project on xml by botoho 2011

8/3/2019 Project on XML by Botoho 2011

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Project on XML by BotohoSumi.

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October 2011.Contents:

1. Introduction.2. Features of XML.3. Advantages of using XML.4. Components of an XML

documents.5. How XML works.6. Application of XML.

7. Conclusion.8. Acknowledgement.

9. Remarks.

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Introduction;

XML is extensible markup language. its File

extensionis.xml,Uniform type identifier-public.xml, it wasDeveloped by-world wide web Consortium, theType of format-markup language, Extendedfrom-SGML(Standard Generalized MarkupLanguage), it is an Open format, and it isCurrent published, it was started in the year

1996, the Editors of Xml are Tim Bray, JeanPaoli, C.M.Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler,Francois Yergeau, John Cowan

The internet is a textual data format; the design

of xml was to focus on documents.It is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures,Many application programming interfaces (APIs)have been developed that software developersuse to process Xml data.

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As of 2009 ,Hundreds of Xml-based Languageshave been Developed including RSS, Atom,SOAP, XHTML.XML –based format have become

the default for most office-productivity tools,Including Microsoft Office (Office open XML),Openoffice.org(Open Document), and Apple’swork.

XML is a profile of the ISO standard SGML andmost of XML comes from SGML unchanged.

From SGML comes the separation of logical andphysical structures (elements and entities), theavailability of grammar-based validation(DTDs), the separation of processing andrepresentation (processing instructions), andthe default angle-bracket syntax.

There are two Current versions of XML. Thefirst(XML 1.0) was initially defined in 1998.Ithas undergone minor revision since then,Without being given a new version number, andis currently in the fifth edition, as published onNovember 26,2008. It is widely implemented

and still recommended for general use. Thesecond (XML 1.1) was initially published inFebruary 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0Third Edition, and is currently in its secondEdition, as published on August 16,2006. Itcontains features (some contentious) that areintended to make XML easier to use in certain

cases.

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What is XML?

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language

XML is a markup language much like HTMLXML was designed to carry data, not to displaydataXML tags are not predefined. You must define

your own tagsXML is designed to be self-descriptiveXML is a W3C Recommendation

The Difference Between XML and

HTML:

XML is not a replacement for HTML.XML and HTML were designed with differentgoals:XML was designed to transport and store data,with focus on what data isHTML was designed to display data, with focuson how data looks.

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Main features of XML:

XML files are text files, which can be managedby any text editor.XML is very simple, because it has less than 10syntax rules.XML is extensible, because it only specifies thestructural rules of tags. No specification on tagsthem self.

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Advantages of using XML:

XML provides a basic syntax that can be used toshare information between different kinds of computers, different applications, and differentorganizations. XML data is stored in plain textformat. This software- and hardware-independent way of storing data allows differentincompatible systems to share data without

needing to pass them through many layers of conversion. This also makes it easier to expandor upgrade to new operating systems, newapplications, or new browsers, without losingany data.

With XML, your data can be available to allkinds of "reading machines" (Handheldcomputers, voice machines, news feeds, etc),and make it more available for blind people, orpeople with other disabilities.

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XML provides a gateway for communicationbetween applications, even applications onwildly different systems. As long as applications

can share data (through HTTP, file sharing, oranother mechanism), and have an XML parser,they can share structured information that iseasily processed. Databases can trade tables,business applications can trade updates, anddocument systems can share information.It supports Unicode, allowing almost any

information in any written human language tobe communicated.

It can represent common computer science datastructures: records, lists and trees.Its self-documenting format describes structure

and field names as well as specific values.The strict syntax and parsing requirementsmake the necessary parsing algorithmsextremely simple, efficient, and consistent.Content-based XML markup enhancessearchability, making it possible for agents andsearch engines to categorize data instead of wasting processing power on context-based full-text searches.

XML is heavily used as a format for documentstorage and processing, both online and offline.

It is based on international standards.

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It can be updated incrementally.

It allows validation using schema languagessuch as XSD and Schematron, which makeseffective unit-testing, firewalls, acceptancetesting, contractual specification and softwareconstruction easier.

The hierarchical structure is suitable for most(but not all) types of documents.

It is platform-independent, thus relativelyimmune to changes in technology.

Forward and backward compatibility arerelatively easy to maintain despite changes inDTD or Schema.

Its predecessor, SGML, has been in use since1986, so there is extensive experience andsoftware available.

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COMPONENTS OF AN XMLDOCUMENT:

Processing Instructions:An XML Documents usually begins with the XMLdeclaration statement called the ProcessingInstructions (PI). The PI statement providesinformation on how the XML file should beprocessed. The PI statement can be written as:

<B> <?xml version =”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> </B>

Tags:Tags are used to specify a name for a givenpiece of information. It is a means of identifying

data. Data is marked up using tags. A tagconsists of opening and closing angular brackets(<>) that encloses the name of the tag. Tagsusually occur in pairs. Each pair consists of astart tag and an end tag.

The start tag contains the name of the tag and

the end tag includes a forward slash (/) before

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the name of the tag, as given in the followingexample:

<P> Apple </P>Elements:Elements are the basic units used to identifyand describe the data in XML. They are thebuilding blocks of an XML document. Elementsare represented using tags. XML allows you to

give meaningful names to elements. This helpsimprove the readability of the code and enableseasy identification of the element content. AnXML document always has a root element. Aroot element contains all other elements in thedocument. Consider the following example:

<? Xml version=”1.0”>

<AUTHORS><AUTHOR><FIRSTNAME>APPLE</FIRSTNAME><LASTNAME>MANGO</LASTNAME></AUTHOR>

</AUTHORS>

In the preceding example, the AUTHORSelement contains all other elements I the XMLdocument, and is the root element. An XMLdocument can contain only one root element.All other elements must be embedded within

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the opening and closing tags of the rootelement.

Content:Content refers to the information representedby the elements of an XML document. Considerthe following example:

<BOOKNAME> The Painted House

</BOOKNAME>

In the preceding example, the name of thebook, The Painted House, is the content of the<BOOKNAME> element.

Attributes:Attributes provide additional information aboutthe elements for which they are declared.

Comments:Comments are statements used to explain theXML code. They are used to providedocumentation information about the XML fileor the application to which the file belongs. Theparser ignores comments entries during code

execution. Comments are not essential in an

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XML file. However, it is good programmingpractice to include comments along with thecode. This helps you easily understand the

code.

Comments are created using an openingangular bracket followed by an exclamationmark and two hyphens (!--). This is followed bythe text that comprises the comment.Comments are closed using two hyphens

followed by a closing angular brackets (-->).The following example illustrates the use of acomment in an XML document.

The text contained within a comment entrycannot have two consecutive hyphens, as givenin the following example.



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How XML works?XML content is enclosed in tags. Tags are likebags with a label: they hold their content anddescribe what’s inside. Furthermore, theircontent may include many other bags. Thesebags provide the structure and organization of XML.

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Applications of XML:B2BEDIJournal publishingDatabase development

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Conclusion:XML is an extremely powerful and pervasivesolution for any structured enterprise content orinformation requirement.

XML delivers significant benefits to standard,platforms, and solutions that use it as theirfoundations:XML is based on the strength of two of the mostsuccessful markup standards ever created-SGML and HTML-and is in active use atthousands of enterprises throughout the world.

XML can be used for everything, from scientificdata to visual and audible user interfaces.Furthermore, it works with any programminglanguage and Operating System.

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Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunityto thank the NIIT Dimapur for

giving me to participate in the

Information Search and AnalysisSkills-Seminar (ISAS-Seminar) todevelop me in the field of

Information search skill

My Gratitude goes to sir chubafor all the guidance and necessaryhelp.

Lastly, big thanks to my family for

always being there to support me.

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Remarks:

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