

1.6 ± 0.01

9 Bari (D. asper + Urad) 22.12 ± 0.02 2.32 ± 0.02 1.97 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.0 1.08 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.03

0.16 ± 0.02

0.17 ± 0.03

0.004 ± 0.0

0.88 ± 0.01

10 Bari (D. asper + Moong) 25.01 ± 0.01 2.45 ± 0.03 1.62 ± 0.01 0.002 ± 0.0 1.11 ± 0.02 2.02 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.0

0.18 ± 0.01

0.21 ± 0.04

0.004 ± 0.0

3.24 ± 0.02

11 Bari (D. asper + Soya) 7.25 ± 0.02 2.86 ± 0.02 1.87 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.0 0.92 ± 0.02 2.02 ± 0.06

0.23 ± 0.02

0.18 ± 0.02

0.19 ± 0.01

0.004 ± 0.0

1.59 ± 0.01

12 Bari (D. asper + Chana) 36.12 ± 0.02 2.15 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.0 1.16 ± 0.01 2.03 ± 0.07

0.2 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.01

0.21 ± 0.02

0.004 ± 0.0

2.28 ± 0.02

13 D. asper Papad 34.14 ± 0.02 2.85 ± 0.02 1.02 ± 0.06 0.001 ± 0.0 1.02 ± 0.01 1.72 ± 0.07

0.24 ± 0.02

0.16 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01

0.00

1.65 ± 0.01

14 D. strictus Papad 35.11 ± 0.04 2.98 ± 0.01 1.42 ± 0.02 0.001 ± 0.0 1.15 ± 0.02 1.71 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.03

0.16 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01 0.00 2.21 ±

0.01

15 B. tulda Papad 31.15 ± 0.04 2.81 ± 0.02 1.36 ± 0.06 0.001 ± 0.0 1.05 ± 0.02 1.64 ± 0.05

0.2 ± 0.02

0.16 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01 0.00 1.83 ±

0.01 Data are presented as means (± SD) (n=3)



59

Table 24: Nutritional status of bamboo shoot products in the month of

March 2011 (final data) (g/100g)

S.No Product Name Carbohydrates Proteins Phenols K Na Crude fiber

1 Bari (D. stictus + Moong) 6.38 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.04 0.0 0.4 ± 0.03 2.57 ± 0.02

2 Bari (D. stictus + Soya) 0.95 ± 0.06 0.94 ± 0.07 0.56 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.04 2.88 ± 0.02

3 Bari (D. stictus + Urad) 4.96 ± 0.05 0.85 ± 0.04 0.1 ± 0.03 0.0 0.27 ±

0.03 2.73 ± 0.01

4 Bari (D. stictus + Chana) 7.13 ± 0.06 0.5 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.05 0.07 ±

0.02 0.54 ± 0.06 2.28 ± 0.02

5 Bari (B. tulda + Soya) 0.86 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.01 0.0 0.6 ± 0.05 2.8 ± 0.01

6 Bari (B. tulda + Urad) 5.03 ± 0.03 0.3 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.01 0.0 0.35 ±

0.05 1.98 ± 0.01

7 Bari (B. tulda + Moong) 2.67 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.05 0.1 ± 0.03 0.0 0.42 ±

0.05 3.52 ± 0.03

8 Bari (B. tulda + Chana) 4.65 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.02 0.0 0.5 ± 0.05 1.6 ± 0.01

9 Bari (D. asper + Urad) 3.56 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.07 0.24 ± 0.04 0.0 0.48 ±

0.05 0.88 ± 0.01

10 Bari (D. asper + Moong) 3.74 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.04 0.03 0.63 ±

0.06 3.24 ± 0.02

11 Bari (D. asper + Soya) 0.89 ± 0.06 0.83 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.04 0.0 0.6 ± 0.03 1.59 ± 0.01

12 Bari (D. asper + Chana) 7.52 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.04 0.0 0.64 ±

0.05 2.28 ± 0.02

13 D. asper Papad 18.45 ± 0.05 0.68 ± 0.07 0.08 ± 0.01 0.0 0.15 ± 0.05 1.65 ± 0.01

14 D. strictus Papad 18.98 ± 0.07 0.89 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02

0.23 ± 0.04 2.21 ± 0.01

15 B. tulda Papad 18.26 ± 0.05 0.74 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.02 0.1 ± 0.01 0.2 ± 0.02 1.83 ± 0.01

Data is presented as means ± SD (n=3). Cyanogens, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium

are not given in the table as their values decreased to zero.



60



61

B. tulda, B. bambos and D. strictus (commonly available species of central

India) can be considered as a good edible species as they contain nutrients at par with

D. asper. Bhatt et al., 2005 have also conducted a study on nutritional values of some

commercially edible bamboo species of North Eastern Himalayan region and our

results are comparable with their findings.

Harvesting time determines the quality of shoots. If the shoots are harvested

too early then it will provide very small sized shoots with more leafy portion, while,

late harvesting makes the shoots woody and tough having higher concentration of

cyanogenic glycosides/ cyanides as it is reported to increase with maturity (Fu et al.,

2002; Anonymous, 2004). Thus it is very important and necessary to harvest shoots at

right stage of their maturity. In our study it was found that there was an increase in the

content of carbohydrates and cyanogens while other nutrient components showed an

overall decrease with age/ maturity. Our findings corroborates with the findings of

other researchers (Hu et al., 1986 and Nirmala, 2007) who conducted studies on

changes in the nutrient composition of bamboo shoots during ageing and found that

whereas the nutrient components of the shoots depleted with ageing, dietary fibre and

moisture content increased. This indicates that the freshly/ newly emerging shoots are

nutritionally superior to older shoots. On statistical analysis, by applying Duncan’s

Multiple Range Test, our results revealed that for D. asper 10-14 day old, for D.

strictus 6-10 day old and for B. tulda 10-16 day old shoots are best to harvest.

The influence of each treatment was different on the concentration of each

constituent. The concentration decreased significantly with the increase in boiling

time. Vinning (1995) has also reported the removal of hydrocyanic acid on boiling.

There is no single specific treatment which removes maximum amount of anti-

nutrient with minimum loss of nutrients. The best treatment would be in which the

nutrients are retained in significant amount and maximum amount of anti- nutrients

are removed.

Thus, cyanogens in B. bambos, B. tulda, D. asper and D. strictus were

significantly reduced by boiling in 5% NaCl for 15 minutes, 1 % NaCl for 10

minutes, 1 % NaCl for 15 minutes and 5 % NaCl for 10 minutes respectively.

Rana et al. (2010) also reported the reduction in cyanide content in fresh bamboo



62

shoots during NaCl treatment by response surface methodology. Jaiwunglok et al.

(2010) reported that high heating temperature tend to accelerate the degradation of

hydrocyanic acid and only 10 min were required to reduce taxiphyllin content in

bamboo shoots to 30% of the initial value. They also reported that sodium chloride

affects the decomposition of taxiphyllin as it accelerates the osmosis reaction which

facilitated leaching of liberated cyanide from bamboo shoot. However, in D.

giganteus the optimum conditions that resulted in the reduction of cyanogen were

boiling in water for 148-180 minutes (Ferreira et al., 1995). Tripathi (1998) also

reported removal of hydrocyanic acid by steaming bamboo shoots. Bhargava et al.

(1996) reported removal of this during cooking shoots by changing water several

times or pre-soaking for a longer time by subsequent changing 2% salt solution.

Wongsakpairod (2000) reported superheated steam drying under low temperature

removes HCN from bamboo shoot as taxiphyllin decomposes at around 116 °C. The

effect of salt on cyanide detoxification was also shown in fermented bamboo

processing. Our study reveals that the edible portions of bamboo shoots contain an

average of 170 mg/kg of cyanogens. Some findings also states that the concentration

of cyanogens in the immature shoot tip of bamboo ranges from 1000 mg/kg to 8000

mg/kg of hydrogen cyanide (WHO report, 1993). The variation in cyanogens level

reflects the large number of bamboo species growing in different agro-climatic

regions. The pre-cooking preparation is necessary only when fresh bamboo shoots are

used for the preparation of any dish. It would not be necessary if preserved shoots

such as salted or brined shoots are used.

The shoots can be stored either in 2 and 5 percent acetic acid or brine solution for

6 months as the nutrient loss is much less. There is a considerable decrease in the value

of cyanogenic glycosides. It can be concluded that on prolonged storage under controlled

condition there is a significant decrease in the cyanogenic contents. This may be due to

the volatile nature of the hydrocyanic acid.

Our products, bari and papad, can be used when the shoots are not available

after the rainy season. Baris and sauce are good to consume within 6 months while

pickle, papad and crunches should be consumed in 8 months and from the processing

date.



63



64

Bamboo shoots have a high nutritive value and are good source of potassium

and dietary fiber. The nutritional status in fresh bamboo shoots of all the species did

not vary significantly. Although D. asper is considered as an edible species, D.

strictus, B. tulda and B. bambos have a potential to be explored for edible purpose.

Fresh bamboo shoots have a good amount of phenols and particularly phenolic acids

which are responsible for the antioxidant activity of bamboos. Day wise analysis of

fresh shoots reveals that the concentration of cyanogens increases with the age of

shoots and thus should be harvested within 10-12 days after emergence from the soil.

The freshly harvested shoots needs to be processed before consumption for the

removal of cyanogens. Shoots were processed by various treatments and the

processing methods used significantly reduced the amount of cyanogens and retained

considerable amount of nutrients. Scientific validations of indigenous knowledge of

tribals coupled with modern scientific inputs have provided a simple, efficient and

cost effective method for processing of bamboo shoots. Preservation of shoots in

different concentrations of NaCl and acetic acid increased the shelf life of shoots to 6

months. Value addition was done to increase their nutritional value and marketability.

The products made are good in taste and texture and with a shelf life of 6 months

from the processing date. Being a lesser known food product, bamboo shoot

processing has vast potential to be developed as a new, innovative and promising

enterprise in India. Bamboo Shoot is not significant in commercial terms and

development of different products from bamboo shoots will add to its business

development in India. Thus, further experimentation on development of different

products and effect of processing on nutritional status of various bamboo species

growing in different agro-ecological regions needs to be carried out.



65

ABSTRACT OF SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

• No significant difference was observed between the nutritional compositions

of fresh shoots of B. tulda, B. bambos, D. strictus and D. asper. Thus they can

be considered as a good edible species. Edible portion was found maximum in

B. bambos followed by D. strictus, D. asper and B. tulda.

• 10-14 day old shoots of D. asper, 6-10 day old of D. strictus and 10-16 day

old shoots of B. tulda are best to harvest as they contain good amount of

nutrients and less concentration of cyanogens.

• Cyanogens in B. bambos, B. tulda, D. asper and D. strictus were significantly

reduced by boiling in 5% NaCl for 15 minutes, 1 % NaCl for 10 minutes, 1 %

NaCl for 15 minutes and 5 % NaCl for 10 minutes respectively.

• The fresh shoots can be preserved in brine (NaCl) solution and vinegar/ acetic

acid for use after the season. The shoots can be stored either in 2 and 5 percent

acetic acid or brine solution for 6 months as the nutrient loss is much less.

• The products made from bamboo shoots are good in taste, texture and

accepted in terms of flavour, odour and appearance. Bari and sauce are good

to consume within 6 months while pickle, papad and crunches can be

consumed in 8 months and from the processing date.



66

RESEARCH OUTPUT

The study provided a simple, efficient and cost effective method/ technique

for processing of bamboo shoots. New products such as bari, papad and crunches

were made from fresh bamboo shoots. Value addition of shoots increased their

nutritional value and marketability. The products made were good in taste and texture

with a shelf life of 6 months from the processing date.

Peer- Reviewed Journal Publication(s):

1. Pandey, A.K. and Ojha, V. (2011). Precooking processing of bamboo shoots for removal

of anti-nutrients. Journal of Food Science and Technology. DOI 10.1007/s13197-011-

0463-4.

2. Pandey, A.K. and Ojha, V. (2011). Standardization of harvesting age of bamboo

shoots with respect to nutritional and anti-nutritional components. Journal of

Forestry Research. (Communicated)

Book Chapters:

1. Pandey, A.K. and Ojha, V. (2010). Value addition in Bamboo shoots to augment its

utilization as food products, 235-249: In Productivity Enhancement & Value Addition of

Bamboos. Singh, S. and Das R. (eds). Ranchi, India.

2. Pandey, A.K. (2011). Influence of processing methods on nutritional value of bamboo

shoots, 284-298: In Advances in Bamboo Plantation, Management and Utilization. Arya,

I.D., Arya, S., Rathore, T.S. and Kant, T. (eds.) Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur,

India.

National/ International conference abstract:

1. Pandey, A.K. and Mandal A.K. (2008). Paper entitled “Important Edible Bamboo

Species of central India” in International Conference on Improvement of Bamboo

Productivity and Marketing for Sustainable Livelihood on 15-17 April, 2008 at New

Delhi.

2. Pandey, A.K., Ojha Vijayalakshmi. (2009). Paper entitled "Standardization of

Processing Methods for Removal of Anti-nutrients in Bamboo Shoots" has been

presented in Bhartiya Vigyan Sammelan 2009 at Indore on 1-3 December 2009.

3. Pandey, A.K., Biswas, S.C., Ojha, V. and Choubey, S.K. (2011). Paper entitled "

Bamboo shoots: utilization as food product" in National Seminar on Recent Advances

in Bamboo Propagation, Management and Utilization at Institute of Forest Wood

Science and Technology, Bangalore on 17-18 February, 2011.



67

UTILITY OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS

The findings of the project are expected to have a significant impact on the

economic benefits of bamboo shoots. It will increase the utilization and marketing of

bamboo shoots.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The present work was funded by National Bamboo Mission, Govt. of India.

We are thankful to the Director, TFRI for providing necessary facilities and support to

carry out the research work. We are also thankful to Group Coordinator Research for

providing support to carry out project related work. We also extend our gratitude to

the officials of forest departments of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra for

providing necessary facilities during the visit for collection of bamboo shoots. We

would also like to thank all the staff members and scholars who have extended their

assistance to carry out project work.



68



69

Anonnymous. 2004. Cyanogenic glycosides in cassava and bamboo shoots, a human health risk assessment. Technical Report Series no. 28. Food Standards in Australia and New Zealand.

Bao, J. 2006. The nutrition and bioactive function of bamboo shoots. Food Nut in

China, 4(2): 3. Bhargava, A., Kumbhare, V., Srivastava, A. and Sahai A. 1996. Bamboo parts and

seeds for additional source of nutrition. J Food Sci. Technol., 33(2): 145–146. Bhatt, B.P., Singha, L.B., Singh, K. and Sachan, M.S. 2003. Some commercial edible

bamboo species of North East India: production, indigenous uses, cost-benefit and management strategies. J Am. Bamboo Soc., 17(1): 4–20.

Bhatt, B.P., Singh, K. and Singh, A. 2005a. Nutritional values of some commercial

edible bamboo species of the North Eastern Himalayan region, India. J Bamboo Rattan, 4(2): 111–124.

Bhatt, B.P., Singha, L.B., Singh, K. and Sachan, M.S., 2005b. Commercial edible

bamboo species of the north eastern Himalayan region, India. Part II. Fermented, roasted and boiled bamboo shoots. J Bamboo Rattan, 4(1): 13–31.

Brufau, G., Canela, M.A., Rafecas, M. 2008. Phytosterols: physiologic and metabolic

aspects related to cholesterol-lowering properties. Nutr. Res., 28(4): 217–25. Cahill, A. 1999. Field day to explore edible bamboo shoot market. News Release,

Dept of Primary Industries Queensland. Chen, C.J., Qiu, E.F., Huang, R.Z., Fan, H.H. and Jiang, J.X. 1999. Study on the

spring shoot nutrient content of Phyllostachys pubescens of different provenances. J Bamboo Res., 18: 6-11.

Collins, R.J. and Keilar, S. 2005. The Australian bamboo shoots industry: a supply

chain approach. A Report for Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia.

Daphne, L. 1996. Bamboo shoots: delicious to eat, easy to sell. Washington Tilth.

Autumn. 7–9. EFSA. 2004. Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives flavourings, processing

aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on hydrocyanic acids in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties. Question no. EFSA-Q- 2003-0145. EFSA J., 105 :1–2.

ERG (Engineering Resource Group). 2003. Report on process, market and business

opportunity report on edible bamboo shoot prepared by: Engineering Resources Group, Bangalore in association with CPF, FRESH and Delphi, pp 4–7.



70

Ermans, A.M., Mbulamoko, N.M., Delange, F. and Ahluwalia R., eds 1980. Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism. Ottawa. Ontario, International Development Research Centre, pp. 182.

Farooquee, N.A., Dollo, M. and Kala, C.P. 2007. Traditional Wisdom of Apatani

Community in the management and sharing of natural resources in North Eastern India. 110-126: In Misra, K.K. (ed) Traditional knowledge in contemporary societies: Challenges and Opportunities. Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi.

Farrelly, D. 1984. The book of bamboos, Sierra club books, San Francisco. Ferreira, V.L.P., Azzini, A., de Figueriredo, I.B., Salgado, A.L.B. and Barbieri, M.K.

1995a. Evaluation of bamboo shoots for human consumption. Coletanea do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimento, Brazil, 16: 23–36.

Ferreira, V.L.P., Yotsuyanagi, K. and Carvalho, C.R.L. 1995 b. Elimination of

cyanogenic compounds from bamboo shoots Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro. Trop. Sci., 35: 342–346.

Fu, M.Y., Ma, N.X. and Qiu, F.G. 1987. Bamboo production and scientific research in

Thailand. Chin. J Bamb. Res., 6(1): 54–6. Galeotti, F., Barile, E., Curir, P., Dolci, M. and Lanzotti, V. 2008. Flavonoids from

carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and their antifungal activity. Phytochem. Lett., 1: 44–48.

Giri, S.S. and Janmejoy, L. 1992. Nutrient composition of three edible bamboo

species of Manipur. Front. Biol. 4: 53–6. Hedge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. 1962. Carbohydrate chemistry. In: Whistler, R.L. and

Be Miller, J.N. (eds) Academic press, New York. Hogg, P.G. and Ahlgren, H.L. 1942. A rapid method for determining hydrocyanic

acid content of single plants of sudan grass. J Am. Soc. Agron., 34: 199–200. INBAR. 1999. Socio-economic Issues and Constraints in the Bamboo and Rattan

Sectors: INBAR's Assessment. INBAR Working Paper No 23. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.

Jacobs, M.B. 1999. The chemical analysis of foods and food products. CBS

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Jaiwunglok, P., Tia, S. and Yoovidhya, T. 2010. Effectes of temperature and pH on

taxiphyllin degradation in bamboo shoots. In: Food Innovation Asia Conference, Indigenous Food Research and Development to Global Market, BITEC Bangkok, Thailand, June 17–18.



71

Kozukue, E., Kozukue, N. and Tsichida, H. 1999. Changes in several enzyme activities accompanying the pulp browning of bamboo shoots during storage. J Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 68(3): 689–93.

Kumbhare, V. and Bhargava, A. 2007. Effect of processing on nutritional value of

central Indian bamboo shoots. Part 1. J Food Sci. Technol. 44(1): 29–31. Lobovikov, M. 2003. Bamboo and rattan products and trade. J Bamboo Rattan 2(4):

397–406. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein

measurement with folin phenol reagent. J Biol. Chem., 193: 265. Mattile, P. and Hellstorm, J. 2007. Phenolic acids in potatoes, vegetables and some of

their products. J Food Comp. Anal. 20: 152–160. McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M. and Robards, K. 2001. Phenolic content

and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chem. 73: 73–84. Midmore, D. 1998. Culinary bamboo shoots, 188-196. In The new rural industries,

Hyde, K.W. (ed) Canberra: Rural Industries Research and Development Corp. Nahrstedt, A. F. 1993. Cyanogenesis and food plants, 107-129. In: van Beek TA,

Breteler H, eds. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Phytochemistry and Agriculture, 22-24, Wageningen. Oxford. Oxford University Press.

Nirmala, C., David, E. and Sharma, M.L. 2007. Changes in nutrient components during ageing of emerging juvenile bamboo shoots. Int. J Food Sci. Nut. 58: 345–52.

Nirmala, C., Sharma, M.L. and David, E. 2008. A comparative study of nutrient

components of freshly emerged, fermented and canned bamboo shoots of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro. J Am. Bamboo Soc. 2: 33–9.

Oboh, G. and Ademosun, A.O. 2010. Characterization of the antioxidant properties of

phenolic extracts from citrus peels. J Food Sci. Technol. doi:10.1007/s13197-010-0222-y

Park, E.J. and John, D.Y. 2009. Effects of bamboo shoot consumption on lipid

profiles and bowel function in healthy young women. Nutrition 25: 723–8. Qiu, F.G. 1992. The recent development of bamboo foods. Proceedings of the

International Symposium on Industrial Use of Bamboo. International Timber Organization and Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China: Bamboo and its Use. pp 333–337.

Raghu, V., Patel, K. and Srinivasan, K. 2007. Comparison of ascorbic acid content of

Emblica officinalis fruits determined by different analytical methods. J Food Comp. Anal. 20(6): 529–533.



72

Rana, B., Awasthi, P. and Kumbhar, B.K. 2010. Optimization of processing

conditions for cyanide content reduction in fresh bamboo shoot during NaCl treatment by response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0324-l.

Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N.J. and Pganga, G. 1997. Antioxidant properties of phenolic

compounds. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 152–159. Satya, S., Singhal, P., Prabhu, V.G., Bal, L.M. and Sudhakar, P. 2009. Exploring the

nutraceutical potential and food safety aspect of bamboo shoot of some Indian species, 78–88. VIII World Bamboo Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

Scurlock, J.M.O., Dayton, D.C. and Hames, B. 2000. Bamboo: an overlooked

biomass resource? Biomass Bioenergy, 19(4): 229–244. Seigler, D.S. 1991. Cyanide and cyanogenic glycoside, 35-77. In: Herbivores: their

interactions with secondary plant metabolites, vol I. Rosentahel, G.A., Berenbaum, M.R. (eds). The chemical participants. Academic, San Diego.

Shanmughavel, P. 2008. Cultivation potential of culinary bamboos in southern India.

Natural Product Radiance, pp 237-239. Sharma, M.L., Nirmala, C., Richa, David, E. 2004. Variations in nutrient and

nutritional components of juvenile bamboo shoots. Pb. Univ. Res. J (Sci) 54: 101–4.

Sharma, T.P. and Borthakur, S.K. 2008. Ethnobotanical observations on bamboos

among Adi tribes in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 7(4): 594–597. Shi, Q.T. and Yang, K.S. 1992. Study on relationship between nutrients in bamboo

shoots and human health, 338–46. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Industrial Use of Bamboo. International Tropical Timber Organization and Chinese Academy, Beijing, China: Bamboo and its Use.

Shrivastava, R., Singh, A., Misra, S., Singh, U.P. and Tiwari, A. 2009. Analysis of

phenolic acids in some samples of Indian and Nepal tea by high performance liquid chromatography. The Internet J Alt. Med., 6(2).

Sue, T. 1995. Bamboo shoots = good food. Temp. Bamboo Q.2 (1):1– 2 and 8–11. Tai, K.Y. 1985. The management and utilization of shoot-producing bamboos in

Taiwan [Chinese]. Q J Chin. For. 18(2): 1–46. Tiwari, D.N. 1992. A monograph on bamboo. International Book Distributors,

Dehradun. Tripathi, Y.C. 1998. Food and nutrition potential of bamboo. MFP News 8(1): 10–11.



73

Vaiphei, S.L. 2005. Bamboo’s economic value to the northeast. Manipur Online. www.manipuronline.com/Economy/January2006/ bamboo18_1.htm. Accessed on 5th January, 2010.

Vinning, G. 1995. Market compendium of Asian vegetables RIRDC Research Paper

No. 95/12. Canberra, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 386.

Visuphaka, K. 1985. The role of bamboo as a potential food source in Thailand, 301-

303. Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop; 1985 Oct 6–14; Hangzhou, China: Recent Research on Bamboos.

Wongsakpairod, T. 2000. Bamboo shoot drying using superheated steam. M.Eng

Thesis, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.

World Health Organization. 1993. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives

and naturally occurring toxicants. Report of the 39th meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Experts Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Food Additive Series 30, pp 299–337.

Xia, N.H. 1989. Analysis of nutritive constituents of bamboo shoots in Guangdong.

Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 4: 199–206. Xu, S., Cao, W., Song, Y. and Fang, L. 2005. Analysis and evaluation of protein and

amino acid nutritional components of different species of bamboo shoots. Food Sci. 26: 222-227.

Yang, Q., Duan, Z., Wang, Z., He, K., Sun, Q. and Peng, Z. 2008. Bamboo resources,

utilization and ex-situ conservation in Xishuangbanna, South-eastern China. J Forest Resour. 19(1): 79–83.

Yuming, Y. and Jiru, X. 1999. Bamboo resources and their utilization in China. In:

Rao AN, Ramanatha Rao V, editors. Proceedings of training course cum workshop; May 10–17. Kunming and Xishaungbanna, Yunnan, China.


http://www.manipuronline.com/Economy/January2006/


project completion report - nbm.nic.in

Documents