projected changes to aquaculture
DESCRIPTION
Projected changes to aquaculture. Based on……. Outline. Freshwater aquaculture (tilapia, milkfish, f reshwater prawn) Vulnerability of freshwater aquaculture Coastal aquaculture/ mariculture (giant clams, corals, trochus , sea cucumbers) Vulnerability of coastal aquaculture. Tilapia. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Projected changes to aquaculture
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Based on…….
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Outline
•Freshwater aquaculture (tilapia, milkfish, freshwater prawn)
•Vulnerability of freshwater aquaculture
•Coastal aquaculture/mariculture (giant clams, corals, trochus, sea cucumbers)
•Vulnerability of coastal aquaculture
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• Lake restocking to replace Mossambique Tilapia with Nile Tilapia
• PNG 10-15,000 households with tilapia farms
TilapiaFood security
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• Cage culture
• Semi-intensive ponds
• Aquaponics
• PNG - 10-15,000 households with tilapia farms
TilapiaLivelihoods
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Tilapia•T
ilapia farming is expanding in the region
•Samoa has 35 farms
•Fiji produces 200-300 tonnes per year
•Solomon Islands has begun an Inland Aquaculture project to support emerging farmers
•A tilapia hatchery has been established in Vanuatu
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Milkfish
Freshwater ponds Cage culture for food, tuna-bait
Brackish ponds
• 30 – 80 t per year in Guam• 5 – 15 t per year in Kiribati• Four farms in Palau• Capture-based culture trials in Fiji,
Solomon Islands and Tonga
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• Hatchery-based culture Hatchery-based culture ((M. rosenbergii)
• Capture-based culture Capture-based culture ((M. lar)
Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium
• Fiji produces about 25 t per year
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Vulnerability of freshwater aquaculture
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Tilapia, freshwater prawn
•Likely to benefit from climate change
• Higher rainfall and warmer temperatures will allow farming in more places and at higher altitudes.
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•Some areas with increased rainfall or cyclones may become more prone to flooding
DFF (Fiji) Ltd freshwater prawn Farm
Cyclone Mick, December 2009
Tilapia, freshwater prawn
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•Stratification from higher temperatures causes de-oxygenation – aeration needed
Tilapia, freshwater prawn
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Milkfish
•Increased temperatures will extend the geographical range and season of fry collection
•Risk from ocean acidification?
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How should we respond?
•Build fish ponds to avoid more severe floods
Photo: Avinash Singh
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How should we respond?
•Increase aeration to combat stratification
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Conclusion•F
reshwater pond aquaculture is likely to be favoured by climate change
Source: Pickering et al. (2011)
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Coastal aquaculture
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Annual value
•Pearl and shrimp farming dominate
•Comprise >90% of total value
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Livelihoods
Shrimp
Pearl
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Sea cucumber
Giant clam Trochus Green snail
Restocking
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Vulnerability of mariculture
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Marine fish, shellfish•M
ariculture of fish and shellfish faces major uncertainties
•Possible effects of acidification on larval fish and shells Applies to giant clams and cultured corals
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Aquatic animal diseases
•Higher temperature are likely to increase prevalence of pathogens
•The nature and extent of future disease risks are not clear White Spot Virus WSV
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Adaptations
•Grow ornamentals at greater depth (cooler waters)
•Identify sites where CO2 is reduced
•Selective breeding for resilience to acidification
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See Chapter 11 for vulnerability of pearl oysters, shrimp, seaweed
and other commodities
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Conclusion• Mariculture has development potential in years ahead
• But production efficiency is likely to be progressively affected by climate change