Language: English

Original: English

PROJECT: TECHNOLOGIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL

TRANSFORMATION

COUNTRY: MULTINATIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK SUMMARY

Date: June 2017

Appraisal Team

Team Leader: J. N. CHIANU, Agricultural Economist, OSAN.0

Team Members: E. ATTIOGBEVI-SOMADO, Agronomist, OSAN.2

D. IHEDIOHA, Agro-Industry Specialist, OSAN.1

B. ABDULAI, Procurement Specialist, ORNG/ORPF

H. DJOUSSOU-LORNG, Agricultural Economist, OSAN.2

F. ONDOBO, Agribusiness Specialist, OSAN.2

R. BAKO, Disbursement Assistant, ORNG

O. IKUFORIJI, Consultant, Environment & Climate Change, OSAN.3

Sector Manager: P.AGBOMA, OSAN.2

Sector Director: C. OJUKWU, OSAN

Regional Directors: J. KOLSTER, ORNA

A. BERNOUSSI, ORWA

M. KANGA, ORCE

E. FAAL, ORSA

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)

SUMMARY

Project Name: TECHNOLOGIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURE

TRANSFORMATION

Project Number: P- Z1-A00-016

Country: MULTINATIONAL

Department: AHAI

Division: AHAI.2

Environmental Category: 2

1. Introduction

TAAT is a flagship program of the African Development Bank’s Feed Africa Strategy designed

to mobilize proven agricultural technologies that will increase production and value addition of

key agriculture commodities. The program aims to overcome two key challenges attributed to the

adoption of agriculture technologies i.e., limited consideration of newly emerging agriculture

technologies (required to boost agricultural production) by regional member countries (RMCs)

causing them to fall short of their impact targets and poor commercialization of emergent

technologies by private enterprises such that farmers are unable to access them.

The TAAT program is anchored on a knowledge and partnership framework that will

demonstrate the applicability and sustainability of selected agricultural technologies and

innovations in recommended agro-ecological zones with collaborative efforts of Consultative

Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, Forum for Agricultural Research

in Africa (FARA), Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, (AGRA), and national agricultural

research and development systems. TAAT will identify new production technologies with

proven benefits; engage a wide range of stakeholders (including public and private sector) in

their dissemination and distribution; and incorporate this process into a spectrum of RMC’s Feed

Africa investment projects that are designed to eliminate food insecurity and promote

agricultural revenues.

Ultimately, TAAT will address Africa’s growing dependence on imported foods by identifying

the agricultural production targets of key commodities and formulating the necessary conditions

for achievement, particularly setting an enabling policy environment, innovative financing and

ensuring needed capacity development. TAAT will catalyze investments into agro-chemical,

biotechnical and allied industries, strengthening integrated skills development, marketing and

entrepreneurial capacity. It will stimulate commercial financing of agribusiness, with emphasis

on women and youth.

The TAAT program has been classified Environment Category 2 under the African Development

Bank (AfDB)’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) with the requirement for the assessment and

application of appropriate measures to manage the potential risks of TAAT activities. The

program activities include promotion and demonstration of proven technologies in selected

countries, which will potentially stimulate borrowing from these countries. These demonstration

activities may result in unintended site-specific environmental consequences. More so, specific

details of the scope, location and local environmental and social conditions are still largely

unknown. Therefore, the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is the

appropriate instrument that will identify the procedures for managing the potential known and

unknown environmental and social consequences of the TAAT program. The goal of the ESMF

is to identify the significant environmental and social impacts likely to result from the

implementation of TAAT and thereby establish a process of environmental and social screening,

which will permit the institutions in charge of the implementation of the program to identify,

assess and mitigate the adverse consequences of the proposed interventions.

2. Description of Programme

The overall program development objective of TAAT is to execute a bold plan to achieve rapid

agricultural transformation across Africa through raising agricultural productivity in selected

Priority Intervention Areas (PIAs) targeting specific agricultural commodity value chains. The

PIAs include:

Self-sufficiency in Rice Production;

Cassava Intensification;

Food Security in the Sahel – The priority value chains include Pearl Millet, Sorghum,

Groundnut, Cowpea, Beef, Small Ruminant Meat and Poultry;

Transforming African Savannahs into Breadbaskets- This PIA will focus on Maize,

Soybean, Poultry, Yam, Dairy;

Revitalizing Tree Plantations - This includes Oil Palm, Cashew, Coffee and Cocoa;

Expanding Horticulture- This includes the Vegetable, Sweet Potato, Banana/Plantain and

Beans;

Increasing Africa’s Wheat Production; and

Achieving Self-sufficiency in Inland Fish Production.

TAAT will support centrally managed activities and promotion of key technologies in select

countries. The overall TAAT activities is proposed in 35 countries and 23 Commodity value

chains albeit in three tiers1 and include program management and coordination, program services

(including policy support, capacity development and outreach, youth in agribusiness support, and

the services of the Clearinghouse), and core implementation activities of the agricultural

commodity value chains.

1 Tier 1 activities will focus on 10 counties and nine (9) commodities

The program will demonstrate the applicability of proven technologies in each PIA/ value chains

to engender and catalyze downstream investments from the private and public sectors as well as

development partners. It will be implemented through the following components:

Component 1: Productivity, Production and Competitiveness

IITA and the other CGIAR implementing centers and their relevant National Agricultural

Research and Extension Systems (NARES) will work using a participatory approach to: (i)

disseminate proven agricultural technologies and innovations that significantly increase

productivity, production and competitiveness; (ii) value chain development, and (iii) ensure

inclusivity.

This component will facilitate the dissemination of proven technologies and innovations to

farmer organizations, youth agri-preneurs, and other value chain actors. The activities will

include (i) deployment of technologies (planting materials, e.t.c) following well-defined

recommendations domains and pathways, (ii) training on use of technologies and good

agricultural practices (GAPs), and (iii) linking farmers to input and output markets, facilitate

access to credit and insurance service by farmer organizations to reduce production and price

fluctuation risks.

The proposed technologies were screened and selected by the AfDB and independent experts

based on their proven advantages and capacity to address specific constraints along the value

chains. Examples of selected technologies include improved crop/livestock varieties resistant to

multiple stressors including climate change, integrated soil fertility management (ISFM),

integrated pest management (IPM), biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), nutrient use efficient

(NUE), and land use efficient (LUE) technologies among others (complete list of proposed

TAAT technologies can be found in Annex 1).

Component 2: ENABLERS

This includes four sub-components namely Capacity Development and Outreach, Policy Support

Services, ENABLE-TAAT, and the Clearinghouse.

i. Capacity Development and Outreach: FARA will lead this sub-component and assist

training, outreach and promotional programs. To ensure demand-led capacity

development interventions that cut across the eight PIAs, FARA will adopt a generic

approach that can be customized to each PIA.

ii. Policy Support Services: Led by IFPRI, this subcomponent will ensure that technology

dissemination takes place in an enabling environment and complemented by all necessary

institutional and regulatory interventions.

iii. ENABLE-TAAT: IITA Agripreneurs shall lead work on ENABLE-TAAT. This

subcomponent will execute promotional and demonstration activities to underpin the

yield enhancing and other attributes of the technologies. ENABLE-TAAT includes

activities of youth and women in target agribusinesses and focused mainly in the

Competitiveness sub-component of Component 1 (e.g., issues related to processing and

value addition).

iv. Clearinghouse (C-House): The ‘C-House’ is an agricultural transformation incubation

platform aimed at facilitating partnerships, program design/implementation to help reach

millions of farmers with appropriate agricultural technologies, and reducing transaction

costs. The objective of the C-House is to take proven agricultural technologies to scale in

a commercially sustainable fashion through the establishment of a mechanism to

facilitate partnerships and provide access to expertise required to design, implement, and

monitor progress of crop, livestock, and aquaculture campaigns. The Clearinghouse will

make sure that TAAT supported programs are accountable for targeted yield and

productivity increases, environmental compliant and well tested.

The Clearinghouse activities include:

Conduct an assessment/mapping exercise of target value chain and the

surrounding ecosystem, and make technological and non-technological offer to

address at scale the constraints;

Propose a multi-stakeholders agricultural technology dissemination plan on how

to go sustainably to scale;

In collaboration with the AfDB, advise the Governments and private actors on

investment opportunities and financing mechanisms for going to scale;

Identify the optimal mix of partners - from CG and non-CG system, that will

accompany the implementation backstopping and monitoring of the proposed

plan;

Validate the design and plan with stakeholders for a buy-in and commitment; vi)

In collaboration with the RMCs implement the plan and monitor milestones and

Performance Indicators;

Working with FARA and others, build capacity in the public sector for project

design, execution, and monitoring, and in the private sectors for value chain

organization and governance;

Design and execution of a comprehensive communication strategy to effectively

communicate the goals, activities, and benefits of the Agricultural Transformation

Agenda.

Component 3: Project Management and Coordination

TAAT will coordinate the implementation, monitoring and evaluation as well as timely reporting

of the project progress and impacts. This component activities will include: recruitment of

project staff, implementation of project activities, project meetings, Project Steering Committee

(PSC), monitoring and evaluation, impact studies, and external mid-term and final project

reviews, among others.

2.1 Institutional and Implementation Arrangement

IITA shall be the Executing agency for the TAAT Program. In this capacity, IITA will sign

memorandum of understanding (MoUs) and implementation agreements with each of the lead

centers/institutions for the various initiatives within the program. IITA will act through a

Program Management Unit (PMU) composed of staff competitively recruited with the

responsibility to manage the whole program and report to the AfDB.

The CGIAR Centers responsible for activities within each commodity value chains will act

through Project Implementation Units (PIUs) composed of relatively few competitively recruited

staff. Each of the lead institutions shall in turn also establish sub-contract agreements with

respective collaborating institutions within the initiative groups or set of agricultural commodity

value chains. Each contract shall clearly state the expected deliverable, timelines and associated

costs.

The Lead institutions and partners under TAAT include:

a) AfricaRice and IWMI shall lead the activities within the Rice Self-sufficiency;

b) IITA leads Cassava Intensification activities;

c) ICARDA is responsible for Wheat Self-sufficiency;

d) World Fish and the IITA Youth Agripreneurs assume leadership in the fish initiative;

e) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and International

Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) lead the Sahel Food Security;

f) IITA and ILRI share responsibility within the Savanna Breadbasket;

g) The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and IITA lead in restoration of tree plantations;

h) The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and CIAT shall lead the various horticulture value

chains.

i) IFPRI will support the various institutions on policy issues that arise and could weaken

successful implementation, working closely with AGRA and the African Technology

Policy Studies (ATPS) Network.

j) FARA shall undertake capacity building at all levels within partner institutions and in the

PIAs and their constituent value chains.

k) AGRA shall provide parallel financing, lead downstream delivery of TAAT technologies,

and help strengthen policy dialogue with national governments and the private sector to

shape and ensure a shared commitment to improving delivery systems. AGRA will also be

involved in Capacity Development and Outreach work led by FARA.

l) National partners will be responsible for technology campaigns within their own countries,

but are expected to work closely with farmer organizations and the private sector.

At the country level, the C-House team will develop and deploy mechanisms for reaching

millions of farmers and other stakeholders (along assigned ACVCs) with the proven technologies

and technological packages, working with the available and most active national institutions and

the ACVC leaders.

At regional levels, there will be a Coordinator based in one of the PIUs within the region. S/he

will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of the project activities of all the

ACVCs, and interfacing with relevant Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and the C-

House team.

2.2 TAAT Principles and Approach

TAAT will operate along the following guidelines:

a. It will mobilize only proven agricultural technologies relating to the selected key agricultural

commodity value chains.

b. Its activities are directed toward large-scale technology dissemination. It will conduct

investigations relating to site-specific adaptation of these technologies, but not engage in

other field research or pilot studies.

c. TAAT is an open membership platform, especially with regard to independent technology

providers and those seeking to commercialize proven technologies and innovations. The

leaders of each PIA are expected to operate in an integrated and complementary manner and

allocate Program resources accordingly.

d. TAAT will assist AfDB's RMCs and their respective ministries as they respond to the Bank's

call for agricultural transformation in Africa. While the TAAT has identified likely countries

for a given agricultural commodity value chain within each PIA, ultimately country

participation depends on each RMC’s buy-in based on their own priorities.

e. Private sector participation is crucial to the success of TAAT and include production input

manufacturers, input distributors and distribution networks, commodity buyers and exporters,

and new and existing agro-processors.

f. The Clearinghouse is intended to identify and advance proven agricultural technologies and

innovations for consideration by RMCs in the development of their agricultural loan projects.

Working with RMCs, the Clearinghouse will formulate and test these buy-in strategies, and

monitor and communicate their performance.

3. Environmental and Social Baseline Information

The TAAT program has been proposed for 35 regional member countries of the AfDB through

promotion and demonstration of proven agricultural technologies to farmers, agri-preneurs,

private sector, e.t.c. The precise location and local context of these activities are unknown; as a

result, the baseline information is derived from the broad regional perspective of the TAAT

program. It is worthy to note that country baseline information will be ascertained when

countries indicate interest in the TAAT interventions.

TAAT will focus on critical agricultural commodities and their related agro-ecological zones. In

essence, these technologies are not country-specific, but rather based on recommended agro-

ecological zones where the commodities are well suited. The figure below provides a pictorial

representation of the priority value chains and their related agro-ecological zones. The main

agro-ecological zones TAAT interventions will target include (i) Sahel, (ii) Guinea Savannah,

and the (iii) Humid and Sub-humid forest zones.

Fig 1: Priority agricultural value chains and agro-ecological zones

Source: Feed Africa Strategy for African Agriculture Transformation (2016-2025)

Sahel Zone

The Sahel is the semi-arid and arid region of Africa, which depicts the transition between the

Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. It generally constitutes significant

portions of Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and the Sudan.

Topography: The Sahel is mainly flat; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660

and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel, but

are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the

surrounding lowlands.

The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland.

Climate: The Sahel is characterized by strong climatic variations and fluctuations with a highly

irregular rainfall. Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in the north of the

Sahel to around 600 mm (24 in) in the south. The rains fall during a short single wet season that

lasts for about 3– 4 months. Several major rivers flow through the region, fed mostly by the

wetter regions in the south. Few of these rivers are perennial. Within the region there are also

ephemeral streams, which flow only during and shortly after the rainy season.

Agriculture Systems: Agriculture is the predominant livelihood system, employing more than

half of the working population and contributes nearly 40% of the Gross Domestic Product

(Nyong et al, 2007). There is a visible north-south stratification of the livelihood systems; the

northerly cultures tend towards pastoralism, while the southerly cultures largely practice

sedentary arable rain-fed farming. According to Nyong et al (2007), only 8% of the land area in

the Sahel zone is suitable for farming and irrigated agriculture currently occupies only about 5%

of this land; thus, rain-fed agriculture is the dominant practice and is only possible in areas where

the length of the growing season allows crop maturation. Irrigated agriculture is only possible

around the flood plains of the few perennial rivers. The lack of water, in association with high

temperatures is the most limiting factor for agricultural productivity in the region. Millet,

sorghum, cowpeas and maize are the dominant food crops grown in the region. The main cash

crops are cotton and groundnut.

Environmental Threats: Drought has been a recurrent feature in this zone, with early records

dating back to the 1680s. Over-farming, over-grazing, over-population of marginal lands, and

natural soil erosion, have caused serious desertification in the region.

Guinea Savanna Zone

The African Guinea Savanna zone covers about 600 million hectares, extending from western

Senegal to southern Sudan, southern DRC, and trails down to cover portions of East Africa

(Uganda, Burundi, and Tanzania) southern Africa (, Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique).

Climate: The region features a warm tropical climate with 800–1,200 millimeters of rainfall

annually, allowing for a growing period of 150–210 days. Rainfall, however, varies considerably

from year to year, affecting agricultural activities.

Soils are typically low-activity clays and high-base saturation loam (lixisols), as well as acrisols

(more acid soils with lower base saturation in more humid areas) and arenosols (acid sandy

soils) in drier regions. Arenosols are easy to work, but nutrient-deficient and retain little

moisture. Acrisols have low natural fertility and require lime and phosphate applications to

increase yields. The variable annual rainfall and poor soil quality make this a challenging agro-

ecological environment.

Agricultural Systems: The Guinea Savannah zone supports three main farming systems: (a) the

root crop farming system, (b) the mixed cereal-root crop farming system, and (c) the maize

mixed farming system. All have potential for increasing agricultural production. The Guinea

Savannah zone is one of the major underutilized resources in Africa. It accounts for about one-

third of the land area in Sub- Saharan Africa and underpins the livelihoods of more than one-

quarter of all African farmers (World Bank, 2009). Commodities that are well suited to the

Guinea Savannah zone include cassava, cotton, maize, rice, soybeans, yams and sugar. In areas

less affected by trypanosomosis, livestock are prevalent, and the region as a whole sustains about

42 million head.

Environmental Threats: Climate change is likely to reduce the level of rainfall in Guinea

Savannah zones in West Africa and significantly increase rainfall variability across the continent.

Humid and Sub-Humid Zones

The humid and sub-humid tropics include most of the area from Guinea through central Africa

plus the southern part of East Africa. They cover 12 million km2 or 43% of the total land area

and include the humid forest zone of central Africa. The sub-humid zone occupies some 5

million km2 or 23% of Africa.

Topography: The sub-humid zone consists of extensive platforms and plains generally at an

altitude of 200 to 500 m above sea level.

Climate: The annual rainfall ranges from 1500 to 2500 mm, with some regions receiving rainfall

in excess of 6000 mm per annum. The mean rainfall in the humid tropics is about three times the

world average. Based on moisture regime and temperature, the humid tropics are also termed

"warm humid tropics".

The sub-humid or moist savanna zone, on the other hand, lies further inland with a rainfall of

between 900 and 1500 mm per annum between the 1500 mm and 900 mm and has a dry season

of four to six months. Climatic factors, such as humidity and temperature, affect the distribution

of disease vectors, most notably the different species of tsetse flies which carry human sleeping

sickness and animal trypanosomiasis

Soils: The soils in the sub-humid region are dominated by alfisols and associated entisols and

encitisols all of which are subject to compaction and erosion. Utisols and oxisols are less

frequent.

The prevailing soils in the humid region are ultisols and oxisols (oxisols are the predominant

soils of the humid tropics and occupy 35.3% of the total land area), which are characterized by

dominance of low fertility kaolinic clays, high levels of iron and aluminum, low levels of

phosphorus, calcium and sulphur and many micro-nutrients and organic matter.

Vegetation: The predominant vegetation of the humid tropics consists of tropical rain forest in

the lowlands, moist deciduous forest in regions with a pronounced dry season, and montane

forest in the high lands.

The sub-humid zone comprises of the woody vegetation, which ranges from semi-deciduous

forest along streams in the savanna zone and in some undisturbed areas of the derived savanna to

open tree savanna dominated largely by isolated trees. Tree savanna is very common in the more

densely populated areas of Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana. However, in most of the sub-humid

zone savanna woodland predominates, in particular where shallow soils and tsetse infestation

have prevented arable farming.

Agriculture System: The climate and the vegetation of the zone support a wide variety of food

and cash crops and a sizable livestock population. The principal food crops in the humid and

sub-humid zones include roots and tubers as well as a range of cereals including maize, rice and

sorghum. The export crops in the humid zone are mainly perennial tree crops, Robusta coffee,

cocoa, oil palm, rubber, fruits while in the sub-humid zones, they are annual or semiannual crops

mainly cotton and sugar cane. In the sub-humid zone, there is limited ability to raise trypano-

tolerant cattle, while in the humid zone; livestock comprises mainly of poultry, small ruminants

(goats).

Environmental Threats: Soil erosion, unsustainable agricultural practices and declining rainfall

patterns have resulted in continuing loss of biodiversity. Fertility loss, weed invasion and

acidification of soils continue to threaten the natural resource base of this region. Overgrazing

also contributes to the rate of ecological degradation in the northern area of the sub-humid zone.

4. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

The TAAT program targets regional member countries of the African Development Bank; and as

such, this ESMF draws on applicable national and regional regulatory frameworks as well as

international good practice guiding environmental and social management.

4.1 National Policies and Legal Frameworks for Environmental Regulation

African countries have – in varying degrees- put in place several policies and legislations to

promote conservation of natural resources and sustainable development. The development of

these legislations and/or polices have been inspired by Governments’ constitutions, regional

polices, interventional conventions that have been ratified as well as requirements of donors and

international development partners including the African Development Bank.

National constitutions generally serve as the legal basis for the right to clean and healthy

environment and provides the legal framework for the conservation and management of

environment and natural resources. National Environmental Polices or National Policies for the

Environment, on the other hand, serve as the overarching policies for promoting environmental

sustainability and provide the legal framework and guiding principles for Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) of development projects or activities. These policies impact positively on a

wide range of resources and issues that are of great importance to the economic development and

overall welfare of the countries. These resources range from fisheries to forestry, sustainable

land use, wildlife protection, pollution abatement, solid waste management and waste disposal.

Other policies and legislations relevant to this ESMF and overall TAAT activities include

Agriculture Development Policies, Natural Resources Management Polices, Climate Change

Polices (including Agriculture specific action plans under the National Determined

Contributions), Forest Policies and Acts, National Wildlife Policies, National Land Policies,

National Water Policies, Water Resources Acts, Fisheries Conservation and Management Acts,

Pollution Acts, Pesticide use regulations, Gender Policies and Cultural heritage laws and

policies.

4.2 Regional and Global Regulatory Frameworks

Aside the national policies and laws of RMCs, this ESMF also draws from regional environment

and climate change policies that African countries have ratified or signed, such as those within

the framework of the African Union and other sub-regional organizations. These include the AU

Malabo Declaration, AU’s Africa Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources, NEPAD environmental action plan (NEPAD-EAP), and those under the auspices of

regional economic community (RECs)2.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) recognizes the importance of sustainable

use and management of the environment in the fight against poverty and food insecurity. As part

of its efforts to address sustainable development, SADC established three major environmental

policy goals, which include; (i) protecting and improving the health, environment and livelihoods

of the people of southern Africa with priority to the poor; (ii) preserving the natural heritage,

biodiversity and life supporting ecosystems in southern Africa; and (iii) supporting regional

economic development on an equitable and sustainable basis for the benefit of present and future

generations. SADC’s Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Directorate initiated the

development of an Environment Mainstreaming Manual in early 2010, which facilitates

mainstreaming of environment into Socio-economic Development activities across the region. It

complements and supplements national environmental and sectoral environmental impact

assessment regulations and guidelines to ensure that all development efforts in the region

consider environment dimensions to ensure the region’s sustainable development.

The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), comprising Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, and Libya

has facilitated the development of several technical projects and projects such as URAP (under

the regional action plan to fight desertification), studies on underground water sheets of the

Sahara, and the elaboration of a Maghreb charter on environmental protection and sustainable

development.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) established its Environmental

Policy in 2008. The objective of the policy is to reverse environmental degradation and depletion

of natural resources, ameliorate the quality of the living environment, conserve biological

diversity, with a view to ensuring a healthy and productive environment; thereby improving the

well-being of the ecosystem and the population of the sub region.

The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Environment and Natural Resources

Strategy seeks to enhance the integration of environmental and natural resources concerns into

development frameworks for environmentally sustainable economic development in the region.

The overall goal of the strategy is to assist and complement the efforts of its member states in

environment and natural resources management through harmonization of compatible

environmental governance systems, provision of reliable and readily available data and

information, capacity building as well as research and adoption of appropriate and affordable

technologies.

The East African Community (EAC) Treaty makes provision for cooperation on the environment

and natural resources management (ENRM). Specifically, Partners States agree to take concerted

measures to foster cooperation in the joint and efficient management and the sustainable

utilization of natural resources within the prosperous, competitive, secure and politically united

EAC for the mutual benefit of the Partner States. In particular, the Partner States shall

2 These include Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), East African Community (EAC),

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Southern African Development Community (SADC),

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Economic Community of Central African States

(ECCAS), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD).

cooperation in development, harmonization and adoption of common natural resources

management. Key priorities for the environment and natural resources sector include climate

change adaptation and mitigation, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation,

disaster risk reduction and management, and pollution control and waste management. Relevant

polices include the Protocols on ENRM, Protocol on Sustainable Development of the Lake

Victoria Basin, Regional EIA guidelines for shared ecosystems, EAC climate change policy and

the EAC social development policy framework.

African governments are also party to a host of global multilateral environmental agreements

(MEA), which require country-level commitments and can be fostered through cooperative

regional frameworks. Global issues addressed through these agreements range from loss of

biodiversity to hazardous wastes.

Some of the relevant conventions that have been ratified by African countries include:

a) UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) that aims to improve the living

conditions of vulnerable populations living in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas.

b) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is in place to encourage sustainable

development that considers biodiversity. This seeks to decrease the rate of loss of

natural habitats, establish conservation areas, restore degraded areas and protect

environments susceptible to human impacts.

c) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognizes the need to

limit human activities contributing to climate change and to come up with solutions to

curb the negative results of climate change.

d) Stockholm Convention entered into force in 1994 to protect human health and the

environment from chemicals that persist in the environment for a long period, known

as Persistent Organic Pollutants.

e) RAMSAR makes provision for international cooperation and national action to protect

wetlands and their resources.

These policy and legal initiatives have been complemented by the development of institutions at

the regional and sub-regional levels. The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment

(AMCEN3) is one such initiative, which increases opportunities for the development of

collaborative approaches to environmental management.

4.3 African Development Bank Safeguards

The African Development Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) underscores the Bank’s

commitment to inclusive economic growth and environmental sustainability. The ISS sets out the

basic tenets that guide the approach to environmental and social safeguards and consists of the

(i)Integrated Safeguards Policy, (ii) Operational Safeguards (OS), (iii) Environmental and Social

3 The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment was established in 1985 to strengthen cooperation between African

governments on economic, technical and scientific activities to halt the degradation of Africa’s environment and satisfy the food

and energy needs of its people. AMCEN facilitates information and advocacy for environmental protection in Africa and ensures

that the basic (material) human needs are met adequately in a sustainable manner, among others.

Assessment Procedures (ESAP); and (iv) Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

(IESIA) Guidance Notes.

The Operational Safeguards establishes the Bank’s requirements for borrowers and clients in terms

of conducting best practice environmental and social assessments that may be financed or managed

by the Bank, and identifying specific standards or risk management measures that should be

adopted as a condition for Bank support. The Bank has five OSs guidelines.

In line with the requirements of the above policies and guidelines, this ESMF was formulated to

cover the Environmental Assessment requirements for program operations to manage known and

unknown environmental and social risks of TAAT activities. The TAAT program has been

classified Category 2; indicating that the program activities have limited adverse environment and

social impacts and may trigger the following safeguard policies presented in table below.

Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No

Environmental and Social Assessment (OS 1) X

OS1 is triggered as part of the mandatory ESAP process requiring screening of all project/program

interventions. TAAT interventions will be based on the deployment of agriculture technologies leading

to expansion and intensification of agriculture production across selected countries. These activities may

pose environmental and social risks that can be readily managed with the application of mitigation

measures elaborated in this ESMF and other safeguard instruments prepared during implementation.

Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement and

Compensation (OS 2) X

No case of land acquisition is expected during this project since interventions will focus on only

existing agriculture farmers and value chain actors. Similarly, no loss of assets or restrictions of access

to assets, or loss of income sources are applicable to the TAAT program. OS2; is therefore not

triggered.

Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (OS 3) X

Operational Safeguards 3 is triggered because TAAT involves the deployment of a wide range of

agricultural technologies that will exploit natural resources and may affect biodiversity and ecosystem

services including aquaculture, livestock production, among others.

Pollution Prevention and Control, Hazardous Materials and Resources Efficiency

(OS 4) X

OS 4 is triggered since the planned agricultural technologies will involve the use of improved application

of fertilizers and agro-chemicals, as well as result in the production of agriculture wastes.

Labor Conditions, Health and Safety (OS 5) X

The TAAT interventions do not require the establishment of a permanent or temporary workforce hence

OS.5 is not triggered.

5. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts, Climate Change and Mitigation

Measures

The TAAT program will have significant environmental and social benefits; the introduction of

improved agricultural practices, technologies including new strains of crops can enhance soil,

land and water use efficiency. However, if not properly monitored, the introduction of yield

enhancing technologies may also pose significant environment and social risks related to

increased agriculture production and value addition.

Potential Positive Impacts

The promotion of proposed agricultural technologies will raise agricultural production and

productivity, reduce postharvest losses, improve food self-sufficiency, socioeconomic status of

farmers due to higher incomes and alleviate poverty. Potential positive impacts of TAAT

interventions include:

a) The promotion of improved management of improved crop varieties (resistant to climate

variability, diseases and other stresses) integrated with soil conversation practices will

lead to sustainable land management in the long-term and more efficient-use of scarce

resources.

b) Conservation Agriculture (CA): TAAT will introduce CA in all value chain activities.

CA provides the opportunity to achieve the needed technological changes in areas of

field crop production, and CA systems pose the best option for both adaptation to climate

change and mitigation of the causes of climate change, while at the same time halting

and reversing desertification.

c) Increased resilience to climate variability and stress through the deployment of CSA

technologies and innovations

d) The adoption and adherence to good agricultural practices (GAPs) has environmental

benefits in terms of reduced pesticide residues in the produce leading to health benefits

for the grower and the consumers and sustainable eco-systems.

e) The promotion of sustainable intensification will minimize the abandonment of farms

and the need to clear virgin lands and the associated deforestation and environmental

degradation.

f) Import substitution for target commodities due to increased domestic production, leading

to savings in foreign exchange due to reduced food importation

g) Congenial policies and institutional frameworks that will support profitable and

sustainable value chains development,

h) Reduced vulnerabilities to market fluctuation due to agriculture product imports

Improved soil, land and water management practices

i) Increased household incomes from improved agricultural productivity: Use of high-

yielding and stress resistant varieties will increase food supply and income to farmers and

lower food prices to consumers.

j) Employment opportunities: The value chain approach of the TAAT interventions will

facilitate the linkage of different value chain actors (including farmers, marketers,

processors and private sector partners) thereby creating employment opportunities.

k) Youth and women empowered with improved technology interventions and

entrepreneurial skills will significantly enhance their participation in the agriculture

value chains. TAAT activities will develop gender sensitive planning and training

procedures, and emphasize the importance of women and youth participation in each

value chain. Gender-sensitive proven technologies can reduce the workload and

hardship, especially for women.

TAAT will result in increases in production, processing and marketing of agricultural

commodities that will simultaneously benefit all the target beneficiaries with substantial spillovers

to others given the public goods nature of the planned deployment of technologies envisaged. This

will be enhanced by innovative partnership among the national and international institutions,

advanced research institutions, among numerous other partners as designed in TAAT.

Potential Negative Impacts

The introduction of yield-enhancing agriculture technologies may have environmental and social

implications specific to the geographies of the participating TAAT countries if impacts and

appropriate mitigation measures are not defined and implemented. Given that the nature and local

context of the intervention areas are largely unknown, the potential environmental and social

impacts likely to arise from TAAT interventions were analyzed based on related literature and

studies conducted on agriculture technologies.

The main environmental and social risks envisaged from the TAAT interventions include those

associated with increased agriculture production and value addition due to yield enhancing

technologies, such as increased pressure on water and land resources, pollution from misuse of

chemicals, and degradation in resource quantity or quality and damage human health. The

available evidence and empirical findings of the environmental costs of yield enhancing

technologies as well as possible mitigation measures are presented in the Table 1 below. It is noted

that the magnitude of these negative impacts will vary with local environmental conditions, socio-

cultural resources, commodities and production practices.

Mitigation Measures

According to Pingali (2012), the appropriate strategies to overcome the constraints and minimize

environmental impacts of agriculture technologies vary widely based on factors such as local

environmental conditions, production practices, etc., and lessons learned in one region may only

be loosely applicable to the same crops grown in a different region with a different ecological and

social context.

The TAAT program will minimize the negative impacts and enhance the overall environmental

sustainability through the capacity building sub-component of the program that will ensure farmers

and other value chain actors receive training on good agricultural practices (GAP) and efficient

utilization of farm inputs and natural resources management, such as sound soil and water

management.

More important, the Clearinghouse of the TAAT program (responsible for the dissemination of

the proven technologies) will ensure information on the environmental footprint and natural

resource implications of the proposed yield-enhancing technologies are understood and compliant

to environmental regulations of respective countries before recommending their dissemination.

This information will also form an integral part of the advisory services provided by TAAT to

governments, private sector and other interested partners on making informed investment

decisions about the adoption and multiplication of the proposed technologies.

Table 1: Potential Risks and Mitigation Measures of TAAT Interventions Technologies/Innovation/TAAT

agriculture practices Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures

New/Improved seed varieties

- May increase fertilizer, pesticide, and water needs

of improved seeds that may negatively affect soil

conditions, water quality and quantity, and

biodiversity.

- Provide training on good agriculture practices and

conservation agriculture

Intensive Tillage

- Reduces soil organic matter, leading to increased

erosion and run-off.

- Decline in nutrient cycling due to decline in soil

micro-organisms

- Promote no-till agriculture practices.

Monoculture

- Reduces habitat for wildlife leasing to increased

need to pest control

- Promote and use of crop rotations incorporating

legumes and through crop diversification.

Fertilizer

- Contributes to soil acidification, resulting in

reduced amounts of essential nutrients Impair

water quality.

- Concerns of ground and surface water pollution,

air pollution, crop damage, and damage to soils by

destruction of the natural N-cycle resulting from

excessive fertilizer application.

- Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) will

be promoted

- Promote productive technologies and nitrogen-use

efficient varieties encourages use of inputs and

improved management practices.

- The intensification of cropping systems often lead

to increased pest and disease issues, which can lead

to increased reliance on synthetic management

options. However, the combination of technologies

proposed, aims to overcome and mitigate pest build

up through the use of resistant material and the

consistent generation of healthy planting material.

- The ISFM technology includes increasing the use

of synthetic fertilizer, but in manner that is targeted

towards specific nutrient deficiencies, as opposed

to blanket recommendations, to limit overuse and

misuse.

Pesticides

Pesticide abuse and misuse, and fertilizer residue is a

potential environment risk brought about by scaling up the

- TAAT will promote appropriate Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) to reduce the misapplication of

technologies. Excess pesticides can lead to surface and

ground water contamination, human health; decline of

beneficial soil microorganisms and on air and non-target

vegetation or plants.

pesticides that are harmful to human, animal and

environmental health.

- Training farmers on the use of appropriate pesticide

spraying equipment, using genuine products,

timing and dose of application and precautionary

measures that are required (pre- and post-harvest)

will minimize human exposure to pesticides and

their potential adverse effects on the environment.

- Technology such as micro-dosing would be

encouraged under small holder system and where

fertilizer is insufficient

- Safety guidelines would be followed in the use and

handling of agro-chemicals.

Intensive livestock systems

- Increase soil erosion and compaction due to

overgrazing and hoof action, untreated livestock

waste degraded water quality, water usage

competes with other needs

- Promote sustainable practices

Intensive rice production

- Inadequate drainage and continuous flooding

causes waterlogging, salinization and nutrient

problems, degrades downstream ecosystems due to

polluted run-off and over-extraction of water,

contributes to emissions due to anaerobic

conditions in paddy fields.

- Irrigation for intensive rice production requires

large quantities of water and may leach chemicals

into downstream ecosystems. Areas lacking water

management institutions or efficient irrigation

methods, may be at the risk of depleted water

supplies. Environmental threats from extensive

low productivity rice in Sub-Saharan Africa have

been linked to degradation of fragile and erosion-

prone uplands and ecologically important

lowland/wetland ecosystems

- Improved water management via improved

irrigation systems.

- Improved soil management including ensuring

farmers do not over-use fertilizers and promoting

use of crop rotations, intercropping, reduced tillage,

incorporating agricultural residues.

- Minimal tillage and retention of crop residues can

reduce soil erosion, reduce GHGs and support soil

fertility

Intensive maize, sorghum, millet, and

potato/yams production

- Promote good agriculture practices

- The environmental impacts of maize cropping in

SSA largely relate to land degradation, soil

erosion, nutrient depletion and biodiversity loss.

- Environmental threats of the sorghum and millet

cultivation relate to nutrient depletion on marginal

soils.

-

- The OFSP technology to be promoted will rely on

use of organic manure. This improves the soil

structure and fertility in the end. Sweet potato also

improves soil cover reducing soil erosion that

contributes to reduction to soil degradation.

Introducing the potato, sweet potato, and cereals

crop rotation will also improve the soil health.

Intensive cassava production and

processing practices

- Soil and water depletion and pollution attributable

to intensive agriculture production practices.

- Waster generation

- TAAT will incorporate the Waste to Energy

technologies in the value chain activities

Intensive wheat production

- Over-exploitation of water resources, poor

management of irrigation with negative impacts on

downstream ecosystems, and the emergence of

new pests.

- Mono-cropping of wheat, risk of persistent weeds,

diseases and insect pests, Land degradation, soil

erosion and declining soil fertility, Increased risk

of abiotic stresses (drought, heat, climate change)

- These may be mitigated through technical solutions

and the social organization of producers, especially

around water users, to ensure that a community-

based approach is adopted.

- Properly managed irrigation systems will allow

irrigated wheat areas to provide provisioning

(food), regulating (climate adaptation), supporting

(primary production) and cultural (ecotourism)

ecosystem services to local communities.

- Enabling institutional and governance

arrangements for water allocation

- Use of resistant wheat varieties, Integrated pest

management (IPM), Crop rotations and

diversification,

- Risk management tools, climate smart technologies

(drought tolerant and early maturing varieties,

supplementary irrigation, conservation agriculture)

Intensive beans production

- Land degradation

- Soil fertility issues

- Nutrient use efficient technologies: promote

germplasm with multiple resistance to stresses.

- Soil fertility enhancing and water management

technologies including drought tolerant varieties.

- Use of biological nitrogen fixation technologies

particularly for climbing beans.

- Use of cost effective and environmental

technologies such as promotion and use of

innovative staking materials for climbers and fast

cooking varieties.

- Promotion of precooked beans to reduce of use of

energy (fuel for cooking)

Aquaculture

- Processing operations and fish farms generate

waste streams such as fish carcasses, fish guts, fish

mortalities that can cause problems if not disposed

of properly.

- Discharges of N, P, and organic carbon into

surrounding ecosystems by pond-based systems

- Waste materials from processors can be converted

into fishmeal or higher value products for use in

animal feeds or specialized nutritional products.

- Waterbodies have a limited carrying capacity based

on the rate at which nutrients can be assimilated by

the environment. The parameters behind this are

well understood and can be modelled. These

models will be used by regulatory authorities to set

upper limits on production or the amount of feed

that can be applied in a particular waterbody.

Effective enforcement of these limits is essential.

Training of aquaculture farmers will be facilitated.

Source: Author’s adaptation from PIAs’ project briefs, Killebrew K and Hendrik W (2010) Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Technologies; and Reynolds

T.W et al (2015) Environmental Impacts and constraints associated with production of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Climate Change: Climate Smart Agriculture

Reliance on rainfall makes the African agriculture sector highly vulnerable to variability in the

amount and distribution of rainfall, with yields of some major crops fluctuating to as much as 50%

year to year. Today, approximately 35% of global crop yield variability is explained by climate,

with climate change projected to decrease the productivity of many different crops across Africa,

whilst at the same time agriculture and livestock contribute 19-29% of global greenhouse gas

emissions. One of the major challenges posed by climate change in some of the TAAT’s target

agro-ecological zones is increased frequency and severity of drought events. Direct impacts of

frequent persistent droughts include ecosystem desiccation through increased salinization in

freshwater wetland and mangrove ecosystems, loss of productivity in croplands, saltwater

intrusion, and loss of productivity and biodiversity in woodland ecosystems.

Future climatic projections in Africa suggest that extreme events will intensity and change the

precipitation and temperature patterns. In the Sahel region, for instance, climate variability and

change is expected to have overwhelming impact on agriculture and land (Nyong et al, 2007). The

study suggest that climate change will elicit a significant change in agricultural production both

in terms of the quantum of products as well as the location or area of production; the effect of

climate on rainfall patterns will be accompanied by a shift in the traditional areas of production of

certain crops with implications on the migration patterns of pastoralists, exacerbating conflicts and

food insecurity. Indeed, the successful demonstration of the agriculture technologies in

transforming Africa’s agriculture impacts of climate change.

The TAAT program is designed to align with the African Union’s Malabo Declaration of 2104 to

scale up Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as well as the agriculture-related climate change targets

defined in African government’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). More so, the Feed Africa Strategy has emphasized

the importance of up-scaling interventions that conserve natural resources and promote the use of

CSA practices that will prepare farmers and other vulnerable population to climate risks. In that

regard, the TAAT program will facilitate the integration of CSA in all value chain interventions

and support the development of climate support tools that will enhance resilience to climate

variability. The CSA related activities of TAAT shall be coordinated by the International Center

for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), who will bring expertise on designing climate resilient

commodity value chains specific to recommended agro-ecological zones.

The mainstreaming of CSA throughout all intervention areas and value chains will promote climate

resilience of all value chain actors. The activities include engaging with national governments to

create the policy and program enabling environment, ensuring TAAT interventions and

technologies for scaling are climate-proofed by targeting areas for scaling where the climate is best

suited for success of TAAT interventions, and providing farmers with critical information about

climate and weather allowing them to make informed management decisions for the success of

TAAT. Specifically, the CSA enabling support to TAAT proposes three primary outputs:

1. Climate change risk and climate-smart opportunity profiles targeting of TAAT value chain

interventions to inform and provide guidance to policy institutions;

To support the mainstreaming of climate into TAAT interventions, information is needed

on systematically describe key climate vulnerabilities, entry points for CSA in the TAAT

value chains, policy/institutional enabling conditions, and co-finance opportunities along

the value chain. Using the widely used and promoted CIAT/CCAFS CSA Country Profiles

as a basis, this output will increase national and sub-national stakeholders and institutions

awareness on the need to mainstream climate change into agricultural programming,

budgeting and policies. Ultimately this will provide and enabling environment for the

scaling of TAAT interventions that help farmers increase their adaptive capacity to climate

change.

2. Value chain interventions climate-proofed and targeted for CSA based on climate

vulnerabilities, risks and potential impacts of near- to long- term climate change for

implementation of TAAT interventions;

This output will provide information on the vulnerabilities, risks and potential impacts of

near- to long- term climate change for implementation of TAAT interventions. Pathways

for farmers to deal with these impacts will be assessed based on entry points for

incremental, systemic and transformational adaptation. Based on current climate and future

projections, areas will be mapped out where interventions by the various value chain

technologies will have the greatest impact considering climate change and variability.

3. Climate services for resilient value chains implemented through national stakeholders

providing site-specific targeted information enabling better decisions for farmers, extension

staff, and others involved in scaling up of TAAT interventions: Nationally hosted and

disseminated climate information and agro-advisory services are needed for farmers to maximize

productivity in good years, while protecting their livelihoods from climatic extremes in bad years.

Big data-driven and climate-informed agro-advisory services can provide site-specific targeted

information to farmers enabling better decisions about what to plant (crop and varietal selection),

when to plant (optimal planting dates), and how to plant (optimal management). This output will

focus on engaging national institutions (e.g. meteorological agencies) to provide TAAT value

chain farmers and stakeholders access to up-to-date forecasts of seasonal climate and agro-

advisory services to improve the implementation of TAAT value chain interventions. These

climate- and site- specific advisories will be provided to farmers through extension services, radio,

and mobile phone ICT outreach. This output will include M&E activities to measure the impact of

the climate service interventions.

6. Procedures to Assess Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Develop ESMPs

TAAT will demonstrate proven yield-enhancing technologies to farmers, agro-processors, youth

agri-preneurs and other value chain actors in priority intervention areas/value chains (PIA/VC),

with the aim of stimulating borrowing from governments to scale up the technologies and adapt

TAAT into future agriculture projects.

The purpose of this ESMF therefore, is to establish the procedures to screen TAAT activities and

ensure effective monitoring of the potential impacts and implementation measures in compliance

with national regulations and the AfDB’s safeguard policies. Specifically this ESMF was prepared

as part of the design of the TAAT to address all relevant environment and social safeguards.

Environment and Social Screening

The procedures proposed to ensure the effective management of these impacts comprise

screening of the agriculture technologies and PIA/VC demonstration activities, implementation

of mitigation measures and monitoring. Screening will be developed for each demonstration site,

once they have been identified and established during implementation of the TAAT. The

screening process is a direct responsibility of the Clearing-House (which assists TAAT in the

identification and deployment of proven technologies) and the lead institutions implementing the

core PIA/VC activities.

The screening process will consider the alignment of the activities with existing national policies

and plans on climate change and natural resources management, scale of the proposed

interventions, intensity and the significance of potential impacts, local environmental and social

conditions including presence of natural habitats, socio-cultural resources etc.

The main objectives of the screening process for TAAT interventions are to:

Determine which agricultural technologies and demonstration activities have potential

negative environmental and social impacts;

Determine the level of environmental analysis and follow-up environmental management

work required according to the type/nature, location, sensitivity and scale of the

demonstration activities;

Assess the climate vulnerability risks;

Determine appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures for addressing adverse

impacts;

Incorporate mitigation/enhancement measures into proposed activities;

Facilitate the review and approval of the proposed demonstration activities

Provide guidance for environmental compliance and outcome monitoring of

environmental parameters for the interventions of TAAT.

The proposed screening process for TAAT intervention is described below:

Step 1: Screening of Agriculture Technologies, Demonstration Activities and Sites

In order to ensure the effective identification, management and monitoring of the environmental

and social risks of the TAAT interventions, two (2) stages of screening are proposed. The first

stage will be at the level of the Clearing-House to ensure agriculture technologies are

environmentally screened and vetted before approval and clearance for demonstration. The

procedures for screening the technologies shall be consistent with agriculture technologies

research standard practice. The Clearinghouse will make sure that TAAT supported programs are

accountable for targeted yield and productivity increases, environmental compliant and well

tested.

The second level of screening is proposed at the demonstration level to be undertaken by the CG-

centers implementing the PIA/VC activities (promoting the agriculture technologies to a wide

range of stakeholders in specific countries). A desk appraisal of all proposed activities and field

assessment will be done by completing the Environmental and Social Screening Form and the

Bank’s Climate Change screening manual. The implementing entities (through identified

Safeguard consultants/technical assistant) in collaboration with the Clearing House will identify

details of demonstration activities and sites to determine the applicability of country specific

laws and regulations, the African Development Bank’s safeguard policies and the corresponding

safeguard requirements.

Step 2: Review and Approval of the Screening Activities. The results and recommendations

presented in the environmental and social screening forms and the proposed mitigation measures

presented in the environmental and social checklists will be reviewed by safeguard specialists at

the Bank, the Executing Agency (IITA), and the competent national authority.

Step 3: Carrying out Environmental and Social Review of Activities. The potential impacts and

proposed mitigation measures described in this ESMF are generic and indicative. It is expected

that the information provided in the environment and social screening form and the results of the

climate change screening process will help elucidate the safeguard policies triggered, activities

vulnerable to the impact of climate change, the appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures,

and importantly determine the requirement for a further environmental assessment consistent

with relevant national safeguard polices and the AfDB’s guidelines.

The review process will identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the

proposed activities, evaluate alternatives, as well as design and implement appropriate

mitigation, management and monitoring measures. Based on the findings from the screening

exercise, an environment and social management plan (ESMP) may be prepared specific to the

project intervention(s) if deemed necessary. Preparation of the ESMP shall be the responsibility

of the implementation entities, ensure that the preparation takes place on time and provide

coordination with relevant stakeholders as may be required.

The format for the ESMPs will follow the requirements of relevant national environmental

legislation and the AfDB’s environmental policy procedures requirements. As part of the EA

process, ESMPs will need to be prepared and implemented for Category 2 activities.

The ESMP should include the following contents:

Description of the possible adverse effects that the ESMP is intended to address,

describing their nature, incidence, magnitude, reversibility, significance;

Identification of project design alternatives that would meet similar objectives, and a

description of why these projects are not viable, especially if they have a lesser

environmental or social impact;

Description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented

Program for monitoring the environmental and social impacts of the project, both positive

and negative;

Description of who will be responsible for implementing the ESMP; and

Cost estimate and source of funds.

Step 4: Public Consultation: Public Consultation is a regulatory requirement that must be

adhered as part of the environment and social impact assessment process. Public consultation is

required for all AfDB operations to improve efficiency, transparency and public involvement in

the proposed projects, which will enhance the compliance of the environmental laws and policies

during the implementation of the project. During the screening and impact assessment, the

respective PIU safeguard consultants are expected to consult with key stakeholders (government

ministries in key sectors such as water, environment and natural resources management, farmer

organizations, community based organizations etc.) to ensure that social and environment

concerns are documented and used to inform and improve the environmental sustainability and

climate resilience of the PIA/VC demonstration activities.

7. ESMF Implementation and Monitoring Program

The ESMF implementation requires detailed supervision, monitoring and reporting. The

monitoring and reporting procedures will ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate

particular mitigation measures and will furnish information on the progress and results of

mitigation. Generally, monitoring is crucial to the effective management of the potential risks

posed by the TAAT activities and essential to:

Improve environmental and social management practices,

Check the compliance to national and regional regulations,

Check efficiency and appreciate the extent to which mitigation and adaptation measures

are implemented,

Establish the reliability and credibility of the environment and social assessment of the

program,

Provide the opportunity to report the results on the implementation of the impacts and

proposed mitigation measures.

Recommend changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves or

circumstances change; and

Identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate risk

management strategies to the Proponent.

7.1 Monitoring Program

Monitoring for compliance with environmental and social safeguards policies will be managed

by the PIUs for each priority intervention area/value chain (PIA/VC). Hence, it is recommended

that each implementing agency will have a focal person for Environmental and Social

Safeguards for their respective activities. This person will be responsible for the management of

environment and social safeguards for preparation, implementation, monitoring and reporting on

safeguards management plans and compliance to the Clearing House.

Compliance monitoring will occur as a regular activity or based on frequencies stipulated in the

project implementation schedule, and will include compliance monitoring of the ESMF, process

reviews and reporting of status on implementation of ESMPs or risk management plans. More

important, the frequency of monitoring should be sufficient to allow the PIUs to determine the

environmental conditions and social context, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures,

identify additional changes needed to improve environmental/social benefits of the program, and

the overall sustainability of the interventions.

In addition to Bank requirements, the PIUs will also be responsible for ensuring the proper

application of any national environmental or social requirements. PIUs must consult with

stakeholders who have a legal mandate or a special interest securing the effective management of

environment including national environmental authorities, local communities and leadership, and

sectoral ministries (such as Ministry of Water) in respective countries to ensure program design

and activities comply with regulations and requirements. The PIUs will collaborate with these

agencies to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures (bi-annually) and asses the

performance of the PIA/VC activities within the context of environment and natural resource

management (annually).

The Safeguards focal person or consultant will compile and submit these progress reports to the

Clearing House. The implementing agencies will be responsible for oversight of social and

environmental issues, providing guidance, developing policies (if necessary) and coordinating

with other relevant organizations to facilitate implementation of good practices.

The Forum for Agriculture Research in Africa (FARA) responsible for the TAAT capacity-

building activities will work closely with the PIUs (and if necessary hire an independent

technical assistance) to develop the training program on agriculture research and technologies.

FARA will train the trainers and project specialists, as well as subproject beneficiaries and assist

the PIU in designing a monitoring and evaluation program. The proposed activities will cover

field demonstrations on good agriculture practices and appropriate use of technologies. The PIU

will be the coordinator for the implementation of these activities and will work closely with the

Ministry of Agriculture and their extension officers.

7.2 Reporting Program

The Clearing House will provide overall monitoring and oversight of the safeguards monitoring

and supervision. The Safeguard focal point or consultant for each PIU is required to prepare

appropriate monitoring plans, and develop monitoring indicators based on the mitigation

measures and the management plans to ensure the successful implementation of the ESMF.

Progress reports on these indicators and all other environmental and social issues relevant to each

PIA/value chain activities will be submitted to the Clearing House. These reports will be

prepared bi-annually and shared with the AfDB electronically to evaluate achievement of

proposed mitigation measures. Consistent with the safeguard guidelines of the AfDB, the

reporting process will include annual audits and supervision missions (field and/or desk support)

by the Banks safeguard specialists.

Annual Audit

An independently commissioned environmental and social audit will be carried out on an annual

basis. The audit team will report to the Clearing House, PMU and the AfDB, who will lead the

implementation of any corrective measures that are required. This audit will ensure that: i) the

ESMF and further environmental processes are being implemented appropriately; ii) mitigation

measures are being identified and implemented in due time.

The audit will be able to identify any amendments in ESMF approach that are required to

improve its effectiveness. The annual audit also provides a strong incentive aiming to ensure

ESMF implementation and individual ESMPs executed. The annual audit report will include:

A summary of the environmental performance based on EIAs, if required, and

ESMP;

a presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the ESMP;

Number of staff/officers trained in implementation of the ESMF;

Courses and workshops in ESMP and EIA;

A synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual subproject

Monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject ESMPs).

ESMF Supervision and Role of the AfDB

AfDB’s supervision missions (including annual field and desk supervision missions) will provide

feedback and follow up on progress reports including progress on the development and

implementation of the sub-project ESMPs and overall environmentally sound approaches of the

TAAT activities.

The AfDB Environmental and Social Safeguards specialists will train the Safeguard Focal Points

or Consultants (lead implementing institutions and Clearing House) on issues related to the

environment and social performance of TAAT in line with the Bank’s safeguard requirements,

the relevant authorities will be systematically involved throughout the project implementation

process.

8. Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of the ESMF

Program-Wide Institutional Arrangement

a) The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is the Executing Agency for

TAAT. In that capacity, IITA will be responsible for the overall management, coordination, and

implementation of the program. IITA will sign Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) and

implementation agreements with each of the Implementing Agencies. IITA will act through a PMU

composed of staff competitively recruited with the responsibility to manage the whole program

and report to the Bank.

b) Clearing House (C-House) is the incubation platform that will facilitate partnerships,

program design and implementation to help reach millions of farmers with appropriate agricultural

technologies. The C-House will work closely with the lead PIA/VC implementing agencies to map

each value chain and agro-ecology, and determine which technological and non-technical

opportunities are greatest. Non-technical opportunities include policy, infrastructure, institutional

and financial interventions. In this exercise, there will be a need to adjust the technological and

non-technological offer to conditions of specific countries.

The structure of the C-House is organized along the following roles: i) Partner engagement,

especially across the private sector and with governments; ii) Program design, implementation and

monitoring; iii) Capacity building; and iv) Communication. Each of these roles will be led by a

section head and staffed appropriately to carry out the pertinent functions. Necessary skills for

these staff include: i) Head of partner engagement, an agricultural professional with at least a

decade of working closely with Development Banks, National governments and the private sector

on agriculture development projects and initiatives. ii) An agricultural scientist with in-depth

knowledge of the CGIAR and other research and development (R&D) institutions with confirmed

skills and experience in working in agricultural technology transfer involving public and private

entities; iii) An outreach expert with a strong grasp of different mechanisms available for reaching

millions of farmers with agricultural technologies and a solid background in training and capacity

building; and iv) a communication expert with long experience in mass media dissemination of

agricultural technologies. The C-House team will receive extensive training on AfDB operations

including processes involved during projects cycles and the financing instruments at hand.

The Clearinghouse will be decentralized across the regions of Africa with one office for Central,

North and West Africa and another for East and Southern Africa. To avoid conflict of interest, the

Clearinghouse will be independent of the TAAT PMU and have a separate advisory mechanism.

The Clearing House will appoint an Environmental Management and Social Development

safeguard focal person who will be responsible for monitoring/auditing the implementation of

ESMF by the PIUs.

Priority Intervention Area/Value Chains Activities Institutional Arrangement

The Implementing Agencies include the institutions leading the target value chains. These lead

institutions will act through Project Implementation Units (PIU) and establish sub-contract

agreements with the collaborating institutions involved in the implementation of the value chain

activities. Each contract shall clearly state expected deliverables, timelines and associated costs,

and any other conditions that govern collaboration including environmental management. The

lead institutions include:

a) AfricaRice

AfricaRice is a CGIAR research center leading rice research in Africa, with the aim of

increasing the productivity and profitability of the rice sector in ways that ensure the

sustainability of the farming environment. AfricaRice will collaborate with and sub-

contract International Water Management Institute (IWMI) to design the Rice self-

sufficiency intervention area. IWMI leads multi-partner initiatives highlighting the

enormous potential for investment in water resources management and irrigation that are

fundamental to closing yield gaps and transforming African agriculture.

b) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

IITA is a CGIAR that champions cassava value chains in Africa, offering improved

varieties, adjustable management practices and innovative value-adding options. It also

champions maize, soybean, banana, cocoa, coffee and other technologies through its

Africa-wide networks. It offers special expertise in Integrated Soil Fertility Management.

IITA hosts the IITA Youth Agripreneurs, a network of youth agribusiness incubations

across Africa.

c) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

ICARDA works in Africa to develop of high yielding, heat tolerant, disease resistant, and

climate smart wheat varieties, and their accompanying management technologies.

d) World Fish

World Fish is dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and

aquaculture in Africa. It works closely with IITA in the rehabilitation of ponds in several

countries and the IITA Youth Agripreneurs assume leadership in the fish initiative.

e) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT ICRISAT is a CGIAR center that provides research support to agro-ecosystems

development, plant biotechnology, crop improvement and management, and institutions.

ICRISAT adopts integrated genetic and natural resources management as its overarching

research strategy. Use crop improvement research as the basis to improve food availability

in drought-prone areas

f) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

Working with a range of partners, including government, NGOs, private companies and

financial institutions, ILRI facilitates the development of smallholder livestock

production and dairying in Africa. Its technological innovation addresses breeds, feeds

and animal health, and the formation of production and marketing hubs.

g) The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

ICRAF is a CGIAR center specializing in the sustainable management, protection and

regulation of tropical forest and natural reserves. The Centre¹s mission is to generate

science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes,

and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation that

benefit the poor and the environment.

h) The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC)

AVRDC conducts research, builds networks, and carries out training and promotion

activities to raise awareness of the role of vegetables for improved health and global

poverty alleviation. The Center’s research and development work focuses on breeding

improved vegetable lines, developing and promoting safe production practices, reducing

postharvest losses, and improving the nutritional value of vegetables.

i) International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

CIAT center develops technologies, methods, and knowledge that better enable farmers in

developing countries to enhance eco-efficiency in agriculture. This aims to make

production more competitive and profitable as well as sustainable and resilient through

economically and ecologically sound use of natural resources and purchased inputs. CIAT

generates knowledge about climate change impacts, identifies adaptation options for the

rural poor as well as options that can help mitigate climate change.

9. Requirements for Training and Capacity Building

The environmental sustainability of the TAAT program is highly dependent on the capacity of

the partner institutions to effectively assess the environment, social and climate change concerns

of TAAT agriculture development goals, elaborate the relevant mitigation and adaptation

measures that will address these concerns, and coordinate the planning, mainstreaming, and

supervision of these measures. The CGIAR centers leading the implementation of the TAAT

program are well-established institutions experienced in conducting research on the

environmental and social impact of agricultural production. They have required qualifications

and adequate experience in their respective areas of expertise to manage and mainstream the

environmental and social issues in the program activities.

The TAAT program will make provisions for technical assistance, training and awareness to

support the capacity needs to ensure effective implementation of the ESMF throughout the life of

the Program. It is worthy to note that the Capacity Development and Outreach component of the

TAAT program led by FARA will incorporate environmental management and social

development implications/requirements of the proposed agriculture technologies. It is recognized

that each technology has associated trade-offs, which must be understood within the wider

adoption process. FARA in collaboration with the Clearing House will assemble and disseminate

a suite of communication tools that will disseminate this knowledge.

The implementing institutions have officers who act as focal points for environmental

management and social development issues. However, there is limited knowledge of the

safeguard requirement of the AfDB and capacity to screen, develop safeguard instrument and

monitor implementation of the ESMF. Hence, an independent safeguards consultant(s) may be

recruited to assist the institutions with coordinating and monitoring environmental management

and social development requirements of the TAAT program.

This ESMF proposes a training workshop that will focus on various topics relevant to the

environment and social management objective of the TAAT program including among others;

Train Clearing House and PIUs’ safeguard consultants, extension teams and communities

to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of their

subprojects.

Risk assessment of agriculture technologies and TAAT activities

Mainstreaming of safeguard issues in the overall TAAT program

Public consultations (consultations on environmental and social safeguards to

stakeholders such as government ministries, partners and other relevant institutions.

Design of appropriate monitoring indicators for the sub-projects mitigation measures.

Community mobilization/participation and social inclusion.

The training workshop will be delivered during the first year of program implementation and will

provide trainees the basic approach to implementing the guidelines provided in the ESMF

combined with the use of the appropriate tools, such as the screening and environment and social

impact assessments.

Technical Assistance

Environmental and Social Technical Assistance will be provided to support the Clearing House

and PIUs in order to support the ESMF implementation (and review, if required), especially

where more detailed ESMPs may be required as well as for training, awareness and capacity

building activities. The TA will be used for in-depth safeguards training led by the AfDB

safeguards specialist and/or contracted out to professionals with the relevant technical skills and

experience for environmental impact of agriculture technologies and preparation of ESMFs,

ESMPs and relevant training modules.

10. Public Consultation and Disclosure

The formulation of the TAAT Program follows a trajectory of participatory and consultative

processes starting with the Dakar High Level Conference in October 2015. This meeting was

attended by numerous top Government officials and representatives of several international

organizations including the World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development,

United Nations Development Program, Rockefeller Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation, and United States Agency for International Development.

Other important meetings that contributed to TAAT Program formulation include the CGIAR

Council meeting in Washington DC in February 2016, the Agropole Conference organized by

AfDB in March 2016, several country dialogue meetings on TAAT advocacy, and the TAAT

Preparation Workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12-14 April 2016. The latter workshop

attracted over 260 participants drawn from a complete spectrum of stakeholders. There was also

a consultation with donors on 12 April 2016 at a side meeting during this workshop. Finally,

there were in-depth consultations with each of the CG centers holding expertise on each of the

seven PVCIs. There was also a preparation report-writing and fine-tuning meeting at IITA from

3–9 June 2016 that involved discussions on key elements of task including the consideration of

environment and social safegaurds and climate change.

Potential partners were contacted to suggest proven agricultural technologies and innovations

ready for scaling. These technologies were reviewed and most promising ones incorporated into

TAAT planning. The shortlisted ones met the following criteria: a) technologies are demand-

driven and user-led; b) technologies are accompanied by non-technical factors that favor their

delivery and adoption; c) grassroots’ technologies are user-friendly and rely upon affordable,

widely available inputs; and d) comprehensive field testing of the technology was already

conducted, compiled and analyzed.

TAAT is a knowledge-based program that will require continuous process of consultations

beyond the project cycle. Stakeholders will be informed about the ESMF requirements and the

need for internalizing the environmental and social requirements in the design and

implementation of the project activities.

The ESMF will be disclosed on the website of the African Development Bank and copies will be

made available to the Executing and Implementing agencies.

11. ESMF Budget

The TAAT program has been conceptualized to ensure environment and social issues are

captured and integrated in respective PIA/VC interventions. It should be noted that the

preparation and implementation of environment and social safeguard aspects of TAAT is

dependent on the country-specific information that have not been fully determined at this stage.

In order to facilitate the process of managing the environment and social concerns of the TAAT

program, the ESMF budget will encompass costs for capacity building of key stakeholders, risk

assessment studies (of the commodity value chain activities within the context of the proposed

agriculture technologies) and monitoring aimed at ensuring that TAAT subproject activities align

with the ESMF recommended procedures. The total cost is estimated at 600,000 USD as detailed

in the following table.

Activity Description Participants Unit cost Number Total Cost

ESMF Capacity

Building

Training workshop (5-

day) on screening,

mainstreaming

environment and

social management

measures procedures

into the PIA/ACVC

activities.

Executing

and

Implementing

Agencies

100,000 (1) 100,000

Environment, Social

and Climate Risk

Assessment for

PIA/ACVC activities

Review of PIA/ACVC

activities including

the assessment of

environment and

social risks that may

be associated with the

agriculture

technologies in

respective agro-

ecological

zones/countries

Implementing

Agencies

20,000 20 400,000

ESMF Monitoring Monitoring of ESMF

procedures and

Safeguard Process of

TAAT

Independent

Expert and

Bank

Safeguard

Specialists

50,000 2 100,000

12. Conclusion

Agriculture technologies and innovations promoted through the TAAT program have significant

benefits to socio-economic development and the environment. It is also recognized that there are

associated environmental trade-offs, which have to be understood within the wider adoption

process.

Environmental costs associated with the development of commercial agriculture can be reduced

and managed through use of appropriate technologies combined with vigilant monitoring of

environmental impacts and adherence to regulations and safeguard polices. This ESMF provides

the guidance to facilitate the assessment and understanding of the potential environment, social

and climate risks of the TAAT program. This is expected to advance knowledge and inform the

development of appropriate tools and mechanisms on the dissemination of the technologies.

The program has been classified Environmental Category 2, which implies that the potential

environment and social risks associated with the program are site-specific and can be managed

with the application of identified mitigation measures. The ESMF has been prepared to ensure

that the implementation of the TAAT program is undertaken in an environmentally and socially

sustainable manner. It requires the TAAT implementation adheres to the procedures for

environmental and social screening, risk assessment, as well as review and approval prior to

implementation of value chain activities.

The ESMF recognizes the knowledge gaps of the implementing institutions with regard to the

safeguard policies of the African Development Bank. Thus, strengthening and building the

capacity in this area will be critical to the effective implementation of the ESMF. Capacity

development will also provide an enabling environment to address environmental and social

concerns of the TAAT program.

13. References and Contacts

References

1) African Development Bank Safeguard Policies.

2) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Technologies for African Agriculture

Transformation (Phase 1): Implementation Plan. Submitted to the African Development

Bank.

3) Killebrew K and Wolff, H, 2010. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Technologies. Evan

School Policy Analysis and Research (EPAR) Brief No. 65. Evans School of Public Affairs

4) Nyong, A.; Adesina, F.; Osman-Elasha, B; 2007. The Value of Indigenous Knowledge in

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in the African Sahel. Mitig Adap.

Strat. Global Change (2007) 12:787-797

5) Pingali, P. L. 2012. Green Revolution: Impacts, Limits, and the Path Ahead. Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences, 109(31), 12302–12308.

6) Priority Intervention Areas’ project documents (prepared as inputs into the TAAT program

document.

7) Reynolds T.W; Waddington S.R; Anderson, C.L; Chew, A; True Z; Cullen A; 2015.

Environmental Impacts and constraints associated with production of major food crops in

sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Food Sec.(2015) 7:795-822

8) United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) African Environmental Outlook. UNEP

List of People Consulted

1. Godwin Aster, Communication and Knowledge Exchange Expert, International Institute for

Tropical Agriculture (IITA), g.aster@cgiar.org

2. Prof. Vasey Mwaja( PhD, MKNAS, FRSB), President Secure Capital Investments LTD,

Kenya, +254205137033

3. Lian Wright, Deputy Director General-Integrated Sciences, International Livestock Research

Institute (ILRI), i.wrigt@cgiar.org

4. Robin Buruchara , Director, Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance, International Center for

Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), r.buruchara@cgiar.org

5. Debisi Araba, Director- Africa Region, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),

a.araba@cgiar.org

6. Sidi Sanyang, Program Leader – Rice Sector Development, AfricaRice, s.sanyang@cgiar.org

7. Dr. Youssouf Camara, Programme Manager –Policy Institutions , Market and Trade, West

and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development

y.camara@coraf.org

8. Peter Setimela, Senior Scientist –Seed System Specialist, International Maize and Wheat

Improvement Center (CIMMYT), p.setimela@cgiar.org

9. T, Olalekan Williams, Director Africa, International Water Management Institute (IWMI),

t.o.williams@cgiar.org

10. Dr. Justus Ochieng, Agricultural Economist, The World Vegetable Center,

Justus.ochieng@worldveg.org

11. Dr. Mohammed El Mourid, North Africa Regional Coordinator, ICARDA,

m.elmourid@cgiar.org

ANNEXES

ANNEX I

Agriculture Technologies and Innovations

Priority Intervention Ares (PIAs)/Value Chains (VCs) Technologies and Innovations

Enabling Cassava as an Agro and Industrial Crop Improved Mineral Fertilizer Application Schemes Adjusted to Local &

Weather Conditions (ISFM)

Delivery of improved Varieties

Mechanization of Cassava Production (Motorized weed control; Cassava

equipment (planter, cultivator, stem cutter, root harvester, root loader,

excavator) and Irrigation)

Cassava Processing (Village Scale Mechanical Processing; Mechanical

Peeling; Mechanical Drying Using Pneumatic Dryers)

Cassava Pests and Disease Management (Integrated pest management (IPM),

Pest and disease diagnostic services for commercialized cassava systems and

biological control of cassava diseases)

Improved Quality Cassava Products (High Quality Cassava Chips; High

Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF); Cassava Starch; Cassava based Foods)

Cassava “waste to wealth” (Cassava peels as quality animal feed ingredients

Cassava peel granules as substrates for aflasafeTM production, Production of

mushrooms from cassava peel)

Self Sufficiency in Rice Improved Rice Varieties (Advanced Rice varieties for Africa, New Rice

Varieties for Africa, Sub 1 Rice Varieties & Hybrid Rice varieties)

Improved Crop Nutrition (Soil & Foliar micronutrients in rice; Localized

nutrient application at crop establishment stage)

Rice Mechanization (Laser Land Leveling; Motorized weeders; Axial Flow

Thresher)

Improved Access and Lifting of Water for Rice Irrigation

Irrigation Services and Scheduling to improve Field Level Water

Management

Rice Processing and Products (The GEM Parboiling; Biomass Gasfication;

Fortified Rice-Wheat Composite Biscuits; Mineral and Vitamin Fortified

Rice and Rice Products; Rice based Pasta)

Expanding Wheat Production in Africa High Yielding, Heat tolerant and Disease Resistant Wheat Varieties

Mechanizing Irrigated Wheat Production using the Raised-beds

Accelerated Seed Multiplication & Delivery Systems

Conservation Agriculture; Low cost No-till Planter

Achieving Food Security in the Sahel

Pearl Millet Nutritious High Yielding Pearl Millet Varieties

Augmentative Releases of Parasitoid Wasps for Biological Control of the

Millet head miner

Bio-reclamation of Degraded Land (BDL)

Fertilizer Micro-dosing

Sorghum Dual/Multi-purpose Sorghum Varieties

Development and Use of Hybrid Sorghum

Mobile Choppers - Efficient & Optimum Utilization of Crop Residues Small

& Medium Scale Mechanization

Groundnut High Yielding Multiple Stress Tolerant Groundnut Varieties

Aflatoxin Management Technologies in Groundnut

Cowpea Striga Resistant Cowpea Varieties

Insect Pest Management in Cowpea

Improved Storage of Cowpea Using Purdue Improved Crop Storage(PICS)4

bags

Beef Improved Animal Health

Improved Feeding Systems (drought tolerant forages; dual purpose crop

varieties)

Competitiveness of Beef Cattle Production

Index based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)

Small Ruminant (Meat) Improved Animal Health Systems (Small Ruminant Health; Risk-based

vaccination program with integrated monitoring system)

Improved feed systems (drought tolerant forages; dual purpose crop varieties)

Community-based breeding programs

Index-based Livestock Insurance

Poultry Chicken genetics: Low Input Chicken Production

Vaccine Technology: Poultry Input and Service

Delivery System

Cassava Peel as High Quality Poultry Feed Ingredients

4 PICS provide a simple low-cost method of reducing post-harvest cowpeas losses due to bruchid infestations in west and central Africa. It consists of two layers

of polyethylene liners and third later made from woven polypropylene.

Transforming the Savanna Zone into Africa’s Bread Basket

Maize Multi-stress Tolerant Maize Varieties (Drought-tolerant, quality protein

maize (QPM) and pro-vitamin A-enriched, nitrogen-use efficient, combining

tolerance to drought and resistance to Striga and Maize Lethal Necrosis

[MLN])

Aflasafe and Aflatoxin Management System

Integrated Management of Striga in Maize

Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)

Rural Mechanization for Tillage, Irrigation and Post-harvest processing

Storage/Post harvest Technologies and Processing and Nutritional Quality

Soybean Scaling out adoption and use of improved soybean varieties

Integrated Soil Fertility Management in soybean-based systems across the

savanna.

NoduMax: A bio-fertilizer technology for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)

enhancement and production in soybean

Improved Processing Methods: Food to food fortification and product

diversity

Yam Improved Yam Varieties

Improved Seed Yam Production & Delivery

Improved Crop & Soil Management Packages

Processing and post-harvetTechnologies in Yams

Mechanization in Yams

Poultry Chicken genetics technology (more productive and adaptive chicken genetics)

Animal health/vaccine technology

Chicken feed technology

Dairy Improved Feeding Systems (Improved planted forages, Seed/germplasm

systems developed to deliver improved forage genetics, Improved use of crop

residues & Small scale processing of local crop residues facilitated and scaled

including cassava peel processing model facilitated and scaled

Improved Dairy Cattle Genetics and Marketing Dairy Breeding Animals

Improved dairy cattle genetics & Improved marketing dairy breeding

animals)

Improved Dairy cattle Health (Improved dairy cattle health & Improved

access to and use of key vaccines)

Renovating Tree Crop Plantations

Oil Palm Improved varieties for Oil Palm – Multiplying and Scaling out of Clean

Germplasm

Oil Palm harvesting technologies – introduction and scaling of motorized

harvesters made from bamboo poles

Value addition by multiproduct processing centres- Establishment of

common processing centre for oil palm equipped with modern technologies

for kernel and shell separation, and oil extraction equipment

Mass release of oil palm pollinatore-artificial pollinators using insects

Cashew Cashew rejuvenation with improved materials/genotypes (Brazilian jumbo

seeds) Multiplying and scaling out of Clean Germplasm

Integrated cashew management (ICM)/GAP

Casher Value addition (improved processing, harvesting tool, apple juice and

vinegar processing)

Cashew-apiculture

Cocoa Multiplying Clean Germplasm

Integrated Crop Pest Management for Cocoa

Cocoa Rehabilitation Techniques and Management

Cocoa value addition

Coffee Improved Coffee Varieties

Integrated Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Coffee Production &

ISFM

Integrated Pest Management/Plantwise Advisory Service

GAPs in out-scaling of coffee and banana intercropping practices

Suitability maps as guide to help design climate smart agroforestry systems in

climate sensitive areas or climate smart agroforestry where coffee will be

viable in the future

Coffee value addition

Expanding Africa’s Share of Horticultural Trade

Vegetable Increased Availability of Elite Vegetable Seeds

Health Seed & Seedling Systems

Protected Cultivation System

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Irrigation Water Management

Systematic Pest Surveillance System

Reduced postharvest losses and increased Processing of Vegetables by

Linking Smallholder Farmers to Processors

Sweetpotato/Potato Value Chain Sustainable Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) Planting Material

Intensified OFSP Production Systems

Sweet Potato for Animal Feed Products

Nutrition Support Technologies

Climate Smart Mid-Altitude Potato Varieties

OFSP Processing Technologies

Decentralized Seed Potato Multiplication Networks

Disease Resistant HighYielding Highland Potato

Iron and Zinc Biofortified Potato Varieties

On-farm Seed Potato Quality Management

The 3G Seed Potato Strategy

Banana/Plantain VC Increased availability of elite hybrid germplasm’ Resistant to Prominent Pests

& Diseases through

Healthy Seedling System

Tissue Culture as a rapid propagation technology of healthy planting

material’

Sustained healthy seedling systems through macro-propagation and sucker

sanitation’

Banana/Plantain processing and value addition into flour, wine and chips’

Integrated Soil Fertility Management & Improved

Agronomic Practices for Elite Hybrids Resistant to

Pests and Diseases

Beans Green BeanTechnology

Climbing and Micronutrient Rich Shelled Beans

Precooked Beans Technology

Canned beans Technology

Self-Sufficiency in Fish Production in Africa Pond-based Tilapia Aquaculture

Cage-based Tilapia Aquaculture

Pond & Tank-based Catfish Aquaculture

Fish Processing - Smoking Kiln

ANNEX II

Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF)

The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) is designed to avail information to the

decision-makers and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be

identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be determined. This Form

will be completed for each PIA/ACVC activities

Name of sub-project (PIA/ACVC)…………………………………………………….

Countries in which the sub-project is to be implemented…………………………

Identified Country stakeholders (Government ministries, NGOs, private sectors) consulted

…………………………………………

Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:

Name: ………………………………………………………………………..

Job title:………………………………………………………………………

Telephone numbers:……………………………;

E-mail address………………………..

Date: Signature:……………………………………………

PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (country, value chain, agro-

ecological zones, agriculture technologies and innovation proposed etc).

Provide information about activities needed during the subproject implementation

PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND

SOCIAL IMPACTS

Describe the project location, project site, surroundings (include a map if any)

________________________________________________________________________

Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area

________________________________________________________________________

Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.

________________________________________________________________________

Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species Are there any environmentally sensitive

areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project?

(i) Intact natural forests: Yes __________No ___________

(ii) Riverine forest: Yes ______________ No ___________

(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs Yes ______________ No ___________

(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes ________No

______

(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated

areas)?______________________ km.

(vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ___________ No ___________

(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required

under national law/local law and/or international agreements. Yes ___________ No

__________

(viii) Others (describe). Yes ____________ No ______________ Rivers and Lakes

Ecology.

(ix) Is there a possibility that, due to the interventions of the PIA/ACVC, the river and

lake ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and

quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these

overtime. Yes ______________ No ______________ Protected areas.

(x) Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within/adjacent to any

protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world

heritage site etc.) Yes _________ No ____________

(xi) If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely

affect the ecology within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration

routes of mammals or birds). Yes __________ No ____________

(xii) Geology and Soils: Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there

areas of possible geologic or soil instability (prone to: soil erosion, landslide,

subsidence, earthquake etc.)? Yes ____________ No ____________

(xiii) Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of

large scale increase in soil salinity? Yes _____________ No _____________

(xiv) Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods,

poorly drained, low-lying, or in a depression or block run-off water Yes

_____________ No _____________

(xv) Contamination and Pollution Hazards: Is there a possibility that the project will be at

risks of contamination and pollution hazards (from latrines, dumpsite, industrial

discharges etc.) Yes _____________ No _____________

(xvi) Landscape/aesthetics: Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the

aesthetic attractiveness of the local landscape? Yes ______No ___

(xvii) Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site. Based on available sources,

consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the

subproject alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred,

ritual area) site or require excavation near same? Yes ___________ No

____________

(xviii) Resettlement and/or land Acquisition Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition,

relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of access to land and other

economic resources be caused by project implementation? Yes ___________ No

_________________ If “Yes” the AfDB’s Involuntary Resettlement OS.3 is

triggered. Propose the appropriate mitigation measures to be taken.

(xix) Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure Will the project result in the

permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such

as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc.)? Yes ____________ No

______________

(xx) Noise and Dust Pollution during Operations. Will the operating noise level exceed the

allowable noise limits? Yes ___________ No _______________

(xxi) Will the operation result in emission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumes?

Yes ___________ No _______________

(xxii) Degradation and/or depletion of resources. Will the operation involve use of

considerable amounts of natural resources (water quantity, water spillage, land,

energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation Yes ______

No _______

(xxiii) Solid or Liquid Wastes Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (including

agricultural waste).Yes ______ No _______

(xxiv) If “Yes”, does the project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal of

wastes? Yes ___________No ______________

PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES

For all “Yes” responses above, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect.