PRE-DATA SEMINAR

BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE OVERDOSE OF COUGH SYRUP IN WISTAR

RATS.BY

ORIDOTA OPEMIPO

MATRIC NO_: 2012/2488

OUTLINE• INTRODUCTION• JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY• AIM• SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES• MATERIALS AND METHODS• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

• Cough syrup is used for its antitussive and expectorant properties.

•They are sold as OTC drugs.

•These drugs contain some active ingredients.

Fig1: Image of cough syrup

•From a blind survey carried out within the University environments, the following were deducted :

Misuse of cough syrup is due to some its active ingredients

The active ingredients were : Codeine

Dextromethorphan

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

CODEINE•Belongs to the Opium family.

•Codeine is the monomethylether of morphine.

• It has good antitussive and limited analgesic properties.

•High sedative and addictive capabilities.

Fig2: Codeine.

DEXTROMETHORPHAN• It is a synthetic

substance.

• It is used for its antitussive and expectorant properties.

• Dissociative hallucinogen.

Fig3: Dextromethorphan

JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

• The spread and increase in the abuse of cough syrup in Nigeria is becoming alarming and there is little or no documented report on the likely side effects of the misuse of cough syrup and as such there is no scientific knowledge on it’s biochemical implications.

AIMS.• To evaluate the biochemical effects of the abuse of cough syrup.• To bring to the public’s knowledge, especially the university

community the impact of the overdose of cough syrup.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES• To administer, orally different doses of the

cough syrup to rats within a specified period.

• To view and observe changes in behavioural patterns of the rats.

• To carry out toxicity test in the blood, liver, kidney and brain

MATERIALS• Study location: The location of our study would be

at Bells University of technology.

• Source of Material: The material under study is to be obtained from a local pharmacy after extensive evaluation of information provided by respondents from our survey.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS• Acclimatisation of rats.

• Groupings of rats

• Administration of cough syrup.

• Toxicity tests.

Table1: Animal treatment.GROUPS TREATMENTS

GROUP 1 Control

GROUP 2 Normal dosage of {DXM}

GROUP 3 {DXM} X2

GROUP 4 {DXM} X4

GROUP 5 Normal dose of {codeine}

GROUP 6 {codeine} X2

GROUP 7 {codeine} X4

BLOOD

Haematologicalparameters:

• White blood cells count

• Packed cell volume (PCV)

• Neutrophils• Blood platelet• Red blood cells count

• Eosinophils

DACIE&LEWS (1975)

Table 2: Blood analysis and methods.

METHOD

TOXICITY TESTSANALYSIS TO BE CARRIED

OUT METHODS TO BE USED

• AST(Aspartate transaminase) Reitman&Frankel (1957)• ALT(Alanine transaminase) Reitman&Frankel (1957)• ALP(Alkaline phosphatase) Wright et al. (1972)• Total Bilirubin Jendrassik (1938)• Urea Scott&Fawcett (1960)• Albumin Doumas&Watson• Glucose Grant (1987)• Creatine Bartels&Bohmer(1972)

Table 3: Table indicating analysis and methods of liver and kidney.

• Histopathology Krause (2001)

REFERENCES• Van Hout, MC. Bergin, M. Foley, M. Rich, E. Rapca, AI. Harris, R. Norman I.

(2014): A Scoping Review of Codeine Use, Misuse and Dependence, final report. CODEMISUSED Project European Commission 7th Framework Programme, EU. Brussels.

• Robinson, G.H., Robinson S., McCarthy P., Cameron, C., (2010): Misuse of over-the-counter codeine-containing analgesics: dependence and other adverse effects. New Zealand medical Journal. Volume 123, Number 1317.

• Dyer BT, Martin JL, Mitchell JL. Hypokalaemia in ibuprofen and codeine phosphate abuse. Int J Clin Pract. 2004;58:1061-62.