project/activity data · web viewan initial climate risk management (crm) screening, as required by...

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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATAProject/ Activity Name: Malawi Apatseni Mwayi Atsikana

Aphunzire(AMAA)

Amendment (Y/N): YImplementation Start/End: FY2017 - FY2022Solicitation/Contract/Award Number: OAA A 17 00003Implementing Partner(s): Save the Children InternationalGeographic Location(s): Machinga District Malawi (1)

Mwalasi (2)Mkotamo

Tracking ID/link: E3-18-03Tracking ID/link of Related RCE/IEE (if any):

E3-17-46

Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses:

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATAImplementing Operating

Unit(s):(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Malawi

Funding OperatingUnit(s):

(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

E3/GENDEV

Funding Account(s):Funding Amount: $10.5 millionAmendment

FundingAmount: to be completed by USAID

Amendment FundingDate: to be completed by USAID

Other Affected Unit(s): USAID/AFRLead BEO Bureau: E3Prepared by: Cassie Biggs, Tisaiwale

Chimphamba and Martin Mutabazi ([email protected]; [email protected] g;Martin.Mutabazi@savethechild

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Analysis Type: IEE Amendment

ren.org) Byron Kominek ([email protected])GEMS/The Cadmus Group LLC

Date Prepared: 20 October, 2017

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

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Environmental Determination(s): Categorical Exclusions;Negative

Determinations with ConditionsClimate Risk Management Analysis: A moderate Risk for construction

and building use due to increased temperatures, and a High Risk for building functions due to extreme weather events and possibleflooding (Section 4.2 & Annex A)

Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: Environmental Monitoring and MitigationPlans (EMMPs)

Analysis Expiration Date: 31 October 2022

THRESHOLD DECISION MEMO AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION AMENDMENTThis is an amendment to document E3-17-46, Malawi Apatseni Mwayi Atsikana Aphunzire (AMAA) Project, to include two new Community Day Secondary School (CDSS) construction sites, Mwalasi and Mkotamo, in Machinga District for the review of potential environmental impacts. The parent USAID/E3 Bureau IEE1 for this program was approved 14 December 2016, with a Categorical Exclusion for all activities except for dormitory and school construction; construction activities were Deferred as the details were not yet available to allow for meaningful analysis of potential environmental impacts and mitigation planning for these activities.Only site-specific environmental impacts from planned construction activities at Mwalasi and Mkotamo are addressed in this IEE amendment as all general Malawi land tenure, construction, and water and sanitation issues were addressed in the previous amendment. For any subsequent construction of schools or dormitories under AMAA, site-specific amendments to this IEE must be prepared. This IEE amendment compiles site plans, drawings, photos, and analyses; reviews potential environmental impacts for each new construction site; and establishes site-specific conditions for implementation that will be operationalized via the project Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan(s) (EMMPs).Brief Activity Description:

Construction of Community Day Secondary Schools (CDSS). Two new CDSS (200 students each – at least half being girls) are planned for construction in Machinga District: in Mwalasi and Mkotamo. These schools will be constructed during year 2 of the project, to be occupied in the academic year beginning in FY18Q4 (or earlier, if

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complete).

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PROJECT/ACTIVITY SUMMARY

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONSUpon approval of this document, the determinations become affirmed, per Agency regulations (22 CFR 216).The following table summarizes the environmental determinations, based on an analysis of potential environmental impacts, applicable to the specific projects/activities for all construction sites established under AMAA.

TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Projects/ActivitiesCategoricalExclusion

NegativeDetermination

PositiveDetermination

Deferral

Site Specific to Mwalasi:

- School Construction

- Water / Sanitation Construction

X(w/

conditions)

Site Specific to Mkotamo:

- School Construction

- Water / Sanitation Construction

X(w/

conditions)

BEO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL

RECOMMENDED ACTIONSThe conditions required of this action are:

1. Categorical Exclusions. All proposed activities except for construction, water, sanitation, and obtaining land tenure rights activities are Categorically Excluded, as they represent education, technical assistance, or training programs; analyses, studies, academic or research workshops; and

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documentation and information transfers. These activities do not normally have an adverse direct, indirect, or cumulative impact on the environment.

2. Mission Activity Manager Role. Should the activity, as observed by the Mission Activity Manager or the Agreement Officer’s Representative (AOR) (or their designee) identify potential

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adverse impacts not previously identified, the Activity Manager will notify the AOR and the AOR will cease operations until the appropriate environmental analysis can be completed.

3. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs). All construction activities, except for studies and planning, will need to have school site-specific EMMPs prepared. These EMMPs should provide sufficient information for meaningful monitoring of efforts to reduce foreseen environmental impacts. Each EMMP must be in place and approved prior to the obligation of funding for physical construction activities, along with an appropriate modification to the award regarding any updated environmental compliance requirements. For those activities encompassed by the IEE amendment that have the potential for adverse environmental or social impacts (e.g., construction), the implementing partner will submit an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report to the AOR, MEO, REA, and E3 BEO for review and concurrence.The EMMPs must identify how the contractor will assure that IEE conditions that apply to activities supported under this award are implemented. In the case of a subcontract, the contractor may elect to require the subcontractor to develop their own EMMP. The AFR EMMP Factsheet provides

guidance and sample EMMPformats:

http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/lopDocs/ENCAP_EMMP_Factsheet_22Jul2011.pdf.

4. Climate Risk Management. Activities that have not already been determined to be low risk are required to undergo climate risk assessment. An initial Climate Risk Management (CRM) screening, as required by ADS 201, has been completed for school construction and has been included in this IEE Amendment in section 4.2. This review was completed using the USAID Climate Risk Screening and Management Tool for Activity Design (Matrix Template), and a summary of the CRM process and key findings and recommendations is provided in Annex A. This is an initial CRM assessment. The responsibility for assessing and addressing climate risk lies with the engineer-of-record. Thus, climate risk management will be a component of the engineering design.

5. Water Supply and Sanitation: Good-practice design standards will be specified in the EMMP and must include siting of new wells far from groundwater contamination sources (e.g., latrines, cesspits, dumps), exclusion of livestock from water points, prevention of standing water at water supply points, the provision of latrines with handwashing stations

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where people are expected to spend significant portions of their day, and the provision of showers / bathing stalls where people are expected to live. This must be consistent with USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines: Water Supply &Sanitation: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/SectorGuidelines/Wat %20San%20Guideline%20Final_w_ GCC_Addition May11.pdf.

A Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) must be a part of the EMMP yet approved by the Regional Environment Advisor (REA). The WQAP ensures that all new and rehabilitated USAID- funded water supplies provide safe drinking water, defined as meeting local and WHO water quality standards. The WQAP template can be found here: http://www.usaidgems.org/wqap.htm.

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6. Land Tenure & Land Use Rights. As USAID proposes supporting the construction of schools in rural and peri-urban Malawi, it is important to understand the issue of land ownership where the schools are to be located. The focus of the inquiry on displacement and compensation issues should be on legitimate landholders, including secondary or informal occupants and users of the land. This is consistent with good practice found in, e.g., the World Bank Operational Policy, the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure, and USAID’s Guidelines on Compulsory Displacement and Resettlement. “Ownership” and tenure type is only part of this analysis; another key aspect is determining who is currently using the land in a way considered legitimate by the local community, and consistent with the Malawi’s 2016 Land Law that implements the 2002 Land Policy. The preferred means of compensation, if called for, is comparable land. This is the World Bank's approach to displacement in Malawi and consistent with USAID's Guidelines on Displacement. In June 2017, USAID did work with the IP to conduct land tenure discussions with the communities of the potential schools to confirm that there are no significant land tenure problems, or that the land has no substantial encumbrances.

7. Integration and implementation of EMMPs. The IP shall integrate their EMMPs into their project work plan, budget, implementation, and reporting activities using the identified monitoring methods as an element of regular project performance reporting.The IP shall assure that sub-contractors and sub-grantees integrate implementation of IEE conditions, where applicable, into their own project work plans and budgets, and report on their implementation as an element of sub-contract or grant performance reporting.

8. Integration of Compliance Responsibilities in prime and sub-contract and -grant contracts/agreements. The USAID/E3 bureau and USAID/Malawi are committed to incorporating sound environmental review principles and screening, capacity building, monitoring, evaluations, and mitigation procedures specified in this IEE. The AOR and implementing partner shall ensure that provisions of the IEE, including the conditions and monitoring set forth herein, are incorporated into all prime and sub-contract and -grant agreements.

9. Environmental Monitoring Responsibilities. As required by ADS 204.3.4, the Education Team, via the Activity Manager or AOR, and the IP will “actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with approved IEE and Categorical Exclusion (CE) recommendations, conditions, and mitigation measures.” If

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new or unforeseen environmental consequences arise during implementation, the AOR will suspend the activity and initiate an appropriate further review in accordance with 22 CFR 216. USAID monitoring shall include regular site visits, at times with the MEO accompanying the AOR or designate in the field, and the regular review of reported environmental monitoring indicators from the IP (often synchronized with the reporting of performance indicators).

10.New or modified activities. As part of its Work Plan, the IP, in collaboration with the USAID AOR, shall review all on-going and planned activities to determine if they are within the scope of

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this IEE. If any new activities lead to substantial modifications to existing activities within the program elements covered by this IEE, an amendment to this IEE addressing these new activities shall be prepared for USAID review and approval. No such new activities shall be undertaken prior to formal approval of this amendment by the pertinent BEO(s).

11.Revisions. Any new activities, incremental funding, or change in geographic location or scope of any project or activity will require additional analysis and documentation consistent with 22 CFR216. No activity falling under this requirement will be implemented unless an Environmental Threshold Decision, as defined in 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2), has been reached for that activity and documented in a Request for Categorical Exclusion (RCE), IEE, or Environmental Assessment (EA) signed by the pertinent BEO(s) and a signed copy delivered to the AOR.

12.Compliance with Host Country Requirements: Nothing in this IEE substitutes for or supersedes the Recipient’s responsibility for compliance with all applicable and appropriate host country laws and regulations. Implementation will in all cases adhere to appropriate and applicable host country environmental laws and policies.

13.Limitations of IEE: This IEE amendment neither covers the use or procurement of pesticides as described in 22 CFR 216 and those activities in 216.2(d) [Positive Determination], 216.5 [Environmental Assessment] and/or FAA 118 or 119 [Tropical Forestry, Biodiversity], nor any activity that falls outside the bounds of the activities described herein. This IEE amendment also does not cover any road construction or rehabilitation, but does allow for the enlargement of rural pathways less than 100m that could be used by vehicles.

IMPLEMENTATIONIn accordance with 22CFR216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval. This includes the relevant limitations, conditions and requirements in this document as stated in Sections 3, 4, and 5 of the Environmental Analysis, and any BEO Specified Conditions of Approval.

Cleared via email 11/02/2017

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1.0 PROJECT AND ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF IEE AMENDMENTThis is an amendment to document E3-17-46, Malawi Apatseni Mwayi Atsikana Aphunzire (AMAA) Project, to include two new Community Day Secondary School (CDSS) construction sites, Mwalasi and Mkotamo, in Machinga District for the review of potential environmental impacts. The parent USAID/E3 Bureau IEE1 for this program was approved 14 December 2016, with a Categorical Exclusion for all activities except for dormitory and school construction; construction activities were Deferred as the details were not yet available to allow for meaningful analysis of potential environmental impacts and mitigation planning for these activities.

Only site-specific environmental impacts from planned construction activities at Mwalasi and Mkotamo (see Figure 1 for site locations) are addressed in this IEE amendment as all general Malawi land tenure, construction, and water and sanitation issues were addressed in the previous amendment. For any subsequent construction of schools or dormitories under AMAA, site-specific amendments to this IEE must be prepared. This IEE amendment compiles site plans, drawings, photos, and analyses; reviews potential environmental impacts for each new construction site; and establishes site-specific conditions for implementation that will be operationalized via the project Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan(s) (EMMPs).

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEWOverall AMAA Site Selection MethodologyWithin Machinga district, communities were selected based on 15 criteria, such as the number of villages that would feed into the school, the number of children in the area selected for secondary school, and whether a community had contributed to the

construction of school blocks (see Annex B for a crosswalk of the two communities and the 25 criteria). School sites were also selected so that at least50 percent of their planned

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Figure 1. Maps Estimating Locations of AMAA Sites Selected in Machinga, A=Mkotamo and B= Mwalasi

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200 students will be female. The first-round of selected communities in Machinga were Kayuni, Matanda, and Ntalala; and the IEE covering these three has been approved. This amendment covers the sites of Mwalasi and Mkotamo (see Figure 11 for approximate locations in Machinga). Specific coordinates for and satellite views of the selected Machinga sites can be found in Section 2.1

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe overarching goals of AMAA to increase enrollment and retention of adolescent girls in secondary schools, and influence negative perceptions about the value of educating girls have not changed and need not be amended.Construction of Community Day Secondary Schools (CDSS). Two new CDSS (to be constructed in the same manner as described in the previous amendment) will be built in Machinga District (200 students each – at least half being girls) in the communities of Mwalasi and Mkotamo. These schools will be constructed in year 2 and, if complete, will be occupied in the academic year beginning in FY18 Q4. These two schools will be in addition to the three schools in Kayuni, Matanda and Ntalala as stipulated in the IEE document of E3-17-46, to be built in the same period.

Construction of Teachers’ Houses. Houses for teachers will be constructed by community members in Mwalasi and Mkotamo with technical support and materials provided by Save the Children under the AMAA program in the same manner as described in the previous amendment.

1.4 DESIGN DESCRIPTIONThe construction design has not changed and need not be amended.

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2.0 BASELINE SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL, CLIMATE, SOCIAL)

NEW CDSS CONSTRUCTION SITES - ENVIRONMENT

None of the potential sites (Mwalasi or Mkotamo) have any foreseen significant environmental impacts from construction activities that cannot be mitigated. The most likely environmental situations requiring mitigation measures are: 1) potential for erosion; 2) potentially high-water tables; and 3) trees on site. Common factors across the three sites include: 1) good and clear air quality, 2) lack of electricity, 3) lack of potential wildlife conflict, 4) no reported human trafficking, 5) waste management practices are simply hand-dug pits where trash is burned, 6) teacher housing will be located within the CDSS sited property, and 7) construction workers will have housing available (for rent) in each community.MkotamoThe Mkotamo site is located at geographic coordinate of 15˚ 0’9.5”S, 35˚33’57.28” E at an elevation of637m in Machinga district, with a total area of 9,924 m sq.At this site, the land is flat and not in use, with 2 sets of scattered bamboo trees, and another four trees of 20-30cm diameter. The soil is sand-loamy.The primary school is 300m from the site. There are two compounds (of two to three buildings each) about 50m from the site’s perimeter. The Catholic Church is– 200m from the boundary, and the site has an adjacent road which is in good condition. A playground is 150m away.

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Figure 2. Front view Planned Mkotamo construction site

Figure 3. back view Planned Mkotamo construction site

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Figure 4. left side view Planned Mkotamo construction site

Figure 5. Existing old uncompleted house between trees.

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A borehole at the primary school is at -300m away, -35m deep and -2m in elevation above the site at 15˚ 0’10.55”S, 35˚33’48.2” E. A bridge of 2m length is to the right of the site, which during rainy season has a stream running under it. The nearest latrines are at the primary school – 400m away with depth of 4m and -2m in elevation above the construction site. The water table is unknown, but thought to be 4m during the rainy season. The high water table estimate is due to low elevation

compared to the surrounding sites and the stream of water during the rainy season near the property.Figure 6. 2km away from the site (8337735.44 N 773269.74E)

Figure 8. 4 km (8339283.76N 776469.61E)

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Figure 7. 1.5km away from the site (8339361.13N 777839.47E)Figure 6. The first picture, is the quarry sand source, the nearest river is at 50m, no connection with the river it’s said that many years ago water used to pass there, the estimated quantity is 100m3Figure 7. The second is water sand source, 7m wide and 0.9m depth river. It has two points where sand use to be taken from, the estimated quantity is 150m3Figure 8. The third is quarry sand, however, it’s said that during a long and heavy rain, water will pass through there. It has a small quantity around 40m3.

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Local materials to be used include clay and sand. Clay will be sourced on site and sand will be sourced from three sites, two of which are designated sand quarries, one at -4km away at 15˚ 1’17.04”S, 35˚32’29.04” E, the second at 3 km away at 15˚ 0’22.46”S, 35˚35’1.25” E and the third source is small river 1.5km away, at 15˚ 0’25.49”S, 35˚34’15.46” E 1.5km. Save the Children will state in the EMMP exactly what quantities of sand can be taken from each site. Timber can be purchased from a licenced supplier in Liwonde Township. The closed protected area is Lake Chilwa with a boundary <10km away.Site Specific recommendation

High rain water drainage system is required due to the flatness and low elevation position of the site. Because of the potentially high-water table, latrines should be elevated/raised. Any latrine that will be dug into the ground should have the water level testing during the rainy season to ensure the bottom of the latrine is at least 1.5m above the ground water table. Mitigation measures for erosion should be implemented around the foundations of the buildings due to potentially high-water table that could destabilize the soil. Construction activities will occupy the space without cutting any trees.

Figure 9. Planned Mkotamo construction site ()

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Figure 10. Mkotamo site (source: arch GIS from GPS coordinates with accuracy of 3m)

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MWALASI Site

Figure 11. front view Planned Mwalasi construction site, existing borehole and old house. (source: camera) Figure 12. right side view Planned Mwalasi

construction site, existing borehole and old house. (source: camera)

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Figure 13. back view Planned Mwalasi construction site, nearest compound. (source: camera) Figure 14. back view Planned Mwalasi construction site,

nearest compound. (source: camera)

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Figure 15. starting point of a better pathway for access to the school between the two consecutive trees. Figure 16. the existing pathway to be widen for better access.

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Figure 17. Shrubs to be cleared and ground of 0.6m height to be levelled to create better access to the school.

Figure 18. borehole in use, 14m away from the proposed larger pathway for better access.

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Figure 19 Map of existing road near construction site at Mwalasi

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Figure 20 Planned Mwalasi construction site (source: arch GIS from GPS coordinates with accuracy of 3m)

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The Mwalasi construction site is located at -14˚, 57’ 47’ S, 35˚, 25’6.8”E at an elevation of 536.2m with 12,488 m2.The land use is farming. There are 12 mango trees of an average of 20cm diameter and a few other small types of trees. There are four adjacent compounds to the site. The nearest borehole is at 80m away with an estimated depth of 34m. The water table is estimated to be 9m. Within the proposed site there is an abandoned small house built with mud blocks. The nearest latrine is 25m away, belonging to the community members, with an estimated depth of 3m. The slope is relatively flat with loam soil. The site is curved with bushes, and poses no erosion and sedimentation concerns. The current air quality was observed to be good. The site has no electricity. The road is 90m away thus there will be need an enlarged pathway for better access to the road, which the land owner has promised to clear and level. The nearest community center located at 1.5km away.

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Figure 21 Planned Mwalasi construction site (source: arch GIS from GPS coordinates with accuracy of 3m)

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The site is 1.3km away from the primary school, and 150m from a cemetery. The nearest health centre is< 25km away. The distance to the nearest reserve is < 20km and the cultural sites are at < 2km. There are no reported cases on human trafficking. In terms of workers camp, the locals reported to have vacant houses that can be rented out to the construction workers. There is a clear path for construction vehicles, the material to be sourced are; timber, cement and roof sheets. Timber, cement and iron sheets will be sourced at Liwonde Township which is 67km away and the site was found to have three sources of sand, all within in a four kilometer radius. Currently, they are all sand quarries. Save the Children will state in the EMMP exactly what quantities of sand can be taken from each site.

Figure 22 Planned Mwalasi construction site (source: Google earth from GPS coordinates with accuracy of 3m)

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Sand Sources

Figure 13. Mwalasi Sand Quarry at 14˚, 57’ 4.18 S, 35˚, 24’47.23”E 2km from the site. Estimated quantity 100m3

Figure 35. Mwalasi river Sand source, at 8342949.61N , 764008.51E 4km from the site, there no water expect in rainy season. Estimated quantity 200m3 and it’s very good sand.

Figure 24. Mwalasi Sand Quarry at 8343409.52N, 757702.20E 3km from the site. Estimated quantity 100m3

Figure 46. Mwalasi Sand Quarry at 6km from the site.

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New CDSS Construction Sites – Land TenureIn August 2017, Ministry of Education Officials from the Headquarters and district, in conjunction with the IP, Save the Children, conducted site assessment exercise and tenure discussions with the communities of Mwalasi and Mkotamo in Machinga. Mwalasi was chosen from the priority list that was shared by USAID whilst Mkotamo was initially assessed but withdrawn since the proposed site was church land. However, the communities were given another chance to look for a neutral site without any land ownership problems based in the need that was observed around this area and surrounding communities.

Initial communication was sent to community leaders of these two sites of the plans to conduct a site assessment exercise in their area. The leaders were given a 2-week period to identify potential sites for the construction of a CDSS. It was emphasized that the site identification should be in consultation with all the community members and priority site should be the ones that do not have ownership problems and owners are willingly and freely giving out. The process was facilitated by Save the Children Construction Coordinators based in Machinga together with District Education Manager Officials.

The site assessment exercise began with a community consultation to ensure that all community members were involved in the site selection process. After the meeting, the assessment team, together with the community members went to the proposed sites to assess the suitability of the site. This was followed by land tenure discussions with the communities with a focus on the land owners and users. The communities were then given land tenure forms to fill as a proof of their willingness to relinquish their rights to the land. The forms were left with the community members for a week. The forms were then taken to the District Commissioners officer for her/his signature.

The assessment team then had a meeting to make final decision as per the observation on the site assessment and land tenure discussions. This was followed by a report to USAID for their final approval of the recommended sites. The sites were then approved by USAID. The land tenure report and the land tenure agreement forms can be found in Annexes C and D, respectively.

2.2 Applicable and Appropriate Partner Country and Other International Standards (e.g. WHO), Environmental and Social Laws, Policies, and Regulations

All applicable and appropriate standards, laws, policies, and regulations were identified in the previous IEE amendment.

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3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISKAll potential environmental risks identified in the previous IEE amendment are still applicable.

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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

4.1 RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS AND CONDITIONSThe following table summarizes the site-specific determinations based on the environmental analysis conducted. All previously identified general threshold determinations and conditions for land tenure, construction, and WASH activities still apply to Mkotamo and Mwalsi sites. Upon approval, these determinations become affirmed, per 22 CFR 216. Specified conditions, listed herein, become mandatory obligations of implementation per ADS 204 and provide guidance to the development of site-specific EMMPs.

TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL THRESHOLD DECISIONS (DETAILED INFORMATION FOR THE COMPILATION OF TABLE 1 APPEARING IN THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND APPROVALS SECTION)

Projects/Activities Threshold Determinations and ConditionsSpecific Conditions

to Mkotamo Site

Additional Conditions:

● Water Table Survey. Because of the potentially high-water table, The IP must check the water table status prior to construction of latrines. The bottom of a latrine pit is to be at least 1.5m above the highest seasonal point of the local water table. If a latrine pit cannot be dug without being within 1.5m of the water table, a raised latrine must be constructed to avoid groundwater contamination.

● Water Point Usage. The nearest borehole for the primary school is located at 300m away from the site, the IP must monitor and report to beneficiaries the quality of water.

● Erosion and Sedimentation. Mitigation measures for the erosion/flooding should be implemented around the foundations of the buildings due to potentially high-water table and low elevation of the site compared to the surroundings that could destabilize the soil.

● Quarrying Clay. Clay burrow pits must only be made on-site and must not be deeper than 1.5m. Destruction of vegetation like large shrubs or trees must be avoided when establishing a burrow pit. After quarrying is completed, the pit must be filled in and leveled.

Specific Conditionsto Mwalasi

site

Additional Conditions:

● Water Table Survey. The estimated water table is 9m, however The IP must check the water table status prior to

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constructing pit latrines. The bottom of a latrine pit is to be at least 1.5m above the highest seasonal point of the local water table. If a latrine pit cannot be dug without being within 1.5m of the water table, a raised latrine must beconstructed to avoid groundwater contamination.

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Projects/Activities Threshold Determinations and Conditions● Water Point Usage. The nearest operational man made

water source is located at 25m way from the site, and it belongs to the community if it is planned that it will supply drinking water for school beneficiary use, the IP must monitor and report to beneficiaries the quality of water.

● Erosion and Sedimentation. Erosion control measures must be in place during construction around burrow pits and denuded lands and to protect the foundations of buildings due to the loam soil.

● Privacy. Due to the proximity of houses, opaque fencing should be used around the construction site to provide privacy to the homes during construction.

● Dust and Noise. As the site borders the four community’s compounds, limitations on dust and noise should be in place to not disturb community. Construction vehicles must not speed near the community compound.

● Vegetation. All 12 mango trees, and other trees should not be removed unless absolutely necessary for construction. When a tree is determined to be removed, two new saplings, of a fruit, shade, or other useful type of tree, must be replanted on the property. Measures must be in place to minimize vegetation loss.

● Termite Protection. In Annex B, the Mwalasi site was stated to have termite problems. Mitigation measures are needed to protect stockpiled construction material and the constructed buildings.

● <100m Pathway Enlargement by Community. The landowner of the construction that will enlarge an access pathway between the construction site and the community road, to be completed without USAID funds, must be instructed by the IP to level the path in a way to:1) prevent erosion, 2) not impact any water bodies or sensitive ecosystems (i.e. direct impacts such as filling in or removal and indirect impacts such as sedimentation), 3) not remove any trees, and 4) compact the pathway to aid in its longevity. As the pathway is a result of USAID involvement, the IP must revegetate disturbed areas along the enlarged pathway.

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4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENTThe summary of the process and findings of the climate risk management (CRM) screening created from the below matrix can be found in Annex A.

ACTIVITY CRM TOOL OUTPUT MATRIX: CLIMATE RISKS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ACTIONS* = A required element, per the Mandatory Reference# Project elements may include Purpose / Sub-purpose, Areas of Focus, or Activities / Mechanisms, etc.

1.1:Defined or Anticipated Tasks or Intervention s *

1.2:Time- frame

1.3:Geo- graphy

2:Climate Risks*

3:Adaptive Capacity

4:Climat e Risk Rating*

5:Opportuniti es

6.1:Climate Risk Manageme nt Options

6.2:How Climate Risks Are Addressed in theActivity*

7:Next Steps for Activity Implement ation*

8:Accepted Climate Risks*

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3

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3

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3


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2:Climate Risks*

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Lack of drainage for infrastructur e, or building sites, in extreme flooding events.

Students may be unable to attend school due to increased demands on time because of changes in resources (financial

3

or other) due to extreme weather events.

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1.2:Time- frame

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Next step: Timeframe

Next step:

Next step: ClimateRisks

Next step: Adaptive

Next step: Risk Rating

Next step:

Next step: Risk Mgmt.

Next step: SelectedOptions

Next step: Next Steps

Next step: Accepted

Finished!

Geog. Capacity Opps. Options Risks

37

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5.0 MANAGEMENTManagement requirements are to be as described in the previous IEE amendment.

6.0 LIMITATIONS OF THIS INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATIONThe limitations of this IEE amendment are to be as described in the previous IEE amendment. The only change is that this IEE amendment covers the enlargement of rural pathways less than 100m that could be used by vehicles.

7.0 REVISIONSThe method for revisions as described in the previous IEE amendment remains the same.

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8.0 ANNEXES

8.1 ANNEX A

SUMMARY OF CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT SCREENING FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES UNDER USAID/MALAWI AMAAGeneral Background:

The USAID/Malawi Apatseni Mwayi Atsikana Aphunzire (AMAA) project aims to decrease the barriers to girls’ education in Malawi. The project, implemented by Save the Children, has a range of activities. Two of these activities are:

● Construction of Community Day Secondary Schools (CDSS). Five new CDSS’ are planned to be built each in Machinga and Balaka Districts (Two of the schools in Machinga are covered in this IEE amendment; the sites for the other schools have been covered in previous IEE amendment).

The purpose of this Climate Risk Management (CRM) screening is to identify climate related risks to these construction activities now and in the future to make this project more resilient to both future and current climate variability and change. This is an initial analysis. The final analysis will be done by the engineer-of- record. As stated in the infrastructure annex for CRM screening (https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-screening-management-tool), ‘engineering analysis preceding design activities must include consideration of climate change and its potential impacts on the location (siting), functionality, and sustainability of resulting infrastructure and infrastructure services. Such analysis must include identification of relevant data sets and gaps, review of local building standards and codes for adequacy, and determination of safety factors or other measures of uncertainty that will be carried through design. The results of this analysis, including risks identified and how they are addressed, shall be documented.’This screening is part of implementing the Reference for ADS Chapter 201, ‘Climate Risks Management for USAID Projects and Activities.’Reference to ADS Chapter 201: https://www.usaid.gov/ads/policy/200/201malSummary of Climate Risk Screening Process:

This CRM was completed largely through a desktop review. This included reviewing:

- Project specific information, including available environmental compliance information.

- Climate information, including information specific to Malawi and the infrastructure and educations sectors.

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- Construction-site specific information.- Examples of other, similar, construction activities completed by USAID.

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Based on this review, the CRM screening matrix, which is the suggested tool to complete CRM screening and can be found on climatelinks.org, was completed. The matrix outlines specific climate risks to project implementation, and opportunities to address those risks. In addition, key findings, and recommendations to address climate risks, are highlighted below and were integrated into the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Amendment for this activity. Input from USAID is welcome on the CRM table.Key findings and recommendations for the CRM are summarized below.Summary of Climate Risks and Recommendations:

The climate risks, and opportunities to address those risks, identified for both activities, construction of schools and construction of a dormitory, were similar. There were some site-specific differences that were highlighted. Machinga is one of the top five districts in Malawi exposed to climate change. Careful consideration should be given to climate change during site selection in all cases.In many cases, the risks due to climate change to future building use, functionality, and safety, are already being incorporated into construction design. Specific climate risks, and opportunities to address those risks, are highlighted below.Temperatures in Malawi are expected to increase by 1-3° C by 2050, resulting in risk to construction and building use.

Increased temperatures could have impact on multiple faucets of construction that should be considered during site selection and construction design. Some areas that should be considered are selection of construction materials that can withstand thermal stress, selection of sites based on surface and groundwater availability, which will likely decrease in the future due to evapotranspiration, and decrease water availability due to demands on water resources from other sectors, primarily agriculture.This was classified as a moderate risk due to the combination of having a high probability of occurring, but having a moderate impact on project implementation.Changes in rainfall and extreme weather and climate events impacting building function.

Rainfall and extreme weather events are likely to change in Malawi in the future. Malawi is likely to experience a later beginning and earlier end to the rainy season. In addition, rainfall events are likely to be more severe, but less frequent. Increased number dry and hotter days could lead to increased drought.Because of increase in both floods and droughts, building functions and services, such as providing water, getting rid of waste, or food storage, may be disrupted.

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During droughts, ground and surface water availability and quality will likely decrease. Floods can lead to building infrastructure being damaged. Furthermore, inadequate drainage could lead to extreme flooding.There are also potential secondary risks to consider, for example, students may be unable to attend school due to increased demands on time and resources because of extreme weather events. Climate change will likely impact both food and water security, and exacerbate health problems, leading to negative

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impacts on the education sector. These impacts are likely to impact youth, and potentially girls, more than other demographics.This was classified as a high risk due to the combination of having a moderate to high probability of occurring and having a high impact of future function of construction.Site specific risks

Site selection is important when considering risks from floods, drought, and other climate related impacts to infrastructure use.Some sites within Machinga may be at risk of flooding due to their location next to wetlands and areas that are flooded often. Similarly, some sites within Machinga are at risk of lack of access to potable water during droughts.Another risk is that students will be unable to attend school due to lack of access during flooding events that destroy local roads There is also potential for increase in human-wildlife interactions due to changes in habitats due to climate change, areas with abundant animal populations will be impacted most.This was classified as a high risk due to the combination of climate impacts having a high probability of effecting local communities, and having a high impact of future function of construction.Recommendations and opportunities to address risks

- Address risks through processes already integrated into construction design and project implementation. Many activities are already being untaken to limit the impacts of climate and weather. For example, a construction risk screening will be completed, minimum disaster risk reduction standards in terms of structural integrity are being reviewed. As a result of this CRM screening, climate change is being incorporated into the environmental compliance process. Climate impacts should be considered during these processes that are already in place.

- Use existing climate data and information when considering site and material selection and long-term functionality of buildings. Climate information, and climate vulnerability assessments, have been conducted and compiled for Malawi on the USAID climate links website: (https://www.climatelinks.org/search/malawi). In addition to this type of information, discussing weather and climate with local communities, and reviewing national climate plans, will help ensure climate change is considered throughout implementation and improve future resilience of infrastructure. Understanding of existing climate information will help the

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project consider future climate impacts, such as increased temperatures and increases intensity of storms, when designing infrastructure and selecting sites.

- Further climate specific analysis, if affordable and feasible, and aligns with mission priorities. This could include and in depth analysis of how climate change will impact construction over medium to long term time periods and inform material selection. Or to evaluate sites for

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climate impacts, such as potential flooding, water issues due to droughts and increased temperatures, and lack of access to schools due to potential infrastructure loss during flooding.

- Accept some risks. Some risks may be outside the scope of the activity, or may be worth accepting because the benefits outweigh the costs. For example, while it is possible that students may be unable to attend school due to increased demands on time because of changes in resources (financial or other) due to extreme weather events, it might be worth accepting this risk. Similarly, since changes in food and water security, as well as health, due to climate change will likely impact Malawi nation-wide, addressing this risk is likely outside the scope of this activity.

8.2 ANNEX BSave the Children Site Selection Criteria for AMAA

Sites within each district were compared based on:1. The number of villages that would feed into the school, the farthest distance

to a village that would feed into the school2. The distance from the school to a current CDSS, the number of children that

sat for the PSCLE in the previous year in the area3. The number of children in the area that passed the test4. The number of children in the area selected for secondary school5. The number of children still attending a CDSS from the area, the reasons for

children dropping out of a CDSS in the area6. The outcome of children in the area when they are not selected for CDSS7. The activity of various communities in the area trying to address issues of

school secondary school attendance8. Whether or not a community had ever constructed buildings9. Whether or not a community had contributed to the construction of school

blocks10.Whether or not the community had built teachers’ houses and the time it took

to complete11.Whether or not the community is ready to construct more houses for teachers12.The factors that affect communal building, whether or not a community had

ever accessed local funds13.Whether or not women were present at community meetings to discuss the

Let Girls Learn activity14.Whether or not the MG was active15.Whether or not church land was available

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CRITERIA CROSSWALK FOR THE SELECTION OF 2 SITES OF MWALASI AND MKOTAMO IN MACHINGA DISTRICT

a. Community Assessment for Mwalasi and Mkotamo

Criteria for comparison Site 1 Site 2

Mwalasi Mkotamo1 EDM preference2 Site selection preference3 Number of GVHs /villages which feed into the

school9 GVHs 36 villages

4 what is the farthest village, and how far? Makawa -7km Mauwa -6 km

5 What is the closest CDSS, and how far? Mlomba CDSS_ 19-23 km Nsanama CDSS 9-15km6 How many children sat the PSCLE last year 61 72

7 How many children passed 47 198 How many children were selected for

secondary school?7 2

9 Pct selected 15 1110 How many children are still going All the 7 but from the previous

years' slection 1 (out of 20) was impregnated

Both are still going to school but from the past selection, 2 dropped out

11 what are the reasons for drop out Lack school fees, lacking funds for self- boarding hence indulge in sexual activities and in the end girls get pregant; hunger; self-boarding lead to unrully behaviour; very long distance to the CDSS.

Long distance which is mostly affecting girls who are vulnerable and end up getting pregnant or married. Lack of fees especially for the boys who are orphans; lack of funds to pay for rentals , buy soap and clothes

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12 What happens to children who are not selected?

Attend Open Day Sec School; Repeat St 8; Change primary schools to repeat; Attend private sec school at Nsanama

Repeat Std 8 - actually there are 12 repeaters in class this year; Others attend Open Day Sec School at Nsanama

13 what is the community trying to do to address these problems?

Conduct village meetings to encourage parents to value education; have mother group that mentors girls and follow up with girls who have dropped out; Area development committee requested for a secondary school.

Chiefs have made by-laws that prohibits any girl below 18 years old to get married. Any one found pays a fine and the marriage is dissolved. The community stated that a boy who had gone to complain to the court that the chief had dissolved his marrieage was arrested by the very court. Mother group counsels the girls and encourages them to go back to school. This year 18 girls have come back to school

14 Has the community ever constructed any buildings?

Yes. 3 Teachers houses, 1 school block; pitlartines

Yes. 3 teachers houses; pit latrines and classroom blocks.

15 Has the community ever contributed to the construction of school blocks?

Yes. Mould bricks and burnt them for the teachers houses, school block; pitlartines; provided labor for the construction; haul sand for the construction; contributed money for towards the payment of the builder

Yes. Moulded bricks and hauled sand. They contributed funds to pay for the builders and carpenters from the community

16 Has the community built teacher's houses? Y Y

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17 how long did it take them? Took them 3 months for those that had construction materials like iron sheets, timber, cement, window frames & glasses; door, nails provided. But for those whose materials were provided by them it took one and half years

The one that they built with funds from SIP took them 2 years to construct 3 houses

18 Is the community ready to construct more teacher's houses?

Very ready Yes. Would take about 4-6 months. They are plaaning to mould bricks as soon as the rains tail off.

19 What are the factors that affect this building? The communities mentioned payment of the builder was a challenge last time due to poor harvest but this year they are expecting good harvest. They also stated limited availability of trees for burning bricks and were of the vies of utilizing cement blocks to avoid further deforestation.

The community does not have already made bricks but they also stated that if they had cement, they would prefer cement blocks as bricks that are to be burnt take a lot of wood thereby causing heavy deforestation

20 Has the community ever accessed local funds No. One time they asked for the funds when their classroom block was blown off but were not assisted

No. But they went to looby for funds from an alumni that graduated as a doctor of medicine. He provided Iron sheets, timber and nails to repair the classroom and teachers houses roofs that were blown off by wind.

21 Were women present at the meeting? Yes and freely articulted their activities

Y

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22 Was the MG active? Yes. We found them at a chiefs home discussing a case where a girl wanted to drop out of secondary school (Form 2) and get married to a boy. The mother group summoned this boy from very far away, through his chief, to come to this village and answer for the case against him. They reprimanded the boy and told him that it was against the law tomarry a girl that is below 18 years old

Yes, very active and are instrumental for the enforcement of the by-laws concerning girls not to be married before attaining the age of 18.

23 Are there any other factors of note? The land that was shown where the school can be built is close to the grave yard. The water from the bore hole near the school is a bit salty. Previously the bore hole was right at the primary school but its water was too salty

The community and the teachers attributed poor passrate to lack of teachers. Last year there were only 7 teachers against over 1,600 learners and this year there are 15 teachers and they expect good results. They stated that ASPIRE has contributed to the increase in enrollement in girls.

24 Church land? This land belongs to the Roman Catholic church even though the chiefs kept telling us it belonged to them.

Yes. Roman Catholic Land even though the chiefs were saying there is a demarcation between church land and school land

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25 Defining features? The school community has very skilled carpenters and builders. This could be seen from the workmanship that was accomplished when repairing blown-off school block roof and the building of teacher's houses. The community stated that there were more girls that passed Std 8 exams because of girls' education programs; mother groups and payment of school fees for them

The school seems to be having very active members - PTA, SMC, MG - attended the meetings and t the same time are able to loby for support from other stakeholders.

Technical assessment summary

Approved rating NotesMkotamo 85 Large site

Strategically suitable area as well as close to a primary school Land belongs to communities

ACTION: Dambo land need for strong foundation

Mwalasi 89 Large siteBuild zone adequate for expansionGood soil and construction material nearby

ACTION: land has termite problems, need for termite treatment to the soils

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8.6 ANNEX C

SUMMARY REPORT FOR LAND TENURE DISCUSSIONS FOR MACHINGA DISTRICTLAND TENURE REPORT FOR MWALASI AND MKOTAMO SITES

1.1. IntroductionSave the Children though AMAA project will be constructing 5 Community Day Secondary Schools in Machinga with funding from USAID. Three of the five construction sites were already selected and approved. Two sites were yet to be identified and approved. The construction works are planned to commence in October for a 9 month period. Due to this it was necessary that the two remaining sites are identified prior to contractors mobilizing on site. To this effect a team comprising of officials from the Ministry of Education Science and Technology at headquarters and district level and Save the Children went to Machinga on 9th

August, 2017 and carried out a site assessment exercise at Mkotamo and Mwalasi schools on 10th August 2017.This report highlights the findings on the land tenure issues at these two sites.1.2. MkotamoAt Mkotamo, a site adjacent to the initially selected site was identified for the construction works. The site was given by Group Village Headman Makiyi. GVH Makiyi reported to have given the land willingly as he was interested with the proposed development works in his area. He is the one who approached the chiefs upon hearing that the first site was denied due to ownership issues. He reported that the land was an inheritance from his family. He further reported that as a family head he discussed with all his family members and they all received the news positively. The land was reported to have been idle for the past five years as his deceased mother who passed away five years ago was the one who was using the land for farming. The GVH emphasized that he did not want an alternative land as compensation since he gave out the land freely and willingly.As a way of ensuring that there is formal handover of the land, the construction team from SCI left behind a land tenure form to be filled by the land giver, the chiefs and officially stamped by the District Commissioner for Machinga. This will be followed up by the DEM office in Machinga.

1.3. Mwalasi

Three people gave out land at Mwalasi after a request from the chief to well-wishers who wanted to give out land. The three are; James Juma, GHV Nangoma and Catherine Doris.James Juma was the one who initially offered the land that was sharing boundaries

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with a graveyard. He reported that he has a lot of farm land so he decided to give out another land as a replacement of the site that was not approved.Catherine Doris, a single mother of four, gave out the land after a plea that came from the chiefs since the land that Juma gave was not enough and she was sharing a boundary with Juma’s land so the only available option was her land. Upon discussing with her children they welcomed the idea positively. She

5

however does not have an alternative land for farming. To this effect the team advised the chiefs to provide a replacement land for her to be farming so that she and her kids can still have food to eat.An unfinished church was also observed at the proposed site for Mwalasi. Upon inquiry it was reported that the church was built by community members and it belonged to The Church of Christ congregation. However the members had moved out of the church due to termite problems that they faced on the site. The preacher reported that so far 3 buildings (2 toilets and a bathroom) had collapsed as a result of termites. The church elder reported that the church members agreed that they will remove the bricks to be used for a new church planned to be constructed in the near future but currently they were congregating at a building which is 300m from the old church.The other two members reported that they do not want an alternative land.

2.0. Way forward The chiefs at Mkotamo with the help of the DEMs office to fill in the land

tenure form and ensure that it is stamped by the DC by Monday 19th August 2017.

The chiefs at Mwalasi to allocate alternative land of equal size and value to Mrs Catherine Doris by Monday 19th August 2017.

The chiefs at Mwalasi to sign two forms, one proving that the project affected people (including the church) have given the land and the other showing that the chiefs have allocated alternative land to Mrs Doris. All these to be done by Friday, 22nd August 2017.

The DEM official to facilitate stamping and signing of the forms at the DCs office and send to SCI.

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8.9 ANNEX D