project report 2nd year

Hospital Management System

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project report entitled HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM done by me is an authentic work carried out for the partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the degree Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech). The

matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for award of any

degree to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Nancy Malhotra

107467

B.Tech(5th Semester)

Information Technology

NIT Kurukshetra

-

National Institute of Technology of 34


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to add a few heartfelt words to the people who are part of this project in

numerous ways. I acknowledge my sincere debt to all of them. I would like to take

this opportunity to sincerely thank my Java trainer Mrs.Shweta Bhatt from NIIT Delhi

(South Extension centre), for providing me the right direction for understanding Java

properly and also for an enlightening guidance that was vital for the successful

completion of the training. I would like to thank all the staff members of NIIT for

their active guidance, support and cooperation and also for providing me a friendly

environment.

Last but not the least; I cannot forget to mention my family and friends for

unconditional support and help at the hardest of times. They gave me moral support

when I needed it the most.

(Nancy Malhotra)



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

2. SPECIFICATION

3. OVERVIEW OF JAVA

4. CLASS SPECIFIERS

5. AWT

6. WHAT IS A USER INTERFACE?

7. WINDOW FUNDAMENTALS

8. CREATING USER INTERFACE WITH AWT

9. SWINGS

10. JDBC

11. PROJECT APPROACH

12. PROCESS DIAGRAM

13. PROJECT SCREEN SHOTS

14. REFERENCES



PROJECT APPROACH

The Hospital Management System has been developed with the aim of

managing patient and the doctor details. Large databases of data are difficult to handle

manually by the hospitals. The procedure is time consuming as well as complex

maintenance of such a system is space consuming as well. And over a long period, the

data can be lost due to innumerable reasons.

The main intention of the Hosptial Management system is to reduce the time

factor and as well making storing of data easier. It keeps a track of the patient details,

doctor details and helps the head of the hospital to monitor the working of the hospital

and the services being offered by the staff to the patients. The new system reduces the

burden of the concerned person who uses it and makes data storing easier to use and

handle.

Also I developed the Hospital Management System to learn about the java

language implementation in the industrial environment and to learn about its various

features. I also tried to use all the basic features like buttons, textboxes, comboboxes,

listboxes etc. to develop an acquaintance with them.

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION



Overview

Founded in 1981, with the mission of “Bringing People and Computers Together…

Successfully”, NIIT, Asia’s No. 1 trainer and leading Global Talent Development

Corporation, offers learning and knowledge solutions to 5 million students across 32

countries. The NIIT Group is also positioned strongly in the software and services

space through NIIT Technologies.

NIIT, the global IT Learning Solutions Corporation, is known for its

pioneering work in the field of IT education and training. Its strong research

orientation has helped it continuously innovate in the areas of instructional design

methodologies, and curricula development that is cutting-edge.

NIIT’s vast education delivery network spread over 30 countries in the

Americas, Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa and Australia/Oceania, blends classroom

and on-line learning. The company provides a comprehensive education environment

to individuals and enterprises, offerings training that is customized to the varied needs

of audiences with diverse backgrounds.

Projects

The main projects that have been undertaken are:

The Definition Server (2000)

1. Helps to respond to technical definition queries from students.

2. Uses Internet as the information resource.

Children and the Internet (1999 onwards)

1. An experiment to prove that any set of children can acquire computing skills

through incidental learning and access to suitable computing facility, even in

the absence of any direct input.

2. The experiment is formally known as the Hole-In-The-Wall project.

Computer-Integrated Experimentation (1998 onwards)

1. Combining computer-based training with computer-based measurement.

2. Allows students to learn as well as conduct experiments at the computer itself



3. Helps in enhancing the learning of students, by allowing them to concentrate on

the analyses of data.

Fluke (1998 onwards)

1. A bot capable of free flowing conversation

2. An emergent program that learns responses over time.

3. Can be used as a personality storage system and a help engine.

Cognitive User Interfaces (1997 onwards)

1. User interface design can be altered based on the users' needs.

2. A teaching package that takes into consideration different learner characteristics.

3. Has a totally conversational interface with optional speech recognition

Achievements

1. Held the top spot in the IT Training Industry in India since its inception 20 years

ago.

2. Among the Top 20 Global IT Training Companies, in a 2000/2001 listing of

International Data Corporation (IDC), a premier business intelligence firm

3. "NIIT: The 1st Choice of Recruiters" by 118 employers : Dataquest, May 31,

2001

4. Adjudged Best Training Company by Users in Computer World opinion poll 2000

5. "The Youth Marketer of the Year" award (MTV and Economic Times Brand

Equity, 1999)

6. "The McDonald's of software business" - Far Eastern Economic Review, 2000

7. NIIT emerges as the "Best Hi-end Microsoft Training Partner in Asia" 1999

8. NIIT's extensive reach, through its 3882 centers in 31 countries, enables learners

across geographies (even in remote locations) to avail the benefits of IT training

9. NIIT: the "Best Microsoft Win2K Training Partner" 2000

10. NIIT conferred Microsoft's 'Best Training Company Award' 2001

11. Conferred Microsoft's 'Best CTEC Solution Company in Asia Pacific Award'

2002

12. Best Citrix Authorized Learning Centre (CALC) of the Year 2002' for Asia, at the

Citrix iForum



SPECIFICATION

Software Specifications

ENVIRONMENT WINDOWS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CORE JAVA

SOFTWARE J2SDK1.4.2

Hardware Specifications

PROCESSOR PENTIUM4 2.0 GHZ

RAM 3GB RAM

AN OVERVIEW OF JAVA

Java (programming language)



Java was designed for development of software for consumer electronic devices like

TV’s, VCR’s, toasters and other such machines. The goal had a strong impact on the

development team to make the language simple, portable and highly reliable. The

Java team discovered that the existing languages like C or C++ had limitations over

reliability and portability. However, they modeled their language Java on C and C++

but removed a few features that were considered as sources of problems and thus

made Java a really simple, portable and powerful language.

History of Java

James Gosling initiated the Java language project in June 1991 for use in one of his

many set-top box projects. The language, initially called Oak after an oak tree that

stood outside Gosling's office, also went by the name Green and ended up later

renamed as Java, from a list of random words. Gosling aimed to implement a virtual

machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation.

Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised

"Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular

platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and

file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run

secure Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the

advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998), new versions had

multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2SE designated the

Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as

Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.

As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community

Process, Sun made available most of their Java technologies as free software under

the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative

implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java and

GNU Classpath.

Java’s Magic: The Byte Code



The key that allows java to solve both the security and the portability problems just

described is that the output of the java compiler is not an executable code. Rather, it is

Byte Code. Byte Code is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be

executed by virtual machine that the java Run-time system emulates. This may come

as it of surprise as you know c++ is compiled, not interpreted-mostly because of

performance concerns. However, the fact that a java program is interpreted helps

solve the major problems associated with downloading the program over the Internet.

Here is why java was designed to be interpreted language. Because java programs are

interpreted rather than compiled .It is easier to run them in wide variety of

environments. Only the java runtime system needs to be implemented for each

platform. Once the runtime package exists for a given system any java program can

run on it. If java were a compiled langu8age then different versions of the same

program will have to exist for each type of CPU connected to the Internet.

Thus, interpretation is the easiest way to create truly portable programs. Although

java was designed to be interpreted, there is technically nothing about java that

prevents on the fly compilation of Byte Code into native code. However, even if

dynamic compilation were applied to Byte Code, the portability and safety would still

apply, because the run time system would still be in change of the execution

environment.

The Java Buzz Words

Java was developed by taking the best points from other programming languages,

primarily C and C++. Java therefore utilizes algorithms and methodologies that are

already proven. Error prone tasks such as pointers and memory management have

either been eliminated or are handled by the Java environment automatically rather

than by the programmer.

1. Java Is Object-Oriented:

Even though Java has the look and feel of C++, it is a wholly independent language

which has been designed to be object-oriented from the ground up. In object-oriented

programming (OOP), data is treated as objects to which methods are applied. Java's



basic execution unit is the class. Advantages of OOP include: reusability of code,

extensibility and dynamic applications.

2. Java Is Distributed

Commonly used Internet protocols such as HTTP and FTP as well as calls for

network access are built into Java. Internet programmers can call on the functions

through the supplied libraries and be able to access files on the Internet as easily as

writing to a local file system.

3. Java Is Interpreted

When Java code is compiled, the compiler outputs the Java Bytecode which is an

executable for the Java Virtual Machine.

4. Java Is Robust

It carries out type checking at both compile and runtime making sure that every data

structure has been clearly defined and typed. Java manages memory automatically by

using an automatic garbage collector.

5. Java Is Secure

The Java language has built-in capabilities to ensure that violations of security do not

occur, thus its secure

6. Java Is Architecturally Neutral

The Java compiler compiles source code to a stage which is intermediate between

source and native machine code. This intermediate stage is known as the bytecode,

which is neutral.

7. Java Is Portable

By porting an interpreter for the Java Virtual Machine to any computer

hardware/operating system, one is assured that all code compiled for it will run on

that system. This forms the basis for Java's portability.



CLASS SPECIFIERS : public, protected and private

Almost every thing is a class in Java, except for primitives such as ints, chars,

doubles, etc. And all classes are derived from Object.

The cornerstones of most OO programming languages are classes. So I'd expect you

to understand them before using the AWT.

Java has four types of access levels and one unnamed default one:

1. public: Accessible everywhere.

2. private: Accessible only within the class

3. protected: Accessible to those within the same file(package) and/or derived

classes.

4. private protected: Accessible to those within the class and derived classes.

AWT

The Java programming language class library provides a user interface toolkit called

the Abstract Windowing Toolkit, or the AWT. The AWT is both powerful and

flexible. The class and method descriptions found in the distributed documentation

provide little guidance for the new programmer. Furthermore, the available examples

often leave many important questions unanswered.

Effective graphical user interfaces are inherently challenging to design and

implement, and the sometimes complicated interactions between classes in the AWT

only make this task more complex. However, with proper guidance, the creation of a

graphical user interface using the AWT is not only possible, but relatively

straightforward.

WHAT IS A USER INTERFACE?

The user interface is that part of a program that interacts with the user of the program.

User interfaces take many forms. These forms range in complexity from simple

command-line interfaces to the point-and-click graphical user interfaces provided by

many modern applications.

At the lowest level, the operating system transmits information from the mouse and

keyboard to the program as input, and provides pixels for program output. The AWT



was designed so that programmers don't have worry about the details of tracking the

mouse or reading the keyboard, nor attend to the details of writing to the screen. The

AWT provides a well-designed object-oriented interface to these low-level services

and resources. Because the Java programming language is platform-independent, the

AWT must also be platform-independent.

The AWT was designed to provide a common set of tools for graphical user interface

design that work on a variety of platforms. The user interface elements provided by

the AWT are implemented using each platform's native GUI toolkit, thereby

preserving the look and feel of each platform. This is one of the AWT's strongest

points. The disadvantage of such an approach is the fact that a graphical user interface

designed on one platform may look different when displayed on another platform.

WINDOW FUNDAMENTALS

The AWT defines windows according to a class hierarchy that adds functionality and

specificity with each level. The two most common windows are those derived from

Panel, which is used by applets, and those derived from Frame which creates a

standard window.

National Institute of Technology

Component

Container

PanelWindow

Frame

Menu Container Interface

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CREATING USER INTERFACE WITH AWT

1. Button

This class creates a labeled button. The application can cause some action to happen

when the button is pushed. If an application wants to perform some action based on a

button being pressed and released, it should implement ActionListener and register

the new listener to receive events from this button, by calling the button's

addActionListener method.

An example of button is:

import java.awt.*;

class Login

{

private Frame f;

public Main()

{

private Button badd,bdel;

badd=new Button("Add Contact");

bdel=new Button("Update/Delete Contact");

}

public void launchframe()

{

f.setLayout(new GridLayout(5,1,3,3));

f.add(badd);

f.add(bdel);

f.pack();

f.setSize(500,400);

f.setVisible(true);

}

public static void main(String args[])

{

Login l=new Login();

l.launchframe();



}

}

The above creates a button, defines a label of the button and adds it to a frame.

2. TextField

A TextField object is a text component that allows for the editing of a single line of

text.

A TextField is declared as:

private TextField, tid, tname, tyr;

3. Label

A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a string, which it displays. Label are

passive controls that do not support any interaction with the user.

An example of Label is:

private Label bde ;

And is given a text to be displayed as:

bde=new Label("Birthday Entry form");

4. Components and Containers

There are two user-interface classes in the AWT to focus on: Components and

Containers.

Containers

Containers (Frames, Dialogs, Windows and Panels) can contain components

and are themselves components, thus can be added to Containers. Containers usually

handle events that occurred to the Components, although nothing prevents you from

handling events in the component

The method of handling events in the Container (i.e. Frame) is preferred over

the latter, since we want to centralize event handling. If you don't want to handle

events in one common area of code, then you must sub-class every Component you



create an instance of and override its action() or handleEvent() method. The event is

handled in the Component rather than the Container.

Components

Components are generally the thing that the user interacts with. Component is

used to display Windows and buttons, to use Lists, to enter data from the user and to

access other functions and features.

Components are Buttons, TextAreas, Scrollbars, etc. in other words the visible UI

controls that the user interacts with, all of which have been added to a Container.

Types of components

The figure below shows the inheritance relationship between the user interface

component classes provided by the AWT. Class Component defines the interface to

which all components must adhere.

The inheritance relationship

The AWT provides nine basic non-container component classes from which a user

interface may be constructed. These nine classes are class Button, Canvas, Checkbox,

Choice, Label, List, Scrollbar, TextArea, and TextField.



Component layout

The Layout is controlled not by the container, but by a layout manager associated

with the container. The layout manager makes all of the component placement

decisions. In the AWT, all layout manager classes implement the LayoutManager

interface.

The AWT provides five layout managers. They range from very simple to very

complex. There are basically two types of layout managers: the FlowLayout class and

the BorderLayout class.

The FlowLayout class places components in a container from left to right. When the

space in one row is exhausted, another row is started. The single-argument version of

a container's add() method is used to add components.

The BorderLayout class has five zones. The zones are named "North", "South",

"East", "West", and "Center". A single component can be placed in each of these five

zones. When the enclosing container is resized, each border zone is resized just

enough to hold the component placed within. Any excess space is given to the center

zone. The two-argument version of a container's add() method is used to add

components. The first argument is a String object that names the zone in which to

place the component.

Each container class has a default layout manager. The default layout manager for the

Frame class and Dialog class is the BorderLayout manager. The default layout

manager for the Panel class (and the Applet class) is the FlowLayout manager.



SWINGS

Swings are light-weight components which are dependent on java’s API. So has same look and feel on all Operating Systems. All swing components are designed using architecture Model View Controller (MVC).

Model - Storage

View - Presentation

Controller – Event Handling


View Controller VDUVDU

Model

Keyboard Mouse


Swing is a part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) library, is an extension of

Abstract Window Toolkit (awt). It offers much improved functionality as compare to

awt, like new components, expanded component features, better event handling and

drag and drop support.

Netscape and sun has jointly produced the original swing set of components as part of

the Java Foundation Classes (JFC). Swing and JFC are not the same thing, rather

swing is a part of the JFC library. JFC provides the following featues: -

swing (The large UI package) cut & paste (Clipboard support) Accessibility features The desktop color features java 2D

The five APIs of the java Foundation Classes

Four new components have been introduced in Swing to deal with the complexities

involved in mixing up the heavy weight and the lightweight components in the same

container.



List of Swing Components

JButton JCheckBox JCheckBoxMenuItem JColorChooser JComboBox JDialog JFileChooser JFormattedTextField JFrame JLabel JLayeredPane JList JMenu JMenuBar JMenuItem JOptionPane JPanel JPasswordField JToolTip JTree JPopupMenu JPopupMenu.Separator JProgressBar JRadioButton JRadioButtonMenuItem JRootPane JScrollBar JScrollPane JSeparator JSlider JSpinner JTabbedPane JTable JTextArea JTextField JTextPane JToggleButton JToolBar JToolBar.Separator

Types of Panes

Rootpane

Layered pane

Content pane



Menu Bar

Glass Pane

Pluggable Look-and-Feel

One of the most exciting aspects of the Swing classes is the ability to dictate the look-

and-feel (L&F) of each of the components, even resetting the look-and-feel at

runtime. Look-and-feels have become an important issue in GUI development over

the past five years. Most users are familiar with the Motif style of user interface,

which was common in Windows 3.1 and is still in wide use on Unix platforms.

Microsoft has since deviated from that standard with a much more optimized look-

and-feel in their Windows 95/98 and NT 4.0 operating systems. In addition, the

Macintosh computer system has its own branded look-and-feel, which most Apple

users feel comfortable with. Swing is capable of emulating several look-and-feels, and

currently includes support for Windows 98 and Unix Motif.[3] This comes in handy

when a user would like to work in the L&F environment which he or she is most

comfortable with. In addition, Swing can allow the user to switch look-andfeels at

runtime without having to close the current application. This way, a user can

experiment to see which L&F is best for them with instantaneous feedback. And, if

you're feeling really ambitious as a developer (perhaps a game developer), you can

create your own look-and-feel for each one of the Swing components!

Swing comes with a default look-and-feel called "Metal," which was developed while

the Swing classes were in the beta-release phase. This look-and-feel combines some

of the best graphical elements in today's L&Fs and even adds a few surprises of its

own. You can use many look and feel with Swing, including the new Metal look-and-

feel. All Swing L&Fs are built from a set of base classes called the Basic L&F.

However, though we may refer to the Basic L&F from time to time, you can't use it

on its own.



TOP LEVEL CONTAINERS



Swing Components



JDBC

JDBC does not enable to create entire database systems from scratch. It assumes t

there is an existing database file created by a product such as a Paradox, FoxPro or

Microsoft Access. JDBC enables Java programs to communicate with the database,

performing SQL queries and updates. The word connectivity means that you connect

to a database and not that you create an independent application. But you’ll be able to

do a lot. It’s easy to add entire new tables.

How JDBC connects

Database engines know nothing at all about Java, so we need a driver to translate

Java commands into actions. Some databases need JDBC-specific drivers, but if our

database system is ODBC-complaint, Java can take advantage of an ODBC driver on

your computer.

Create a Database File

Create a database file for JDBC to operate on. It’s helpful to place the file where our

JDBC programs can easily access it. To start working with JDBC, move the database

to the same directory where we are developing the JDBC code. In my case, I was

using Microsoft Access, which provides a sample database named Mydsn.mdb.

Install the Database/ ODBC Driver

We must install an ODBC driver specifically for our database file. If you are using

Windows, do the following:

1. Open the Control Panel.

2. Double-click the administrative tools and then click on the ODBC icon.

3. In the Data Source dialog box that appears, click the Add button.

4. A list of database application appears. In my case I selected the following:

Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)

5. Fill out the dialog box from that appears. In my case, the dialog box asked for

both a Data Source Name and a database location. I entered travel_info and D

drive.



Making the Connection

Our first goal is to get a Statement object that we can use to execute SQL command

on our database files. Getting this object is fairly simple, three steps process:

1. Call Class.forName() to load the Database Drive.(This is always the JDBC-

ODBC bridge if you are working with any ODBC-compliant database.)

2. Get a connection to the database file, producing Connection object.

3. Use that object to create a Statement object.

For example, to access my travel_info file, I use the following three

statements:

Class.forName(“jdbc:odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

Connection con=DriverManagement.getConnection(“jdbc.odbc:test”);

Statement st=con.createStatement();



PROCESS DIAGRAM

National Institute of Technology

Login Form

Main Menu

NEWPATIENT REG ADD DOCTORTREATMENT PRESCRIPTION DOCTORDOCTO

OPD_ID

ADDRESS

NAME

AGE

SEX

PRE DOCTOR-

PRE HOSPITAL

DOCTOR ID

TREATMENT DETAIL

MEDICAL HISTORY

DOC NAME

DOC ID

SPECIALIST

DEPT NAME

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SNAPSHOTS

1. LOGIN PAGE:

Contains the code that displays the user name and password for authentication. When

the user enters correct password it opens main form other displays an error message.

The user after filling the username and password clicks the Login button to access the

application. Username and Password have been hardcoded in the code. The code

accepts system as username and password as password.

The following figure shows Login Form:

1.1 When user do not enter the username and password field then

the software prompts the user to fill the fields.



1.2 The snapshots shows that when the user entered the username

but left the password field empty, the software prompted the user to

fill the field and then proceed further.



1.3 when the user give a input the software compares the input value with the

value in the login database. If the entered value do not match with the value in

the database, it prompts the user by showing a dialog box that the entered

useraname or password is invalid.



2. MAINPAGE

The snapshot shows the options avialable to the user and by choosing

from the available options user can navigate to the desired page..

Here the options are available in the menubar in two menus: Patient

Details and Admin .



3.NEW PATIENT REGISTRATION FORM:

This snapshot shows the new patient registration form comprising of

various fields like OPD_ID, Name, age,address sex etc. If the key

fields are left unfilled then the software prompts to fill the field.



4.TREATMENT FORM:

This snapshot shows the Patient’s Treatment form. This form

comprises of fileds like patient’s previous doctor, previous hospital ,

medical treatment given by the present doctor and his/her medical

history. We can get the basic datails of the patient by entering the

OPD_ID number of the patient.



5.PRESCRIPTION FORM:

This snapshot shows the Prescription form. This form corresponds to

the prescription to be given to patient. It shows the basic information

of the patient and the prescription given by the doctor.



6. DOCTOR REGISTRATION FORM

This snapshot shows the doctor registration form. This forms

comprises of fileds like doctor name, department, specialisation in

the field and doctor ID allocated to him/her by the hospital for

future referneces.



REFERENCES

[1] Cay S.Horstmann and Gary Cornell Core Java Volume-I fundamentals(eighth

edition), Pearson Education

[2] Herbert Schildt. The Complete Reference Java2 (Fifth Edition), Tata McGraw-

Hill, 2008

[3] Java Fundamentals, Published by Sun Educational Services, NIIT

[4] www.java.sun.org (online java documentation)

[5] www.niit.com


http://www.java.sun.org/

project report 2nd year

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