properties of selected soils in the douglas and katherine ... · properties of selected soils in...

Properties of Selected Soils in the Douglas and Katherine Regions

Technical Report 32/2011D

A joint project of the Northern Territory Agriculture Association, Caring For Our Country and supported by the Northern Territory Department of Natural Resource, Environment The Arts And Sports.

“A project to increase Irrigation Efficiency, Nutrient and Land Management.” and

“Increasing the productivity of improved pastures by the sustainable management of native vegetation regrowth”

Contact:

Natural Resources Division

Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport

PO Box 496

Palmerston NT 0831

© Northern Territory of Australia, 2011

Disclaimer:

The Northern Territory Government advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research with interpretation. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in and specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, the Northern Territory Government (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it.

Bibliography:

Edmeades B.F. (2011) Properties of Selected Soils in the Douglas and Katherine Regions. Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, Palmerston, Northern Territory. Technical Report 32/2011D


DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, THE ARTS AND SPORT

1

INTRODUCTION

The Department of Natural Resources, Environment The Arts and Sport (NRETAS) was requested by the Northern Territory Agricultural Association (NTAgA) to describe and test three soils for the “Improved Irrigation and Nutrient Management Project”, and one for the “Increasing the Productivity of Improved Pastures by Sustainable Management of Native Vegetation Regrowth Project”. NRETAS involvement was to describe, test and report on three soil pits in the Douglas/Daly area and a fourth soil in the Katherine area. The report provides reference sites for land holders, agricultural consultants and government to assist sustainable land and water management.

The soils in the vicinity of the four sites have been previously mapped and described. Further information on the soils in the Katherine / Daly Region can be found in Aldrick and Robinson (1972). Specific soil informa-tion in the Oolloo area can be found in Lucas (1983) and Aldrick (1984).



2

METHODOLOGY

Three soils were described and sampled for laboratory analyses in the Douglas/Daly area and one at the Katherine Research Farm. The three sites in the Douglas/Daly area were located in an irrigated area of improved pasture. The fourth site at Katherine Research Farm is adjacent to a mango orchard (see locality maps).

Soil descriptions were undertaken in May 2011. All four soils were described and tested for detailed soil chemistry and physical properties. Detailed analysis of soil hydraulic properties including water holding capacities at field capacity and wilting point was undertaken by a soil hydrologist and the results published in a separate report, (Hignett, 2011a and Hignett, 2011b).

The pits were excavated using a backhoe to a depth of a least 1.5m. In one case water was encountered at 1m. The soil pit faces were cleaned and photos of each pit face were taken (Appendix 1).

Landform and soil descriptions at each site were undertaken in accordance with the Australian Soil and Land Survey – Field Handbook (National Committee on Soil and Terrain, 2009) and soils classified according to The Australian Soil Classification (Isbell, 2003).

Samples for physical and chemical analysis were collected at each soil pit. Sampling was undertaken at standard depths: 0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm, 50-60cm, 80-90cm, 110-120cm, 140-150cm and 170-180cm.

Paired bulk density samples were collected and analysed using an adapted version of the Intact Core Method (503.01) and Methods for Soil Containing Coarse Fragments (503.05-503.08) in McKenzie, Coughlan & Cresswell (2002).

Samples for chemical and particle size analysis were collected and chemical analysis was undertaken by CSBP Soil & Plant Laboratory in accordance with the “Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods” (Rayment and Higginson, 1992). The only test undertaken not outlined in Rayment and Higginson (1992) was the procedure for the determination of “Phosphorus in sodium hydrogen carbonate extracts of soils” (Colwell, 1965).

Particle size analysis was undertaken in accordance with “Particle-Size Analysis by a modified Pipette procedure” (Indorante, et al. 1990).

Site location KRS11 1(Irrigated Mangoes)

Site locations GARAB 1, 2, & 3(Irrigated Pasture)



3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The three sites described under the centre pivot irrigator in the Douglas Daly were all very similar. They were described as Oolloo Soils (Red Earths or loamy Red Kandosols). The only distinct difference between the three profiles was the free water at 110 cm in the profile at site 3 (GARAB 3), due to site 3 being located down slope from the other two sites and immediately adjacent to a back plain of the Daly River. Soil moisture probes had been in place at three locations for the length of the irrigation efficiency project. The reason for describing, sampling and testing three soils in close proximity under a single irrigation pivot was to possibly answer questions concerning differences in pasture growth rates, possibly due to variations in soil moisture contents, measured at the three sites at set soil depths over the length of the project (Greg Owens, pers comm.). The description and laboratory analysis of the soils at the three pits confirmed similar soil morphology, chemical properties and water holding characteristics.

The deep Red Earths of the Daly Basin can be broadly summarised into four major soil groups. These are Blain (sandy Red Earths), Oolloo (loamy Red Earths), Tippera (clayey Red Earths) and Tindall (clayey, structured Red Earths).

The soil at the Katherine Research Farm was described as a Tippera soil (Red Earth or clay loamy Red Kandosol). Tippera soils are similar to Oolloo soils but generally heavier in texture (clay loam to clay) throughout the profile.

A number of soil classification systems have been used throughout Australia over the last five decades. The Australian Soil Classification (Isbell 2003) is the most recent, consistent and comprehensive classification system and is widely accepted as the national standard. The Australian Soil Classification uses a very different terminology to previous systems. In many cases the previously used soil family names (e.g. Aldrick & Robinson, 1972) still provide a more familiar reference for communicating information on soils in local areas. The Australian Soil Classification and Soil Family is presented with each site in Appendix 1.

The morphology, chemical and physical properties of the soils tested are presented in Appendix 1.

The soil families described at each of the sites are summarised below.

Oolloo Soil Family (GARAB 1 - 3)

These soils are well drained. They were originally included with the sandy subgroup of the Red Earths, but often have sandy loam surface textures. Occurring in the central part of the Daly Basin and believed to be formed from old alluvium, they are characteristically uniform textured but the more marginal members are gradational textured (Aldrick & Robinson, 1972). Plant industry uses include tropical fruits, melons, forage crops, improved pasture and hay production. Minimal tillage practices are recommended as these soils are prone to erosion if disturbed.

Tippera Soil Family (KRS11 1)

Belonging to the loamy subgroup of the Red Earths, they are massive with a porous earthy profile and are well drained. These soils commonly occur on sediments of the Jinduckin formation a unit of siltstone with bands of dolomite and sandstone, but sometimes are associated with the Tindall limestones (Aldrick & Robinson, 1972). They occur in the northern part of the Douglas area and extend east to the Katherine vicinity. Plant industry uses include tropical fruits, melons, peanuts, forage crops, improved pasture, hay and turf production.

Soil Hydraulic Properties

Soil hydraulic properties including additional bulk density information, porosity, infiltration and plant available water at field capacity, recharge water content and wilting point was also collected at all sites. The reference provided below should be read in conjunction with the information in this report.

Soil hydraulic information for the three Oolloo soils can be found in:

Hignett C. (2011a) Physical properties of a soil toposequence at Garabaldi Farm, near Daly River, NT. Soil Water Solutions, Daw Park, S.A.

Soil hydraulic information for the Tippera soil can be found in:

Hignett C. (2011b) Physical properties of a soil at Katherine Research Station, Katherine, NT. Soil Water Solutions, Daw Park, S.A.



4

REFERENCESAldrick J.M. (1984) Land Units of the Fish River- Oolloo area, N.T. Land Conservation Unit. Technical Report No. 7. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnelie, N.T.

Aldrick J.M. and Robinson C.S. (1972) Report on the Land Units of the Katherine-Douglas Area, N.T. 1970. Land Conservation Section, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Northern Territory Administration Darwin N.T. Australian Government Publishing Service.

Colwell J.D. (1965) An automatic procedure for the determination of Phosphorus in sodium hydrogen carbonate extracts of soils. Chemical Industry. pp. 893-895.

Hignett C. (2011a) Physical properties of a soil toposequence at Garabaldi Farm, near Daly River, NT. Soil Water Solutions, Daw Park, S.A.

Hignett C. (2011b) Physical properties of a soil at Katherine Research Station, Katherine, NT. Soil Water Solutions, Daw Park, S.A.

Indorante S.J., Follmer L.R., Hammer R.D. and Koenig P.G. Particle-Size Analysis by a modified Pipette procedure. Soil Sci. Soc. AM.J., Vol 54 March-April 1990

Isbell R.F. (2003) The Australian Soil Classification, Revised Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Lucas S.J. (1983) Land Units of the Douglas - Daly A.D.M.A Acquisition Area, N.T. Land Conservation Unit, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin.

Lucas S.J. (1985b) Soils of the 1981 Cleared Areas, A.D.M.A. Douglas-Daly Project Farms. Land Conser-vation Unit, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin, N.T.

National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009) Australian soil and land survey field handbook (3rd edn). CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

McKenzie N., Coughlan K. and Cresswell H. (2002) Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation for Land Evaluation. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood Victoria

Rayment G.E. and Higginson F.R. (1992) Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Rayment G.E. and Lyons D.J. (2011) Soil and Chemical Methods - Australasia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

5

Appendix 1 Soil profile descriptions, Chemical and Physical properties


(cm)pH

(1:5) H

2O

pH CaCl

2

EC (1:5) H

2O

Cl (1:5)

Total Nitrogen

Phosph. Colwell

Potassium Colwell

Total Sulfur

Organic Carbon

Exchangeable Cations DTPA

Depth pH pH EC Cl N P K S OC Ca Mg Na K Al Cu Zn Mn Fe

(cm)4A1

-4B1

-3A1dS/m

5A2mg/kg mg/kg

9B1mg/kg mg/kg

KCI-40mg/kg %

15E1_Cameq./100g

15E1_Mgmeq./100g

15E1_Nameq./100g

15E1_Kmeq./100g

15E1_Almeq./100g

12A1_Cumg/kg

12A1_Znmg/kg

12A1_Mnmg/kg

12A1_Femg/kg

0-10 7.0 6.0 0.016 < 1.0 0.08 < 2 83 0.9 0.67 2.90 0.61 0.01 0.21 < 0.001 0.64 0.16 30.05 10.03

10-20 7.0 6.0 0.018 < 1.0 0.02 < 2 87 0.6 0.32 2.16 0.27 0.02 0.22 < 0.001 0.89 0.08 20.53 8.16

20-30 6.5 5.5 0.010 < 1.0 < 0.01 2 87 0.9 0.23 1.91 0.25 0.05 0.21 0.066 0.76 0.06 21.00 11.23

50-60 6.8 6.0 0.017 < 1.0 0.04 2 116 1.5 0.19 3.25 0.74 0.03 0.27 < 0.001 1.39 0.03 7.39 11.44

80-90 6.8 6.0 0.015 < 1.0 0.04 3 96 4.7 0.13 3.34 1.00 0.02 0.18 < 0.001 1.05 0.08 2.03 9.94

110-120 6.7 6.0 0.013 < 1.0 0.03 3 87 0.6 0.12 2.87 1.00 0.02 0.21 < 0.001 0.74 0.03 1.24 11.36

140-150 6.7 6.0 < 0.010 1.5 0.01 < 2 76 < 0.5 0.11 2.68 0.97 0.02 0.19 < 0.001 0.88 0.10 0.29 10.24

170-180 6.8 6.1 0.011 < 1.0 0.03 3 77 < 0.5 0.10 2.68 0.95 0.01 0.20 < 0.001 0.82 0.04 0.28 11.08

Chemical Properties

Physical PropertiesDepth

cmCoarse Sand

200-2000 (μm)Fine Sand

20-200 (μm)Silt

>2 - <20 (μm)Clay<2 (μm)

Bulk Densityfine earth (502.03) g/cm3

A B

0-10 42 46 3 9 1.47 1.63

10-20 47 38 2 13 1.70 1.61

20-30 48 36 2 14 1.63 1.70

50-60 23 35 2 40 1.69 1.75

80-90 18 32 2 48 1.65 1.73

110-120 21 33 2 44 1.62 1.59

140-150 18 37 1 44 1.60 1.68

170-180 17 39 3 41 1.63 1.65

Site: GARAB 1 Landform: Plain Parent Material: Not present to 2.2m Soil Family: Oolloo

Australian Soil Classification: Haplic Mesotrophic Red Kandosol (1KAAAAGCDBELOX)

Depth (cm)

Horizon Description

Surface - Hard setting; non-gravelly.

0-5 A11 Dark reddish brown; sandy loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, firm and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.7; EC

1:5 0.0


1:5 6.7; EC

1:5 0.0

20-30 A3 Dusky red; sandy loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, very firm and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.9; EC

1:5 0.0

30-45 B1 Dusky red; clay loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, strong and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.1; EC

1:5 0.0

45-90 B21 Dusky red; light clay texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.2; EC

1:5 0.0

90-220 B22 Dark red; light medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.2; EC

1:5 0.0

Vegetation: Cultivated, irrigated field of improved pasture.

cm

20

30

210

05

90

45


6 Properties of Selected Soils in the Douglas and Katherine Regions

(cm)pH

(1:5) H

2O

pH CaCl

2

EC (1:5) H

2O

Cl (1:5)

Total Nitrogen

Phosph. Colwell

Potassium Colwell

Total Sulfur

Organic Carbon



(cm)4A1

-4B1

-3A1dS/m

5A2mg/kg mg/kg

9B1mg/kg mg/kg

KCI-40mg/kg %

15E1_Cameq./100g

15E1_Mgmeq./100g

15E1_Nameq./100g

15E1_Kmeq./100g

15E1_Almeq./100g

12A1_Cumg/kg

12A1_Znmg/kg

12A1_Mnmg/kg

12A1_Femg/kg

0-10 7.3 6.6 0.035 < 1.0 0.06 2 37 1.2 0.69 4.13 0.94 0.02 0.09 < 0.001 1.29 0.49 15.25 2.81

10-20 7.1 6.4 0.022 < 1.0 0.05 5 63 0.7 0.48 2.44 0.95 0.02 0.16 < 0.001 1.00 0.09 12.86 3.71

20-30 7.0 6.3 0.018 < 1.0 0.02 3 82 0.7 0.27 2.13 0.99 0.02 0.21 < 0.001 1.44 0.08 12.16 3.18

50-60 7.3 6.4 0.022 < 1.0 0.03 < 2 91 1.1 0.20 3.95 0.95 0.03 0.23 < 0.001 1.47 0.07 2.67 < 1.00

80-90 7.3 6.5 0.027 < 1.0 0.03 < 2 100 5.4 0.17 3.18 1.29 0.03 0.19 < 0.001 1.06 0.05 0.38 11.06

110-120 7.2 6.4 0.020 < 1.0 0.03 < 2 104 8.2 0.14 2.70 1.10 0.03 0.22 < 0.001 1.00 0.03 0.14 13.62

140-150 7.2 6.4 0.016 < 1.0 0.03 3 118 0.7 0.11 2.52 1.07 0.04 0.30 < 0.001 0.78 0.13 0.05 7.82

170-180 7.0 6.3 0.012 1.7 0.03 2 119 0.6 0.09 2.49 1.05 0.02 0.30 < 0.001 0.66 0.02 0.32 13.28

Chemical Properties


cmCoarse Sand


20-200 (μm)Silt

>2 - <20 (μm)Clay<2 (μm)


A B

0-10 37 48 6 9 1.60 1.64

10-20 36 44 4 16 1.68 1.73

20-30 25 47 8 20 1.76 1.79

50-60 19 35 3 43 1.66 1.71

80-90 19 33 2 46 1.55 1.59

110-120 23 30 2 45 1.62 1.58

140-150 17 38 4 41 1.62 1.67

170-180 14 40 3 43 1.65 1.65

Vegetation: Cultivated, irrigated field of improved pasture.


Australian Soil Classification: Haplic Mesotrophic Red Kandosol (1KAAAAGCDBEKOX)

Depth (cm)

Horizon Description

Surface - Hard setting, non-gravelly.


1:5 8.0; EC

1:5 0.02

5-15 A12 Dusky red; sandy loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, very firm and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.5; EC

1:5 0.00

15-25 B1 Dusky red; sandy clay loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, firm and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.2; EC

1:5 0.00

25-60 B21 Dark red; clay loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, strong and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.6; EC

1:5 0.00

60-120 B22 Dark red; light clay texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.5; EC

1:5 0.00

120-205 B23 Dark red; light medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.4; EC

1:5 0.04

cm

15

205

0

5

120

60

25

7



(cm)pH

(1:5) H

2O

pH CaCl

2

EC (1:5) H

2O

Cl (1:5)

Total Nitrogen

Phosph. Colwell

Potassium Colwell

Total SulfurOrganic Carbon



(cm)4A1

-4B1

-3A1dS/m

5A2mg/kg mg/kg

9B1mg/kg mg/kg

KCI-40mg/kg %

15E1_Cameq./100g

15E1_Mgmeq./100g

15E1_Nameq./100g

15E1_Kmeq./100g

15E1_Almeq./100g

12A1_Cumg/kg

12A1_Znmg/kg

12A1_Mnmg/kg

12A1_Femg/kg

0-10 5.5 4.9 0.029 2.3 0.07 5 99 2.4 0.94 1.68 0.48 0.03 0.24 0.208 1.26 0.37 24.34 74.70

10-20 5.8 5.0 0.014 < 1.0 0.05 < 2 77 1.8 0.38 2.35 0.69 0.04 0.15 0.100 1.35 0.04 17.92 18.48

20-30 5.6 4.8 0.015 < 1.0 0.05 3 78 1.8 0.49 1.95 0.52 0.02 0.14 0.218 1.48 0.08 25.65 21.46

50-60 6.2 5.4 0.011 < 1.0 0.03 < 2 89 2.3 0.20 2.77 0.92 0.02 0.23 0.089 0.94 0.03 3.09 1.43

80-90 6.4 5.6 0.016 < 1.0 0.04 6 59 1.0 0.16 2.85 0.92 0.03 0.15 < 0.001 0.72 0.15 0.57 13.18

Chemical Properties


cmCoarse Sand


20-200 (μm)Silt

>2 - <20 (μm)Clay<2 (μm)


A B

0-10 28 53 5 14 1.73 1.70

10-20 22 44 3 31 1.60 1.69

20-30 23 50 5 22 1.73 1.72

50-60 22 35 2 41 1.66 1.70

80-90 19 37 5 39 1.61 1.63


Australian Soil Classification: Haplic Mesotrophic Red Kandosol (1KAAAAGCDBELOX)

Depth (cm)

Horizon Description


0-3 A11 Very dark brown; sandy loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, weak and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 5.1; EC

1:50.15

3-10 A12 Dark brown; heavy, sandy loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, weak and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 5.1; EC

1:5 0.02

10-30 B1 Dark reddish brown; sandy clay loam texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist, firm and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 4.9; EC

1:5 0.00

30-75 B21 Dark reddish brown; light medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moist and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 5.9; EC

1:50.00

75-90 B22 Dark red; light medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moist and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.1; EC

1:5 0.00

90-110 B23 Dark red; light clay texture; massive, earthy; wet and non-sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.3; EC

1:50.00

110-180 Water

Vegetation: Cultivated field of improved pasture.

cm

75

100

03

90

30

10


8 Properties of Selected Soils in the Douglas and Katherine Regions

(cm)pH

(1:5) H

2O

pH CaCl

2

EC (1:5) H

2O

Cl (1:5)

Total Nitrogen

Phosph. Colwell

Potassium Colwell

Total Sulfur

Organic Carbon



(cm)4A1

-4B1

-3A1dS/m

5A2mg/kg %

9B1mg/kg mg/kg

KCI-40mg/kg %

15E1_Cameq./100g

15E1_Mgmeq./100g

15E1_Nameq./100g

15E1_Kmeq./100g

15E1_Almeq./100g

12A1_Cumg/kg

12A1_Znmg/kg

12A1_Mnmg/kg

12A1_Femg/kg

0-10 6.7 5.7 0.028 5.7 0.09 5 169 3.8 1.29 3.33 1.49 0.08 0.42 < 0.001 3.42 0.91 49.89 31.21

10-20 6.9 5.9 0.018 1.9 0.07 < 2 114 1.8 0.62 3.45 1.77 0.05 0.29 < 0.001 2.25 1.74 25.90 5.49

20-30 7.0 6.0 0.013 < 1.0 0.04 2 105 1.2 0.45 3.84 1.94 0.01 0.27 < 0.001 1.87 0.12 14.37 6.83

50-60 7.3 6.4 0.011 2.5 0.03 < 2 119 0.6 0.14 3.96 2.32 0.03 0.31 < 0.001 0.79 0.13 2.18 2.77

80-90 7.4 6.6 0.012 1.3 0.01 < 2 93 2.5 0.13 4.04 2.44 0.02 0.24 < 0.001 0.93 0.13 0.83 4.98

110-120 7.4 6.7 0.015 < 1.0 0.03 < 2 100 5.2 0.07 4.19 2.64 0.03 0.25 < 0.001 0.66 0.12 0.43 7.56

140-150 7.2 6.7 0.037 25.2 0.03 < 2 93 5.5 0.07 4.24 2.84 0.03 0.23 < 0.001 0.85 0.04 0.31 7.76

170-180 7.4 6.6 0.016 < 1.0 < 0.01 < 2 109 3.1 0.11 4.10 2.81 0.04 0.27 < 0.001 0.62 < 0.01 1.10 1.94

Chemical Properties


cmCoarse Sand

200-2000 (μm)%

Fine Sand20-200 (μm)

%

Silt>2 - <20 (μm)

%

Clay<2 (μm)

%


A B

0-10 40 21 7 32 1.70 1.65

10-20 31 19 7 43 1.63 1.61

20-30 26 16 6 52 1.53 1.60

50-60 20 21 10 49 1.56 1.51

80-90 17 19 9 55 1.56 1.50

110-120 17 23 11 49 1.54 1.44

140-150 16 25 13 46 1.55 1.56

170-180 14 25 13 48 1.57 1.60

Vegetation: Mango trial plot.

Site: KRS11 1 Landform: Plain Parent Material: Not present to 2.25m Soil Family: Tippera

Australian Soil Classification: Haplic Mesotrophic Red Kandosol (1KAAAAGCDAEMOX)

Depth (cm)

Horizon Description


0-5 A1 Dark reddish bown; clay loam, sandy texture; massive, earthy; dry, strong and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 5.7; EC

1:5 0.02

5-20 A3 Reddish bown; clay loam texture; massive, earthy; dry, very firm and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.2; EC

1:5 0.00

20-50 B21 Red; light clay texture; massive, earthy; dry, very firm and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.7; EC

1:5 0.00

50-80 B22 Dark red; medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.7; EC

1:5 0.02

80-170 B23 Dark reddish bown; light clay texture; massive, earthy; moderately moist and slightly sticky consistence; 1%, 6mm, subrounded, siltstone; pH

1:5 7.2;

EC1:5

0.00

170-215 B24 Dark red; light clay texture; massive, earthy; moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 7.1; EC

1:5 0.00

215-225 B25 Dark red; light medium clay texture; massive, earthy; moist and slightly sticky consistence; non-gravelly; pH

1:5 6.8; EC

1:5 0.00

cm

5

225

0

20

170

50

80

215

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