properties of matter
DESCRIPTION
PROPERTIES OF MATTER . Chapter Twelve: Properties of Matter. 12.1 Properties of Solids 12.2 Properties of Fluids 12.3 Buoyancy. Chapter 12.1 Learning Goals. Distinguish chemical properties from physical properties of matter. Identify differences between crystalline and amorphous solids. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
![Page 2: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Twelve: Properties of Matter
12.1 Properties of Solids12.2 Properties of Fluids12.3 Buoyancy
![Page 3: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter 12.1 Learning Goals
Distinguish chemical properties from physical properties of matter.
Identify differences between crystalline and amorphous solids.
Explain how the arrangement of atoms and molecules in solids determines their properties.
![Page 4: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Investigation 12A
Key Question:How do solids and liquids differ?
Mystery Material
![Page 5: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids Different kinds of matter
have different characteristics. Characteristics that can you
observe directly are called physical properties.
Physical properties include color, texture, density, brittleness, and state (solid, liquid, or gas). Ex. Iron is
solid at room temp.
![Page 6: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids A physical change is any
change in the size, shape, or phase of matter in which the identity of a substance does not change.
For example, when water is frozen, it changes from a liquid to a solid.
![Page 7: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids Properties that can only be
observed when one substance changes into a different substance are called chemical properties.
Any change that transforms one substance into a different substance is called a chemical change. Ex. If you leave a
nail outside, it rusts.
Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide.
![Page 8: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
12.1 Properties of SolidsThe density of a solid
material depends on two things:
1. the individual mass of each atom or molecule,
2. how closely the atoms or molecules are packed together.
Carbon atoms in diamond are packed very tightly.
![Page 9: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids Paraffin wax is also
mostly carbon, but its density is only 0.87 g/cm3.
Paraffin’s carbon atoms are mixed with hydrogen atoms in long molecules that take up more space.The density of paraffin
is low compared to diamond.
![Page 10: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
12.1 Properties of SolidsThe atoms or molecules in a solid
are arranged in two ways.
1. If the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern, the solid is crystalline.
2. If the particles are arranged in a random way, the solid is amorphous.
![Page 11: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids Examples of
crystalline solids include salts, minerals, and metals.
![Page 13: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids Metals don’t look
like “crystals” because solid metal is made from very tiny crystals fused together in a jumble of different orientations.
![Page 14: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
12.1 Properties of Solids The atoms or
molecules in amorphous solids are randomly arranged.
Examples of amorphous solids include rubber, wax, and glass.
![Page 15: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical properties“Strength” describes the ability of a solid object to maintain its shape even when force is applied.
![Page 16: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical propertiesTensile strength is a measure of how much stress a material can withstand before breaking.
![Page 17: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical propertiesHardness measures a solid’s resistance to scratching.
How might you compare the hardness of these two metals?
![Page 18: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical properties
Elasticity describes a solid’s ability to be stretched and then return to its original size.
Brittleness is defined as the tendency of a solid to crack or break before stretching very much.
![Page 19: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical properties
A ductile material can be bent a relatively large amount without breaking.
The ductility of many metals, like copper, allow then to be drawn into wire.
![Page 20: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical propertiesMalleability measures a solid’s ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
Aluminum is a highly malleable metal.
![Page 21: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
12.1 Mechanical propertiesAlmost all solid materials expand as the temperature increases.
The increased vibration makes each particle take up a little more space, causing thermal expansion.
Sidewalks and bridges have
grooves that allow for thermal expansion.
![Page 22: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chapter Twelve: Properties of Matter
12.1 Properties of Solids12.2 Properties of Fluids12.3 Buoyancy
![Page 23: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Chapter 12.2 Learning Goals
Explain how pressure is created in fluids.
Discuss differences between the density of solids and fluids.
Apply Bernoulli’s principle to explain how energy is conserved in fluids.
![Page 24: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
12.2 Properties of Fluids A fluid is defined
as any matter that flows when force is applied.
Liquids like water or silver are kinds of fluid.
![Page 25: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
12.2 PressureA force applied to a fluid creates pressure.
Pressure acts in all directions, not just the direction of the applied force.
![Page 26: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
12.2 Forces in fluidsForces in fluids are more complicated than forces in solids because fluids can change shape.
![Page 27: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
12.2 Units of pressureThe units of pressure are force divided by area.
One psi is one pound per square inch.
![Page 28: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
12.2 Units of pressureThe S.I. unit of force is the pascal.
One pascal (unit of force) is one newton of force per square meter of area (N/m2).
![Page 29: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
12.2 PressureIf your car tires are
inflated to 35 pounds per square inch (35 psi), then a force of 35 pounds acts on every square inch of area inside the tire.
What might happen if you over-inflate a tire?
![Page 31: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
12.2 PressureOn the microscopic
level, pressure comes from collisions between atoms.
Every surface can experience a force from the constant impact of trillions of atoms.
This force is what we measure as pressure.
![Page 32: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
12.2 PressureIn a car engine high pressure is created
by an exploding gasoline-air mixture.
![Page 33: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
12.2 Energy conservation and
Bernoulli’s PrincipleStreamlines are imaginary lines drawn to show the flow of fluid.
Bernoulli’s principle tells us that the energy of any sample of fluid moving along a streamline is constant.
![Page 34: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
12.2 Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s principle says the three variables of height, pressure, and speed are related by energy conservation.
![Page 35: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
12.2 Three Variables and Bernoulli’s Principle
If one variable increases along a streamline, at least one of the other two must decrease.
For example, if speed goes up, pressure goes down.
![Page 36: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
12.2 The air foilOne of the most
important applications of Bernoulli’s principle is the airfoil shape of wings on a plane.
When a plane is moving, the pressure on the top surface of the wings is lower than the pressure beneath the wings.
The difference in pressure is what creates the lift force that supports the plane in the air.
![Page 37: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
12.2 Hydraulics and Pascal’s Principle
Hydraulic lifts and other hydraulic devices use pressure to multiply forces and do work.
The word hydraulic refers to anything that is operated by a fluid under pressure.
Hydraulic devices operate on the basis of Pascal’s principle, named after Blaise Pascal.
![Page 38: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
12.2 Hydraulics and Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied to an incompressible fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally in all parts of the fluid.
An incompressible fluid does not decrease in volume when pressure is increased.
![Page 39: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
12.2 Hydraulics and Pascal’s Principle
A small force exerted over a large distance is traded for a large force over a small distance.
![Page 40: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
12.2 PressurePressure is force divided by area.
![Page 42: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
12.2 ForceYou can calculate the force exerted if you know the pressure and area.
![Page 43: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Solving Problems
On a hydraulic lift, 5 N of force is applied over an area of 0.125 m2.
What is the output force if the area of the larger cylinder is 5.0 m2?
![Page 45: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1. Looking for: …output force
2. Given …input force = 5 N; input area = .125
m2 ; output area = 5 m2
3. Relationships: Pressure = ForceForce = P x A
Area
Solving Problems
![Page 46: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4. Solution Solve for pressure using input force. Pressure = 5 N = 40 N/m2
.125m2
Use Pascal’s law principle and use equivalent pressure to solve for output force.
Force = 40 N x 5 m2 = m2
Solving Problems
200 N
![Page 47: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
12.2 Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of fluids that causes friction.
Viscosity is determined in large part by the shape and size of the particles in a liquid.
![Page 48: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
12.2 Viscosity and temperature
As the temperature of a liquid increases, the viscosity of a liquid decreases.
Increasing the kinetic energy of the substance allows the particles to slide past one another more easily.
![Page 49: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Investigation 12C
Key Question:What is the maximum load a boat can hold
before sinking?How is the maximum load affected by the
density of the water in which the boat floats?
Density of Fluids
![Page 50: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Chapter Twelve: Properties of Matter
12.1 Properties of Solids12.2 Properties of Fluids12.3 Buoyancy
![Page 51: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Chapter 12.3 Learning Goals
Define buoyancy.Explain the relationship between density and buoyancy.
Discuss applications of Archimedes’ principle.
![Page 52: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Investigation 12B
Key Question:Can you make a clay boat?
Buoyancy of Fluids
![Page 53: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
12.3 Buoyancy is a forceBuoyancy is a measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object that is submerged.
The water in the pool exerts an upward force that acts in a direction opposite to the boy’s weight.
![Page 54: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
12.3 Volume and buoyancyThe strength of the buoyant force on an
object in water depends on the volume of the object that is underwater.
As you keep pushing downward on the ball, the buoyant force gets stronger and stronger. Which ball has more volume underwater?
![Page 55: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
12.3 Weight and buoyancyWeight is a force, like any
other pushing or pulling force, and is caused by Earth’s gravity.
It is easy to confuse mass and weight, but they are not the same.
Weight is the downward force of gravity acting on mass.
What is the rock’s weight?What is the rock’s mass?
![Page 56: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
12.3 Weight and buoyancyIn the third century BC, a
Greek mathematician named Archimedes realized that buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by an object.
A simple experiment can be done to measure the buoyant force on a rock with a spring scale when it is immersed in water.
![Page 57: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
12.3 Weight and buoyancyIn air the buoyant
force on the rock is 29.4 N.
When the rock was submerged, the scale read 19.6 N.
The difference is a force of 9.8 N, exactly the amount of force the displaced water exerts.
![Page 59: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
12.3 Weight and buoyancy
These blocks are the same total volume. Which block has more buoyant force acting on it?Which block weighs more in air?
![Page 60: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
12.3 Weight and buoyancyBuoyancy explains why some objects sink and others float.
Whether an object sinks or floats depends on how the buoyant force compares with the weight.
![Page 61: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
12.3 Density and buoyancyIf you know an object’s density you can quickly predict whether it will sink or float.
Which ball will sink in water?Which ball will float in water?
![Page 62: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
12.3 Density and buoyancyAverage density helps determine whether objects sink or float. An object with an average density
GREATER than the density of water will sink.
An object with an average density LESS than the density of water will float.
![Page 63: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
12.3 Density and buoyancy
What can you say about the average density of these blocks?
![Page 64: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
12.3 Density and buoyancyWhen they are completely underwater, both balls have the same buoyant force because they displace the same volume of water.
However, the steel ball has more weight since it has a higher density.
![Page 65: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
12.3 Boats and average densityUse your understanding of
average density to explain how steel boats can be made to float.
![Page 67: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
12.3 Boats and average densityIf you have seen a loaded cargo ship,
you might have noticed that it sat lower in the water than an unloaded ship nearby.
A full ship has more mass than an empty ship.
This means a full ship must displace more water (sink deeper) to make the buoyant force large enough to balance the ship’s weight.
![Page 68: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Investigation 12C
Key Question:What is the maximum load a boat can hold
before sinking?How is the maximum load affected by the
density of the water in which the boat floats?
Density of Fluids
![Page 70: PROPERTIES OF MATTER](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56815fff550346895dcefecb/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The HullThere are many
different types of boats, but all have one thing in common—the hull.
The hull is the main body of the boat. It displaces the water that provides the upward buoyant force. It also provides stability.