properties of cinders from red pine, black locust and...

Properties of Cinders from Red Pine, Properties of Cinders from Red Pine, Properties of Cinders from Red Pine, Properties of Cinders from Red Pine,

Black Locust and Henon BambooBlack Locust and Henon BambooBlack Locust and Henon BambooBlack Locust and Henon Bamboo

Ina Carbonization Laboratory Co., LtdIna Carbonization Laboratory Co., LtdIna Carbonization Laboratory Co., LtdIna Carbonization Laboratory Co., Ltd

○○○○ Yoshiki InoueYoshiki InoueYoshiki InoueYoshiki Inoue

Moki Co., LtdMoki Co., LtdMoki Co., LtdMoki Co., Ltd

Kunitoyo Mogi Kunitoyo Mogi Kunitoyo Mogi Kunitoyo Mogi

Meisei UniversityMeisei UniversityMeisei UniversityMeisei University

Shuji YoshizawaShuji YoshizawaShuji YoshizawaShuji Yoshizawa

1111A P B CA P B CA P B CA P B C

K Y O T OK Y O T OK Y O T OK Y O T O

2 0 1 12 0 1 12 0 1 12 0 1 1

22221. 1. 1. 1. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

(1) Use of Wood Charcoal for Soil Amendment(1) Use of Wood Charcoal for Soil Amendment(1) Use of Wood Charcoal for Soil Amendment(1) Use of Wood Charcoal for Soil Amendment

Cross section of charcoalCross section of charcoalCross section of charcoalCross section of charcoal

from red pine.from red pine.from red pine.from red pine.Pore distribution ofPore distribution ofPore distribution ofPore distribution of

charcoal from red pine.charcoal from red pine.charcoal from red pine.charcoal from red pine.(Yatagai,(Yatagai,(Yatagai,(Yatagai, Mokuzai GakkaishiMokuzai GakkaishiMokuzai GakkaishiMokuzai Gakkaishi,1995),1995),1995),1995)

MacrostructureMacrostructureMacrostructureMacrostructure

Pore Pore Pore Pore → → → → WaterWaterWaterWater----holding, Permeabilityholding, Permeabilityholding, Permeabilityholding, Permeability

100μm100μm100μm100μm

Structure of wood charcoalStructure of wood charcoalStructure of wood charcoalStructure of wood charcoal

MicrostructureMicrostructureMicrostructureMicrostructure

3333(2) Methods of Charcoal Making(2) Methods of Charcoal Making(2) Methods of Charcoal Making(2) Methods of Charcoal Making

UnUnUnUn----burning Methodburning Methodburning Methodburning Method Burning MethodBurning MethodBurning MethodBurning Method

Production on large scaleProduction on large scaleProduction on large scaleProduction on large scale Production on small scaleProduction on small scaleProduction on small scaleProduction on small scale

････ Low equipment costLow equipment costLow equipment costLow equipment cost

････ Simple operationSimple operationSimple operationSimple operation

････ High productivityHigh productivityHigh productivityHigh productivity

Anoxia Anoxia Anoxia Anoxia

CarbonizationCarbonizationCarbonizationCarbonization

HeatHeatHeatHeat

CinderCinderCinderCinder

(Charcoal)(Charcoal)(Charcoal)(Charcoal)

4444(3) Smokeless Charcoal Kiln Moki M Series(3) Smokeless Charcoal Kiln Moki M Series(3) Smokeless Charcoal Kiln Moki M Series(3) Smokeless Charcoal Kiln Moki M Series

FeaturesFeaturesFeaturesFeatures････ SmokelessSmokelessSmokelessSmokeless

････ High efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiency

････ PortablePortablePortablePortable

PrinciplePrinciplePrinciplePrinciple

AppearanceAppearanceAppearanceAppearance

ConvectiveConvectiveConvectiveConvective

airflowairflowairflowairflow

Reflected heatReflected heatReflected heatReflected heat

Heat conductionHeat conductionHeat conductionHeat conduction

Anoxia Anoxia Anoxia Anoxia

CarbonizationCarbonizationCarbonizationCarbonization

5555

Moki M SeriesMoki M SeriesMoki M SeriesMoki M Series LineLineLineLine UpUpUpUp

ModelModelModelModel M50M50M50M50 M100M100M100M100 M150M150M150M150

DimensionsDimensionsDimensionsDimensions(mm)(mm)(mm)(mm)

600φ×216600φ×216600φ×216600φ×216 1000φ×3461000φ×3461000φ×3461000φ×346 1500φ×4331500φ×4331500φ×4331500φ×433

WeightWeightWeightWeight(kg)(kg)(kg)(kg)

1.81.81.81.8 7.27.27.27.2 16.616.616.616.6

CharcoalCharcoalCharcoalCharcoalproductivityproductivityproductivityproductivity(liter/batch)(liter/batch)(liter/batch)(liter/batch)

18181818 144144144144 505505505505

UseUseUseUse at homeat homeat homeat home in farmin farmin farmin farm in forestin forestin forestin forest

6666

(1) Making of cinders (burning method)(1) Making of cinders (burning method)(1) Making of cinders (burning method)(1) Making of cinders (burning method)

・・・・Materials : Red pine, Black locust, Henon bambooMaterials : Red pine, Black locust, Henon bambooMaterials : Red pine, Black locust, Henon bambooMaterials : Red pine, Black locust, Henon bamboo

・・・・Method: With using smokeless charcoal kiln Moki M50Method: With using smokeless charcoal kiln Moki M50Method: With using smokeless charcoal kiln Moki M50Method: With using smokeless charcoal kiln Moki M50

(smallest type of M series)(smallest type of M series)(smallest type of M series)(smallest type of M series)

(2) Evaluation of cinders properties(2) Evaluation of cinders properties(2) Evaluation of cinders properties(2) Evaluation of cinders properties

・・・・Proximate analysis (JIS M 8812) Proximate analysis (JIS M 8812) Proximate analysis (JIS M 8812) Proximate analysis (JIS M 8812)

・・・・Carbon contentCarbon contentCarbon contentCarbon content(combustion method, Shimadzu SSM(combustion method, Shimadzu SSM(combustion method, Shimadzu SSM(combustion method, Shimadzu SSM----5000A)5000A)5000A)5000A)

・・・・Apparent specific gravityApparent specific gravityApparent specific gravityApparent specific gravity

・・・・Water absorptionWater absorptionWater absorptionWater absorption

・・・・pH (JIS K 1474)pH (JIS K 1474)pH (JIS K 1474)pH (JIS K 1474)

※Comparison : Charcoal made with un※Comparison : Charcoal made with un※Comparison : Charcoal made with un※Comparison : Charcoal made with un----burning methodburning methodburning methodburning method

Some soil amendmentsSome soil amendmentsSome soil amendmentsSome soil amendments

2. Outline of Study2. Outline of Study2. Outline of Study2. Outline of Study

7777

Row materials for cinderRow materials for cinderRow materials for cinderRow materials for cinder

(1) Making of cinders(1) Making of cinders(1) Making of cinders(1) Making of cinders

3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion

Raw materialsRaw materialsRaw materialsRaw materials ShapeShapeShapeShape

LengthLengthLengthLength

( mm )( mm )( mm )( mm )

IndividualIndividualIndividualIndividual

massmassmassmass

( kg )( kg )( kg )( kg )

ApparentApparentApparentApparent

specificspecificspecificspecific

gravitygravitygravitygravity

MoistureMoistureMoistureMoisture

contentcontentcontentcontent

( % )( % )( % )( % )

CarbonCarbonCarbonCarbon


(dry basis)(dry basis)(dry basis)(dry basis)

( % )( % )( % )( % )

Red pineRed pineRed pineRed pine StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.25 0.340.340.340.34 11.311.311.311.3 47.4847.4847.4847.48

Black locustBlack locustBlack locustBlack locust StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.21 0.560.560.560.56 13.013.013.013.0 47.0847.0847.0847.08

Henon bambooHenon bambooHenon bambooHenon bamboo StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.11 0.670.670.670.67 11.111.111.111.1 48.0748.0748.0748.07

8888Process of cinder makingProcess of cinder makingProcess of cinder makingProcess of cinder making

IgnitionIgnitionIgnitionIgnition

Burning of materialBurning of materialBurning of materialBurning of material

ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinction

Collection of cinderCollection of cinderCollection of cinderCollection of cinder

Burning of Burning of Burning of Burning of

carbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized product

Small pieces of materialSmall pieces of materialSmall pieces of materialSmall pieces of material

of 0.5kgof 0.5kgof 0.5kgof 0.5kg

For 5mins after flame For 5mins after flame For 5mins after flame For 5mins after flame

disappearancedisappearancedisappearancedisappearance

Sprinkling waterSprinkling waterSprinkling waterSprinkling water

22222222––––26kg26kg26kg26kg

Charge 2kg at a timeCharge 2kg at a timeCharge 2kg at a timeCharge 2kg at a time

Interval 6Interval 6Interval 6Interval 6––––10mins10mins10mins10mins

Until kiln was filled with Until kiln was filled with Until kiln was filled with Until kiln was filled with

carbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized product

9999

IgnitionIgnitionIgnitionIgnition

10101010

Burning of materialBurning of materialBurning of materialBurning of material

11111111

Burning ofBurning ofBurning ofBurning of carbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized productcarbonized product

12121212

ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinction

13131313

Collection of cinderCollection of cinderCollection of cinderCollection of cinder

YieldYieldYieldYield

Yield of cinderYield of cinderYield of cinderYield of cinder

Mass of ovenMass of ovenMass of ovenMass of oven----dried cinderdried cinderdried cinderdried cinder

= = = = ××××100100100100

Mass of ovenMass of ovenMass of ovenMass of oven----dried materialdried materialdried materialdried material

Yield of cinderYield of cinderYield of cinderYield of cinderMass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinder

= = = = ××××100100100100

Mass of carbon in materialMass of carbon in materialMass of carbon in materialMass of carbon in material

Yield of carbonYield of carbonYield of carbonYield of carbon

Yield of carbonYield of carbonYield of carbonYield of carbon

0 0 0 0

10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20

30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40

50 50 50 50

Red pineRed pineRed pineRed pine Black locustBlack locustBlack locustBlack locust Henon bambooHenon bambooHenon bambooHenon bamboo

Yield of cinder (%)

Yield of cinder (%)

Yield of cinder (%)

Yield of cinder (%)

MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial

14141414

0 0 0 0

10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20

30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40

50 50 50 50


Yield of carbon (%)

Yield of carbon (%)

Yield of carbon (%)

Yield of carbon (%)


15151515

Row materials for cinderRow materials for cinderRow materials for cinderRow materials for cinder

Raw materialsRaw materialsRaw materialsRaw materials ShapeShapeShapeShape

LengthLengthLengthLength

( mm )( mm )( mm )( mm )

IndividualIndividualIndividualIndividual

massmassmassmass

( kg )( kg )( kg )( kg )

ApparentApparentApparentApparent

specificspecificspecificspecific

gravitygravitygravitygravity

MoistureMoistureMoistureMoisture


( % )( % )( % )( % )

CarbonCarbonCarbonCarbon


(dry basis)(dry basis)(dry basis)(dry basis)

( % )( % )( % )( % )

Red pineRed pineRed pineRed pine StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.250.04 - 0.25 0.340.340.340.34 11.311.311.311.3 47.4847.4847.4847.48

Black locustBlack locustBlack locustBlack locust StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.210.03 - 0.21 0.560.560.560.56 13.013.013.013.0 47.0847.0847.0847.08

Henon bambooHenon bambooHenon bambooHenon bamboo StickStickStickStick

500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600500 - 600

0.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.110.05 - 0.11 0.670.670.670.67 11.111.111.111.1 48.0748.0748.0748.07

Rate of carbon productionRate of carbon productionRate of carbon productionRate of carbon production

RateRateRateRate

Mass of materialMass of materialMass of materialMass of material

= = = =

Time for carbonizationTime for carbonizationTime for carbonizationTime for carbonization

( burning )( burning )( burning )( burning )

Rate of processRate of processRate of processRate of process

16161616

Mass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinderMass of carbon in cinder

= = = =

Time for carbonizationTime for carbonizationTime for carbonizationTime for carbonization

( burning )( burning )( burning )( burning )

Rate of carbon productionRate of carbon productionRate of carbon productionRate of carbon production

0 0 0 0

5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10

15 15 15 15

20 20 20 20


Rate of process (kg/hr)





0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3


Rate of carbon production (kg/hr)





Rate of process Rate of process Rate of process Rate of process

(carbonization) (carbonization) (carbonization) (carbonization)

Properties of CharcoalsProperties of CharcoalsProperties of CharcoalsProperties of Charcoals

Carbon content ( dry basis )Carbon content ( dry basis )Carbon content ( dry basis )Carbon content ( dry basis )

17171717

0 0 0 0

20 20 20 20

40 40 40 40

60 60 60 60

80 80 80 80

100 100 100 100

CinderCinderCinderCinder 400℃400℃400℃400℃ 600℃600℃600℃600℃ 800℃800℃800℃800℃ CinderCinderCinderCinder 400℃400℃400℃400℃ 600℃600℃600℃600℃ 800℃800℃800℃800℃ CinderCinderCinderCinder 400℃400℃400℃400℃ 600℃600℃600℃600℃ 800℃800℃800℃800℃

Carbon content (%)

Carbon content (%)

Carbon content (%)

Carbon content (%)


Red pineRed pineRed pineRed pine Black locustBlack locustBlack locustBlack locust HenonHenonHenonHenon bamboobamboobamboobamboo

CharcoalCharcoalCharcoalCharcoal

(Un(Un(Un(Un----burning method)burning method)burning method)burning method)





18181818Apparent specific gravity and water absorptionApparent specific gravity and water absorptionApparent specific gravity and water absorptionApparent specific gravity and water absorption

Process of measurementProcess of measurementProcess of measurementProcess of measurement

SaturationSaturationSaturationSaturation

with waterwith waterwith waterwith water

Block of 0.5 Block of 0.5 Block of 0.5 Block of 0.5 –––– 5.0g5.0g5.0g5.0g

Boiling methodBoiling methodBoiling methodBoiling method

(Boiling for 6hr,cooling for 18hr)(Boiling for 6hr,cooling for 18hr)(Boiling for 6hr,cooling for 18hr)(Boiling for 6hr,cooling for 18hr)××××2222

････Mass in water of sample saturated with waterMass in water of sample saturated with waterMass in water of sample saturated with waterMass in water of sample saturated with water

････Mass of sample saturated with waterMass of sample saturated with waterMass of sample saturated with waterMass of sample saturated with water

For 8hr at 107For 8hr at 107For 8hr at 107For 8hr at 107℃℃℃℃

SampleSampleSampleSample

WeighingWeighingWeighingWeighing

DryingDryingDryingDrying

WeighingWeighingWeighingWeighing ････Mass of dried sampleMass of dried sampleMass of dried sampleMass of dried sample

※Reference JIS R 2205※Reference JIS R 2205※Reference JIS R 2205※Reference JIS R 2205

19191919CalculationCalculationCalculationCalculation

WWWW1111 : mass of dried sample: mass of dried sample: mass of dried sample: mass of dried sample

WWWW2222 : mass in water of sample: mass in water of sample: mass in water of sample: mass in water of sample

saturated with watersaturated with watersaturated with watersaturated with water

WWWW3333 : mass of sample saturated: mass of sample saturated: mass of sample saturated: mass of sample saturated

with waterwith waterwith waterwith water

S : specific gravity ofS : specific gravity ofS : specific gravity ofS : specific gravity of

medium liquid(water)medium liquid(water)medium liquid(water)medium liquid(water)

WWWW1111××××SSSS

WWWW3333 –––– WWWW2222

････Apparent specific gravityApparent specific gravityApparent specific gravityApparent specific gravity

････Water absorption A (Porosity)Water absorption A (Porosity)Water absorption A (Porosity)Water absorption A (Porosity)

WWWW3333 –––– WWWW1111××××100100100100

WWWW3333 –––– WWWW2222

････Water absorption BWater absorption BWater absorption BWater absorption B

WWWW3333 –––– WWWW1 1 1 1 1111

×××× ××××100100100100

WWWW1111 SSSS

Water absorption A ( Porosity )Water absorption A ( Porosity )Water absorption A ( Porosity )Water absorption A ( Porosity )

Volume of absorbed waterVolume of absorbed waterVolume of absorbed waterVolume of absorbed water

= = = = ××××100, equal to porosity100, equal to porosity100, equal to porosity100, equal to porosity

Whole volume of materialWhole volume of materialWhole volume of materialWhole volume of material

Water absorption AWater absorption AWater absorption AWater absorption A

0 0 0 0

20 20 20 20

40 40 40 40

60 60 60 60

80 80 80 80

100 100 100 100


Water absorption A (%)











(Un(Un(Un(Un----burning method)burning method)burning method)burning method) MangroveMangroveMangroveMangrovecharcoalcharcoalcharcoalcharcoal PerlitePerlitePerlitePerlite

20202020

21212121Influence of carbonization on charcoal pore volumeInfluence of carbonization on charcoal pore volumeInfluence of carbonization on charcoal pore volumeInfluence of carbonization on charcoal pore volume

Burning methodBurning methodBurning methodBurning method

(cinder making)(cinder making)(cinder making)(cinder making)

UnUnUnUn----burning methodburning methodburning methodburning method

(carbonization condition)(carbonization condition)(carbonization condition)(carbonization condition)

Rapid carbonizationRapid carbonizationRapid carbonizationRapid carbonization

Low shrinkage of solid phaseLow shrinkage of solid phaseLow shrinkage of solid phaseLow shrinkage of solid phase

High pore volumeHigh pore volumeHigh pore volumeHigh pore volume

Burning methodBurning methodBurning methodBurning method

(cinder making)(cinder making)(cinder making)(cinder making)

Temperature programTemperature programTemperature programTemperature program

Rate of riseRate of riseRate of riseRate of rise

at 1.5at 1.5at 1.5at 1.5℃℃℃℃/min/min/min/min

400400400400----800800800800℃℃℃℃

for 1hrfor 1hrfor 1hrfor 1hr

CinderCinderCinderCinder

pHpHpHpH

22222222

4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10


pH

pH

pH

pH








(Un(Un(Un(Un----burning method)burning method)burning method)burning method) MangroveMangroveMangroveMangrovecharcoalcharcoalcharcoalcharcoal PerlitePerlitePerlitePerliteRice husk ch

arcoalRice husk charcoalRice husk charcoalRice husk charcoal VermiculiteVermiculiteVermiculiteVermiculite

23232323４．４．４．４．ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

(1)(1)(1)(1) The yields on ovenThe yields on ovenThe yields on ovenThe yields on oven----dried basis of cinders made with dried basis of cinders made with dried basis of cinders made with dried basis of cinders made with

using smokeless charcoal kiln M50 were 13.0% from red using smokeless charcoal kiln M50 were 13.0% from red using smokeless charcoal kiln M50 were 13.0% from red using smokeless charcoal kiln M50 were 13.0% from red

pine, 14.7% from black locust and 19.5% from henon pine, 14.7% from black locust and 19.5% from henon pine, 14.7% from black locust and 19.5% from henon pine, 14.7% from black locust and 19.5% from henon

bamboo, respectively.bamboo, respectively.bamboo, respectively.bamboo, respectively.

(2)(2)(2)(2)The Water absorption A(porosity) of cinders were 87% The Water absorption A(porosity) of cinders were 87% The Water absorption A(porosity) of cinders were 87% The Water absorption A(porosity) of cinders were 87%

from red pine, 84% from black locust and 79% from henon from red pine, 84% from black locust and 79% from henon from red pine, 84% from black locust and 79% from henon from red pine, 84% from black locust and 79% from henon

bamboo. These values of cinders were higher than those bamboo. These values of cinders were higher than those bamboo. These values of cinders were higher than those bamboo. These values of cinders were higher than those

of charcoals made by unof charcoals made by unof charcoals made by unof charcoals made by un----burning method. burning method. burning method. burning method.

(3)(3)(3)(3) The pH of cinders were 9.1 from red pine, 9.6 from The pH of cinders were 9.1 from red pine, 9.6 from The pH of cinders were 9.1 from red pine, 9.6 from The pH of cinders were 9.1 from red pine, 9.6 from

black locust and 9.6 from henon bamboo, and these values black locust and 9.6 from henon bamboo, and these values black locust and 9.6 from henon bamboo, and these values black locust and 9.6 from henon bamboo, and these values

were higher than those of perlite and vermiculite.were higher than those of perlite and vermiculite.were higher than those of perlite and vermiculite.were higher than those of perlite and vermiculite.

(4)(4)(4)(4) These results suggested that cinder was suitable for These results suggested that cinder was suitable for These results suggested that cinder was suitable for These results suggested that cinder was suitable for

soil amendment that would enhance watersoil amendment that would enhance watersoil amendment that would enhance watersoil amendment that would enhance water----holding capacity holding capacity holding capacity holding capacity

of soil and neutralize acidic soil.of soil and neutralize acidic soil.of soil and neutralize acidic soil.of soil and neutralize acidic soil.

properties of cinders from red pine, black locust and...

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