project in science 1

8/3/2019 Project in Science 1

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Submitted by: Sir Melcon Lancelot S. Lapina

Submitted to: Mrs. Dureza Sison


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Science Project of SMLSL 2

Land Surface Volcanoes:

Land Surface Volcanoes are types of volcanoes that appear on the

land. More commonly, it is seen as mountain with crater at the

summit. These types are more dangerous than the submerged orsubmarine volcanoes because of the surrounding population.

Examples of Land Surface Volcanoes:

Chaitn, Located in Southern Chile,

the caldera rim reaches 1,122 metres

above sea level and is 3 km in

diameter. The Chaitn volcano began

to erupt on May 2008. The force of the

eruption increased significantly

producing pyroclastic flows and lava

explosions. In February 2009 a partial

dome collapse caused further

pyroclastic flows to descend through

the river valley.

Mayon,The Mayon Volcano is located

in the province of Albay, on Luzon, inthe Philippines. Part of the Pacific Ring

of Fire, it is one of the most active

volcanoes in the Philippines having

erupted over 49 times in the past 400

years.

Mount Etna,The largest of the three

active volcanoes in Italy stands at

3,329 metres above sea level on the

east coast of Sicily. One of the most

active volcanoes in the world, Mount

Etna is in an almost constant state of

activity. The most recent was an ash

eruption on April 2010.


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Mount Nyiragongo is located in the

Virunga National Park in the

Democratic Republic of the Congo. The

main crater is about 2km wide. Since

1882 it has erupted at least 34 times.

Nyiragongos lava flows race downhill

at speeds of up to 60 mph.

White Island is situated 28km from

the east cost of the North Island of

New Zealand. Eruptions here have

produced both lava flows and ash

explosions. Major eruptions in 1981-

83 altered much of the landscape, and

there were further eruptions in 2000

and 2001.

Mount St Helens is located inSkamania County, Washington, USA.

It is perhaps most famous for the

catastrophic eruption on May 1980

which resulted 57 deaths and the

destruction of property for over 230

square miles. In 2008 steam again

began seeping from a fracture on top

of the lava dome.

Klauea is an active volcano in the

Hawaiian Islands, and is one of five

shield volcanoes that together form

the Big Island. The current eruption

began in January 1983 and continues

to produce lava flows that travel from

these vents through tube networks

that discharge into the sea. This

eruption has covered over 117 sq km

and built out into the sea 2 sq km of

new land.


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The Soufrire Hills volcano features

many lava domes which form its

summit on the Caribbean island for

Montserrat. After a long period of

lying dormant it became active in

1995 and has continued to erupt ever

since. Most recently, on 5th February

2010 an explosion propelled

pyroclastic flows down several sides

of the mountain at once.

Popocatpetl is the second highest

peak in Mexico at 5,426 metres and

is located around 70km south east of

Mexico City. It is perhaps one of the

most violent volcanoes in Mexico with

more than 20 major eruptions since

1519. The latest episode began in

December 1994 and theres been

almost continuous volcanic activity

ever since.

Originally an island, following the

lava flow of the 1914 eruption

Sakurajima is now connected to the

Osumi Peninsula in Japan.

Sakurajimas activity became more

prominent again in 1955, and the

volcano has been erupting almost

constantly ever since, with 7,300

eruptions recorded in the last 45

years.


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Submarine Volcanoes:

Submarine Volcanoes are underwater fissures in the Earth's

surface from which magma can erupt. They are estimated to

account for 75% of annual magma output.

Examples of Submarine Volcanoes:

Kavachi is one of the most

active submarine volcano in the south-

west Pacific Ocean. Located south

of Vangunu Island in the Solomon Island, it

is named after a sea god of the New Georgia

Group islanders, and is also referred to

locally as Rejo te Kavachi ("Kavachi's

oven). The volcano has become emergent

and then been eroded back into the sea at

least eight times since its first recorded

eruption in 1939.

Metis Shoal is a shoal at the top of

a submarine volcano, located between the

islands of Kao and Late in Tonga. When the

volcano erupted in 1995 a 43 metre high

island formed, composed of a solid lava

dome above the surface. It was washedaway soon after.

Home Reefis an ephemeral

island built by a submarine volcano whose

top has repeatedly breached the surface

and was subsequently eroded by wave

action again. It is located in the South

Pacific, south of Late Island and southwest

ofVavau along the Tofua volcanic arc

in Tonga.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_reef.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_14_Kavachi_eruption.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_reef.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_14_Kavachi_eruption.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_reef.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_14_Kavachi_eruption.jpg


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Kick-'em-Jenny (also: Kick'em

Jenny or Mt. Kick-'Em-Jenny) is anactive submarine volcano or seamount on

the Caribbean sea floor, located 8 km (5 mi)

north of the island of Grenada and about

8 km (5 mi) west of Ronde Island in

the Grenadines. Kick-'em-Jenny rises

1,300 m (4,265 ft) above the sea floor on the

steep inner western slope of the Lesser

Antilles ridge.

Lihi Seamount is an active undersea

volcano located around 35 km (22 mi) off the

southeast coast of the island ofHawaii about

975 m (3,000 ft) below sea level. It lies on

the flank ofMauna Loa, the largest shield

volcano on Earth. Lihi means "long" in

Hawaiian.

Axial Seamount (sometimes Coaxial

Seamount or Axial Volcano) is

a seamount and submarine volcano located on

the Juan de Fuca Ridge approximately 480 km

(300 mi) west ofCannon Beach, Oregon. Theseamount, 1,100 m (3,600 ft) high, stands 700 m

(2,300 ft) above the average height of the Juan

de Fuca Ridge. In 1998 it was selected as the site

of NeMO (New Millennium Observatory), an

Ocean Bottom Observatory and vent monitoring

system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Beachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Beachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano


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Bayonnaise

Rocks (Beyonsu-retsugan ) is

a group ofvolcanic rocks located in

the Philippine Sea approximately 408

kilometres (254 mi) south ofTokyo and 65

kilometres (40 mi) south-southeast

ofAogashima, in the southern portion of

the Izu archipelago,Japan. The rocks were

discovered by the

French corvette Bayonnaise in 1846.

Healy is a submarine volcano locatedamong New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. Its

last major eruption took place around 1360,

creating a large caldera.

Marsili is a large undersea volcano in

the Tyrrhenian Sea, about 175 kilometers

(109 mi) south ofNaples. The seamount is

about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) tall; its

peak and crater are about 450 meters below

the sea surface. Though it has not erupted

in recorded history, volcanologists believe

that Marsili is a relatively fragile-walled

structure, made of low-density and unstable

rocks[1], fed by the underlying

shallow magma chamber.

The Pukao Seamount is a submarine

volcano, the most westerly in the Easter

Seamount Chain or Sala y Gmez ridge. To

the east areMoai (seamount) and

then Easter Island. It rises over 2,500

metres from the ocean floor to within a few

hundred metres of the sea surface.[1].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogashimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermadec_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersea_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsili#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsili#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsili#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Seamount_Chain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Seamount_Chain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sala_y_G%C3%B3mez_ridge&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai_(seamount)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukao_(Seamount)#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukao_(Seamount)#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukao_(Seamount)#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukao_(Seamount)#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai_(seamount)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sala_y_G%C3%B3mez_ridge&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Seamount_Chain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Seamount_Chain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsili#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersea_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermadec_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogashimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano


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Philippine Volcanoes:

Active:

Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in thePhilippines. Since 1616 there were 47 eruptions.

From 1616 until 2002 at least 1300 people diedand thousands of people got homeless as a resultof all the eruptions.The most recent eruptionswere in 1947, 1984 and 1993. In 1993 the activitystarted with explosions. Half an hour later, flowsoflava(molten rock) and pyroclastic

flows(flows with mixtures of hot, dry rock

fragments and hot gases.

They flows may result from the explosive eruptionof molten or solid rock fragments, or both) came

out of the crater in the top of the volcano. It killed68 people and 60.000 people had to be evacuated

Mount Pinatubo is situated in the

southern part of Luzon. It is one of the biggest

volcanoes in the Philippines. In 1991, the

Pinatubo became in a few months one of the

most known volcanoes in the world. In that year

the Pinatubo erupted violently.

Babuyan Claro is

classified by volcanologists as

a stratovolcano with an

elevation of 843 meters and a

base diameter of 920 meters.
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.htmlhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.html


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Luzon's southernmost volcano,

Bulusan, was constructed along the rim

of the 11-km-diameter dacitic-to-

rhyolitic Irosin caldera, which was

formed about 35,000-40,000 years ago.

Bulusan lies at the SE end of the Bicol

volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of

the same name that forms the elongated

SE tip of Luzon.

Didicas volcano, 22 km NE of

Camiguin Island, was a submarine

volcano prior to 1952, when a

permanent island was formed. Didicas

now consists of a small, 244-m-high

andesitic lava dome about 1.4 km in

longest exposed dimension. A 400-m-

wide crater was formed during the 1952

eruption.

Inactive:

Mount Apo is the highest mountain

in the country and overlooks Davao City,

a few kilometres to the northeast. Its

name means "master" or "grandfather".

Apo is flat topped, with three peaks, and

is capped by a 500 m wide volcanic

crater containing a small crater lake.

Mount Iriga is a small stratovolcano

that rises to 1196 m immediately SW of Lake

Buhi. The dominantly andesitic stratovolcano

has satellitic cinder cones of basalticcomposition. A large breached crater that

opens to the SE was formed as a result of a

major debris avalanche that buried several

villages and formed a broad hummocky

deposit that extends across the plain south

of Lake Buhi.


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Inactive volcanoes in the

World:

Mount Ararat,The last eruption

of this snowy, two-peaked volcano (the

highest in Turkey) occurred in 1840,

when a huge earthquake also caused a

landslide. In the Bible, Ararat is where

Noahs Ark landed.

In 2006, a volcanologist with the U.S.

Geological Survey (USGS) named

Mount Hood the fourth-most-dangerous

volcano in the country. Some in the

industry believe its the most likely of

Oregons volcanoes to erupt; its last

period of eruptive activity was 170 to

220 years ago.

Mount Kilimanjaro- Three volcanic conesmake up the highest mountain in Africa: Mawenzi

and Shira, which are both extinct (meaning its

unlikely theyll ever erupt again), and Kibo, which

is dormant and has the tallest peak of the three.The most recent significant eruption took place

360,000 years ago, so theres not much concern

about future eruptions, but some in the industry

are worried about its collapsing over time.

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