project prepare
DESCRIPTION
Project Prepare. 1. Ethnic Group 2. Racial Group Social construction 3. Census 2000. Race & Ethnicity…Defining our Terms. Ethnicity? a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns(D) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Project Prepare
1. Ethnic Group
2. Racial Groupa. Social construction
3. Census 2000
![Page 2: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Race & Ethnicity…Defining our Terms
Ethnicity?a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns(D)
Examples of ethnic groups that are important to your identity?
Irish, Polish, Italian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Chinese, Japanese, Kenyan, Nigerian…
![Page 3: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Top 5 Nations of Origin for American Ethnic Groups
![Page 4: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Top 5 Nations of Origin for American Ethnic Groups (Census 2000)
German 15.2%
Irish 10.8%
English 8.7%
Mexican 6.5%
Italian5.6%
![Page 5: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Racial Group?a group set apart from others based primarily on inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, hair form, and facial form. (D)
Examples?
![Page 6: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Racial Group?a group set apart from others based primarily on inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, hair form, and facial form. (D)
Races listed on 1990 US CensusWhiteBlackAsian & Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian and Alaskan NativeOther
Note that Hispanic is not considered a race …
Points to interesting questions of regarding how a society decides what is and is not a race …draws attention to how racial boundaries are fluid and fuzzy….
![Page 7: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Irish were once considered an “Inferior” non-white race
![Page 8: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“Inferior” Irish & Black Races… “smoked Irish” & “negroes turned inside out”
![Page 9: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Inferior “Jewish” Race
![Page 10: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Race as a Social Construction
Irish, Jews, Mexicans, Filipinos and Hindus have all been regarded as races in America…but now they are not….what does this say about the idea of race?
It is a social construction…
Anyone know what this term means?
![Page 11: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Race as a Social Construction
Race as a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
races are created, lived & transformed by social actors embedded in certain historical circumstances (D)
• We make them up…Society makes them up..
• They are not rooted in nature…but in our culture
• Red hair could just have easily become a racial marker…
![Page 12: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
One Race…the “Human Race”“Scientists Call Race Insignificant”
Race as a human category, has no biological significance at allToo much shared evolutionary biology
Mountains of evidence for this…
Within group variance swamps between group varianceSelect 2 random Blacks & compare genesSelect 2 random Whites & compare genesLikely to find more variation between 2 whites than between 1 black and 1 white
![Page 13: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
No genetic basis for race… So how have different societies and/or scientists tried to group people by race?Skin color- shade of pigmentation
What to do with dark skinned Italians, Iraqis, Indians?Color Gradient used in some countries (Brazil, Cuba)
Dental patterns- presence of shovel shaped incisorsCreates a race of that lumps Asians, Swedes & Native Americans together
Facial Features- measure contours of the skullIndians from Asia have Caucasian features, but dark skin
![Page 14: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
No genetic basis for race… So how have different societies and/or scientists tried to group people by race?Skin color- shade of pigmentation
What to do with dark skinned Italians, Iraqis, Indians?Color Gradient used in some countries (Brazil, Cuba)
Dental patterns- presence of shovel shaped incisorsCreates a race of that lumps Asians, Swedes & Native Americans together
Facial Features- measure contours of the skullIndians from Asia have Caucasian features, but dark skin
Add up ancestry & calculate: Common in US…We determined slaves this way…and currently determine Native American ancestry this way
Interesting results…note next slide
Bottom line: Each strategy gets different
![Page 15: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What Race?
N a tiveA m e rican
W h ite B la ck B la ck
P a re n t
T h a ila nd(A s ia n )
T h a ila nd(A s ia n )
C h in e se(A s ia n )
C h in e se(A s ia n )
P a re n t
S O N
![Page 16: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What Race? Asian by math…Black by skin color… Race is a social construction
N a tiveA m e rican
W h ite B la ck B la ck
P a re n t
T h a ila nd(A s ia n )
T h a ila nd(A s ia n )
C h in e se(A s ia n )
C h in e se(A s ia n )
P a re n t
S O N
![Page 17: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Race as a social construction…
Race is a social construction
Racial Classifications are arbitrary & depend on criteria used by person grouping people together
Might as Well just have a vote…Putting to a Vote the Question ‘Who Is Cherokee?
![Page 18: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
No Biological Basis…So why not vote?
Who is a Cherokee???
Officially, the election will ask voters whether to amend the Cherokee Nation Constitution. Overriding the 1866 treaty, it would limit citizenship to those who can trace their heritage to “Cherokee by blood” rolls, part of a census known as the Dawes Rolls of 1906. The Freedmen would automatically be denied citizenship because the Dawes Rolls, a census commissioned by Congress to distribute land to tribal members, put the Freedmen on a separate roll that made no mention of Indian blood.
![Page 19: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
No Biological Basis…So why not vote?
Who is a Cherokee???
“When the Dawes Rolls were created, those with any African blood were put on the Freedmen roll, even if they were half Cherokee. Those with mixed-white and Cherokee ancestry, even if they were seven-eighths white and one-eighth Cherokee, were put on the Cherokee by blood roll. More than 75 percent of those enrolled in the Cherokee Nation have less than one-quarter Cherokee blood, the vast majority of them of European ancestry.”
![Page 20: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Race as a social construction…
Race is a social construction
Racial Classifications are arbitrary & depend on criteria used by person grouping people together
Might as Well just have a vote…
Or maybe a draft…Video Clip: Chapelle Show
![Page 21: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Race as a Social ConstructionRace as a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
races are created, lived & transformed by social actors embedded in certain historical circumstances (D)
• We make them up…Society makes them up..
• They are not rooted in nature… but in our culture
• Red hair could just have easily become a racial marker…
![Page 22: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Government Recognized Races in the USBig debate has emerged…
Why try to record something we know doesn’t exist?
If society insists on recording…• Where do children of inter-racial
marriages fit? Latinos? Asian Indians? Middle Easterners? Anyone?
If don’t record race, how would we notice discrimination?
• Phily Inquirer: Approximately 50% of Philadelphia residents are minority, but “minorities today account for only“ 8 percent to 20 percent of construction workers on large-scale city projects.”
So…a BIG DEBATE…What were some of the proposed solutions??????
![Page 23: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Paradox of RaceRaces don’t exist, so stop asking the question
Don’t count them and perpetuate myth that races existCanada has done this
Don’t mess with it …races may not exist, but discrimination does…
Not counting eliminates ability to identify discrimination
• Philly Building Trades• DWB
Add Multi-Racial Box
Add new racesSome Hispanics wanted to become a race
Allow people to check multiple boxes
What should be done? Why?
![Page 24: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Government Recognized Races in the US1990 Census
WhiteBlackAsian & Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian and Alaskan NativeOther
2000 CensusWhiteBlack or African AmericanAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeAsianNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Some other raceTwo or more races
![Page 25: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Race/Ethnicity, 2000
75
12
0.9
3.6
0.1
5.5
2.4
12.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
White
Black
Nat. Amer
Asian
Nat. Haw
Other
2 or more
Hispanic
![Page 26: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Projections for 2050
52.8
13.68.7
1.1
23.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2050
WhiteBlackAsianNat. AmerHispanic
![Page 27: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Next…Prejudice and Discrimination
![Page 28: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Project Prepare
I. RacismII.PrejudiceIII. DiscriminationIV. Institutional/Structural Discrimination
• Assignment For Tuesday• Power Point slides will be posted to website
by early next week; http://www2.widener.edu/~spe0001/
![Page 29: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Race as a Social Construction
Race as a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
races are created, lived & transformed by social actors embedded in certain historical circumstances (D)
• We make them up…Society makes them up..
• They are not rooted in nature…but in our culture
• Red hair could just have easily become a racial marker…
![Page 30: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Races may not exist in nature …but society has acted as if they do…
Scientific Racism (D)…Core Belief in White Supremacy
1) racial and ethnic groups form a natural hierarchy of superiors and inferiors
2) White race is superior to the non-White races
![Page 31: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
White Supremacy in America
Alabama Constitutional Convention president John B. Knox of Anniston:
the foremost objective of the convention was "to establish white supremacy in this State."
![Page 32: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
White Supremacy“Were the Chinese to amalgamate at all with our people, it would be the lowest, most vile and degraded of our race, and the result of that amalgamation would be a hybrid of the most despicable , a mongrel of the most detestable that has ever afflicted the earth…”
• California Legislator, 1870s
![Page 33: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
White Supremacy
“These people must die out- there is no help for them. God has given this earth to those will subdue it, and it is vain to struggle against righteous decree.
Journalist Horace Greeley, 1859
![Page 34: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
White SupremacyThe marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be unlawful and void. Mississippi
Education: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. Florida
Circus Tickets All circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of...more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five (25) feet apart. Louisiana
![Page 35: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
White Supremacy and Work…Legal until 1964…practiced through 1970s…
Dual Job Ladders
W h ite s H ire d o ff th e S tre e t
U n sk ille d M a n u fac tu ring$ 1 .4 5 h r
S k ille d T ra d es$ 2 .0 0 h r
M a na ge m e nt$ 3 .00
B la cks H ire d o f th e S tre e t
B la cks S an ita tio n , C a fe te ria.7 5 ce n ts h r
U n sk ille d M a n u fac tu ring< ------T e m p o ra ry F ill In s
$ 1 .1 0 h r
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
![Page 36: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Races may not exist in nature …but society has acted as if they do…
Scientific Racism (D)…Core Beliefs:
1) racial and ethnic groups form a natural hierarchy of superiors and inferiors
2) White race is superior to the non-White races
3) within the White race the “Nordic” segment is superior to other segments
Note the next slide
![Page 37: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The immigrants are ruining the country
“The American nation was founded by and developed by the Nordic race, but if a few more million members of the Alpine, Mediterranean and Semitic races (Italians, Jews etc.) are poured among us, the result will inevitably be a hybrid race of people as worthless and futile as the good for nothing mongrels of Central America and southeastern Europe.”
Kenneth Roberts, prominent Journalist.”p. 92 Feagin
![Page 38: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Races may not exist in nature …but society has acted as if they do…
Scientific Racism (D)…Core Beliefs:
1) racial and ethnic groups form a natural hierarchy of superiors and inferiors
2) White race is superior to the non-White races
3) within the White race the “Nordic” segment is superior to other segments
A small minority still believe this despite lack of evidence…
![Page 39: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RacismTo study, Sociologists Break into 3 parts
Part 1:
Prejudice (D)a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority
Prejudice often based on the following…Video Clip
![Page 40: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Stereotypes (D)unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take into account individual differences within the group.
Exaggerated over simplificationsDumb Blondes & Poles, Smart Germans & Asians, Cheap Jews, Drunken Irish, Nasty French, Criminal Italians & on and on and on…
Often acquired second hand…and just don’t holdBecome substitutes for facts
• Can lead to wrong headed actions…
Pre-judging using stereotypes undermines the very that people should be judged on individual merit
![Page 41: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The NJ Turnpike…
Note Slide
US Illicit Drug Use by Race…pattern?
Rate of Illicit Drug Use…pattern?
![Page 42: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The NJ Turnpike…
DWB…meaning?
NJ State Police Searches…trend
Found with contraband…
![Page 43: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
RacismNext Video Clip moves beyond prejudice…
From TV NationMichael Moore series that ran on Fox
![Page 44: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
RacismBlack people often have trouble getting cabs in NYC
Became big issue when Danny Glover experienced this…
Mayor Guiliani Got InvolvedPlaced Undercover police on streetsCabbies risked loss of medallion
Anyone know the term we use to refer to the cabbies refusal to pick up Black men…
![Page 45: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Part 2. Discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reason (D)
Not just an attitude, but an action
Cabbies won’t pick up Black men
Denny’s refuses to seat Black secret servicemen
Landlords refuse to rent to minority residents
![Page 46: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Is this allowed?
If Archie Bunker wants to be prejudiced, we may judge him, but that’s his business…
Can Archie Bunker refuse to hire a Black,a woman, or a Puerto Rican?
![Page 47: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Is this allowed?1964 Civil Rights Act (D)- banned discrimination in most areas of society.
EmploymentPublic accommodationsEducation
Discrimination in employment, housing and other spheres of society is illegal…
Does that mean it no longer occurs?
![Page 48: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What does evidences suggest with regard to discrimination & work?
Hiring Audits (Social Audits)…Anyone remember what these are?
![Page 49: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What does evidences suggest with regard to discrimination & work?
Urban Institute Study“entrenched and widespread” discrimination at every step in the process.Whites were 3 times more likely as blacks to advance in the hiring process to the point of being offered a job
U.S General Accounting Office“uncovered significant discrimination against black and Latino testers.” p. 1525% fewer interviews, 34% fewer offers
![Page 50: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Discrimination TodayMIT and U of Chicago Professors
5,000 resumes sent in response to ads in Boston Globe and Chicago Tribune
Some with “White names”: Neil, Brett, Greg, EmilySome with “Black names”: Tamika, Eboney, Aisha, Kareem
White names elicited 50% more responsesClearly subverts idea of hiring based on merit…
Notion that we are all judged based on individual characteristics is undermined by the evidence
![Page 51: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
DiscriminationCollege Students Pose as Job Applicants
Identical credentials…but different color skin
Visit 350 employersWaiters, warehouse & other low skilled jobs
Criminal History…Mix it upSometimes admit to having done 18 months in jail for possession of cocaine with intent to sellSometimes have no criminal history
Who gets hired?
![Page 52: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Remember the Work and Criminal Background experiment…
![Page 53: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Evidence of Discrimination
Department of Housing and Urban Development: Housing Audits
Blacks discriminated against by Realtors & Others
56% of the time in rental market
59% of the time in home sales• 15% told nothing available
• Were shown 18% fewer units
• 21% steered to minority neighborhoods
![Page 54: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Complicating matters…
Can anyone explain why a even a non-prejudiced cabbie might not pick up a Black man?
Hint: Where did Run DMC want to go…
![Page 55: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Part 3: Institutional Discrimination (structural discrimination)
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operation of society (D)
Referred to as “structural discrimination” in reading…
Legal segregation of past leads to segregated cities…in NYC, minorities live further from downtown, where most of the cab action is
Cabbies don’t want a fare to Harlem since it will be hard to get a return fare…it is about money, not race…
Normal operation of society leads to Blacks who can’t get cabs
![Page 56: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Education and Institutional Disc.Children do not have access to equal education.Why?
By basing school funding on property taxes, towns with low property values can not meet the needs of their student body.
Minority children are disproportionately impacted because they are concentrated in inner cities with low property vaules
Race neutral policy…but discriminatory outcome
![Page 57: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Institutional Discrimination and Building Trades Apprenticeships
To get into a building trades apprenticeship in Milwaukee you need to have taken certain math and science courses in high school.
Many Black children in Milwaukee attend sub-par schools and do not take these courses
When they graduate, they are not eligible for apprenticeship programs.
Unions remain disproportionately White
![Page 58: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Today’s paperJudge Finds Racial Bias in Fire Dept. Recruiting By DIANE CARDWELL July 23, 2009
New York City used tests that discriminated against black and Hispanic applicants to the Fire Department and had little relation to firefighting, a federal judge in Brooklyn ruled on Wednesday, dealing a blow to the administration of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg.
“These examinations unfairly excluded hundreds of qualified people of color from the opportunity to serve as New York City firefighters,” wrote Judge Nicholas G. Garaufis of Federal District Court in Brooklyn, referring to two tests administered in 1999 and 2002.
![Page 59: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Institutional Discrimination & Lending
Bias in mortgage lending.
Mortgage Loan Reject Rates, 1990
Lowest IncomeHighest
White 23.1% 8.5%Blacks 40.1% 21.4%
![Page 60: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
More than just ideas…
Racial and ethnic stratification is located in social systems, as well as the attitudes of and actions of individuals.
Problem is not just Archie Bunker types
Every day operations of society an issueInstitutional discrimination often hard to address
![Page 61: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Discrimination Today
5,000 resumes sent in response to ads in Boston Globe and Chicago Tribune
Some with “White names”: Neil, Brett, Greg, EmilySome with “Black names”: Tamika, Eboney, Aisha, Kareem
White names elicited 50% more responsesClearly subverts idea of hiring based on merit…
What can be done???
![Page 62: Project Prepare](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051401/5681442f550346895db0c930/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Next…Gender