pronoun defined

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Pronoun defned

The term comes from the Latin pro and

nomen meaning for a name.

Pronouns are words that take the place of

nouns.

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The meanings they have depend on the nouns they

replace, called the antecedent, from the Latin

word, "to go efore."

!ntecedent may either e epressed or

understood.

! pronoun must agree with its antecedent in

person, numer, and gender.

#ample$

"%hen giving treats to friends or children, give

themwhat theylike, emphatically not what is good

forthem."

&'.(. )hesterton*

+ts case depends upon its use in the

sentence. The case is determined in a sentence inthe same way the case of a noun is determined.


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A. PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns are so called, not only

ecause these words always refer to persons, ut

also ecause, according to traditional grammar,

they can e divided into three persons$

irst person, referring to the speaker, or the group

to which the speaker elongs

5econd person, referring to the personal or persons

eing addressed

Third person, referring to all other persons or

things.

1. Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Subject

Object 5ingular

Plural

irst person +

%e

5econd person 6ou6ou

Third person 3e, she, it

They

5ingular

Plural

7e

us

6ou6ou

3im, her, it

Them

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Subjective pronoun9indicates that the pronoun

is acting as a su:ect.

a.Ican spend more time with my 2ad..eare usually enticed y a good;paying :o.c.!oucan make your own happiness.d."ewants to e a pilot.e.#$e%are ideal friends.f. The ship was very ig.It was very ama !$ him*

&2irect o:ect*

The direct o:ect of a ver is the thing eingacted upon y the ver. +n other words, the

direct objectis the receiver of the action. The

direct o:ect can e found y locating the ver

and asking "what>" or "whom>

.+ would like to e a pilot so that + could visit

%oumore often. &direct o:ect*c.Tim idoli


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The noun or pronoun after a prepositionis

known as the object o a preposition.e.%e will sail alongside $er. &o:ect of

preposition*f. 5he sits with &e. &o:ect of preposition*g.(arl wants to see %ou.

Re&inder$ the in-nitive form of the ver is

the present form with to in front of it$

#. to go, to seem, to run, etc.

h.5ue wants to call $er.i. The police want to investigate t$e&.:. (enny picked $i&up. &@:ect of a compound

ver*

'. Possessives

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun (%

&ine

Our

ours !our

%ours

#$eir

t$eirs

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"is

$is

"er

$ers Its

Possessives 9 show that someone owns

something. They can perform as possessive

ad:ectives or possessive pronouns.

Possessive !d:ectives !re a Type of Pronoun

! pronounis a word that replaces a noun.

!s possessive ad:ectives replace nouns, they are

classi-ed as pronouns. or this reason, they are

also called possessive pronouns. Thetermpossessive pronouncovers all the pronouns

that demonstrate ownership.

%e use possessive ad:ectives to show who

owns or "possesses" something. %hen my,

your, his, her, its, our, their, whose &interrogative*

precedes a noun to show possession, it ecomesan ad:ective.

Possessive adjectivesare always placed in

front ofthe noun they modify.

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http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/pronouns.htmhttp://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/possessive_pronouns.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-confusing-words/a/In-Front-Of-Opposite.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-confusing-words/a/In-Front-Of-Opposite.htmhttp://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/pronouns.htmhttp://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/possessive_pronouns.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-confusing-words/a/In-Front-Of-Opposite.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-confusing-words/a/In-Front-Of-Opposite.htm


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3ere is a list of possessive ad:ectives

+ ; my dog

6ou ; your cat

3e ; his ook

5he ; her car

+t ; its color &C@T itDsE*

%e ; our dog

6ou ; your house

They ; their farm

#amples$

ThatDs my dog in the picture.

2oes your cat like tuna>

3e left his ook in the car.

ThatDs her car over there.

+ts color is purpleE@ur dog is like a memer of the family.

6our house isnDt far, is it>

Their farm produces pumpkins.

3er name is 7ary.

We have sold ourhouse.

The students thanked their teacher.

Tom is a dog lover. 3e takes his dog 5pike

everywhereE

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Possessive pronounstake the place of the

possessive determiner and noun. 3ence, a noun

does not follow possessive pronouns.

3ere is a list of possessive pronouns.

+ ; mine

6ou ; yours

3e ; his

5he ; hers

%e ; ours

6ou ; yours

They ; theirs

+s this your car> ; Co, that one over there is

mine.

%hose lunch is this> ; +tDs yours.

%hose house is it> ; +tDs his.

2o you know who this elongs to> ; +tDshers.

This isnDt her car. +tDs ours.

%hose picture is this> ; +tDs yours.

%ho do those ooks elong to> ; TheyDre

theirs.

6es, this house is mine.

The money was really theirs for the taking.

%hatDs mine is yours, my friend.

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). RE*LE+I,E PRONOUNS/e0eive pronouns are formed y adding 9

self or 9selves to certain forms of the

personal pronouns such as$7yself oneself

6ourself ourselves3imself yourselves3erself themselves

Re-eive pronouns $ave t/o &ajor uses01. !s the o:ect of a ver when that o:ect is

the same as the nearest preceding su:ect.

They lamed themselves for the accident.&direct o:ect*The candidate praised himself too much.

&direct o:ect*

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5he gave herself a Ialentine gift. &+ndirect

o:ect*

. !s an intensi-er$ +n this usage the re0eivepronoun may come net to the su:ect, or it

may follow the predicate.The doctor himself answered the call.The doctor answered the call himself.

! re0eive pronoun must re0ect the

antecedent./e0eive from Latin means end ack, thus

re0eive pronoun must end ack$ to refer to

its antecedent.+n addition, re0eive pronouns have some

idiomatic meaning. y J self means without

help or alone.

People spite only themselves when they refuseto e friendly.Kohnny took those color slides himself.

They cannot help themselves.

)arol poured herself a glass of milk.

6ou should uy yourself a new computer.

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. 2E(ONS#RA#I,E PRONOUNS

2emonstrative pronouns point to the nouns

they are replacing. They are this and that, and their

plural forms are these, that those, respectively.

#amples$ This eamination is dicult.

That remark is awful.

Those oys are oisterous.

Those peasants are very courteous.

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2. IN2E*INI#E PRONOUNS

+nde-nite Pronouns refer to unspeci-edpersons, things, or groups. They cannot e

ordinarily e preceded y noun determiners.

5ome common inde-nite pronouns are$!ll many one another7ore other oth most#ach much some either

Ceither such few

#ample$ew will e selectedM fewer will -nish.Little is epected.Cothing is impossile if noody gives up.

)ompounds of any, every, no, and some

with body,-one, and 9thingform another group of

inde-nite pronouns.!nyody anyone anything

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#veryody everyone everythingCoody no one nothing5omeody someone something

+nde-nite pronouns are grammatically

singular, ut those referring to people are often

felt to e plural and are conseNuently replaced

y theyin speech of many people, as in these

eamples$5ince everyonewas )hinese, and none of

themcould speak #nglish, theyneeded atranslator.

+ know someonecan teach you how to speak

#nglish.2o you know anyonein this village who can

speak #nglish>Everybodytried to surprise me, ut + knewtheywere there hiding in the dark.

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E. IN#ERRO3A#I,E PRONOUNSThe interrogative pronouns corresponding

to persons and things are who, which, andwhat. !s o:ect of a ver or preposition whomalternates withwho. Whatis invariale.

Whatis on your mind>What are you doing>What is making that noise>Whois she>

Whoinvited you>Whomdid you invite>Whichdo you prefer>Whichis yours>

%hen a preposition immediately precedes, the

form whom is used.To whomshould + report>

The girl of whom you spoke is here.

The possessive of whois whose. What has no

possessive.Whose7ercede< en< is this>Whosesuggestion was it>

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Whichis generally used with more speci-c

reference than what.

Whichdo you like the est>Whichdid you follow>

*.RELA#I,E PRONOUNS/elative pronouns are used to connect the

relative clause to the main clause. They also

act as stand;in for the noun or for the

antecedent in the main clause.Re4ative pronouns $ave t/o unctions0

They take the place of noun ut they also

connect those replaced nouns to suordinate

clauses.! suordinate clause is a group of words

containing a su:ect and a predicate, ut is not

a complete sentence. These are two kinds$

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The simple relative &which, who, whom* and

the compound relative (whatever, whichever,

whomever, whosever*.

#amples$The girl whogreeted me is my niece.The man whostole your money was

caught y the police.

The ook that you gave me is very

interesting.+ donOt know the time when the ship will

dock.2o you know the reason why she is

sulking>+ see whatyou are printing.

+ know the place wherehe is staying.2aodil, the student who orrowed the

ook is my niece.

+ know whatever you want the readingcenter to look like.

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3. REIPROAL PRONOUNS

/eciprocal pronouns indicate a mutual orgive;and;take relationship etween or among

people. There are only two types of pronouns

namely, each other for two, and one another

for three or more participants.

#amples$

2an;dan and 2a help each other inorrowing ooks.

!ll villagers cooperate with one another to

improve their reading center.

They shared each othersideas.

The photographers often use one anothers

eNuipment.

The children oered each othershelp.

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The oys read one anothersstory.

". IN#ENSI,E PRONOUNSThe +ntensive pronouns$ myself, yourself,

herself, ourselves, themselves, consist of a

personal pronoun plus self or selves and

emphasi


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Re-eive Intensive

2id you hurtyourself> 6ou yourself

volunteered to teach.

That is what + want + myself chose to

e afor myself. seaman.

They elieve in They themselves werethemselves. shocked.

H

pronoun defined

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