literary and cultural organization

formed in 1872. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities,

aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain.

Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament

Secularization of the clergy Legalization of Spanish and Filipino

equality Creation of a public school system

independent of the friars Abolition of the polo (labor service)

and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government);

Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association

Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service

Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain

Secularization of Philippine parishes Recognition of human rights.

Jose Rizal Graciano Lopez Jaena Mariano Ponce Marcelo H. del Pilar Antonio Luna Jose Ma. Panganiban Dominador Gomez Pedro Paterno

Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera-Ignacio

-- “Forward, Filipinos, and the sun of victory will shine upon us.”

Born in Manila on February 27, 1857 One of 13 children of wealthy spouses Don Maximo Paterno and Dona Carmen de Vera Ignacio

Bachiller en Artes in Ateneo de Manila

 Philosophy and Theology in University of Salamanca

Expertise in law in Central University of Madrid in 1880

Pedro Paterno helped in the negotiations of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 15, 1897 and later wrote a book about it

While in Spain, he joined the Propaganda Movement

He wrote one of the first Filipino novels, entitled Ninay

He also wrote Sampaguita y Poesias, a collection of Filipino poems in Spanish that was published in Madrid in 1880.

signed on December 14, 1897 created a truce between Spanish

Colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution

was made up of three documents which together came to be known as the Truce of Biak-na-Bató

That Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad

that Governor-General Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the rebels in three installments:

$400,000 {Mexican) to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bató

$200,000 (Mexican) when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists amounted to 800 stand, and

the remaining $200,000 (Mexican) when the arms surrendered amounted to 1,000 stand,Te Deum in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace

that Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflic

The first republic ever declared in the Philippines by the revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow members of the Katipunan.

the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves

representation in the Spanish Cortes freedom of the press and tolerance of all

religious sects

equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants

abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens

legal equality of all persons

He served as prime minister of the first Philippine republic in the middle of 1899, and served as head of the country's assembly, and the cabinet

With the Philippine-American War after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, he was among the most prominent Filipinos who joined the American side and advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the United States.

He was one of the greatest "balimbing" [turncoats] in history (perhaps he was the original balimbing in Philippine political history).

He was first on the Spanish side, then when the declaration of independence was made in 1898, he wormed his way to power and became president of the Malolos Congress in 1899

then sensing the change in political winds after the establishment of the American colonial government, he became a member of the First Philippine Assembly.

has its origins in Pedro Paterno’s role in the negotiation of the 1897 Pact of Biyak-na-Bato between the Philippine revolutionaries and the Spanish

 agreed to abandon his fellow revolutionaries struggle and collaborate with the colonial administration

when the USA in 1898 declared war on Spain, Paterno urged the revolutionaries to defend Spanish rule against the Americans, and he continued to urge resistance to the USA during the Philippine-American war.

When captured, he swore allegiance to the USA, and was subsequently appointed President of the Consultative Assembly.

Death

Pedro Paterno died of cholera on March 11, 1911.