project introduction
TRANSCRIPT
BIRZIET UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A
PROPOSED PALESTINIAN ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Prepared by
Hamada Almasalma
Mohammad Qaraqe’
Supervised by
Mr. Jaser Sa’ed
An Introduction to Graduation Project Submitted to the Electrical
Engineering Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering
BIRZEIT
DECEMBER -2010
I
Table of Contents
Page
Table of Contents I
List of Tables III
List of Figures IV
Table of Abbreviations V
VI االهداء
VII شكر وتقدير
Abstract VIII
IX المستخلص
Chapter one
Introduction
1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Project Outline 2
Chapter Two Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank 3
2.1 Electrical Energy Sources 3
2.2 Electric Utilities in West Bank 5
2.3 Electrical Energy Consumption 7
2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors 8
2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas 9
2.4 Electricity Customers in West Bank 10
2.5 Rates and Tariff Structure in the West Bank 12
2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity
Company(SELCO)
12
2.5.2 Tariff structure in Hebron Electric Power
Company (HEPCO)
13
2.5.3 Tariff structure in Northern Electricity
Distribution Company (NEDCO) 13
2.5.4 Tariff structure in Jerusalem District Electrical
Company (JDECO) 14
2.6 Electrical Energy Problems 15
2.7 Future Plans in the West Bank 16
Chapter Three Nablus Distribution System 17
3.1 Nablus District 17
3.1.1 Feeders 17
3.1.2 Substations 19
3.1.3 Transmission Lines 24
3.2 Wadi Altufa Substation 24
3.2.1 Data Collection 26
3.2.2 Data Analysis
29
II
Chapter Four Hebron Distribution System 32
4.1 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) 32
4.2 Southern Electricity Company (SELCO) 35
Chapter Five
Bethlehm Distribution System
37
5.1 Bethlehm System Descriptions 39
5.2 Alkhas Substation 42
5.2.1 Data Collection 44
5.2.2 Data Analysis 45
Chapter Six Conclusion & Future work 48
References 49
III
List of Tables
No. Table Page
Table 2-1 Electric supply system in West Bank 8
Table 2-2 Electrical energy consumption in different areas (GWh) 9
Table 2-3 Number of customers in the West Bank areas 11
Table 2-4 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO 12
Table 2-5 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO 12
Table 2-6 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO 13
Table 2-7 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO 13
Table 2-8 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO 13
Table 2-9 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO 14
Table 2-10 Electricity selling prices in JDECO 14
Table 2-11 Multi tariff structure 14
Table 3-1 Main substation in Nablus 19
Table 3-2 Substations and the outcome feeder 21
Table 3-3 Transmission lines specifications 24
Table 3-4 Parameters of the transmission line 26
Table 3-5 Transformer parameters 27
Table 3-6 Load parameters 27
Table 3-7 Per unit values for transmission line per phase 28
Table 3-8 Per unit values for transformer per phase 28
Table 3-9 The PF at loads 29
Table 3-10 Load 29
Table 3-11 Voltage on the buses 30
Table 4-1 Substations in HEPCO 33
Table 4-2 Capacity of each area in SELCO 35
Table 5-1 Injection points in JDECO 37
Table 5-2 Main substations in Bethlehem 39
Table 5-3 Bethlehem distribution transformers 41
Table 5-4 Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm 41
Table 5-5 Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem 44
Table 5-6 Transformer parameters in Bethlehm 44
Table 5-7 PF at each load in Alkhas substation 45
Table 5-8 Load in Alkhas substation 46
Table 5-9 Actual Voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation 46
IV
List of Figures
No. Figure Page
Fig. 2-1 Electric supply system in West Bank 4
Fig. 2-2 Geographical area for each electric utility in West Bank 6
Fig. 2-3 Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) 7
Fig. 2-4 Annual GWh consumption. 7
Fig. 2-5 Percentage electrical energy consumption 9
Fig. 2-6 Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area 10
Fig. 2-7 Growth of population in West Bank 10
Fig. 2-8 Number of customers in West Bank 11
Fig. 2-9 Multi tariff structure 15
Fig. 3-1 The main feeders in Nablus 18
Fig. 3-2 The future main feeders in Nablus 18
Fig. 3-3 Main substations 20
Fig. 3-4 Asker substation. 22
Fig. 3-5 Wadi Altufah substation 22
Fig. 3-6 Mujeer Aldeen substation 23
Fig. 3-7 Central substation 23
Fig. 3-8 Single line diagram 25
Fig. 3-9 Percentage impedance 27
Fig. 4-1 HEPCO daily load curve 32
Fig. 4-2 Main feeders in HEPCO 34
Fig. 4-3 Areas served by SELCO 36
Fig. 5-1 Main substations in Bethlehm 40
Fig. 5-2 Single line diagram of Alkas substation 43
V
Table of Abbreviations
IEC Israeli Electric Corporation
JDECO Jerusalem District Electricity Company
NEDCO Northern Electricity Distribution Company
HEPCO Hebron Electric Power Company
SELCO Southern Electricity Company
PEA Palestinian Energy Authority
NIS New Israeli Shekel
VAT Value Added Tax
MWh Megawatt Hour
GWh Gigawatt Hour
kWh Kilowatt Hour
MVA Megavolt Ampere
Mvar Megavolt Ampere Reactive
kV Kilovolt
V Volt
A Ampere
GMD Geometric Main Distance
C Underground Cable
OH Overhead
ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
XLPE Cross-linked Polyethylene
km kilometer
PF Power Factor
R Resistance
X Reactance
%Z Percentage Impedance
Isc Short Circuit Current
Vsc Short Circuit Voltage
Zsc Short Circuit Impedance
VI
إلاهذاء
ما "ل رب زدني عل
"وق
من علمىها معنى الحياة إلى
إلى من علمىها النجاح والصبر
إلى من ضحىا بعمزهم إلضعادها
إلى والذينا ألاعشاء
إلى من أهاروا بالعلم دروبنا
وعلمىها معنى الكفاح واملثابزة
إلى أضاتذتنا ألاعشاء
كل من ضاهم بإهجاح هذا العمل إلى
إلى ألارض التي إحتضنتنا
إليك فلططين
VII
شكز وتقذيز
:هتقذم بالشكز الجشيل لكل من ضاهم معنا في اهجاس هذا العمل وهخص بالذكز
شزكة كهزباء محافظة القذص
املهنذص علي طه
املهنذص صالح علقم
شزكة كهزباء محافظة الشمال
شزكة كهزباء الخليل
املهنذص عبذ الزؤوف الشيخ
املهنذص أيمن حطىهة
املهنذص علي الصغير
شزكة كهزباء الجنىب
املهنذص شبلي جاد هللا
VIII
Abstract
The introduction of the project focuses on the electrical networks in
West Bank. The aim of this study is to analyze the current electrical
network in the west bank distribution companies and know the
performance of these networks. Moreover, it will help us take the next
step in proposing different scenarios to connect the different power
distribution companies and generate an integrated electrical network with
standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high
reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost.
IX
المستخلص
تهدف هذه الدراسة لتحميل . المشروع تركز عمى شبكات الكهرباء في الضفة الغربية اهذ مقدمة
و هذا , الشبكات الكهربائية الحالية التابعة لشركات توزيع الطاقة الكهربائية في الضفة الغربية
يساعدنا في اتخاذ الخطوة القادمة في المشروع القتراح سيناريوهات مختمفة لربط مختمف س
زيع الطاقة الكهربائية اليجاد شبكة متكاممة متصمة تعمل عمى فولتيات قياسية و توفر شركات تو
.الكهرباء بتكمفة اقل من التكمفة الحالية و بشكل مستقر وامن أكثر
1
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Project Overview
Energy is considered to be an important component in the social, industrial,
technological, economic, and sustainable development of any country. Among all
forms of energy, electrical energy is regarded as high grade energy, and it has been
the major driver for technological and economic development.
The Palestinian economy suffers from major distortions and underdevelopment
due to the Israeli occupation, which affects the development of infrastructure. As a
result the Palestinian electricity sector suffers from several problems.
This situation prevents any possibility to generate electricity in Palestine, so
electricity sector became totally dependent on purchasing power from IEC.
The absence of a Palestinian electrical system creates many separated electrical
networks that are owned by distribution companies and municipalities. This causes
high transmission losses, high transmission costs, and unreliable systems.
This project introduction will lay out the current situation of the electricity
sector in West Bank. It includes a study of the different distribution companies in
West Bank.
The only main transmission lines constructed in the West Bank by IEC are three
main 161 kV overhead lines feeding the three main substations: in Hebron, Qalandia
(Atarot) and Salfiet (Ara’el).These feeders supply West Bank by 800 MVA, 571
MVA which are supplied to the distribution companies and the remaining 229 MVA
is supplied to municipalities.
2
The ranges of voltage of West Bank networks are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11kv, 33 kV. In
Jerusalem Distribution Electric Company (JDECO), the voltage ranges are 400V, 11
kV and 33 kV. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) and Southern
Electricity Company (SELCO) use 400V, 6.6 kV and 33 kV ranges, but in Hebron
Electric Power Company (HEPCO) the ranges of voltage are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 33
kV. Municipalities directly step down the voltage from 33 kV to 400 kV.
These networks suffer from high transmission and distribution losses (technical
and non technical) that varies from 17-32 %.
1.2 Project Outline
In chapter two of this project introduction, electrical energy supply and demand
in West Bank is presented. Data on electrical energy consuming sectors, supply
sources, tariff structure, future plans, and problems facing electrical energy sector are
presented.
Chapter three presents a general description of Nablus electrical network. Data
on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy
supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow
analysis for Wadi Altufah substation using Power World Simulator.
Chapter four presents a general description of Hebron electrical network. Data
on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy
supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption.
Chapter five presents a general description of JDECO electrical network. Data
on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy
supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow
analysis for Alkhas substation using Power World Simulator.
3
Chapter Two
Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank
2.1 Electrical Energy Sources
The national independent power supply is still under construction and
rehabilitation. There is no electrical power generation in West Bank. 96% of
electrical energy consumed in 2009 was imported from IEC, and the remaining was
imported from Jordan [1].
The maximum capacity of West Bank is nearly 800 MVA. 70% of the supply
from Israel comes indirectly through three 161/33 kV substations; one in the south in
area C close to Hebron, a second in the north in the Ariel settlement (area C) close to
Nablus, and a third in Atarot industrial area (area C) near Jerusalem. These feeders
feed Hebron, Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jericho, Salfeet and Nablus.
30% comes directly through two 33 kV feeders from Beisan which feed both Jenin
and Tubas. And three 22 kV feeders from Ntanya feed both Tulkarm and Qalqiliya
[2]. The supply from Jordan comes through 33 kV (can withstand 132 kV) overhead
line (20MW) to supply only Jericho [3]. The remaining power is generated by
decentralized small diesel generators.
Fig. 2-1 shows a drawing of the West Bank electric supply system
4
(Fig. 2-1) Electric supply system in West Bank
5
2.2 Electric Utilities in West Bank
The electricity sector in Palestine is somewhat fragmented. In the West Bank
there no substantial generating capacity but there are four free standing utilities that
are responsible for electricity distribution in West Bank. These utilities are:
1. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO), established in 1928, it is the
largest distribution company in the West Bank covers approximately 25% of it. It
serves Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah and Jericho and connected to Atarot
near Jerusalem and area C near to Hebron [3].
2. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO), established in 2008 to
serve Nablus, Tulkarem, Jenin and other northern regions of the West Bank. But
till now only Nabuls and Jenin city are under its responsibility. Connection point
is in Areil settlement, at the north of Nablus [4].
3. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO), established in 2002.It serves Dura,
Yatta and Dahariah. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [6].
4. Hebron Electric Power Co. (HEPCO),established in 2000. It serves Hebron and
Halhul. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [5].
The remaining areas of the West Bank are under municipal responsibility.
Fig. 2-2 shows the geographical area of each utility. More details about these
companies and their connection points with IEC are discussed in next chapters.
6
(Fig. 2-2) Geographical area for each electric utility in the West Bank
7
2.3 Electrical Energy Consumption
Electrical Energy consumption in West Bank is another aspect of difficult
political and economical situation. Total energy consumption in 2009 was 2366
GWh. This consumption is small compared with energy consumption in the
neighboring countries. Fig. 2-3 shows total electrical energy consumption in West
Bank and neighboring countries [8].
Fig. 2-4 shows the GWh consumption for different years in West Bank. The demand
for electricity continued to increase at a rate of 6.4% [2].
8965
29492
50275
110816
11,184
2366
Lebanon Syria Israel Egypt Jordan West Bank
(Fig. 2-3) Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh)
(Fig. 2-4) Annual GWh consumption
1973 20322142
22842366
25172678
28503032
3226
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
8
Most recent indicators show that electricity consumption in West Bank could be
estimated at 757 kWh per capita [1]. By world's standard, it is considered very low.
As a base of comparison, a country like Jordan the annual per capita consumption is
2000 kWh, and in Egypt is approximately 1500 kWh. Estimate for Israel would
yield a per capita consumption of 7000 KWh that is nearly ten times that of West
Bank [9].
2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors
Table 2-1 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main
sectors in West Bank in years 2005 – 2009 [1].
(Table 2-1) Electrical energy consumption in different sectors
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Residential
consumption
1203
1219.2
1285.2
1370.4
1419.6
Commercial&
Industrial
Consumption
721.8
731.52
771.12
822.24
851.76
Agricultural
Consumption
6.817
6.9088
7.2828
7.7656
8.0444
Others
73.383
74.3712
78.3972
83.5944
86.5956
Fig. 2-5 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between
these sectors in 2009.
9
2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas
Table 2-2 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main areas in
West Bank in years 2005 – 2009 by customers [1].
(Table 2-2) Electrical Energy consumption in different areas (GWh)
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Hebron 435 459 472 494 504
Bethlehem 210 201 207 215 216
East Jerusalem 405 387 400 428 447
Ramallah 318 330 351 372 382
Jericho 54 48 54 59 61
Selfit 27 31 37 42 48
Nablus 170 185 201 215 229
Jenin 135 149 154 171 179
Tubas 42 45 48 58 60
Tulkarem 113 124 137 145 150
Qalqiliah 64 73 81 85 90
Total 1973 2032 2142 2284 2366
60%
36%
0.34%
3.66%4%
Residential
Commercial&Industrial
Agricultural
Othes
(Fig. 2-5) Percentage electrical energy consumption
10
Fig. 2-6 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these
areas.
2.4 Electricity Customers in West Bank
The population of West Bank is growing at a rate of 2.5% as shown in Fig. 2-7. At
midyear 2009 it was estimated about 2,448,433 [7].
The rate of population growth is a key feature of the number of electricity
customers, which is an important factor to be worry about because of the limited
electricity supply in West Bank.
21%
9%
19%16%
2.5%
1.5%
10%
7.5%
2% 7%
3.5%
Hebron
Bethlehem
East Jerusalem
Ramallah
Jericho
Selfeet
Nablus
Jenin
Tubas
Tulkarem
Qalqiliah
(Fig. 2-6) Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area
1,500,000
1,700,000
1,900,000
2,100,000
2,300,000
2,500,000
2,700,000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pop
ula
tion
Year
(Fig. 2-7) Growth of population in West Bank
11
Number of electricity customers in the West Bank is approximately 592940
customers and increasing at a rate of 4%. Fig. 2-8 shows the number of customers in
years 2005- 2009.
Table 2-3 shows number of customers per area in 2009 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6].
(Table 2-3) Number of customers in West Bank’s areas
Area Number of Customers
Areas of HEPCO 33533
Areas of SELCO 18000
East Jerusalem 86475
Ramallah 75272
Bethlehm 35323
Jericho 7982
Nablus 54339
West Bank Municipalities 282016
Total 592940
513181
529666
548208
570140
592940
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
(Fig. 2-8) Number of Customers in the West Bank
12
2.5 Rates and Tariff Structure in West Bank
The electricity price paid by consumers is somewhat high due to the political
situation and the unavailability of electrical generation in West Bank. Also Uniform
tariff does not exist in West Bank. Distribution companies control the prices but not
the PEA, so these prices vary from one company to another.
Average price for kWh paid in West Bank to IEC is 0.38 NIS, and the average
price paid by customers is 0.64 NIS\kWh.
2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)
Table 2-4 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Prices
inclusive of VAT) [6].
(Table 2-4) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO
Sector NIS/ kWh
Residential 0.60
Commercial 0.62
Temporary service 1.00
Table 2-5 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices
inclusive of VAT).
(Table 2-5) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO
Sector kWh NIS/ kWh
Residential
1-50 0.63
51-250 0.69
251-500 0.75
More than 500 0.80
Commercial --------------- 0.69
Industrial --------------- 0.63
Institutional --------------- 0.75
Government --------------- 0.80
13
2.5.2 Tariff Structure in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)
Table 2-6 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Prices
inclusive of VAT) [5].
(Table 2-6) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO
Sector kWh NIS/ kWh
Residential &Commercial 0-150 0.54
More than 150 0.57
Others --------------- 0.50
Table 2-7 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive
of VAT).
(Table 2-7) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO
Sector kWh NIS/ kWh
Residential & Commercial 0-150 0.63
More than 150 0.68
Others --------------- 0.61
For the billing system, HEPCO makes a discount of 10% on the billings that paid
during a specific period.
2.5.3 Tariff Structure in Northern Electricity Distribution Company
(NEDCO)
Table 2-8 shows the electricity selling prices for prepay system (Prices
inclusive of VAT) [4].
(Table 2-8) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO
Sector NIS\ kWh
Residential 0.57
Commercial 0.58
Industrial 0.58
Temporary 0.73
14
Table 2-9 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices
inclusive of VAT) in NEDCO.
(Table 2-9) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO
2.5.4 Tariff Structure in Jerusalem District Electrical Company
(JDECO)
Table 2-10 shows the electricity selling prices (Prices inclusive of VAT) [3].
(Table 2-10) Electricity selling prices in JDECO
Sector Price
Residential 0.59
Commercial 0.66
Street Lightning 0.48
JDECO adopts multi tariff structure for customers who consume more than 50000
kWh yearly; the prices vary from one season to another and from one day to another
according to criteria shown in table 2-11 and Fig. 2-9 [3].
(Table 2-11) Multi tariff structure
Season Rate A
NIS/ kWh
Rate B
NIS/ kWh
Rate C
NIS/ kWh
Winter 0.41 0.71 1.21
Sprig & Autumn 0.36 0.45 0.56
Summer 0.37 0.57 1.34
Sector kWh NIS\ kWh
Residential 1-50 0.56
More than 50 0.59
commercial 1-100 0.58
More than 100 0.60
industrial 1-100 0.58
More than 100 0.60
agricultural ------------------- 0.64
temporary ------------------- 0.73
water pumps ------------------- 0.57
15
(Fig. 2-9) Multi tariff structure
2.6 Electrical energy problems
Electricity distribution networks, that feed all categories of consumers in the areas
of West Bank, are supplied with full requirements of electric power from IEC. Also
because of the absence of a Palestinian electrical system that includes all of these
networks every distributor contacts separately with IEC, which create a state of chaos.
This situation causes many problems like high technical losses, shortage of
supply capacities, power outages, voltage drop , and others. And there is a need for
the development of the distribution companies in West Bank which is still in progress.
The major electrical energy problems can be summarized in [1]:
1- Lack of supply capacity of electrical energy to meet present and future needs.
It is a serious problem in northern West Bank especially Nablus area.
2- Electrical networks need major rehabilitation and development.
3- Absence in generating capacity in West Bank.
4- Energy prices are very high compared with regional and international prices.
16
5- High transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) which
are considered an important and an emergent problem.
2.7 Future Plans in West Bank
A project is in its way to be implemented to install four new 161/33 kV
transmission substations across West Bank, at a cost of EUR 44.5 million. Installing
of these substations will be accompanied by rehabilitation of all distribution networks
in all utilities in West Bank that will be supplied by these substations. This project
aims also to strengthen the newly established Northern Electric Distribution Company
(NEDCO).
In the long term, the Government intends to draw no more than 50% of energy
from any one source, and will meet this goal by increasing regional collaboration and
improving domestic production and storage capacity.
Two new power plants in West Bank will be constructed, which are:
Jayyus Power Plant in the north, near Qalqiliya.
Turqumia Power Plant in the south, west of Hebron.
These projects will assist in the establishment of a new transmission company,
Palestine Energy Transmission Company Ltd. (PETL), which would eventually own,
operate and develop the transmission network, also facilitates the project of
connecting Palestinian network with the Jordanian network in the future. This
alternative which is considered seriously , especially as we know that in October
2008, Palestine became a full member of the 7 countries interconnection project and
became the country number eight; countries are Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,
Libya, Turkey and Palestine. This membership will allow Palestine to be connected to
the grid of these countries at a large scale [1].
17
Chapter Three
Nabuls Distribution System
NEDCO is a distribution company in the north of West Bank which entirely
depends on purchasing electricity from IEC on 33 kV level. It was established to
serve all the northern provinces, but till now it serves Nablus province and Jenin city
only.
NEDCO purchases 275.8 GWh form IEC. 228.249 GWh was consumed by
54339 consumers with 90% load factor (1).The percentage of losses is about 17% [4].
3.1 Nablus District
3.1.1 Feeders
Nablus is supplied by 64MVA from the following four 33 kV feeders [4]:
1. Odala : With a rated capacity of 13MVA.
2. Askar : With a rated capacity of 23MVA.
3. Qussen: With a rated capacity of 20MVA.
4. Enab : With a rated capacity of 8MVA.
NEDCO is in progressing to increase the capacity to 91MVA by increasing the
capacity of Odala to 20 MVA and replacing Qussen feeder by Jeet feeder with a
capacity of 40MVA. Fig. 3-1 shows these main feeders, and the future main feeders
are shown in Fig. 3-2.
(1)Load factor: the average power divided by the peak power over a period of time [10].
18
(Fig. 3-1) The main feeders in Nablus
(Fig. 3-2) The future main feeders in Nablus
19
3.1.2 Substations
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)
rated at 10MVA in the main substations. Table 3-1 shows the main substation with
their rated capacities and connection points.
(Table 3-1) Main substation in Nablus
Substation Capacity (MVA) Fed from Number of Transformers
(10MVA)
Askar 13 Odala 1
Central 22 Askar 2
Mujeer Aldeen 17 Qussen 2
Wadi Al-tufah 7 Qussen 1
These substations are connected together with 33 kV lines in order to increase
reliability of the system. Fig. 3-3 shows the substation and there connection points.
6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)
rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVAand 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA
Some loads are not fed from these substations. They fed directly from 33 kV
feeders through step down transformers (Dy11, 33/0.4 kV) with different rated
values (160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA
The 6.6 kV feeder, which comes out of the 10MVA transformer, is branched to
a number of 6.6 kV feeders by connecting it to a bus bar. Table 3-2 shows the
feeders that come out from each substation and their capacities (2)
.
(2) Transformers in NEDCO are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor
[4].
20
(Fig. 3-3) Main substations
21
(Table 3-2) substations and the outcome feeder
Substations Feeders Capacity (kVA)
Askar
Nawaser(1) 1888
Nawaser(2) 1748
Althalagat 2240
Asker 1448
Central
Askar(on) 672
Khalet Aleman 2772
Faisal 3268
Ras alean(1) 1580
Alsouq 1304
Wadi Altfsh 2576
Ras alean(2) 3000
Aldahia 2092
Mujeer Aldeen
Rafidia 2428
Aldardoq 1172
Almajen 2184
Alethad 2416
Alenjele 2020
Al-Mahkma 1076
Wadi Al-tufah
Kamal Jomblat 2428
Algm’a 3336
About 13.6 MVA load is not connected to these substations. Fig. 3-4, Fig. 3-5,
Fig. 3-6 and Fig. 3-7 show the feeders of each substation.
22
(Fig. 3-4) Asker substation
(Fig. 3-5) Wadi Altufah substation
23
(Fig. 3-6) Mujeer Aldeen substation
(Fig. 3-7) Central substation
24
3.1.3 Transmission Lines
Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by
underground cables (C), Table 3-3 shows different types of transmission lines and
their specifications [3, 4].
(Table 3-3) Transmission lines specifications
Type C/OH Voltage
(kV)
Rated
Current
(A)
Resistance
Ω/ km
Reactance
Ω/ km
Cross Section
(mm2)
XLPE C 33 651 0.0976 0.115 240
XLPE C 33 553 0.127 0.120 185
XLPE C 6.6 335 0.325 0.124 120
ACSR OH 6.6 359 0.37 0.279 95/15
ACSR OH 6.6 359 0.66 0.297 50/15
ABC OH 0.4 215 0.32 0.087 95X6
ABC OH 0.4 175 0.443 0.088 70X6
ABC OH 0.4 140 0.641 0.093 50X6
3.2 Wadi Altufah Substation
In order to study the performance of NEDCO grid, we studied and analyzed
Wadi Altfah substation. For power flow analysis purpose Power World simulator was
used. Fig. 3-8 shows Wadi Altufah single line diagram.
25
(Fig. 3-8) Single line diagram
26
3.2.1 Data Collection
1. Transmission line parameters (R, X, C) as shown in Table 3-4
(Table 3-4) Parameters of the transmission line
The capacitance of the transmission line is calculated from the following
equation [13]:
C=
µF/ km …………………………………………………… (3.1)
GMD= 75.59 cm, r =0.55cm (for ACSR 95mm2).
C=11.3 nF/ km, which is very small, so it is neglected.
2. Transformer parameters (R, X)
The resistance and reactance of the transformer are not available in the
nameplate. Depending on the percentage impedance (%Z) definition and short
circuit test we calculated R and X values.
A transformer's percentage impedance is evaluated by a simple test. The
secondary terminals are short-circuited. A low voltage is then applied to the primary
terminals, and increased until the current measured in the short-circuited secondary
reaches the rated ampere value. The impedance is then the ratio of that primary
voltage to the rated voltage. Fig. 3-9 shows measuring impedance method [11].
(3)
MVA rated = Vrated*I rated
Type Voltage
( kV )
Resistance
Ω/ km
Reactance
Ω/ km
Rated
MVA(3)
XLPE(120mm2) 6.6 0.325 0.124 3.83
ACSR(95/15) 6.6 0.37 0.279 4.1
ACSR(50/8) 6.6 0.66 0.297 4.1
27
The percentage impedance is calculated via equation 3.2 [11]. And the short circuit
impedance is calculated via equation 3.3 [12].
%Z =
…………………………………………..... (3.2)
Zsc =
<PF…………………………………...…………………… (3.3)
Where Vsc equals to impedance voltage and Isc equals to the rated current at the
secondary. Table 2-4 shows the parameters of the transformers.
(Table 3-5) Transformer parameters
Capacity
(MVA)
%Z R(Ω) X(Ω) PF
0.25 4.5 0.68816 0.293
0.92
0.4 4.14 0.473 0.2016
0.63 4.62 0.2852 0.121
1 6 0.2524 0.108
10 10 3.47 1.48
3. Table 3-6 shows the loads inserted to Power World simulator.
(Table 3-6) Load parameters.
Transformer (kVA) Load (MVA) Load MW Load Mvar
250 0.1 0.092 0.0392
400 0.16 0.1472 0.0627
630 0.252 0.232 0.09876
1000 0.4 0.368 0.1567
(Fig. 3-9) Percentage impedance
28
4. Data in per unit
I. Transmission Parameters
We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage
is taken to be the nominal voltages at the buses, for 6.6 kV line, the base
impedance is calculated via equation 3.4 and the per unit impedance is
calculated via equation 3.5 [12].
Zbase=
= 0.4356Ω …………………………………………… (3.4)
Zpu=
…………………….…………………………………… (3.5)
(Table 3-7) Per unit values for transmission line per phase
Type Voltage
(kV)
Resistance
Pu/ km
Reactance
Pu/ km
XLPE(120mm2) 6.6 0.746 0.285
ACSR(95/15) 6.6 0.85 0.641
ACSR(50/8) 6.6 1.515 0.682
II. Transformers
We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base
voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages on the primary winding, using
equation 3.4 the base impedance is calculated. Table 3-8 shows the per
unit values for the transformers.
(Table 3-8) Per unit values for transformer per phase
Capacity (MVA) Zbase R(Ω)
Per unit
X(Ω)
Per unit
0.25
0.4356
1.579798 0.672635
0.4 1.085859 0.46281
0.63 0.654729 0.277778
1 0.579431 0.247934
10 10.89 0.3434 0.135904
29
3.2.2 Data Analysis
Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 59 buses and 25
transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:
1. The capacity of Wadi Altufah substation is 5.7 MW, 2.7 Mvar with 0.90 PF.
2. A 5.2MW, 2.4 Mvar is consumed by the load, with 0.89 PF as an average.
Table 3-9 and Table 3-10 show the actual power factor and the actual
consumption.
3. The losses in the system is 0.5MW (9%) and 0.2 Mvar (8.3%).
(Table 3-9) PF at loads
Bus Number PF Bus Number PF
6 0.89442719 37 0.9001039
8 0.89442719 39 0.900103905
12 0.931062364 41 0.90001565
17 0.920015636 43 0.92572372
19 0.920015636 46 0.821925819
21 0.920015636 47 0.9013121
23 0.919970569 49 0.89442719
26 0.89442719 51 0.920015636
28 0.85749292 53 0.920015636
30 0.89189621 55 0.857492926
32 0.92009074 58 0.931022838
35 0.934783576 59 0.92010234
(Table 3-10) Load
Bus
Number
Load MW Load
Mvar
Bus
Number
Load MW Load
Mvar
6 0.2000 0.1000 37 0.1440 0.0697
8 0.2000 0.1000 39 0.1440 0.0697
12 0.1600 0.0627 41 0.1800 0.0872
17 0.1472 0.0627 43 0.2668 0.1090
19 0.1472 0.0627 46 0.1000 0.0693
21 0.1472 0.0627 47 0.2268 0.1090
23 0.0920 0.0392 49 0.2000 0.1000
26 0.6000 0.3000 51 0.1472 0.0627
28 0.5000 0.3000 53 0.1472 0.0627
30 0.2268 0.1150 55 0.1000 0.0600
32 0.5520 0.2350 58 0.1000 0.0392
35 0.1250 0.0475 59 0.2320 0.0988
30
4. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 6.6 kV was 10.3% and on
0.4 kV buses was 10.5%. Table 3-11 shows the actual voltage and drop
voltage on the buses.
(Table 3-11) Voltage on the buses
Bus
number
Nominal voltage
( kV )
Actual voltage
( kV )
Percentage
voltage drop
Voltage Phase
Angle
2 6.6 6.592 0.1212 0
3 6.6 6.588 0.1818 -0.23
5 6.6 6.453 2.2273 -0.23
6 0.4 0.39 2.5000 0
7 6.6 6.452 2.2424 -0.22
8 0.4 0.39 2.5000 -0.24
9 6.6 6.42 2.7273 0
10 6.6 6.329 4.1061 0.09
11 6.6 6.328 4.1212 0.08
12 0.4 0.383 4.2500 0.09
13 6.6 6.173 6.4697 0.08
14 6.6 6.142 6.9394 0.02
15 6.6 5.996 9.1515 0.06
16 6.6 5.992 9.2121 0.08
17 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.08
18 6.6 5.984 9.3333 0.08
19 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.08
20 6.6 5.982 9.3636 -0.24
21 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.1
22 6.6 5.981 9.3788 0.09
23 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.11
24 6.6 5.974 9.4848 0.12
25 6.6 5.938 10.0303 0.1
26 0.4 0.358 10.5000 0.09
27 6.6 5.935 10.0758 0.08
28 0.4 0.358 10.5000 0.09
29 6.6 5.974 9.4848 0.13
30 0.4 0.36 10.0000 0.12
31 6.6 5.97 9.5455 0.1
32 0.4 0.36 10.0000 0.1
33 6.6 6.585 0.2273 0.08
34 6.6 6.534 1.0000 0.07
35 0.4 0.395 1.2500 0.02
36 6.6 6.467 2.0152 0.03
37 0.4 0.391 2.2500 0
38 6.6 6.407 2.9242 -0.21
39 0.4 0.387 3.2500 -0.21
31
(Table 3-11, continued)
40 6.6 6.337 3.9848 -0.19
41 0.4 0.383 4.2500 -0.21
42 6.6 6.327 4.1364 -0.12
43 0.4 0.381 4.7500 -0.15
44 6.6 6.322 4.2121 -0.14
45 6.6 6.318 4.2727 -0.16
46 0.4 0.382 4.5000 -0.21
47 0.4 0.381 4.7500 -0.19
48 6.6 6.287 4.7424 -0.19
49 0.4 0.38 5.0000 -0.15
50 6.6 6.275 4.9242 -0.19
51 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.18
52 6.6 6.27 5.0000 -0.18
53 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.19
54 6.6 6.265 5.0758 -0.18
55 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.17
56 6.6 6.283 4.8030 -0.29
57 6.6 6.268 5.0303 -0.23
58 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.39
59 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.39
Slack Bus 33 33 0.0000 0
32
Chapter Four
Hebron Distribution System
There are two electric utilities that supply Hebron with electricity which will be
discussed in the following sections.
4.1 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)
HEPCO was established in 2000. It has started its services in 2005. HEPCO
covers 92 square kilometers and provides electricity to about 34,000 electric
customers throughout Hebron and in Halhul [5].
HEPCO purchases 308.419 GWh form IEC. 241.889 GWh was consumed with
70% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 20%. Fig. 4-1 shows the daily
load curve of HEPCO [5].
(Fig. 4-1) HEPCO daily load curve
33
HEPCO is supplied by 60MVA from six 33 kV feeders to supply seven
substations. Table 4-1 shows the specifications of each substation.
(Table 4-1) Substations in HEPCO
Substation Name Description Unit Quantity
Duhdah Substation
10 MVA power transformer 2
Total purchased power from IEC MVA 15
Peak Load MVA 16
Average PF 0.93
Ras Substation
10 MVA power transformer 2
Total purchased power from IEC MVA 13
Peak Load MVA 11
Average PF 0.93
West Substation
10 MVA power transformer 2
Total purchased power from IEC 10
Peak Load 8
Average PF 0.93
Harayek Substation
10 MVA power transformer 2
Total purchased power from IEC MVA 10
Peak Load MVA 9
Average PF 0.93
Fahs Substation
10 MVA power transformer 3
Total purchased power from IEC MVA 12
Peak Load MVA 13
Average PF 0.93
Hussien Substation
10 MVA power transformer MVA 2
Peak Load MVA 8
Average PF 0.93
Um El Dalieh
10 MVA power transformer MVA 2
Peak Load MVA 5
Average PF 0.93
Fig. 4-2 shows these substations and the connections with IEC feeders.
34
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)
rated at 10MVA in the main substation, and then 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV
level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630
kVA and 1000 kVA.
Some loads are fed directly from 33\0.4kV transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250
kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA.
HEPCO in progress to raise the voltage level to 11 kV .Now Fahs substation
distributes power at 11 kV level.
(Fig. 4-2) Main feeders in HEPCO
35
Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (ACSR, ABC) or by
underground cables (XLPE).
4.2 Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)
SELCO was established in 2002.It serves Dura, Yatta, Dahariah,and some
villages in south of Hebron [6].
SELCO purchases 96.44 GWh form IEC, 69.62 MWh were consumed by 18000
customers with 80% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 28%.
In SELCO, there are no substations. The voltage is reduced directly from 33 kV
to 0.4 kV using different transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630
kVA, 1000 kVA.
SELCO is supplied by 13.3 MVA from IEC; this capacity is distributed as shown
in Fig. 4-3. Table 4-2 shows the served areas and their capacities [6].
(Table 4-2) Capacity of each area in SELCO
Area kVA
Yatta 5000
Adhriya 2000
Dura 1500
Imreish 1000
Karma 500
Al Ramdeen 500
Burj 218
Beit Rush Alfuqa 111
Biet Rush Althta 44
Deir al'Asal Alfuqa 173
Deir al'Asal Althta 111
Al Majd 173
Sekka 630
Beit Marsam 630
Al Buweib 630
Hadab Al Fawwar 111
36
(Fig. 4-3) Areas served by SELCO
HEPCO and SELCO do not cover all parts of Hebron. The remaining parts are
fallen under municipalities responsibility, which represents a large area but with a
lower consumption of electricity due to lower population and industrial activities.
37
Chapter Five
Bethlehem Distribution System
JDECO, which is a distribution company in the middle of West Bank, depends on
purchasing electricity from IEC (95.4%) and Jordan (4.6%) on 33 kV level. It serves
East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Jericho.
JDECO purchases 1576.606 GWh. 1077.768 GWh was consumed by 205052
customers with 60% load factor. The percentage of losses is about 32%.
Table 5-1 shows the electricity data for high voltage injection points [3].
(Table 5-1) Injection points in JDECO
Injection
points
Area
No. Of
injection
points
Total
MVA
kWh
Purchased
kV
Energize
(year)
Ram 1 Jer. Ram.
2
20 949.39
33
1998
44% 56% 2002
Sur Baher Jer. Bet.
15 531.326
46% 54%
Erez
Jeru
sale
m
16
0.7
MV
A
9
20
63
914
613
8
1973
Rakefet 20 1990
Hetsav 20 1981
Abo-Dis 20 2002
Al-tur 20 2002
Zaayem 15 2005
Nabe
Samuel 7.5 2002
38
(Table 5-1, continued)
Ramallah
Ram
alla
h
12
3.7
MV
A
9
20
5
45
51
628
6
33
1988
Beit Safafa 2.5 2002
Al-Barid 20 1988
Ofre 20 1996
Bereg 20 2001
Al-Ram 20 2003
Ein Samya 10 1996
Sinjel 10 2006
Beit Horon 5 2005
Nabe Saleh 7.5 2000
Beit
Eil/spare
10 1999
Shufat1
Bet
hle
hem
74
.6M
VA
6
20
30
158
162
0
1974
Shufat2 20 1991
Hana 20 1994
Efrat 6 2003
Jabae 0.5 ………
Jarad 20 1993
Jericho
Jeri
cho
45M
VA
4
15
96
361
923
2002
Aqbat Jaber 10 1995
Jordan 1 10 2008
Jordan 2 10 2008
Total 30 434 1576605975
39
5.1 Bethlehm System Descriptions
Bethlehm is supplied from 33 kV feeders, which are: Shufat1, Shufat2, Hana,
Jarad, Efrat, Sur Baher and Jabae. These feeders feed the following main substations:
Qoba Rahel , Alkhas, Beit Sahour and Jarad as shown in Table 5-2 [3].
(Table 5-2) Main substations in Bethlehem
Substation Transformers
(33/11) kV
Coming out
11 kV feeders
Qobat Rahel 2X15 MVA
Biet Jala
Al Tantor
Mahed
Biet Sahour
Beit Sahour 10 MVA
7.5 MVA
Biet Sahour1
Beit Sahour2
Bethlehem1
Bethlehem2
Jarad 2X10MVA
Khader
Doha
Dhasheh
Villages
Alkhas 5 MVA Obedya
Dar salah
Fig. 5-1 shows the main substations and their connection points.
40
(Fig. 5-1) Main substations in Bethlehm
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 11 kV level then to 0.4 kV and some loads are
fed directly from 33/0.4 kV transformers. Table 5-3 the specifications of Bethlehem
distribution transformers [3].
41
(Table 5-3) Bethlehem distribution transformers
Transformer(kV) Rated kVA No. Of
transformers Indoor/Outdoor
11\0.4
400 5
Indoor 500 4
630 7
1000 1
11\0.4
100 10
Outdoor
160 5
250 24
500 4
630 8
33\0.4
100 10
Outdoor
160 15
250 17
400 7
500 3
630 4
Total 138
Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by
underground cables (C), Table 5-4 shows different types of transmission lines and
their specifications [3].
(Table 5-4) Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm
Type C/
OH
Voltage
( kV )
Rated
Current
(A)
Resistance
Ω/ km
Reactance
Ω/ km
Cross Section
(mm2)
TSLE 3X1X150
AL C 33
370
0.206
0.20
150
DKBA1X3X150
CU C 33 350 0.124 0.088 150
42
(Table 5-4, continued)
5.2 Alkhas Substation
The performances of Alkhas substation have been studied and analyzed using
power world simulator. Fig. 5-2 shows single line diagram of Alkas substation.
TSLE 3X1X150
CU C 33
455
0,124
0,20
150
DKBA 1X3X120
CU C 33
305
0.153
0.088 120
ACSR
OH 33 732 0.150 0.386 120
ACSR
OH 33 628 0.190 0.394 95
ACSR
OH 33 416 0.395 0.415 50
DKBA 1X3X150
CU C 11 350 0.124 0.88 150
TSLE 3X1X150
CU C 11 455 0.124 0.19 150
DKBA 1X3X120
CU C 11 305 0.15 0.088 120
ACSR
OH 11 628 0.191 0.351 95
ACSR
OH 11 416 0.359 0.373 50
ABC OH 0.4 215 0.32 0.087 95X6
ABC OH 0.4 175 0.443 0.088 70X6
ABC OH 0.4 140 0.641 0.093 50X6
43
(Fig. 5-2) Single line diagram of Alkas substation.
44
5.2.1 Data Collection
1. Transmission line parameters (R, X) as shown in Table 5-5
(Table 5-5) Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem.
Type Voltage
(kV)
Zbase Resistance
Pu/km
Reactance
Pu/km
Rated
MVA
TSLE 3X1X150
CU 11
1.21
0.1025 0.1570 8.6905
DKBA 1X3X150
CU 11 0.1240 0.0727 6.6850
DKBA 1X3X120
CU 11 0.1240 0.0727 5.8255
ACSR (50mm2)
11 0.2967 0.3083 7.9258
2. Transformer parameters are shown in Table 5-6.
(Table 5-6) Transformer parameters in Bethlehm
The base impedance is calculated via equation 5.1 [12] .
Zbase(2)
=
……………………………...…………………… (5.1)
(1) Transformers in Bethlehm are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor.
(2) Sbase = 100MVA
Capacity
(MVA)
%Z Load(1)
Zbase R(Ω)
Pu
X(Ω)
Pu
PF
MW Mvar
0.16 4 0.05888 0.025
1.21
1.448 0.617
0.920
0.25 4.5 0.092 0.0392 0.569 0.242
0.5 4 0.184 0.0784 0.464 0.198
5 6 …….. ……... 10.98 0.637 0.272
45
5.2.2 Data Analysis
Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 36 buses and 16
transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:
1. The capacity of Alkhas substation is 1.71 MW, 0.73 Mvar with 0.92 PF.
2. A 1.65 MW, 0.7 Mvar was consumed by the load, with 0.919 PF as an average.
Table 5-7 and Table 5-8 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption.
(Table 5-7) PF at each load in Alkhas substation
Bus number Power Factor
4 0.91997057
6 0.91997057
8 0.91997057
10 0.91924836
12 0.91997057
15 0.91997057
16 0.91924836
18 0.91924836
20 0.91924836
25 0.91924836
27 0.91997057
29 0.91924836
31 0.91997057
33 0.91997057
35 0.91924836
36 0.91924836
46
(Table 5-8) Load in Alkhas substation
Bus Number Load MW Load Mvar
4 0.184 0.0783
6 0.184 0.0784
8 0.092 0.0392
10 0.092 0.0394
12 0.092 0.0392
15 0.092 0.0392
16 0.092 0.0394
18 0.092 0.0394
20 0.092 0.0394
25 0.092 0.0394
27 0.092 0.0392
29 0.092 0.0394
31 0.092 0.0392
33 0.092 0.0392
35 0.092 0.0394
36 0.092 0.0394
3. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 11 kV was 4% and on 0.4 kV
buses was 4%. Table 5-9 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses.
(Table 5-9) Actual voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation.
Bus Number Nominal Voltage
kV
Actual
Voltage
kV
Percentage
drop voltage
Voltage Phase
Angle
(Degree)
1 33 33 0.00 0
2 11 10.773 2.06 0.21
3 11 10.733 2.43 0.12
4 0.4 0.39 2.50 0.12
5 11 10.686 2.85 0.02
6 0.4 0.388 3.00 0.02
7 11 10.615 3.50 -0.14
8 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.14
9 11 10.594 3.69 -0.19
10 0.4 0.385 3.75 -0.19
11 11 10.593 3.70 -0.19
12 0.4 0.385 3.75 -0.19
13 11 10.57 3.91 -0.25
14 11 10.565 3.95 -0.26
15 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.26
16 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.25
17 11 10.562 3.98 -0.27
18 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27
47
(Table 5-9, continued)
19 11 10.561 3.99 -0.27
20 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27
21 11 10.559 4.01 -0.27
23 11 10.669 3.01 -0.02
24 11 10.665 3.05 -0.03
25 0.4 0.387 3.25 -0.03
26 11 10.641 3.26 -0.08
27 0.4 0.387 3.25 -0.08
28 11 10.63 3.36 -0.11
29 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.11
30 11 10.623 3.43 -0.13
31 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.13
32 11 10.628 3.38 -0.11
33 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.11
34 11 10.623 3.43 -0.12
35 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.12
36 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27
4. The losses in the system was 0.06MW (3.5%) and 0.03 Mvar (5%).
From our analysis for Wadi Altufah substation and Alkas substation it was
noticed that the percentage of losses is decreased in Alkas because of using 11 kV
transmission lines, and also the drop voltage is decreased and the power factor at the
load buses is almost the same as in the main substation.
48
Chapter six
Conclusion & Future work
There is no generation in West Bank; electricity sector depends on the electrical
power generated by IEC, which refuses most Palestinian requests to increase the
supplied capacity. As a result West Bank cannot guarantee electrical energy supply
for ever, so Israel has another way to practice pressure on Palestinians.
The present grid suffers from fragmentation, high losses, low reliability, high
energy prices, low maintenance, and disability to handle the future demand.
Producing our own electricity seems to be very difficult. So, it is now very
important for distribution companies to find their way to save the available electrical
energy and seek what new technologies are useful and how to improve old
technologies to efficient and helpful in electrical energy saving.
For future, we will propose different scenarios for connecting the different power
distribution companies to generate an integrated electrical network with standard
voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good
voltage level, and low transmission cost. This well integrated network allows for
future connection to the seven Arab country grid , and eventually supplies end users
with low cost electrical energy.
49
References
1. Palestinian Energy Authority, PEA.
2. World Bank, West Bank and Gaza Energy Sector Review, Report No. 39695-GZ, May, 2007.
3. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO).
4. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO).
5. Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO).
6. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO).
7. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
8. Electricity consumption. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.
Retrieved October 2010.
9. Electricity consumption per capita. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC.
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