promoting energy efficiency in the building sector - uk...

Promoting energy efficiency in the building sector

- UK experience

Professor Brian Ford, Department of Architecture & Built Environment,

University of Nottingham, UK


Challenges in Promoting Energy Efficiency

1. Understanding the Context – social, economic & environmental

2. Understanding our Existing Buildings –

3. Improving the Quality of the Internal Environment –

4. The Knowledge & Skills gap - Improving Knowledge Transfer –

5. Balancing Regulation & Market Incentives –


1. Understanding the Context

• Energy Use and Carbon emissions

• Urban or Rural ?

• Site & Microclimate Assessment

• Building Typology & Urban Morphology

UK

Comparative Energy Consumption (2010)

Kg oil equivalent per capita per year

402 kg oil 7,225 kg oil

China USA Ethiopia

1,695 kg oil 3,282 kg oil

‘Sustainable’ target = approx 2,000 kg oil equivalent per capita / year

Chile

1,826 kg oil

CO2 Emissions for Chile + other countries (tonnes per capita for 2009 – fossil fuels + cement)

• India 1.7

• Brazil 2.1

• Chile 4.4

• China 6.2

• Spain 7.4

• UK 7.9

• Germany 9.3

• USA 17.6

• ‘Sustainable’ 5.0 (?)

Rural or Urban Context ?

Urban Micro-climate and Masterplanning

Singapore Management University

Seasonal sun path Monsoon winds/ street pattern

With Edward Cullinan Architects

Singapore

Barcelona

Lisbon

Sevilla

Urban Morphology

Understanding the Urban Context

Noli plan: Barcelona Eixample and Ciutat Vella

Location Block Maximum Distance from Average

number of f loors Front Depth Lengh Depth void to nearest Property Building Void void area

(Urban external elevation

Semi-urban No generic No No No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2)

Rural)

urban 0241060 82 001 6 27.1 6.9 1 void 1.7 3.0 221.2 160.9 2.9 2.9

urban 0241060 83 002 5 12.6 13.4 2 voids 2.2 5.1 219.0 179.0 9.5 4.8

urban 0241060 84 003 5 11.9 18.4 2 voids 1.9 7.5 477.2 219.5 7.4 3.7

urban 0241060 85 004 6 11.6 18.7 3 voids 2.0 7.1 247.1 216.7 12.2 4.1

urban 0241060 86 005 6 22.0 31.0 4 voids 4.3 10.4 905.8 679.1 74.3 18.6

urban 0241060 87 006 9 16.3 30.1 1 void 3.4 12.7 691.3 506.9 11.6 11.6

urban 0241060 88 007 8 35.3 15.3 2 voids 3.3 6.1 354.7 337.4 21.6 10.8

urban 0241060 89 008 8 19.0 17.0 2 voids 3.4 6.2 417.6 328.9 23.5 11.8

urban 0241060 90 009 6 23.8 30.6 5 voids 3.7 10.6 1129.1 726.0 68.6 13.7

urban 0241060 91 010 6 19.8 30.0 3 voids 3.8 11.0 941.8 591.4 42.7 14.2

urban 0241060 92 011 10 19.5 29.4 2 voids 3.7 11.5 939.6 569.5 27.0 13.5

urban 0241060 93 012 7 10.9 23.0 1 void 2.8 9.4 267.4 201.4 8.0 8.0

urban 0241060 94 013 6 48.7 25.2 3 voids 4.3 9.9 704.2 704.2 55.4 18.5

urban 0241060 95 014 8 16.6 31.2 4 voids 4.6 9.3 687.5 516.9 85.4 21.4

urban 0241060 96 015 5 8.2 28.1 2 voids 2.4 10.9 334.9 228.4 11.5 5.8

urban 0241060 97 016 6 10.0 28.0 1 void 3.7 10.9 473.5 305.3 13.5 13.5

AreaBuilding Building Dimensions Void Dimensions

Urban Morphology Assessment Technique

A

A B D E C

B

C

D

E

Minor intervention:

Distance of void to external wall <12m

PDEC applicability factor >0.75

Average of void areas between 9m2 and

16m2

Intermediate intervention:

Minor intervention is not suitable

Building depth <12m

can also be used where the void >16m2

and within 12m of an external wall

Major intervention:

Neither of the previous interventions

has been chosen

The building depth >12m

*

* Data available on building height

PDEC GENERIC

TOWER FOR

MINOR INTERVENTION

Before

intervention

Up to 12 m 3m to 4 m

3 m

RETAIL (No PDEC)

OFFICE

OFFICE OFFICE

OFFICE

Fixed glass

baffles

to reduce wind

speed

LIGHTWELL

Existing windows

OR Up to 12 m

(between elevations)

Urban Morphology Assessment Technique

PDEC Intervention Property

Minor Intermediate Major Total total area

Number of bldgs 94 70 227 391

Area m2 193,027 129,141 406,772 728,939 919,543

Number of bldgs 24% 18% 58% 100%

Area m2 26% 18% 56% 100%

% of Total floor area 21% 14% 44% 79% 100%

Served Ratio Prop of V/F Ratio PDEC Intervention Floor Area served by PDEC Cooling Energy Consumption

Area Void / Floor Against Applicability appropriate kw h/m2/yr

Benchmark (%) Rating 1 yes

(m2) (0 - 1) 0 no Minor Intermediate Major

Intervention Intervention Intervention

158.0 0.018 34.1 0.3 1 790

169.5 0.053 100.4 1.0 1 678

212.1 0.034 63.8 0.6 1 848

204.5 0.056 106.5 1.0 1 1,023

604.8 0.109 207.1 1.0 1 3,024

495.3 0.023 43.3 0.4 1 3,962

315.8 0.064 121.2 1.0 1 2,211

305.4 0.071 135.2 1.0 1 2,138

657.4 0.094 178.8 1.0 1 3,287

548.7 0.072 136.6 1.0 1 2,744

542.5 0.047 89.7 0.9 1 4,883

193.4 0.040 75.2 0.8 1 1,160

648.8 0.079 148.9 1.0 1 3,244

431.5 0.165 312.7 1.0 1 3,021

216.9 0.050 95.3 1.0 1 868

291.8 0.044 83.7 0.8 1 1,459

2091.6 0.000 0.0 0.0 0

311.5 0.030 57.2 0.6 1 1,558

434.1 0.000 0.0 0.0 1 2,605

679.2 0.043 81.3 0.8 1 4,075

495.5 0.097 183.5 1.0 1 3,469

548.0 0.088 166.3 1.0 1 2,740

707.6 0.064 120.7 1.0 1 2,830

286.8 0.082 155.6 1.0 1 1,147

284.4 0.076 144.4 1.0 1 1,706

Barcelona


2. Understanding our Existing Buildings

• How do we use energy in buildings ?

• Regulated & unregulated emissions.

• Monitoring &Post-occupancy Evaluation.

Service Sector Buildings in the UK

End use carbon emissions


Courtesy Foster & Partners


Energy Use in Existing Buildings: Comparison of three Schools in the UK.


Victorian Primary (1890s)

Characteristics:

• Solid brick external walls (uninsulated)

• High ceilings + large windows (good daylighting)

• Naturally ventilated

• Well maintained

Energy use (2009):

• Electricity - 46kWh/m2.yr

• Gas - 168kWh/m2.yr


1970s Primary (1974)

Characteristics:

• Lightweight (poorly insulated)

• Low ceilings,small windows + rooflights

• Naturally ventilated (high infiltration)

• Very poorly maintained

Energy use (2009):

• Electricity - 84kWh/m2.yr

• Gas - 177kWh/m2.yr


New Primary (2004) Characteristics: • Timber frame highly insulated • North facing classrooms + rooflights • Naturally ventilated (low infiltration) • Well maintained

Energy use (2009): • Electricity - 59kWh/m2.yr • Gas - 119kWh/m2.yr

Good Practice • Electricity - 25kWh/m2.yr • Gas - 110kWh/m2.yr

Comparison of three Schools in the UK

Victorian Primary (1890s)

1970s Primary

(1974)

New Primary

(2004)

Good Practice ?

Electricity 46 84 59 25

Gas 168 177 119 110

Table of Energy Use in three primary schools in kWh/m2.year (2009)

Understanding our existing buildings. Example: the PROBE Studies

Post-occupancy

Review

Of

Buildings, and their

Engineering

Original reports + many other

Relevant articles available from

The Usable Buildings Trust

www.usablebuildings.co.uk

http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/

Measuring what happens in practice

Source: Usable Buildings Trust A B C D E F G


3. Improving the Quality of the Internal Environment

• Thermal & visual comfort .

• Health & Well-being.

• Performance & Productivity.

• Occupant Perceptions – Feedback.

An example

The Internal Environment of Schools What is a good learning environment ?


Victorian Primary School, UK

Agnes Miegl Realschule, Dusseldorf,

Germany

High School, Missouri, USA

Occupants Satisfaction Surveys: Questionnaire

The B.U.S. Survey (Adrian Leaman)

www.useablebuildings.co.uk

Occupants Satisfaction Surveys


4. The Knowledge & Skills Gap: - Improving Knowledge Transfer

• Professional & technical training.

• Links between the Professions, Industry & Academia

• Public awareness & behavioural change

Promoting reduction in Carbon Emissions: Awards and Publications

Coming soon: Life Cycle Impacts www.architecture.com/FindOutAbout/ClimateChange

Raising awareness and promoting best practice

http://www.architecture.com/FindOutAbout/ClimateChange

Energy and Fuels

Housing refurbishment: demonstration projects

1. The Show Home would be an existing Council

owned terrace house, close to the new Energy

Learning Centre.

2. It would be converted with everything necessary to

give it a close to zero carbon footprint.

3. It would be made accessible for everyone to visit.

Materials

Technologies

Courtesy: Marsh Growchowski Architects

• The exhibition would also illustrate

ways in which we can reduce our

personal carbon footprint in addition

to that of our houses.

• More specific advice on Energy

Conservation and Grants would

be available at the Energy

Learning Centre.

Nottingham show home: demonstrating opportunities

Vital Statistics at a glance

Area of the House: 112m2

Carbon Footprint Before Conversion: 8.7tCO2.pa

Carbon Footprint After Conversion: 1tCO2.pa

An 88.6% potential cut in CO2 emissions


5. Balancing Regulation & Market Incentives • The European Building Performance Directive (EPBD)

• UK Building Regulations – Part L

• Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) .

• The Feed-In Tarrif .

• The ‘Green Deal’ .

• Smart Meters

• Demonstration Projects

European Legislation

The European Building Performance Directive (EPBD)

2002

• minimum environmental performance requirements + energy certification

• Including performance of components + airtightness

2010

• Focus on energy efficiency in existing buildings

• Government Buildings + return on investment

UK Government Targets in 2008/ 09

2050 Zero Carbon Existing Buildings

But what do we mean by ‘zero-carbon’ ?

2016 Zero Carbon New

Homes, Schools & Colleges


Public Sector Buildings

2019 Zero Carbon New Non

Domestic Buildings

And…


Publicly Funded Homes

Zero Carbon Hub (UK) October 2012

Energy Performance Certificates

2007…

Image: Arup

Victoria Miller Building, Bowbridge Primary School BSCE 'Greening the School Community' Industry Award 2009

Display Energy Certificate Rating (Source: Display Energy Certificate)

(Source: Building plans by Daniela Besser Jelves)

Energy

Certificates

required for all

new & existing

public buildings

UK Government Initiative

UK Dept of Energy & Climate Change

• The Government’s vision is

for every home in Great Britain to have smart energy meters, with business and public sector users also having smart or advanced energy metering suited to their needs.

• The roll out of smart meters will play an important role in Britain’s transition to a low-carbon economy and help us meet some of the long-term challenges we face in ensuring an affordable, secure and sustainable energy supply.

SMART METERS

Energy suppliers in UK will replace over 53 million gas and electricity meters. Mass roll-out of smart meters to start 2014 and to be completed 2019. But…. • Do consumers know what smart meters are ? • Is the technology intelligible & reliable ?

UK Government Initiative

THE GREEN DEAL Part 1: How the Green Deal

works You can make energy-saving

improvements to your home or business without having to pay all the costs up front through the Green Deal.

Energy-saving improvements include:

• insulation - eg loft or cavity wall insulation

• heating • draught-proofing • double glazing • renewable energy

technologies - eg solar panels or wind turbines

The GREEN DEAL Launched by UK Government October 2012 To promote loans to support energy efficiency measures to existing buildings, But… Criticised for complexity, + May disadvantage the poor

Low Carbon Refurbishment

Two Case Studies:

1. Foreign Office, London, UK (Foster & Partners)

2. Stock Exchange, Valletta, Malta. (Architecture Project)

UK Government has been increasingly

active in promoting low carbon public

buildings…

Low Carbon refurbishment of the Foreign Office Foster & Partners

Low Carbon refurbishment of the Foreign Office - Foster & Partners

High Profile Refurbishment Projects

Low Carbon refurbishment

Malta Stock Exchange

Site Location

The new Stock Exchange is located

within the existing Garrison Church at

Castille Place, Valletta.

N


Plans of lower and upper levels Long and Cross section

Bolsa de Valores de Malta

PDEC

(humedad relativa baja) Estrategia de

ventilacion nocturna Serpentin de enfriamiento

(humedad relativa alta)

Estrategia de enfriamiento PDEC / Hibrida

CFD Temperature Plot

Bolsa de Valores de Malta

Muchas gracias !!

promoting energy efficiency in the building sector - uk...

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