Project Number: S-009 Project Title: Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization Period Covered: 08/2008 through 8/2009 Date of this Report: September 29, 2009 Annual Meeting Dates: August 4-5, 2009 Participants: www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9514 Minutes: www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9514 Accomplishments and Impacts: USDA – Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit

Plant genetic resources collected or obtained from throughout the world are valuable sources of genetic diversity for use in agronomic and horticultural crop improvement programs in the U.S. This project forms part of a comprehensive nationwide program, National Plant Germplasm System, to preserve plant genetic resources for use today and for use by future generations. The primary objectives of this project are 1). To conserve genetic resources and associated information for a broad spectrum of crops and related species; 2). To develop and apply new or improved evaluation procedures and marker-based approaches to assess diversity of genetic resources in the collections and evaluate materials for useful traits; and 3). To transfer technology to researchers and plant breeders in the Southern Region and worldwide in the form of plant genetic resources and associated information. Seed and clonal genetic resources acquired, maintained, characterized, evaluated, documented, and distributed by this project will provide researchers with a broad range of clearly-identified crop genetic diversity to utilize. This broad genetic diversity enables research programs to efficiently produce new cultivars, develop new knowledge, discover value-added uses, and preserve food security for the general public.

The germplasm collection at Griffin, Georgia has increased to 89,451 accessions of 252 genera and 1,5,29 species. In 2008, a total of 30,883 seed, tissue culture, and clonal accessions were distributed to researchers and educators at universities, private companies, agricultural and medical research foundations, seed conservatories, federal agencies, farmer-owned cooperatives, and foreign universities and companies. All accessions were requested from the Griffin location directly by researchers and distributed in 881 orders to users in 47 states and 45 foreign countries. Genetic resources maintained at the Griffin location are in great demand by the research community and provide a valuable resource for crop improvement research. The quantity and quality of plant genetic resources maintained at Griffin makes this location one of the leaders in the National Plant Germplasm System.

Biosecurity and availability of plant genetic resources are of major concern to the U.S. agricultural research community. Backing up germplasm by maintaining accessions at two sites reduces the risk of losing valuable germplasm. In the last year, 96.4% of the collection is backed up at the National Center for Genetic Resource Preservation, Ft. Collins, CO and 87.6% of the accessions are available for use by the research community. Backing up safely secures these

plant genetic resources for future use by researchers and good availability provides users with a wide array of currently available germplasm. Vigna: Gary Pederson, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, served as acting Vigna curator. Cowpea regeneration was conducted in the field and greenhouse by James Chalkley in 2008. A total of 95 lines were increased in the greenhouse in Griffin, 46 lines were increased in the field, and 52 lines were increased in Puerto Rico. Digital images of flowers were taken on regeneration plants. These images are posted on GRIN for use by breeders and other researchers. Peanut: Seed increases were obtained for 425 cultivated peanut accessions by Roy Pittman, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, grown for regeneration at Byron, GA, and Stillwater, OK. Over 500 clonal peanut accessions were maintained in the greenhouse. The U.S. peanut mini-core collection has not been evaluated for biochemical traits that may be useful for improving peanut nutrition. A total of 107 diverse peanut accessions within the mini-core collection were evaluated for oil content, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant compounds. The biochemical information obtained will be very useful to peanut researchers developing highly nutritious peanut cultivars. Grasses:

The warm season grass germplasm collection was improved over the past year by Melanie Harrison-Dunn, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit mainly through acquisition, regeneration, and characterization efforts. Eleven switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) accessions were collected in southern Florida in September 2008. A second trip to northern Florida will take place in September 2009. An additional 83 switchgrass accessions were obtained from the NRCS New York Plant Materials Center. Another 230 accessions of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from Jeff Wilson (USDA, Tifton, GA) and 67 accessions of finger millet from Katrien Devos (University of Georgia) were acquired. Out of 211 accessions attempted for 2008 regeneration, 40 accessions of warm season grasses were successfully regenerated. Low regeneration numbers were due to poor germination of accessions in spite of several alternative methods attempted.

Basic descriptor data was collected for 159 accessions of warm season grasses during regeneration. Passport data for 1098 big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) accessions including country, state, locality, longitude and latitude was determined using original data provided with accessions (state, section, township, site description). The clonal collection of 398 accessions was maintained, screened for viruses (Maize Dwarf Mosiac Virus and Johnsongrass Mosiac Virus), and thirty accessions transferred to tissue culture. A set of 17 basic descriptors were developed for the temperate bamboo collection. Three descriptors (plot images of 77 accessions, flower images of 2 accessions, and shoot images of 76 accessions) were uploaded onto GRIN for public access. Clovers, New Crops, Misc. Legumes, and Misc. Crops:

A total of 323 misc. legumes, new crops, and other misc. crops were regenerated at Griffin by Brad Morris, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit. A total of 76 self-pollinated

and 30 cross-pollinated annual clover accessions were regenerated in the field in Byron, GA, by Gary Pederson, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit. Many Hibiscus species are unable to produce seed in Georgia due to their requirement for longer day lengths (photoperiod). Alternative regeneration techniques, utilizing greenhouse lighting, were developed to enable seed production of photoperiod-sensitive Hibiscus species. Hibiscus cannabinus was successfully regenerated in a greenhouse during the offseason (January – June). Quality seed of Hibiscus species are now available for customers to use in their research projects. Some Hibiscus species, including H. ponticus and H. lasiocarpus, are perennial and require special regeneration techniques to produce seed under Georgia conditions. Hibiscus lasiocarpus produced quality seed during the first year, but H. ponticus flower production was too late to produce viable seed in the first year. During the second year of growth, H. ponticus flower production began much earlier and substantial seed quantities were produced. Quality seed are now available to customers for use in their research projects. Sorghum: Regeneration of sorghum accessions in St. Croix and Puerto Rico continued in coordination with the sorghum curator, John Erpelding. A total of 1,260 accessions were sent to St. Croix for regeneration in 2008 and seed from regenerations of all 1,260 accessions has been sent to Griffin. John Erpelding also received 420 quarantine sorghum accessions for regeneration and returned seed of 381 accessions to Griffin. Vegetable Crops:

Bob Jarret, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, regenerated 50 accessions and characterized an additional 600 accessions of the Capsicum spp. (chile pepper) germplasm collection grown in the field. Also, 24 accessions of cucurbits, Ipomoea sp., and Solanum sp. were regenerated. More than 750 accessions of sweetpotato were maintained in tissue culture.

A key factor in the selection and utilization of vegetable crop germplasm is extent and accuracy of the morphological data available. At the present time, little or only limited phenotypic data are available on many vegetable crop accessions. Efforts were continued to characterize vegetable crops germplasm using morphological descriptors and to supplement the documentation of this diversity using digital images that capture key morphological characteristics in 600 accessions of chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) grown in Griffin, GA and Woodland, CA. Several thousand data points and hundreds of digital images were uploaded into the GRIN database. The acquisition of these data will permit a more accurate assessment of the extent of morphological diversity already present in the collection, and will benefit the scientific user community in facilitating the selection of material appropriate for specific research projects.

The sensory attributes (chemical composition) of vegetables can be an important factor in determining consumer acceptance and demand. The occurrence and concentration of capsiate in chile pepper species was investigated. This compound is related to capsaicin – the compound that confers pungency (heat) to pepper fruit. Data indicated that the levels of capsiate range from not present to moderate when compared to concentrations of capsaicin. Capsiate was present in all of the tested chile pepper species. This information will be of benefit to the study of the biosynthesis of this compound. These data will facilitate efforts to commercially produce capsiate-producing fruit and also to enhance capsiate concentrations in cultivated chile pepper species.

Certain species of pepper (Capsicum species) can be difficult to identify based on their morphological characteristics. Specific DNA sequence changes within the waxy locus have shown promise in assisting in the identification of these species. Approximately 500 accessions of Capsicum (C. annuum, C. chinense & C. frutescens) were analyzed for variability at this locus. In most, but not all instances, the sequence data supported the existing classification. In some instances, it resulted in a reclassification. Proper classification ensures that distributed plant materials meet the requirements of the requestor. Molecular and Analytical Evaluations: A technique was developed to detect high oleic acid peanuts. Peanut seeds and peanut oil are composed of several chemically unique fats such as oleic and linoleic fatty acids. The flavor and quality of the seed or the extracted oil is dependent on the ratio of these two fatty acids. Historically, the only method to determine the fatty acid composition was to chemically analyze finely ground up seeds. This research developed a molecular method to rapidly assess peanut accessions or breeding lines for high oleic acid from either the seeds or leaf tissue. This new molecular method is fast and does not destroy the seed, which allows peanut breeders to utilize the plants for breeding purposes or screening for other agronomic traits such as disease resistance. Breeders can rapidly identify the trait of interest and remove undesirable plants in large populations, which ultimately saves time and valuable resources. Limited to non-existent data regarding flavonols are available for many Hibiscus species. The flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol, were detected in leaves of two Hibiscus species (H. diversifolius and H. mutabilis) for the first time. These two species can now be used by breeders or other scientists in the development of new flavonol-containing products which may aid human health value as anticancer compounds. Sweet sorghum is an important biofuel crop that has not been genotyped, thereby limiting its usefulness to researchers. A panel of 96 sweet sorghum accessions was genotyped with 95 molecular markers to determine the population structure and genetic diversity within this group of accessions. Genotyping of these sweet sorghum accessions will enable sorghum breeders to better develop sweet sorghum cultivars for bioethanol production. The occurrence of sweetpotato leaf curl virus(SPLCV)-infected sweetpotato clones within the germplasm collection poses a risk to sweetpotato growers/researchers who unknowingly receive infected plant materials. Real-time PCR and techniques developed previously were utilized to screen the collection for the occurrence of SPLCV. Approximately 7% of the sweetpotato germplasm collection was found to be infected with SPLCV. This information will be used to restrict distribution of selected clones and modify sweetpotato germplasm distribution policies. Germplasm Maintenance:

Prior to 2002, seed samples of over 84,000 accessions of plant genetic resources maintained at the Griffin location had not been tested for germination and the quality of seed distributed to researchers was not known. A concentrated effort was made to conduct germination tests on this large collection. Currently germination tests have been completed for over 54,000 accessions including almost all accessions of pepper, watermelon, eggplant, mung bean, sesame, and castor bean and 59-84% of all accessions of sorghum, okra, annual clovers, pearl millet, and misc. legumes. This germination testing enables curators to properly identify

accessions with poor quality seed that need to be regenerated resulting in better quality seed being distributed to researchers upon request.

In 2008, a total of 2,316 accessions were sent for safety back up to Ft. Collins and 1,596 accessions were sent to the new global safety backup vaults at Svalbard, Norway. The program continued to split seed samples of all accessions at Griffin with a small distribution sample maintained at 5 C and the bulk of each sample maintained at -18 C to maximize seed longevity. Currently, over 68% (over 60,200 accessions) of the entire collection has at least one sample in -18 C storage. Alabama Legumes: Forage and Cover Crops Current work focuses on evaluation, utilization and breeding of sunn hemp and sericea lespedeza species. Sunn hemp germplasm is being used for development of cultivars for the continental US. The objective is to develop cultivars that can be used as fodder and as cover crops. Sericea lespedeza is being evaluated for control of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants and for condensed tannin content. A new low-growing sericea lespedeza will be evaluated for road-side use. Evaluations are being done in cooperation with colleagues at Auburn, GA, LS, AR, and USDA at several locations. Upland cotton Current work focuses on evaluation, utilization and breeding of upland cotton. Cotton accessions continue to be evaluated to resistance to reniform nematode, but we have not been able to find adequate resistance in materials we have evaluated. We also continue to evaluate accessions for resistance to heat and drought, and have begun the introgression of some putative heat tolerant accessions into adapted germplasm for further study. Florida The state of Florida was again active in 2008 for plant genetic resources distribution. According to records provided by S-9, 31 different individuals requested materials from 26 different genera of plants and a total of 310 unique PIs distributed. Affiliation of individuals obtaining materials included University of Florida scientists, USDA scientists, private research organizations, private citizens, and public schools. Most individuals who responded to a request for information indicated a high level of satisfaction with materials provided and appreciation for the availability of the germplasm. Listed below are reports submitted by cooperators. Dr. Ann Blount, NFREC, Marianna, FL provided this report regarding her use of plant genetic resources in the past year. Bahiagrass evaluation: The regional bahiagrass evaluation has been narrowed down to several plant introductions from evaluations made in Florida and Georgia. Evaluations included approximately 50 plant introductions from NPGS-GRIN and from several other locations including Australia, Uruguay and Argentina. Evaluations of several new species have shown superior winter growth and better seasonal forage distribution compared to bahiagrass. Selection criteria includes winter survival, frost tolerance, forage yield, forage quality, seasonal forage distribution, turf characteristics, seed production, and persistence under grazing. Evaluation at Marianna continues with Paspalum PIs from seed obtained from NPGS-

GRIN. The seed will represent the P. notatum collection and closely related species including P. nicorae (PIs 202044, 209983, 276248, 276249, 283020, 284171, 304004, 310131, 404469, 404471, 404859, 462273, 477103, 490363, 490364, 508818, 508819, 508820, 508821), P. quadrifarium (PIs 404880, 404881, 404882, 462302, 462295, 462298, 508942, 508947), and P. guaraniticum (PI 404449). Several P. guaraniticum, P. nicorae and P. cromyorhizon plant introductions are adapted to droughty sites, particularly at Live Oak and Brooksville, FL. UF-Riata was released in 2007 and NPGS PI number should be assigned shortly. Hemarthria evaluation: Hemarthria PIs from the NPGS-GRIN were planted at a second site in summer 2008 at the North Florida Research and Education Center-Marianna with evaluations beginning in 2009. Plant introductions were planted under non-irrigated conditions and include: PIs 299039, 299993, 299994, 299995, 349750, 349751, 349752, 349754, 349796, 364861, 364863, 364865, 364868, 364869, 364871, 364874, 364875, 364876, 364877, 364878, 364881, 364882, 364884, 364885, 364890, 364891, 365145, 379613, 383331, 409751, 410128, 410129, 410131, 410132, 410133, 410134, 410137, 410138, 410139, 410140, 413186, 508606. The collaborative study with Auburn University to evaluate Hemarthria for Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus continues. BYDV has been confirmed on several plant introductions to date. Novel hybrids of limpograss resulting from crossing PIs are being evaluated for cold tolerance, improved forage quality and nutrient removal efficiency at several Florida locations. Gamagrass evaluation: Twenty eight Florida gamagrass (Tripsacum spp.) selections collected by NRCS and forage breeders at University of Florida are under evaluation at the NFREC. These include NRCS nos. 9055975, 9056065, 9056073, 9059196, 9059199, 9059203, 9059215, 9059232,9059254, 9059267, 9059269, 9059272, 9059280, 9059281,9059282, 9059283, 9059285, 9059286, 9059287, 9059290, 9059294, 9059338, and NFREC ecotypes Joe Budd, Rancher, Pine Acres, Woodruff Dam, Marianna and Savannah. In 2008-2009 a new ecotype was collected near Tallahassee and added to the nursery at Marianna. Several NRCS gamagrass experimental lines were established at the NFREC-Marianna in 2008-2009 and a seed increase of several of these lines will be planted in summer 2009. Dr. Jose Chapparo, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, provided this report. Materials obtained were gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa, R. oxyacanthoides) and black currant (R. nigrum) cuttings for a total of five accessions. The gooseberries were PI 556393 Invicta, PI 556263 Jahns Prairie, PI 617687 Friedl, PI 555847 Sabine, and black currant PI 556166 Strata. The germplasm was requested for hybridization with the Miccosukee gooseberry to generate low chill material. Dr. Zane Heisel, EREC, Belle Glade, FL reports that his group has established a program of evaluating and developing biomass energy crops. Among crops under consideration is sweet sorghum. Because current varieties were developed for the mid-south in a one crop per season rotation and South Florida has a much longer growing season allowing two crops, we selected more than 20 of the latest maturing lines from GRIN. These were grown in single row yield and observation plots in 2008 in Belle Glade, FL. Preliminary evaluations resulted in seed being selected from ten lines and grown in 2009 for further agronomic characterization in larger plots. The best two lines were also crossed in the greenhouse to currently available public varieties and the hybrid seed of these are also being grown in the field in 2009. It is our hope and intent to further select lines for yield, disease tolerance and other important traits and cross these with

current varieties with the overall purpose of germplasm improvement and variety development for South Florida. Dr. Zhanao Deng, GCREC, reports the following cultivars have been developed and released from his breeding program that involved plant genetic resources: Caladium cultivar '75-14', Caladium cultivar ‘UF-331’, Caladium cultivar ‘UF-340’, Caladium cultivar ‘UF-404’. Drs. Rose Koeing and Carlene Chase report the following on use of sunn hemp plant genetic resources. Their interdisciplinary project is conducting research to explore genetic, physiological, entomological, and cultural factors that influence flowering in sunn hemp. Additionally, because of its potential to provide multiple ecological services, we want to determine how cultural practices aimed at increased seed production such as breaking apical dominance may affect biomass accumulation, nitrogen fixation, and weed suppression. Our objectives are to: (1) evaluate the effect of different geographical locations on biomass accumulation, flowering and seed yield of the USDA’s sunn hemp germplasm collection; (2) identify bee species visiting sunn hemp flowers to determine which are effective pollinators and quantify their visits; (3) assess the phenotypic variability of flowering and characterize the sensitivity to environmental factors; (4) investigate the effects of breaking apical dominance on weed suppression and seed yield, and compare the allelopathic potential of the accessions; (5) determine how cultural practices for sunn hemp seed production influence nitrogen accumulation, decomposition, and plant available soil nitrogen; and (6) evaluate the economic costs and benefits of sunn hemp domestic seed, cover, and fodder crops. Outreach will include: presentation of the research findings to state and county extension faculty at the Florida Extension Symposium; field days for extension faculty and growers in Florida and Puerto Rico; and extension publications for use by county extension faculty and growers. The project will be evaluated by the SARE advisory council for the University of Florida and Florida A&M University. These studies represent a foundation for development of new cultivars with attributes of an outstanding cover crop and green manure and allow a new enterprise for organic growers. This proposal integrates the strengths of an interdisciplinary team consisting of an organic grower and scientists in Georgia, Florida, and Puerto Rico to better understand sunn hemp flowering and seed set and the feasibility for its implementation as a new high-value alternative season seed crop in the Southeastern US. Dr. Eilene Kabelka, reports that plant genetic resources were used in her curcurbit breeding and genetics program as follows. The Cucurbita PI material obtained from S-9 is being utilized as sources of beneficial genes for introgression into squash. Beneficial genes that may be obtained from this material include resistance to pests and pathogens and enhancement of nutritional value (i.e. lutein and beta-carotene). Crossing this material with domestic squash germplasm is being performed for the introgression of these beneficial genes into advanced material using both traditional and molecular methods. Molecular markers linked to beneficial genes from the S-9 PI material will be of direct use to public and private breeding programs and the scientific community. Dr. Ken Quesenberry, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, provided this report on use of plant genetic resources in his forage improvement program. We continue to evaluate the species Arachis glabrata, A. paraguayensis, Hemarthria altissima, Trifolium pratense, T. repens,

and Paspalum notatum. During 2008, we released two A. glabrata germplasms (Arblick and Ecoturf = PI 262839 and PI 262840, respectively), and two A. glabrata cultivars (UF Tito = PI 262826, and UF Peace – new PI to be assigned). Field evaluations of new A. glabrata introductions from Paraguay (Grif numbers 15054, 15058, 15062, 15067, 15068, 15072, 15075, 15212, 15214, 15216, 15221, 15223, 15227) are in progress with plots fully established in 2008 and being harvested in 2009. Additionally, we conducted research on evaluation of in vitro tissue culture protocols for A. paraguayensis. This research utilized the following PI material obtained from S-9: 262842, 468155, 468176, 468180, 468362, 468365, 468370, 604836, 604837. In H. altissima we continued our evaluation of 51 new hybrids obtained from crosses of PI 299995 (Bigalta) and PI 364888 (Floralta). Eight superior hybrids were selected and vegetatively propagated into larger blocks for germplasm maintenance and a plant response to grazing experiment was established. The red clover program has released a new nondormant RKN resistant cultivar ‘Southern Belle’ (PI 638505) that is in advanced certified seed production with availability for producers in fall 2009. This cultivar was developed by recurrent selection from Cherokee (PI 560138). In white clover, a new RKN resistant cultivar UFWC5 is also in advanced certified seed production. In conjunction with Dr. Ann Blount, Riata a new bahiagrass cultivar was released in 2008 and limited certified seed should be available in fall 2009. This cultivar was developed using ‘Tifton 9’ (PI 531086) as part of the initial population for the RRPS selection program. Additionally, a group of new tetraploid apomictic hybrids produced by crosses with Argentine (PI 148996) and Tifton 7 as male parents and recent releases of sexual tetraploid germplasm (PIs 619631 and 619632) and sexual tetraploids produced from Tifton 9 as female parents, are in second stage small plot evaluations and preliminary breeder seed increase. Dr. Kevin Kenworthy, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida requested Cynodon from plant genetic resources. Accessions of C. radiatus (PIs 287135, 288687, 288679, 289610, 289611, 289614, 289615, 289613, and 292570) were requested to evaluate their potential for utilization as turf. It has been difficult to obtain seedlings from the seeded PIs and these were requested a second time. Work is ongoing with different seed treatments. The two vegetative accessions (PIs 289613 and 292570) have been planted in plots and are under evaluation. Mrs. Chris Curtis, Hudson, FL 34669 part of a home schooling group in Pasco County reports the following regarding use of plant genetic resources. Myself and a few other local mothers have been using the plant genetic resources to teach our children the rudimentary basics of growing their own vegetables from seed - the whole process from start to finish on the scientific aspect, how weather can greatly affect production in addition to the growing zone we live in as well as what planting medium is used. We have also been able to show how much attention and care is needed in order to grow and keep alive these plants as well. Yet another aspect that has and is being learned is not to take fresh produce and the requirements and commitment needed by the farmers who work so hard to produce vegetables (and fruits) for the world. Lastly they learn the enjoyment that comes from being able to eat and share with others something that they have helped raise. When possible I have also been trying to teach how to preserve seeds for future use as well and explained why that is so important for everyone's future. Thank you for having made it possible for us to provide this valuable lesson! Mr. Eliezer Zuckerbraun, Gold Seed Co. LLC provided this report regarding his use of plant genetic resources. The materials I received from the GRIN are being used in several projects.

Disease resistances are being integrated into commercial inbred watermelon lines for the following diseases: Fusarium wilt races 1 & 2, Papaya Ring Spot Virus, Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus, Gummy Stem Blight, and Anthranose. In addition, another project breeding for personal size watermelons is using material I received from the GRIN. USDA germplasm is vital to these projects. The quality of response from S-9 has been excellent. Every time I requested material it came in a timely manner. The material has been uniform and has met my expectations. None of the material is being used directly in commercial varieties. All are being back crossed on to my proprietary inbreds. Mr. Ted Hadfield, MRI Research, provided this report on his use of plant genetic resources obtained from S-9. I obtained 16 cultivars of Ricinus communis from the genetic resources repository. I planted some of the seeds from each variety for a Department of Homeland Security project. I’ve now collected those seeds from the plantings and will be preparing several batches of Ricin for our validation project. The project specifically is addressing validation of hand held lateral flow diagnostic devices promoted to and used by first responders. Historically, there has been congressional pressure to (1) discourage use of lateral flow devices in the first responder community and (2) more recently to re-evaluate these devices for use in the first responder community. MRI is responsible for preparing the reference materials to be used in the testing and to conduct independent validations of vendor claims and manage a multicenter round of testing. The products provided by the repository allow us to test multiple varieties of Ricin as well as Ricin produced by multiple extraction protocols. Georgia Eighteen separate requests for plant germplasm were made to the S-009 Unit by the citizens of Georgia during 2008. As a result of these requests, a total of 1173 plant accessions were supplied to University scientists, USDA scientists, consultants, seed companies, gardeners, and individuals. The most requested crops were peppers, peanuts, sorghum, watermelon, and bamboo. The University of Georgia has maintained a strong emphasis on plant breeding and continues to expand its advanced molecular biology programs. The Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics (IPBGG) was officially established at UGA in 2008. IPBGG currently has 20 faculty members and six affiliated members. IPBGG faculty are actively engaged in training graduate students who may receive M.S. or PhD. degrees in Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics. Faculty research is focused on the development of new crop varieties and basic research on the genetics and understanding of crop traits important to agriculture and human kind. The Institute’s philosophy is that modern plant breeding should be integrated with modern genomics and biotechnology to achieve maximum efficiency. These programs supply new crop cultivars and associated technologies to our agricultural sector and rely heavily upon the plant materials maintained within the S-009 unit. UGA currently has active cultivar development programs in soybean, peanut, small grains, cotton, turfgrasses, forages, blueberry, pecan, fruits, vegetables, and numerous ornamental crops that frequently utilize the plant genetic resource collections. In addition, research programs in crop science, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology and other disciplines utilize the genetic resources of

the S-009 Unit in both basic and applied research projects designed to address the needs of Georgia agriculture. The S-009 Unit remains a critical component of our research and cultivar development programs. Guam Plant collection, conservation and distribution:

Horticulturists and undergraduates of Tropical Agricultural Science Program at the University of Guam collected 36,737 seeds, cuttings and plantlets of 23 indigenous species in Guam for a reforestation project of a local landscape company during 2008. These plants included Piper mariannensis and Bikkia tetrandra which are important island species in Guam.

Other plant germplasm collection and conservation activity during 2008 continued to focus on collection of local germlines of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) germplasm. Collection and propagation of Jatropha curcas continued to support a biofuel research project. At the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, the distribution of seeds to a local community included corn seeds (Zea mays cv. Guam White Corn), okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus cv. Charlie). Conservation of important tropical plant germlines will support development of sustainable agriculture and forest program in the region. Also a record of plant materials collection added a survey data on plant distribution pattern and availability of seeds of native plants.

Evaluation of germplasm adaptation to Guam’s climate:

Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.): seven accessions originated from the World Vegetable Center (the Asian Vegetable Research Development Center) in Taiwan were evaluated for their adaptability to tropical climate of Guam. The study conducted from February to September 2008 in an alkaline calcareous soil at the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station. Harvest data were taken from July 11to September 19, 2008 during the rainy season. Many fruits were infected by anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.). Harvest data of accessions are shown in Table 1. Accession ICPN15#5 and ICPN15#7 had greater yields. Table 1. No. of marketable fruits and yield of seven accessions of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) originated from the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) grown in calcareous soil on Guam during rainy season in 2008. (Harvest dates from 7/11/08-9/17/08).

Accession (AVRDC)

Total yield (kg/ha)

Marketable yield (kg/ha)

No. marketable fruits/ha

ICPN15#5 1526 a* 1281 a 75085 ab ICPN15#7 1391 ab 1269 a 77546 ab ICPN15#4 851 abc 790 ab 82910 a ICPN15#10 835 abc 772 ab 76640 ab ICPN15#1 557 bc 523 ab 80071 ab ICPN15#9 499 bc 438 ab 71926 b ICPN15#6 434 c 399 b 77454 ab

* In columns, means followed by different letters are significantly different by least significant difference at P=0.05.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum): five cultivars, ‘Napolentano,’ ‘Genovese,’ ‘Gecofure (Nufer 1),’ ‘Envigor,’ and ‘Thai.’ were studied for their adaptability to tropical conditions in two different growing conditions, in a potting soil medium and in an aquaponic system, and with or without pinching practice at the earlier stage of plant development. The result indicated that genotypes (cultivars) affected all plant growth parameters examined in this study, including yield (fresh weight of marketable leaves harvested), plant height, the number of leaves per plant, leaf width and leaf length. The growing environment and ‘pinching’ influenced all but leaf width and plant height, respectively. Between two growing environments, all five basil cultivars grown in the aquaponics system had a significantly greater yield compared to those grown in the potting mix medium (Fig. 1). The greater yield obtained in the aquaponics system was due to overall vigorous growth of basil, especially the production of more leaves since the yield was measured as the weight of harvested leaves per plant. Among the five cultivars, ‘Nufar 1’ produced the highest yield in the aquaponics (Fig. 1). Pinching back a new growth at the earlier stage of plant development also affected yield and other plant characteristics in various degrees depending on cultivars and environments. The most evident increase in the number of leaves by pinching was found in cv. Thai, however an exponential increase in number of leaves did not contribute the yield due to the small size of leaves.

During 66 days of the evaluation period, there were some pest damages. It appeared that growing basil in aquaponics system had an advantage to have less pest problems, especially an elimination of those insects that spend some growth stages in soil. Further studies are needed to identify pests and diseases in basil production in Guam. More importantly, another consumer survey is needed to make sure that we grow what consumers want. Although Nufar 1 produced the highest yield in our aquaponics system, some chefs prefer other cultivars. In addition, many growers do not have aquaponics system. Future studies need to include different types of growing media and shading to improve quality and quantity of basil production in Guam.

Yield of leaves(Mean+SEM)

Napoletano Gecofure Nufar 1 Envigor Thai

0

50

100

150

Potting Mix:PinchedPotting Mix:Not pinched

Aquaponics:Pinched

Aquaponics:Not Pinched

500

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2500

3500

4500

Cultivar

Fig. 1. Yield (g/plant/2 weeks harvest) of five basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivars grown in potting mix or aquaponics, and with or without pinching. Hawaii

Germplasm Requests and Utilization Germplasm requested in 2008 included Arachis, Cenchrus, Megathyrsus, and Pennisetum. Information was received from a scientist conducting a study on the morphological and molecular characterization of Bana and Guinea grass germplasm at the University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). In the study 252 accessions of Guinea grass and 3 varieties of Bana grass were germinated from seed with a germination rate of 42%. Subsequently 105 varieties of Guinea grass and 3 varieties of Bana grass were transferred to the field at the CTAHR Waimanalo Research Station on December 5, 2008. Initial morphological observations suggest a high level of genetic diversity, and evaluation of the accessions is ongoing. Initial analysis with molecular approaches has corroborated morphological differences in the above accessions and in wild accessions obtained throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Information from Syngenta on utilization of the Arachis and Cenchrus germplasm was not available. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Production of deformed rambutan fruits with poor aril development has been attributed to lack of pollination and an insufficient amount of male flowers in Hawai'i orchards. A study was completed to monitor development of hermaphroditic functionally male (HFM) flowers on trees of ‘Silengkeng’ and other cultivars, determine if naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) could induce development of HFM flowers on cultivars grown in Hawai'i, identify the stage at which floral buds are responsive to NAA, and document the viability of pollen from HFM flowers. Results showed that with the exception of ‘Silengkeng’, cultivars planted in Hawai'i produced few or no HFM flowers for pollination. ‘Silengkeng’ panicles produced large numbers of HFM flowers throughout their anthesis period which made it a suitable pollinator cultivar. When panicles, which were composed of predominantly hermaphroditic functionally female (HFF) flowers, on the ‘R7’, ‘R9’, ‘R134’, ‘R162’, ‘R167’, ‘R156 Red’, ‘R156 Yellow’, ‘Binjai’, ‘Jitlee’ and ‘Rongrien’ cultivars were treated with 90 mg/L potassium salt of NAA (K+NAA), development of HFM flowers was stimulated within 6 days after treatment. Treatments were applied when approximately 10% of the flowers on the panicle were at anthesis based on a visual assessment of each panicle. The HFM flowers continued to emerge for about 12 days following treatment. HFM flower production was greatest between 6 and 8 days after treatment and progressively decreased at 10 and 12 days. Since the appearance of HFM flowers decreased at 12 days after K+NAA treatment, re-application to adjacent panicles will be necessary to sustain HFM flower production throughout the anthesis period which can extend over several weeks. Within each location some cultivars tended to have a greater response to NAA. Elevation may have also had an effect since the ‘R9’ cultivar at a higher elevation site was less responsive than trees at lower elevation. Only floral buds at a stage in development when the apex of the pistil began protruding through the unopened sepals were responsive to NAA. Pollen obtained from naturally produced HFM flowers on ‘Silengkeng’ panicles and from HFM flowers produced after NAA treatment was viable and germinated within 24 hours after incubation in a culture medium which consisted of a modified Brewbaker and Kwack (1963) solution containing 50 ppm H3BO3, 150 ppm Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 100 ppm MgSO4.7H2O, 50 ppm KNO3, and 5% sucrose. Incorporating ‘Silengkeng’ and male trees in the orchard or treating HFF panicles at the appropriate stage of development can be strategies for increasing male flowers and fruit set and reducing the development of fruit without arils.

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) In April 2007 the varroa mite (Varroa destructor) was first reported on Oahu Island, but subsequent surveys soon showed that mites had become established on Hawaii Island, the principal macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) growing region in the US. The initial infestation was detected near Hilo Bay in August 2008. Subsequent surveys have shown that mites have become established in feral and managed hives, and the infestation will likely decimate the feral bee population and greatly increase the cost for managing hives. Its impact on macadamia cultivation will be significant, because trees are highly dependent upon honeybees for cross pollination between varieties. Cross pollination between varieties results in better nut set, and higher yield and quality occurs in blocks with a mixture of varieties compared to blocks planted with a single variety. New infestations of the macadamia felted coccid (Eriococus ironsidei) have been discovered in Kau, a major macadamia growing area along the eastern coast of Hawaii Island. Although the most common method for dispersal is through movement of infested plants or grafting material, in these new instances movement of infested plants or grafting material did not appear to be the method for dispersal. During the coccid’s life cycle, tiny crawlers emerge and move about after hatching and can be dispersed by wind or hitchhike on birds, people, and farm equipment and settle down on macadamia trees, which was the likely manner that the new infestations began. Beneficial parasites and predators have been feeding on adult coccids but have not been able to completely suppress the new infestations. Spray oil emulsion (Saf-T-Side, Brandt Consolidated, Pleasant Plains, Il) is effective against the adult coccid, but good coverage is necessary to completely penetrate into the tree canopy and cover both the underside and upper surface of leaves. Another pesticide, Spirotetramat (Movento, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC), targets the immature stages and is systemic. The long term solution for managing this pest will be through biological control methods. Kentucky Todd Pfeiffer expanded his breeding work with sweet sorghum to include biomass/biofuel production. Pfeiffer has screened the PI collection and is using several accessions in crosses with established cultivars, and hybrid production. He and Morris Bitzer, retired grain crop specialist, send out large amounts (pounds to tons) of seed of several cultivars around the world. Pfeiffer became chairman of the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences at the University of Kentucky on July 1, 2009, but plans to continue some level of breeding work with sweet sorghum. Tim Phillips has planted a trial to evaluate the winter hardiness in KY of some warm season grasses in the S-009 collection, as well as a breeding nursery for several native warm-season grasses. Only two accessions of flaccidgrass, PI 315868 and 434640 survived two winters, with PI 315868 being superior in hardiness and yield potential. Other warm-season grasses (switchgrass, big bluestem, indiangrass, sideoats gramagrass, and little bluestem) are being evaluated in nurseries for cultivar development. Other than native warm-season grasses and sorghum accessions, germplasm from S-009 coming into KY regularly includes peppers, watermelons, eggplants, and specialty legumes. In 2008, more accessions were shipped to private companies (non-university) than university researchers.

The following table summarizes numbers of accessions from Griffin sent to Kentucky during 2005-2008: Recipient Year University of KY KY State University Private/other 2005 57 21 13 2006 52 6 5 2007 387 6 25 2008 18 2 25 Louisiana Summary Accessions of sweetpotato were obtained to screen germplasm for iron and zinc uptake potential. Initial results show about a two-fold variation among accessions in their ability to uptake these micronutrients. A related study showed high heritability for iron and zinc. Additional germplasm was requested for on-going work towards developing resistance to various sweetpotato viruses. Germplasm requested from Kenya was virus-tested and released for research related to resistance to Sweet Potato Virus Disease. Several molecular markers were found linked to resistance. A sizable request of sweetpotato germplasm was made in 2007 to assay for resistance to Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus for a CGC funded project. Germplasm requests for Ipomoea species were requested for varied systematic work. Two sweetpotato varieties were released. ‘Murasaki-29’ included parentage originating from the germplasm repository. Germplasm from the bamboo collection is routinely evaluated by a nursery in Louisiana for commercial landscape applications. Bamboo collection (Alan Flexer, Bamboo Farms Nursery). A number of genotypes were requested for suitability in the landscape. Mr. Flexer noted that the collection in Byron, GA is well maintained now in comparison to past visits he has made to the site. He was complimentary towards the staff. He found them helpful and knowledgeable. He would like to see more Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys vivax, Bambusa multiplex, and Bambusa textilis in the collection. Variegated and running bamboo is also desired. Ipomoea (Rick Miller, Southeastern Louisiana University). Research includes studies of plant systematics and molecular evolution of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. I use morning glories as the study organisms for this research program. Specifically, I am developing a phylogeny for the species of the tribe Ipomoeeae, which includes the genus Ipomoea. In addition, we are interested in the molecular evolution of transcription factors, focusing on variation within the species Ipomoea nil (sensu lato, that includes I. hederacea). Sweetpotato Collection (Don La Bonte and Chris Clark, LSU AgCenter). Clones were requested through 2008 to determine genetic variability in uptake of micronutrients Fe and Zn. The goal is to enhance the levels of these micronutrients in sweetpotato to lessen nutritional deficiencies found in developing countries. An extensive screen of germplasm is underway to identify sources of resistance to Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus. Most accessions have some level of resistance.

Hibiscus Collection (Michael Dowd, SRCC, USDA). Examined fatty acid profiles (as methyl esters) of repository plants to help us confirm the identity of peaks we were observing in some of our related Gossypium (cotton) samples. Relatively to those particular plants, we were trying to determine if we had dihydrosterculic acid in the samples. This compound was reported in fairly high concentrations in related Malvacea plants. In the end we determined by specific ion MS monitoring that this peak co-elutes with linoleic acid on our fatty acid column (Supelco SP-2340). At least in the samples analyzed by MS, the compound did appear to be present in both S-009 and our seeds. Sorghum Collection (Prasanta Subhudi, LSU AgCenter). Sorghum lines were procured with high and low sucrose and Brix content. The intent was to use these for genetic analysis of sucrose content in sorghum with the ultimate goal of developing improved sweet sorghum lines for biofuel production. North Carolina Faculty in the Crop Science and Horticultural Science Departments at NC State University conduct research on strawberry, blueberry, brambles, tree crops, ornamentals, maize, soybean, peanut, cotton, tobacco, small grains, turfgrasses, sweet potato, cucurbits, and other crops. NCSU recently hired a new turfgrass breeder (Susanna Milla-Lewis), Small fruit breeding (Jeremy Pattison) and tomato (Dilip Panthee). A search is being conducted to replace Dr. Joe Burton, USDA soybean Research Leader and breeder, when he retires in 2010. Priorities are on incorporating disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress resistance, and quality factors into improved breeding lines and cultivars. Plant introductions are critical components of plant improvement programs, and NCSU scientists make use of germplasm maintained in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The U.S. collection of cultivated and wild Nicotiana species is maintained at NCSU and numberous seed requests are filled annually both to U.S. and international individuals and organizations. In addition, collections of Arachis cultivars and species, South American maize germplasm, and many accessions of soybean, blueberries, sweet potato and other crop species are maintained by the plant breeding faculty. During the past year, both germplasm lines and cultivars have been released by the NC Agricultural Research Service. Germplasm released by the NCSU breeding projects, 2008-2009. Included in the releases are the following: Peanut

•Line N03081T was released as a cultivar under the name ‘Bailey’. Cotton

•RMUP-C5, a random mated population of upland cotton germplasm, was released. Soybean

•Cultivar ‘N8001’ was released as a non-roundup-ready soybean. Cucumber

•The cultivar NC-74 Dwarf was released. It has a determinate monoecious habit, high yield, early maturity, high fruit quality, and multiple disease resistances.

•The cultivar NC-Danbury Dwarf was released. It has a determinate monoecious habit, high yield, early maturity, high fruit quality, and multiple disease resistances. Ornamentals (butterfly bush)

•Cultivar Blue Chip was released. •Cultivar Miss Ruby was released.

Watermelon inbreds

•Inbred line NC-506 was released as a type with medium-size fruit with round shape, medium width dark green stripes on light green background, dark orange flesh.

•Inbred line NC-517 was released as a type with medium-size fruit with round shape, narrow dark green stripes on light green background, canary yellow flesh. In addition, 8 Luffa hybrids, five banana melons, and one peanut line are under review for cultivar release. The use of Plant Introductions in the breeding programs in North Carolina is very important to introduce needed germplasm into populations. The following summary of PI ancestry of populations under development or testing in the NC State University peanut breeding project serves as a typical example. The parentage of line or family being grown in the field in 2009 as part of the NCSU peanut breeding project was traced to its ultimate ancestors. The proportion of that ancestry derived from numbered plant introductions (“PIs”) was calculated assuming a 50% probability of transfer of PI-derived genes in each cycle of mating using potentially heterozygous parents and 50% probability of fixation of PI-derived genes in inbred lines. The mean PI ancestry among all lines and families was 19.9%, but the distribution is skewed toward the low end. Twelve percent of the total of 2415 lines and families had more than 50% PI ancestry. In the peanut breeding program, very few families and lines had no PI ancestry, but more than third of all families and lines had less than or equal to 1/64th , and more than 60% had less than or equal to 1/8th PI ancestry. The mean PI ancestries of preliminary and advanced breeding lines were very similar (20% vs. 21%, respectively) and similar to the average for releases from other breeding programs (21%). The PI ancestry of families undergoing plant selection was a bit lower (16%) and that of populations made for development of recombinant lines was higher (43%). Oklahoma Plant germplasm distribution records received from S-009 indicate that 536 plant accessions maintained at the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA were distributed to organizations or individuals in Oklahoma the last year, from August, 2008 through July, 2009. Respective annual plant germplasm distribution numbers for 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 597, 169 and 295. The distribution numbers in both 2005 and 2008 were much larger due to one large request of 403 guar accessions in 2005 and of 431 sorghum accessions in 2008. The requested plant species include sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), squash (Cucurbita spp.), gourd (Lagenaria spp.), Okra (Abelmoschus sp.), peppers (Capsicum spp.), vigna (Vigna spp.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus sp.) and other warm-season grasses, and legumes. Receivers of the plant accessions represent researchers of Oklahoma State University,

the Noble Foundation, USDA-ARS laboratories, Johnston Seed Company, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and two individuals. The Wheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit (Dr. Yinghua Huang), USDA-ARS requested sorghum germplasm. Their objective was to genotype and phenotype the accessions for important traits including greenbug resistance. Their research identified one major QTL and one minor QTL on chromosome nine of sorghum genome contributing to the major part of greenbug resistance. The Grass Breeding and Genetics laboratory (Dr. Yanqi Wu), Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Oklahoma State University requested switchgrass accessions for a graduate thesis research. The objective of the study was to characterize genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers in switchgrass. The student has completed all the designed gel electrophoreses, and now starts to score the PCR amplified bands. A new switchgrass cultivar, ‘Cimarron’ switchgrass developed by the breeding program, was released by Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station in 2008. Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico Activities: Eighteen quenepa (Melicoccus bijugatus) cultivars are in the fourth year of evaluation at Juana Diaz and Lajas. We expect up to 50% of the trees to flower and fruit this year. Fruit quality parameters (TSS, acidity and pH) were measured on ‘Fallglo’ mandarin from Septermber to November to determine the optimum season for harvest. The samples were taken in the experiments at the Isabela and Corozal substations. Data for fruit number and yield per tree were taken in the evaluation of three mandarin cultivars on five citrus rootstocks at Corozal and Isabela. A new experiment was planted at Isabela and Corozal to evaluate ‘Tahiti’ lime on the rootstocks ‘Swingle’, HRS 812, ‘Carrizo’, ‘Cleopatra’ and rough lemon. The evaluation of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’ on ‘Swingle, HRS 812 and ‘Cleopatra’ at Adjuntas continues for the third year. Seven cooking pepper cultivars were evaluated from January to May 2008 and more than 95% of the fruits from all of them were damaged by the fruitworm (Helicoverpa zea). The second cycle of mass selection with the evaluation of half-sib families was completed for the ‘Mayorbela’ O.P. maize variety. A recombination nursery of ‘Suresweet’ maize was planted at Isabela in October 2008. Approximately 100 ears will be selected from the nursery. Seed of PI 550926 (an improved population of ‘Diente de Caballo’) was planted at Isabela in November 2008. We plan to select 20 ears which will be used for a recombination nursery to be planted during the upcoming year. Twelve ‘Mayaguezano’ type mango clones on ‘Banilejo’ dwarfing rootstock are being evaluated in the field at Lajas. A replicated guava planting consisting of 14 accessions was maintained and evaluated at Juana Díaz. Plantain clones ‘Maricongo’, ‘Superplátano’, Congo Dominicano Rojo’, ‘Maiden’ and ‘Lacknau’ were evaluated without controlling yellow sigatoka. ‘Maricongo’ had the greatest average fruit weight, but no significant difference was found among the clones for sigatoka index. ‘Mapuey’ yam was evaluated for yield with and without irrigation and with different set size. Irrigation increased yield by 29% and a set size of 91g increased yield by 50% over a 21g set size. Interspecific

hybrids of three ornamental Musa species are being increased for evaluation. Germplasm requests in Puerto Rico in 2008 include 19 Crotalaria sp. USDA-ARS,Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Research Accomplishments: ‘Badillo,’ a multiple disease resistant light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) variety with tolerance to high temperature stress and resistance to Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV), rust, and common bacterial blight was developed and released in collaboration with the University of Puerto Rico. Nine high-yielding clones of cacao were released and deposited in NPGS for distribution. Field data from the mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) collection has been collected for a second year. Data includes number of fruit, fruit weight, fruit size, Brix, amount of pulp, and weight, size and number of seed. Evaluation was conducted on the 1st crop of recently acquired hybrid Musa spp. accessions for disease resistance to black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis). Plants acquired through Musa spp. breeding programs in Central and South America, Africa and Europe, were multiplied in vitro and planted in Isabela, PR. Phenotypic and agronomic characterization efforts continued for a third year in the cacao (Theobroma cacao) field collection. Agronomic traits of interest include, production, disease resistance, and pod index. Phenotypic descriptors collected include pod shape, size, weight and color. A collaborative effort with Guittard Chocolate Company and Mars North America has been productive by the addition of characterization/organoleptic data for chocolate profiles for some of our accessions. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) cultivars exhibited a significant increase in the number of fruit and yield during the first 4 years of production. In 2008 average number of fruit and yield of 8 varieties planted at two locations were 299,674 fruit/ha and 10,639 kg/ha, respectively. This response was expected as trees increased in age. Average Brix was 21.3. Two germplasm subsets from Ethiopia and the collections from Burundi and Botswana were evaluated for resistance to anthracnose. The sorghum germplasm collection from Zimbabwe was evaluated for photoperiod sensitivity over two growing seasons. The sorghum germplasm collection from Ghana was evaluated for acid soil tolerance. An experiment evaluating fruit quality traits and yield of the mother crop and three ratoon crops from eight banana clones with agricultural potential was completed. Service Accomplishments: During the 2007 calendar year, a total of 134 distributions of 264 accessions (2,906 propagules) of tropical germplasm in the form of budwood, cuttings, rhizomes, corms, seed and fruit were

made available and distributed to researchers and cooperators at the local, national and international level. Approximately 1000 seedlings of Spanish lime (Meliccocus bijugatus) have been planted for the establishment of a germplasm collection that will become part of the USDA NPGS. Seedlings will be utilized as rootstocks for clonal propagation of Spanish lime selections. To date, approximately 20 selections have been grafted with at least 6 replicates per selection. The cacao collection increased by the addition of 39 clonally propagated (grafted) accessions. New accessions were introduced through USDA-ARS’s SHRS (Miami) quarantine facility and include disease resistant and productive selections and hybrids. Seed increases were conducted for 110 sorghum accessions with critically low seed quantities. The regeneration of 1,260 sorghum accessions with low seed viability or number was conducted at GIRU, US Virgin Islands and a quarantine seed increase was conducted for 420 accessions. Also, 52 accessions of cowpea, 162 of maize, 4 cucurbits, 20 winged bean, and 17 Leucaena were seed regenerated at Mayaguez and Isabela. Over 200 sorghum panicles from accessions regenerated at St. Croix were photographed, images edited, and database tables prepared for the Griffin location for their incorporation into GRIN. South Carolina Germplasm Distribution A total of 423 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2008: Dr. J. Ariss, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 15 Citrullus (watermelon) and 22 Solanum (eggplant) accessions; Dr. R. Fery, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 200 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; Dr. K. Harris, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 5 Citrullus accessions; S. Johnson, 4 Arachis (peanut) and 1 Abelmoschus (okra) accessions; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 34 Lagenaria (gourd) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 15 Citrullus, 37 Praecitrullus (watermelon) and 59 Lagenaria accessions; K. Lipp, 1 Abelmoschus accession; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 4 Citrullus and 8 Cucurbita accessions; J. Tkach, 2 Phyllostachys (bamboo) accessions; G. Walker, 10 bamboo accessions to include 1 Bambusa, 1 Pseudosasa, 1 Sasa, 1 Arundinaria, 1 Sinobambusa, and 5 Phyllostachys spp.; Dr. W. Wechter, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 6 Ipomoea (sweetpotato) accessions. Soybean Germplasm Utilization and Evaluation Soybean Breeding: In 2008, twenty-six elite lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. The lines SC98-1930, SC01-819, SC02-208, SC03-9093, SC04-83, SC01-803, and SC01-783A had reproductive indices lower than the resistant S.C. cultivar Santee. The glyphosate-tolerant line SC01-819 has been released and licensed to AgSouth Genetics and will be marketed as AGS 747 RR. It is a maturity group VII cultivar with

resistance to soybean cyst nematode, Race 3, reniform nematode, frogeye leaf spot disease, soybean mosaic virus, and moderate resistance to southern root-knot nematode. Soybean Rust Disease: Soybean rust (SBR) was first identified in the United States in November, 2004. The disease is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and can cause severe yield losses under optimal temperature and humidity conditions. Plant introductions (PIs) are being evaluated to identify resistant genotypes. Researchers collaborated in 2008 to evaluate USDA germplasm accessions for SBR resistance in seven locations in the southern U.S. The objective of these evaluations was to identify or confirm PIs that exhibit resistance to rust isolates in multiple locations in order to provide soybean breeders with guidance in choosing parents for crosses made to develop rust-resistant soybean cultivars with competitive yields. One hundred seven PIs across maturity groups I through IX were planted in two replications at Blackville, S.C. July 31. Portable lights were used to extend photoperiod and extend vegetative growth until SBR development which usually occurs in late August or September in South Carolina. Rust symptoms were first observed on known susceptible genotypes in early October. Ten leaflets were collected from plants in each plot from October 22 through November 6. Leaflets were examined under a microscope for the presence of rust. Data were collected from Quincy, FL, Attapulgus, GA, Fairhope, AL, Baton Rouge, LA, and Blackville, SC and submitted to Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, for summarization and analysis. A preliminary summary indicates that 46 PIs had low scores indicating some level of resistance to SBR across the five locations. Texas The sorghum improvement program at Texas A&M University requested about 3,000 sorghum accessions to identify potentially useful sources of agronomic productivity, disease resistance and biomass composition. These accessions were screened in nurseries in College Station, TX. Triumph Seed Co. has received sorghum accessions to be used in the development of new A, B and R lines with improved cold tolerance and biomass production. Crimson clover, lablab and cowpea accessions are being evaluated and used as parents in the Texas AgriLife Research (Texas A&M Univ. System) forage legume breeding program. Plant introduction lines of safflower were evaluated on the Texas High Plains and the results for specific lines were published. The Texas AgriLife Research peanut improvement program continues to utilize and evaluate numerous PI lines of peanut. One area of research is evaluation and breeding for improved oil content in peanut. A new forage peanut release is in progress with selected material derived from PI262819. Peanut minicore accessions were evaluated in the field for tolerance to drought and salt stress in separate experiments. Data are being analyzed for drought stress. Most accessions tested under high salt did not survive to maturity; however, a few did. These experiments will be repeated in 2009. Research was conducted at the USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Houston, TX on PI accessions of Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. Seeds of this wild relative of soybean are collected and used as a food source by tribal populations in Asia. In order to assess the potential of this legume to provide dietary minerals for humans, fourteen PI accessions were grown under

controlled, nutrient-replete conditions and seeds were harvested for mineral analysis. Seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found to fall within the range of published values for several cultivated grain legumes (including soybean), while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in Teramnus labialis seeds.

Cucurbit PI lines were evaluated in the TAMU Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center. Numerous evaluations and crosses were made to initiate screening for health beneficial phytochemicals in cucurbits.

Virgin Islands University of the Virgin Islands Summary Papayas have been bred and selected for early bearing with fruit set within one meter from the soil level. The compact and low to the ground fruit set allows for production in a double-row system with plant spacing of one meter by two meters. The original purpose for developing the early bearing papaya was to impart wind tolerance. During the October, 2008, the papaya field was exposed to class 3 hurricane force winds from Omar. The standard sized papayas trees had damage of 90% due to stem breakage or blown over plants. However, the compact early bearing lines developed at UVI had no stem breakage and less than 15% blown over. This indicates that these new compact early bearing lines are hurricane tolerant. Though there was leaf damage from the winds, the compact papaya continued to flower and produce fruit. One of the papaya lines is under trials and expected to be licensed in the near future. Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) was started late due to the seeds, though correctly labeled, sent to the British Virgin Islands. Seedlings were set out in the late fall which resulted in a crop past the normal season. The sorrel grew and flowered early before the plant attained a normal size. This also influenced the number and length of branches which normally also flower and set fruit. A cultivar from a local farmer produced very deep red fruit. Fruit set was 25% lower than normally grown plants started at an earlier date. However, because the crop was late and out of the normal season, a higher price could be obtained from the production which offset the lower yield. A survey of sweet potatoes grown by local farmers indicated all were infected by one or more viruses. Virus-free sweet potatoes, obtained from Griffin, have been used in micropropagation studies as well as field trials. The eleven virus-free lines are presently under cultivation evaluated their production under Virgin Island conditions and compare it with the locally virus infected material.

Publications Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit Antonious, G., Berke, T., Jarret, R.L. 2009. Pungency in Capsicum chinense: Variation among Countries of Origin. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 44(B)(2): 179-184. Antonious, G.F., Berke, T., Jarret, R.L. 2009. Antioxidants in Capsicum chinense: Variation among countries of origin. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 44(B):621-626 Barkley, N.L., Pinnow, D.L., Wang, M.L., Pederson, G.A. 2009. First Report of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infecting African Clover (Trifolium tembense) in Georgia. Plant Disease 93(2):202. Barkley, N.L., Krueger, R., Federici, C.T., Roose, M.L. 2009. What phylogeny and gene genealogy analyses reveal about homoplasy in citrus microsatellite alleles. Plant Systematics and Evolution 282:71-86 Harrison Dunn, M.L., Hotchkiss, M.W. 2008. Bamboo: An Underutilized Resource with Extensive Application Possibilities. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2008 Houston, TX CD-ROM. Jarret, R.L., Berke, T., Baldwin, E.A., Antonious, G. 2009. Variability for Free Sugars and Organic Acids in Capsicum chinense Jacq. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 6(2):138-145. Jarret, R.L. 2008. DNA Barcoding in a Crop Genebank: Resolving the Capsicum annuum Species Complex. The Open Biology Journal 1:35-42. Jarret, R.L., Berke, T. 2008. Variation for Fruit Morphological Characteristics within a Germplasm Collection of Capsicum chinense Jacq. HortScience 43:1694-1697. Morris, J.B. 2008. Characterization of regenerated butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) accessions for morphological, phenology, reproductive and potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical trait utilization. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:421-427 Morris, J.B., Wang, M.L. 2008. Anthocyanin Content in Seeds, Leaves and Flowers of Lablab purpureus. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2008 Houston, TX CD-ROM. Morris, J.B., Pederson, G.A., Quesenberry, K., Wang, M.L. 2009. Clover. In R.J.Singh (ed). Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Forage Crops. p.207-228. Morris, J.B. 2009. Characterization of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm regenerated in Georgia, U.S.A.. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. DOI 10.1007/S10722-009-9411-9. Morris, J.B. 2009. Characterization of Medicinal Senna genetic resources. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization.DOI: 10.1017/S1479262109344111

Morris, J.B. 2008. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. - Regeneration, characterization and potential uses for natural products and flavonoids. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No.153:15-19 Morris, J.B., Wang, M.L. 2008. Variability in anthocyanin content among Abutilon theophrasti and Urena lobata genetic resources. Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops Conference. Naeem, M., Khan, M., Morris, J.B. 2009. Agrobotanical attributes, nitrogen-fixation, enzyme activities and nutraceuticals and tyrosinase enzyme of hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus L.) - a bio-functional medicinal legume. American Journal of Plant Physiology. 4:58-69. Pederson, G.A. 2008. Plant Genetic Resources: Not Just for Plant Breeding Anymore. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2008 Houston, TX CD-ROM. Pederson, G.A., Harrison Dunn, M.L., Morris, J.B. 2009. Conservation, Distribution, Utilization, and Security Backup of Forage Legume and Grass Genetic Resources. Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference Proceedings. May 10-12, 2009. Lexington, KY. Singh, S., Jarret, R.L., Russo, V.M., Shimkus, J.M., Majetich, G., Bushway, R., Perkins, L.B. 2009. Determination of capsinoids by HPLC-DAD in Capsicum ssp. Part I. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. DOI.10.1021/jf8040287 Wang, M.L., Morris, J.B., Pittman, R.N., Chinnan, M., Pederson, G.A. 2008. Exploiting the USDA Castor Bean and Peanut Germplasm Collection as a Potential Energy Crop for Biodiesel Production. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2008 Houston, TX CD-ROM. Wang, M.L., Barkley, N.L., Gillaspie, A.G., Pederson, G.A. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of the USDA Vigna germplasm collection revealed by gene-derived markers and sequencing. Genetical Research 90(6):467-480. Wang, M.L., Pinnow, D.L., Barkley, N.L., Pittman, R.N. 2009. Plant Resistance to TSWV and Seed Accumulation of Resveratrol within Peanut Germplasm and Its Wild Relatives in the US Collection. Plant Pathology Journal 8(2):53-61. Wang, M.L., Barkley, N.L., Gillaspie Jr, A.G., Pederson, G.A. 2009. Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of the USDA Vigna Germplasm Collection Assessed by Gene-Derived Markers and Screening. Plant and Animal Genome Conference Proceedings. p.63. Wang, M.L., Zhu, C., Barkley, N.L., Chen, Z., Erpelding, J.E., Murray, S., Tesso, T., Pederson, G.A., Yu, J. 2009. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Sweet Sorghum Accessions in the US Historic Collection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Online DOI 10.1007/s00122-009-1155-6.

Wang, M.L., Pinnow, D.L., Barkley, N.L., Pittman, R.N. 2009. Plant Response to TSWV and Seed Accumulation of Resveratrol in Peanut. American Peanut Research and Education Society Abstracts. Weimer, P.J., Morris, J.B. 2009. Grasses and Legumes for Bio-Based Products. In: Wedin, W.F., Fales, S.L. editors. Grassland: Quietness and Strength for a New American Agriculture. Madison, WI: American Society for Agronomy/Crop Science Society of America/Soil Science Society of America. p. 221-233 Xin, Z., Wang, M.L., Burow, G.B., Burke, J.J. 2009. An induced sorghum mutant population suitable for bioenergy research. BioEnergy Research 2(1-2):10-16. Xin, Z., Wang, M.L., Barkley, N.L., Burow, G., Franks, C., Pederson, G., Burke, J. 2008. Applying genotyping (TILLING) and phenotyping analyses to elucidate gene function in a chemically induced sorghum mutant population. Biomed Central (BMC) Plant Biology. 8:article 103. Zhenbang, C., Wang, M.L., Waltz, C., Raymer, P. 2009. Genetic Diversity of Warm-Season Turfgrass: Seashore Paspalum, Bermudagrass, and Zoysiagrass Revealed by AFLPs. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology. Online ISSN 1749-0308 Alabama Hess, J.B., and J.A. Mosjidis. 2008. Effect of sunn hemp seed inclusion in broiler starter diets on live performance attributes. Journal of Applied Animal Research 33:105-108. Murphy, John F., Jorge A. Mosjidis, Mickey Eubanks, Jongkit Masiri. 2008. Inter-row Cover Crops to Reduce Incidence of Aphid-borne Viruses in Pumpkin. International Journal of Vegetable Science 14(4):290-303. Moore,D. A., T. H. Terrill, B. Kouakou, S. A. Shaik, J. A. Mosjidis, J. E. Miller, M. Vanguru, G. Kannan, and J. M. Burke. 2008. The effects of feeding sericea lespedeza on growth rate of goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. J Animal Sci. 86(9):2328-2337. Wang, M. L., J.A. Mosjidis, J. B. Morris, Z. B. Chen, N. A. Barkley, and G. A. Pederson. 2008. Evaluation of Lespedeza germplasm genetic diversity and its phylogenetic relationship with the genus Kummerowia. Conservation Genetics. Online Publication Verified 1 November 2008 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q33j1504q0757471/fulltext.htm Beuselinck,Paul R., Arvid A. Boe, E. Charles Brummer, Nancy C. Ehlke, Jorge A. Mosjidis, Yousef A. Papadopolous, Heathcliffe Riday, Gerald Smith, Mary J. Williams, 2008. Research Investment in "Other" Forage Legumes. Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the 41st North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference & 20th Trifolium Conference. Texas, June 1-4, 2008 Mosjidis, J.A. 2008. Sericea Lespedeza use in Animal, Plant and Environment Health Issues. Annual Meeting Abstracts. Houston, TX: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. CD-ROM

Doukopoulos, A. and J.A. Mosjidis. 2008. Relationships between seedling traits and mature plant yield in Sunn hemp. Annual Meeting Abstracts. Houston, TX: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. CD-ROM Wang, M. L., J.A. Mosjidis, J. B. Morris, Z. B. Chen, N. A. Barkley, and G. A. Pederson. 2008. Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Lespedeza Germplasm and Analysis of its Phylogenetic Relationship with the Genus Kummerowia. Plant & Animal Genomes XVI Conference, January 12-16, 2008, San Diego, CA Murphy, J.F., Mosjidis, J.A., Eubanks, M.D. 2008. A new sericea lespedeza cover crop to reduce aphid-borne plant virus disease in pumpkin. Annual Meeting Abstracts. October, 2008. Houston, TX: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. CD-ROM Shaik, S. A., T. H. Terrill, J. A. Mosjidis, Dykes, G. S., J. E. Miller, B. Kouakou, G. Kannan and J. M. Burke. 2008. Use of sericea lespedeza hay to reduce worm burden in goats. Southern Section ASAS Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.R., Burke, J.M., 2008. The effect of sericea lespedeza, fed as pellets, on established infection of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Ann Meet Amer Soc Anim Sci. Terrill, T.H., F.A. Soli, M. Vanguru, A. Vuggam, S.A. Shaik, J.A. Mosjidis, J.E. Miller, B. Kouakou, and J.M. Burke. 2008. Effectiveness of sericea lespedeza leaf meal to reduce worm burden in goats. International Goat Association. Cuernavaca, Mexico. Florida Boldt, J., J. Barrett, R. Freire, J. Gibson, and K. Quesenberry. 2008. Environmental influences on flowering of Angelonia angustifolia. HortScience 43:1099. Breman, J.W., A.R. Blount, K.H. Quesenberry, and T.R. Sinclair. 2008. Foliage freeze tolerance trait diversity in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). New Zealand J. Agric. Res 51:191-198. Czarnecki II, D.M., M.N. Rao, J.G. Norcini, F.G. Gmitter Jr., and Z. Deng. 2008. Genetic diversity and differentiation among natural, production, and introduced populations of the narrowly endemic species Coreopsis leavenworthii (Asteraceae). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 133(2):234-241. Deng, Z., F. Goktepe, and B.K. Harbaugh. 2008. Inheritance of leaf spots and their relationships with leaf shape and main vein color in caladium. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 133(1):78-83. Deng, Z., B.K. Harbaugh, and N.A. Peres. 2008. 'Cranberry Star' - A fancy-leaved caladium for containers and shady landscapes. HortScience. 43(1):252-254.

Deng, Z., B.K. Harbaugh, and N.A. Peres. 2008. 'UF-331' and 'UF-340' - new dwarf caladium cultivars for landscapes and pot plants. HortScience. 43(7):2231-2235. Deng, Z., B.K. Harbaugh, and N.A. Peres. 2008. 'UF-404' - dwarf, red caladium for container-forcing and sunny landscapes. HortScience. 43(6):1907-1910. Greene, Nicholas.V., Kevin E. Kenworthy, Kenneth H. Quesenberry, J. Bryan Unruh, and Jerry B. Sartain. 2008. Variation and heritability estimates of common carpetgrass. Crop Sci. 48:2017-2025. Greene, N.V., K.E. Kenworthy, K.H. Quesenberry, J.B. Unruh, and J.B. Sartain. 2008. Diversity and relatedness of common carpetgrass germplasm. Crop Sci. 48:2298-2304. Itle, R. and E.A. Kabelka. 2009. Correlation between L* a* b* color space values and carotenoid content in pumpkins and squash (Cucurbita spp.). HortSci., 44(3):633-637. Kenworthy, K.E., D.L. Auld, C.B. McKenney, F. Gaitan-Gaitan, C.C. Lowery, R.S. Wright, H. Kebede, M.A. Maurer, and D.L. Ryan. 2008. Registration of ‘Tech Turf I’ Buffalograss. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:12. Nguyen, Phuong, Kenneth Quesenberry, and David Clark. 2008. Genetics of growth habit and development of new coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd) varieties with trailing habit and bright color. J. Heredity 99:573-580. Padley Jr., L.D., P.D. Roberts and E.A. Kabelka. 2009. Inheritance of resistance to crown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici in Cucurbita. HortSci., 44(1):211-213. Quesenberry, Kenneth H., Judith M. Dampier, Billy Crow, and Donald W. Dickson. 2008. Response of native southeastern USA legumes to root-knot nematodes. Crop Sci. 48:2274-2278. Schwartz, B.M., K.E. Kenworthy, W.T. Crow, J.A. Ferrell, G.L. Miller, and K.H. Quesenberry. 2008. Methodology for screening for resistance to Belonolaimus longicaudatus in turfgrass. Nematropica 38:163-176. Williams, M.J., T.R. Sinclair, P. Mislevy, K.H. Quesenberry, A.S. Blount, and S.W. Coleman. 2008. Photoperiod sensitivity of rhizoma peanut germplasm. Agronomy J. 100:1366-1370. Guam Randall, J. and M. Marutani. 2008. On-going marketability and production study of basil cultivars for Guam. HortScience 43: 1226. (Abstract). Hawaii Kawabata, A.M., M. A. Nagao and L. K. Awong. 2008. Production of male flowers on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) trees in Hawai'i . J. Hawaiian & Pacific Agric. Vol. 15:

<http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/academics/cafnrm/research/JournalofHawaiianandPacificAgriculture2008vol.15.php>. Nagao, M.A. 2008. Orchard tasks: Macadamias. Pacific Nut Producer 14 (9):22-24. Nagao, M.A. 2009. Orchard tasks: Macadamias. Pacific Nut Producer 15 (3):22-24. Kentucky Stefaniak, T.R., C. A. Rodgers, R. VanDyke, D. W. Williams and T. D. Phillips. 2009. The

Inheritance of Cold Tolerance and Turf Traits in a Seeded Bermudagrass Population. Crop Science 49:1489-1495.

Louisiana McGregor, C., D. Miano, D. LaBonte, M. Hoy, and C. Clark. 2009. The effect of the causal agent of Sweet Potato Virus Disease on symptom severity and individual virus titers in sweet potato cv. Beauregard. J. Phytopathology (in press) Courtney, M., M. Mcharo, W. Gruneberg, and D. La Bonte. 2008. Heritability estimates for micronutrient composition of sweetpotato storage roots. HortScience 43:1382-1384. Miano, D.W., D.R. La Bonte, and C.A. Clark. 2008. Identification of molecular markers associated with sweet potato resistance to sweet potato virus disease in Kenya. Euphytica 160:15-24. La Bonte, D.R., C.A. Clark, A.Q. Villordon, and P.W. Wilson. 2008. Evangeline sweetpotato. HortScience 43:258-259. La Bonte, D.R., C.A. Clark, A.Q. Villordon, P.W. Wilson, and C.S. Stoddard. 2008. Murasaki-29 sweetpotato. HortScience 43:1895-1896. Oklahoma Wu, Y.Q. and Y. Huang. 2008. Molecular mapping of QTLs for resistance to the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) in Sorghum bicolor (Moench). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 117(1):117-124. Sathya, V.R., N. Uppugundla, J. Lay, E. Clausen, M. Wilkins, R. Ingraham, C. West, Y.Q. Wu, and D.J. Carrier. 2009. Policosanol, α-tocopherol and moisture content as a function of timing of harvest of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57: 3500-3505. Wu, Y.Q., C.M. Taliaferro, D.L. Martin, J.A. Anderson, and M.P. Anderson. 2008. Correlation analyses of seed yield and its components in bermudagrass. In: Proceedings of XXI International

Grassland Congress and VIII International Rangeland Congress. Vol. 2:562. June 29 to July 5, 2008, Hohhot, China. Wu, Y.Q., C.M. Taliaferro, and R. Kochenower. 2008. Development of ‘Goodwell’ forage bermudagrass. Annual Meeting of GSA, SSSA-ASA-CSSA, and GCAGS, Oct 5-9, 2008, Houston, TX. Puerto Rico Román F.M., González A and R. Macchiavelli. 2008. Mandarina híbrida ‘Fallglo’: Primeros cuatro años de crecimiento en dos localidades de Puerto Rico. Caribbean Food Crop Society Annual Meeting, 13-17 July 2008, Miami, Florida (abstract). South Carolina Adams, M.L., Holmes, G.J., Kousik, C.S. 2008. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Phytophthora Blight of Watermelon in North Carolina and South Carolina. Phytopathology 98:S10. Ariss, J., Thies, J.A., Kousik, C.S., Hassell, R.L. 2008. Reaction of Wild Watermelon Germplasm to Southern Root-Knot Nematode in South Carolina. Phytopathology 98:S14. Ariss, J., Thies, J.A., Kousik, C.S., Hassell, R.L. 2008. Response of Watermelon Germplasm to Southern Root-Knot Nematode in Field Tests. HortScience 43(3):622. Brito, J.A., Stanley, R., Kaur, R., Cetintas, R., Di Vito, M., Thies, J.A., Dickson, D.W. 2007. Effects of the Mi-1, N and Tabasco Genes on Infection and Reproduction of Meloidogyne mayaguensis on Tomato and Pepper Genotypes. Journal of Nematology 39:327-332. Farnham, M.W. 2008. Exploring the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas in Search of Heirloom Collard. Vegetable Association Yearbook (North Carolina Vegetable Growers Association). p42. Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A. 2008. Notice of Release of PA-559, a Root-knot Nematode Resistant, Red-fruited, Habanero-type Pepper. Germplasm Release. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. 20350, September 19, 2008. Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A. 2008. `TigerPaw-NR’: a New Root-knot Nematode Resistant Habanero-type Pepper. Pp. 33-34. International Pepper Conference Proceedings. September 7-10, 2008, Atlantic City, NJ. Harrison Jr, H.F., Levi, A., Kousik, C.S. 2008. A survey of watermelon germplasm for inhibitory seed exudates. HortScience 42(1):138-142. Harrison Jr, H.F., Mitchell, T.R., Peterson, J.K., Wechter, W.P., Majetich, G.R. 2008. Caffeoylquinic Acids in Storage Roots of Sixteen Sweetpotato Genotypes. Journal American Society Hortscience 133(4):492-500.

Harrison Jr, H.F., Peterson, J.K., Snook, M.E. 2008. Environment and Genotype Affect Sweetpotato Storage Root Periderm Resin Glycoside Content. HortScience. Allelopathy Journal 22(1) : 93-100. Hausbeck, M.K., Keinath, A.P., Kousik, C.S., Matheron, M.E. 2008. Managing Phytophthora Disease with Fungicides. Phytopathology. APS Centennial celebration in Minneapolis, MN, July 26, 2008. Jackson, D.M., Harrison Jr, H.F. 2008. Effects of a Killed-Cover Crop Mulching System on Sweetpotato Production, Soil Pests, and Insect Predators in South Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:1871-1880. Kousik, C.S., Adkins, S.T., Turechek, W., Roberts, P.D. 2008. Use of Reflective Plastic Mulch and Insecticide Sprays to Manage Viral Watermelon Vine Decline in Florida, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:V169. Kousik, C.S., Keinath, A.P. 2008. First Report of Insensitivity to Cyazofamid among Isolates of Phytophthora capsici from the Southeastern United States. Plant Disease 92:979. Kousik, C.S., Levi, A., Ling, K., Wechter, W.P. 2008. Potential Sources of Resistance to Cucurbit Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in US Plant Introductions (PI) of Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd). HortScience 43(5):1359-1364. Kousik, C.S., Adkins, S.T., Turechek, W., Roberts, P.D. 2008. Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viral Watermelon Vine Decline in Florida. Phytopathology 98:S85. Kousik, C.S., Adkins, S.T., Turechek, W., Roberts, P.D. 2008. Effects of Silver Plastic Mulch and Chemical Treatments on Development of Whitefly-Transmitted Viral Watermelon Vine Decline in Florida. HortScience 43(3):624. Ling, K. 2008. Pepino Mosaic Virus on Tomato Seed: Virus Location and Mechanical Transmission. Plant Disease 92:1701-1705. Ling, K., Wintermantel, W.M., Bledsoe, M. 2008. Genetic Composition of Pepino mosaic virus Population in North American Greenhouse Tomatoes. Plant Disease 92:1683-1688. Ling, K., Harris, K.R., Meyer, J.D., Levi, A., Guner, N., Wehner, T.C., Havey, M.J. 2008. Caps markers in an eif4e gene are linked to zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistant locus in watermelon. Phytopathology 98(6 supplement):S91. Ling, K., Wechter, W.P., Walcott, R.R., Keinath, A.P. 2008. Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Three Seedborne Pathogen Types in Cucurbits. Phytopathology 98(6 supplement):S91.

Ling, K., Harris, K.R., Meyer, J.D., Levi, A., Guner, N., Wehner, T.C., Havey, M.J. 2008. Identification of a CAPS Marker in an eIF4E Gene Linked to Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistant Locus in Watermelon. Cucurbitaceae Proceedings. 1Xth EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetics and Breeding of Cucurbitaceae, (Ptrat M., ed), INRA, Avignon (France): 213-218. Ling, K., Kousik, C.S., Keinath, A.P. 2008. First Report of Southern Blight on Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in South Carolina. Plant Disease 92:656. Ling, K., Jackson, D.M., Harrison Jr, H.F., Pesic-Vanesbroeck, Z., Hoy, M., Clark, C.A. 2008. Efficient Regeneration and Selection of Virus-free Sweetpotato Plants from Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus Infected Materials and Their Effects on Yields in Field Trials. Meeting Abstract. National Sweetpotato Collaborators Group Progress Report 2007. P7. Ling, K., Harrison Jr, H.F., Simmons, A.M., Jackson, D.M. 2008. Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus: Virus Reservoir in Species of Wild Morning Glory. Meeting Abstract. National Sweetpotato Collaborators Group Progress Report 2007. P8. Liu, X., G.L. Reighard, G. Swire-Clark, and W.V. Baird 2008. Peach Rootstock Identification by DNA-fingerprinting with microsatellite (SSR) markers. Amer. Pom. Soc. 61: 162-166. Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, Edward E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2008. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and public breeding lines in 2007. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 8-11, 2008. Nashville, TN. Simmons, A.M., Harrison Jr, H.F., Ling, K. 2008. Forty-nine New Host Plant Species for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Entomological Science (Japan) 11:385-390. Thies, J.A., Dickson, D.W., Hassell, R., Rosskopf, E.N., Mendes, M. 2008. Resistant Pepper Genotypes and Soil Treatments for Managing Root Disease and Root-knot Nematode in Pepper. 19th International Pepper Conference Proceedings. P. 27. September 7-10, 2008, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Thies, J.A., Ariss, J., Kousik, C.S., Hassell, R. 2008. Grafting: a tool for managing root-knot nematodes in watermelon? Phytopathology 98:S156. Thies, J.A., Ariss, J., Kousik, C.S., Hassell, R. 2008. Is Grafting Useful for Managing Root-Knot Nematodes in Watermelon? HortScience 43(3):623. Thies, J.A., Ariss, J., Jackson, D.M. 2008. Evaluation of regional and standard sweetpotato entries for reaction to southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. National Sweetpotato Collaborators Group Progress Report. Pp 63-64. Asheville, NC. November 19-20, 2008. Walker, David R., Randall L. Nelson, Glen L. Hartman, J. Blair Buckley, Steven H. Moore, Raymond W. Schneider, David B. Weaver, Emerson R. Shipe, John D. Mueller, and H. Roger Boerma. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the

southeastern United States and efforts to develop rust-resistant lines. Fifth International Crop Congress. April 13-18, 2008. Jeju, South Korea. Walker, D.R., R.L. Nelson, G.L. Hartman, B. Buckley, S. Moore, R.W. Schneider, D. Weaver, E. Shipe, J. Mueller, and H.R. Boerma. 2008. Identification and characterization of soybean rust resistance in Plant Introductions from the USDA soybean germplasm collection. APS Annual Meeting. July 26-30, 2008. Minneapolis, MN. In: Annual meeting abstracts. p.98, S195. APS. St. Paul, MN. Wechter, W.P., Keinath, A.P., Smith, J.P., Farnham, M.W. 2008. First Report of Severe Outbreaks of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Leafy Brassica Greens Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in South Carolina. Plant Disease 92:1134. Wechter, W.P., Levi, A., Harris, K.R., Davis, A.R., Fei, Z.J., Giovannoni, J.J., Trebitsh, T., Salman, A., Hernandez, A., Thimmapuram, J., Tadmor, V., Portnoy, V., Katzir, N. 2008. EST-derived expression analysis of watermelon fruit development. Biomed Central (BMC) Genomics 9:275-282. Texas

Oswalt, J.S., C.C. Lowery, R.C. Johnson, and D.L. Auld. 2008. Development of Safflower as a New Winter Crop for the Texas High Plains. Nakamaya, F.S. and C.A. Gardner, eds. 20th Annual AAIC Meeting – New Crops & Bioproducts Development: Program and Abstracts. College Station, TX. p. 61.

Oswalt, J.S., C.C. Lowery, R.C. Johnson, and D.L. Auld. 2008. Development of Safflower as a New Winter Crop for the Texas High Plains. Safflower: Unexploited Potential and World Adaptability – Abstract Book, 7th International Safflower Conference. Wagga Wagga, Australia, p. 40.

Grusak, M.A. 2008. Genetic diversity for seed mineral composition in the wild legume Teramnus labialis. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 63:105-109 Virgin Islands Zimmerman, T.W. 2008. Papaya Growth in Double-Row Systems Established During the Dry Season. Acta Hort (in press) Zimmerman, T.W. 2008. Hurricane Omar Wind Tolerant Papaya Lines. Acta Hort (in press)