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Project Design and Planning

Sequence of Systematic

Project Design

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Problem Analysis

Objectives Analysis

Alternatives Analysis

The sequence of Objectives-Oriented Project Planning (OOPP)

Participants Anal.

1.1.2.2.3.3.

Log. Framework

Plan of OperationsPlan of Operations

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Visualization in Participatory Project Planning (VIPP)

• Make your plan: Visible Readable Changeable Movable

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PCM Workshop-House Rules

1. Write your own idea on a card.

2. Write only one idea on a card.

3. Describe in a clear and brief sentence.

4. Stick to the facts, and avoid abstraction and generalizations.

5. Write your ideas on the cards before beginning discussion.

6. Obtain a consensus when removing cards from the board.

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ANALYSISSTAGE

Problems

Analysis

Objectives

Analysis

Stakeholders

Analysis

Alternative Analysis

PLANNINGSTAGE

PDM Plan of Operation

(PO)

Context

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STEP 1: CONTEXT

• What are the country’s basic development problems? Is the proposed project relevant in this context?

• Which are the problems in the particular sector?

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Step 2: Problem Analysis

• Analyze existing situation

• Identify important problems

• Define core problem

• Draw cause effect relationship Why?

• Why?– Why?

» Why?» Why?

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Problem Tree

Visual representation of the causes and effects of existing negative conditions in the project area and/or sector, in the form of a Problem Tree

1. Select the core problem (focal problem).

2. Identify the direct causes of the core problem.

3. Develop the problem tree downwards (add causes).

4. Identify the direct effects of the core ploblem.

5. Develop the problem tree upwards (add effects).

6. Ensure that “cause-effect” relationships are maintained in the

problem tree.

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Direct Effects

Core Problem

Direct Causes

CORE PROBLEM

CAUSES

EFFECTS

Problem Tree

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Example: Problem Tree

HouseholdIncome

decreases.

FarmersHave to worklong hours.

Rice productivity is low.

Arable land is very limited

Irrigation systemDoes not work

properly

TraditionalFarming methods

are used..

Main facilities are not

well maintained

TerminalFacilities

Are not wellmaintained

FarmersDo not want

To Applyfertilizers

FarmersCannot afford

To buy modern equipment

CAUSES

EFFECTSCore Problem

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Tip for Writing Problem Cards

1. Write existing problems only.

2. Write only one problem per card.

3. Describe the problem in a sentence

4. Do not include both the cause and the effect of a problem on one card.

5. Try to avoid expressions such as “No resources is available.”

(instead, describe the conditions resulting from the lack or absence of the

particular)

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Exercise 2: Your Problem Tree

Core Problem

Women cannot be involved in Income

Generating activities

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Avoid Prefer

There is no hospital

Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical

treatment

Technical skills are inadequate

and vehicles are in poor condition

Technical skills of train operator are

inadequate

Vehicles are in poor condition

Irrigation system Irrigation system does not work

properly

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Objective Analysis

• Rephrase the problems (negative statements) into objectives (positive statements)

• Identify future alternatives objective (add if necessary)

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Step 3: Objectives Analysis

A Process to change “cause-effect” relationships that were clarified in the Problem Analysis to “means-ends” relationships that would be attained in the project.

Problem Objectives

Farmers cannot receive appropriate medical treatment

Tap water is contaminated with

soil residue

Rice productivity

Is low

Farmers can receive appropriate medical

treatment

Tap water is not contaminated with

soil residue

Rice productivity

increases

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COREPROBLEM

Cause

Effect

Objective Tree

Negative

COREOBLECTIVE

Positive

Means

Ends

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RiceProductivity

is low

Arable land is very limited

Main facilities are not well maintained

HouseholdIncome

decrease

Farmers have to

work long hours.

Problem Tree<Negative>

Objective Tree<Positive>

CoreProblem

Irrigation systemdoes not

work properly

Traditional farming methodsAre used

FarmersDo not want

to applyfertilizers

RiceProductivity

increase

More arable land

is available

Main facilities are well

maintained

HouseholdIncomeincrease

Farmers ‘s Workload is reduced

Irrigation systemwork properly

Modern farming methods are

introduced

Farmersapply

fertilizers

CoreObjective

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Tips for Writing Objective Cards

1. Describe desirable situations on the cards

2. Confirm the statement whether it is realistic or not.

3. Confirm the statement whether it is feasible or not.

4. Add new cards if necessary.

5. You may not have to rewrite all the problem cards.

6. Do not become an automatic “translation machene”

Desirable?

Realistic?

Feasible?

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Exercise 3: Your Objective Tree

Core Objective

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Alternative Analysis

• Identify irrelevant objectives

• Analyze objective-impacts relationship

• Set project criteria

• Choose the best option

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Step 4: Project Selection

1. Circle approaches on the Objective Tree.

2. Name each approach in a manner that makes its objective clear.

3. Confirm the basic points of each approach.

4. Choose selection criteria for comparing the approaches to be examined.

5. Compare and examined the approaches in light of the selection criteria.

6. Select one approach to be developed into a project.

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Example: Project SelectionHousehold

Incomedecreases.

FarmersHave to worklong hours.

Rice productivity is low.

More arable land is

available

Irrigation systemwork

properly

ModernFarming methods

are introduced.

TerminalFacilities are well

maintained

FarmersApply

fertilizers

Modern EquipmentIs available for farmers

Core Objective

MainFacilities Are well

maintained

1.Land Approach 2.Irrigation Approach 3.Technology Approach

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Logical Linkages

• The results chain specifies the logical linkages among the inputs, activities, outputs, expected outcomes, and impacts of the project .

• Overall, this means that:

• the inputs and activities should support the achievement of outputs

• the cumulative achievement of outputs should lead to the achievement of outcomes

• the achievement of outcomes should support the achievement of impact.

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Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Activities

Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs

Outcomes

Financial Resources Human Resources

Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Activities

Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs

Outcomes

Financial Resources Human Resources

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Nile Basin Initiative

Impact

Medium-TermOutcomes

Short-term Outcomes

Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Program Level

Impact

Outcomes

Outputs

Project Level

Outputs

Activities

Activities

Activities

In addition to the internal logical of an intervention, each intervention should also show clear links to higher-level

results

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Focus on Change

• Outcome results Use “action” words: Improved Increased Strengthened Reduced Enhanced

• SMART Results Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time Bound

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The Content

• A results chain contains four result levels (impact, medium-term outcomes, short-term outcomes, and outputs) and one process level element (activities):

• Impact – The final intended result of the project. Impacts are effects that take a longer time period to be realized, are subject to influences beyond the intervention itself, and can also be at a more strategic level.

• Outcomes – The short and medium term results of outputs that will lead to achievement of the impact.

• Outputs – The results of the project activities, outputs are the products or services generated by the activities and provide evidence that the activity did occur.

• Activities – The actions that project staff engage in that are intended to contribute to the achievement of the outputs.

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The Logical Framework Concepts

• A logframe is a management tool that summarizes the entire project:

• It captures the design of an intervention, most often at the program or project level

• It identifies results (inputs, outputs, outcomes, impact) and their causal relationships, performance indicators, and the challenges and constraints that may influence success

• It facilitates planning, management, monitoring and evaluation of an intervention.