PROJECT MANAGEMENTMSE 1

TOPICS COVERED:1. Machinery and Equipment2. Structure and Civil Work3. Environmental Aspects

4. Project Charts and Layouts

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Machinery & Equipment requirement depends upon the production technology and plant capacity of the proposed project.

Steps to select machinery and equipment for a project:1. Estimate levels of production over time2. Define various machining and operations3. Calculate machine hours required for each type of operations4. Select equipment and machinery for each function

1.1.1. Machinery & Equipment

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Types of Machinery and equipment:1. Plant equipment2. Mechanical equipment3. Electrical equipment4. Instruments5. Controls and internal transportation system6. Spare parts & tools

Things to be considered while selecting machinery and equipment:1. Availability of power to rum machines2. Transporting heavy equipment3. Ease of use4. Import policies of Govt. if the machines are to be imported from a foreign country

Factored affecting the procurement of machinery:1. Quality of machinery2. Level of technical sophistication3. Reputation of supplier4. Expected delivery schedule5. Payment terms6. Performance guarantees

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Size of the job: Larger volumes of excavation will require larger excavators, or smaller excavators in greater number.

Activity time constraints: Shortage of time for excavation may force contractors to increase the size or numbers of equipment for activities related to excavation.

Availability of equipment: Productivity of excavation activities will diminish if the equipment used to perform them is available but not the most adequate.

Cost of transportation of equipment: This cost depends on the size of the job, the distance of transportation, and the means of transportation.

Type of excavation: Principal types of excavation in building projects are cut and/or fill, excavation massive, and excavation for the elements of foundation. The most adequate equipment to perform one of these activities is not the most adequate to perform the others.

Choice of Machinery(with the example of an excavation project)

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Soil characteristics: The type and condition of the soil is important when choosing the most adequate equipment since each piece of equipment has different outputs for different soils. Moreover, one excavation pit could have different soils at different stratums.

Geometric characteristics of elements to be excavated: Functional characteristics of different types of equipment makes such considerations necessary.

Space constraints: The performance of equipment is influenced by the spatial limitations for the movement of excavators.

Characteristics of haul units: The size of an excavator will depend on the haul units if there is a constraint on the size and/or number of these units.

Location of dumping areas: The distance between the construction site and dumping areas could be relevant not only for selecting the type and number of haulers, but also the type of excavators.

Weather and temperature: Rain, snow and severe temperature conditions affect the job-site productivity of labour and equipment.

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WHY?

For manufacturing a product, more than one process/technology may be available.

For example, steel can be manufactured either by the Bessemer process or by the open-hearth process. Cement can be manufactured either by the wet process or by the dry process.

1.1.2. Choice of Technology

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Depends on quality and quantity of product. If quantity increases then, mass production

technique with relevant technology is required. Quality depends upon what use it is meant for. Eg:

(a) Any pharmaceutical grade product should have high quality and hence demands sophisticated technology.(b) Any product for commercial use doesn’t need to be of extra high quality.

Selection of Process/ Technology

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For technology, latest technology should be chosen provided it has no constraints & proves successful for large scale production at factory.

Any technology protected by patent rights can be purchased outright if the cost of acquisition is affordable.

The term ‘appropriate technology’ is the one suitable for local economic, social and cultural conditions.

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Appropriate technology can be identified by asking the following questions:1. Does the technology makes use of the locally

available raw material ?2. Can the technology by implemented and

maintained by the locally available man power ?3. Is the technology in tune with the local social and

cultural conditions ?4. Does the technology protects ecological balance

etc. ?

Appropriate Technology

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Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment.

A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed.

1.2. Environmental Aspects

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Environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan

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Environmental Impact Analysis

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For Example, a forest ecosystem is a complete ecosystem which provides food, shelter to a wide variety of species. It provides firewood, resins, timber, medicinal herbs, etc.. to us. Therefore forests are our lifeline. Whenever a project is undertaken which demands clearing of the forest like construction of road or a dam, then EIA helps us to access the impact of that activity on this life line. It also suggests alternate project sites and alternate process technologies.

Example:

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Surface water quality ? Air quality ? Seismology/geology impact? Erosion ? Land quality ? Fisheries ? Forests ? Terrestrial wildlife ? Noise? Archaeological/historical significance ? Public health ?

FAQ : Environmental aspects

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Site preparation and development ( grading and levelling of the site, demolition and removal of existing structure, relocation of existing pipelines, cables, roads, power lines etc. connection of public network like electric power, water, communications, transportations etc. )

Building and Structures ( involves construction of factory or process building, ancillary buildings, administrative buildings, residential buildings)

Outdoor works ( involves the supply and distribution of utilities, handling and treatment of emission, wastages, transportation, supervision etc)

1.3. Structures and Civil Works

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Technical Analysis of a project for buildings, structures and civil works involves the preparation and development of site which includes1. Grading and levelling of land2. Demolition of existing structures3. Relocation of pipeline, cables, roads4. Reclamation of sewers and drainage5. Connections for utilities6. Arranging for electricity, water etc.

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General functional layout Material flow diagram Production line diagram Transport layout Utility consumption layout Communication layout Organizational layout Plant layout

1.4. Project charts and Layout

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General Functional Layout shows the functional relationship between building, civil works and machines. It facilitates smooth and economical movement of raw materials, work in progress and finished products.

Material flow diagram shows the quantum of flow of materials, work-in-progress, finished products etc. along with the basic flow of these items.

Product Line Diagram shows the production process envisaged for the project. It also shows the vital information for the main machines and equipment's (description, location, foundation, space requirement, power and utilities required, distance between one centre to another etc.)

Plant Layout indicates the physical layout of the entire factory. In case of the process industry, the plant layout depends upon the production process involved chronologically.

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Utility Consumption Layout shows main points of consumption of utilities and the qualities and quantities required.

Transport Layout indicates the distance and means of transportation outside the production line.

Communication layout shows how various departments of the project are connected with the communication system.

Organization layout indicates the organization structure of the project, the interrelationship between different departments and the manpower required for the various departments.

Plant Layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities such as machinery, equipment, furniture etc. with in the factory building in such a manner so as to have quickest flow of material at the lowest cost.

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“Project Management & Control” : Subhash Chandra Das. ISBN: 8120344502

http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/04_Labor,_Material,_And_Equipment_Utilization.html

http://ijiset.com/vol3/v3s5/IJISET_V3_I5_16.pdf http://www.bbamantra.com/technical-analysis-of-a-project/ https://enviroliteracy.org/environment-society/economics/environme

ntal-impact-analysis/

http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001059.pdf www.ef.uns.ac.rs/mis/archive-pdf/2008%20-%

20No1/MIS2008_1_1.pdf https://

www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=project+management

REFERENCES