properties of thermal matter: conductivity, parity restoration and … · 2015-07-18 · properties...
TRANSCRIPT
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Properties of Thermal Matter:Conductivity, Parity Restorationand the Charmonium Potential
Chris AlltonSwansea University, U.K.
LHPV 2015 Workshop, Cairns, July 2015
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FASTSUM Collaboration
Gert Aarts1, CRA1, Alessandro Amato1,2, Davide de Boni1, Wynne Evans1,3,Pietro Giudice4, Simon Hands1, Benjamin Jäger1, Aoife Kelly5, Seyong Kim6,Maria-Paola Lombardo7, Dhagash Mehta8, Bugra Oktay9, Chrisanthi Praki1,
Sinead Ryan10, Jon-Ivar Skullerud5, Tim Harris10,11
1 Swansea University 7Frascati, INFN2 University of Helsinki 8 North Carolina State University3 University of Bern 9 University of Utah4 Münster University 10 Trinity College Dublin5 Maynooth University 11 University of Mainz6Sejong University
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Setting the scene
hadronsmassesmx elsatomic physics
[http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/news]
quarks & gluonspressureviscosityplasma physics
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Setting the scene
hadronsmassesmx elsatomic physics
Correlation Functions↔ Spectral Functions
quarks & gluonspressureviscosityplasma physics
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Particle Data Book
∼ 1,500 pages
zero pages on Quark-Gluon Plasma...
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Overview
I Parity Restoration in theBaryon Sector
SYMMETRIES
arXiv/1505.06616 0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
I Charmonium PotentialINTERACTIONS
arXiv/1502.03603
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
I Conductivity, Susceptibility andDiffusion Coefficient
PHENOMENOLOGY
arXiv/1412.6411100 150 200 250 300 350
T [MeV]
−0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
C−1
emσ/T
light+strange
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
T/Tc
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Other Work
I Bottomonium and CharmoniumSpectral Functions
MELTING
arXiv:1402.6210
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
1
2
3
4
5
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ρ(ω
)/m
2 b
9 10 11 12 13 14 15ω (GeV)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ΥT/Tc = 0.76
0.84
0.840.95
0.951.09
1.091.27
1.271.52
1.521.90
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FASTSUM set up
I anisotropic lattices aτ < asI allowing better resolution, particularly at finite temperatures
since T =1
Nτaτ
τ
x
τ
x
I "2nd" generation lattice ensemblesI moving towards continuum, infinite volume, realistic light
quark masses
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Physics/lattice parameters
2nd Generation2+1 flavourslarger volume: (3fm)3 – (4fm)3
finer lattices: as = 0.123 fmquark mass: Mπ/Mρ ∼ 0.45temporal cut-off: aτ ∼ 5.6 GeV
Ns Nτ T (MeV) T/Tc
24, 32 16 352 1.9024 20 281 1.52
24, 32 24 235 1.2724, 32 28 201 1.0924, 32 32 176 0.95
24 36 156 0.8424 40 141 0.7632 48 117 0.6316 128 44 0.24
Gauge Action:
Symanzik-improved, tree-level tadpole
Fermion Action:
clover, stout-links, tree-level tadpole
(Hadron Spectrum Collaboration)
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Parity Restoration in the Baryon Spectrum
arXiv/1505.06616
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Baryons at Finite Temperature
I little work on Baryons @ T 6= 0I DeTar and Kogut (1987) screening massesI QCD-TARO (2005) µ 6= 0I Datta et al (2013) quenched
We use a standard baryon operator:
ON(x, τ) = εabcua(x, τ)[uT
b (x, τ)Cγ5dc(x, τ)]
and parity project it:ON±(x, τ) = P±ON±(x, τ)
Forward (+ve) and backward (−ve) parity states in correlator:
G(τ) =
∫d3x 〈ON+ (x, τ)ON+ (0, 0)〉
=
∫ ∞0
dω2π
[e−ωτ
1 + e−ω/T ρ+(ω)− e−ω(1/T−τ)
1 + e−ω/T ρ−(ω)
]
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Baryon Correlators(Using Gaussian smeared baryon operators)
−→ parity doubling for T ∼> TC observed at correlator level
T/Tc=1.90
T/Tc=1.52
T/Tc=1.27
T/Tc=1.09
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1τT
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
G(τ
)/G
(0)
T/Tc=0.95
T/Tc=0.84
T/Tc=0.76
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Baryon Correlators(Using Gaussian smeared baryon operators)
−→ parity doubling for T ∼> TC observed at correlator level
T/Tc=1.90
T/Tc=1.52
T/Tc=1.27
T/Tc=1.09
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1τT
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
G(τ
)/G
(0)
T/Tc=0.95
T/Tc=0.84
T/Tc=0.76
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Baryon Correlators(Using Gaussian smeared baryon operators)
−→ parity doubling for T ∼> TC observed at correlator level
T/Tc=1.90
T/Tc=1.52
T/Tc=1.27
T/Tc=1.09
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1τT
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
G(τ
)/G
(0)
T/Tc=0.95
T/Tc=0.84
T/Tc=0.76
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Correlators - Parity Comparison
0 8 16 2410-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
G(τ
)/G
(0)
T/Tc=0.95
T/Tc=0.84
T/Tc=0.76
T/Tc=0.24
0 8 16 24 32
τ/aτ
T/Tc=1.90
T/Tc=1.52
T/Tc=1.27
T/Tc=1.09
positive parity negative parity
Experiment:
+ve parity: MN = 939 MeV −ve parity: MN∗ = 1535 MeV
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Correlators - Parity Comparison
0 8 16 2410-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
G(τ
)/G
(0)
T/Tc=1.90
T/Tc=0.24
0 8 16 24 32
τ/aτ
positive parity negative parity
Experiment:
+ve parity: MN = 939 MeV −ve parity: MN∗ = 1535 MeV
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Naive Exponential Fits
T/Tc m+ [GeV] m− [GeV] m+ −m− [MeV]
0.24 1.20(3) 1.9(3) ∼700 cf expt: ∼6000.76 1.18(9) 1.6(2)0.84 1.08(9) 1.6(1)0.95 1.12(14) 1.3(2)
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Parity Comparison
Define R(t) =G(τ)−G(Nτ − τ)
G(τ) + G(Nτ − τ)Datta et al, arXiv:1212.2927
Note: R(1/2T ) ≡ 0with: R(τ) ≡ 0 for parity symmetry
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5τT
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
R(τ
)
T/Tc=0.24
T/Tc=0.76
T/Tc=0.84
T/Tc=0.95
T/Tc=1.09
T/Tc=1.27
T/Tc=1.52
T/Tc=1.90
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Parity Restoration
Define R =
∑Nτ/2−1τ=1 R(τ)/σ2(τ)∑Nτ/2−1τ=1 1/σ2(τ)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
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Effects of SmearingSystematics checks of smearing:
I vary nI vary τ -range
Implies parity doubling is:I ground state feature (recall Wilson term breaks chiral symmetry)I not an artefact of smearing
0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
point source, τ/aτ>5smearing, n=10smearing, n=10, τ/aτ>5smearing, n=60smearing, n=140
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Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
Cont: G(τ) =
∫K (τ, ω)ρ(ω)dω Lat: G(τi ) =
∑j
K (τi , ωj ) ρ(ωj )
Input data: τi , i = {1, . . . ,O(10)} Output data : ωj , j = {1, . . . ,O(103)}
−→ ill-posed
Bayes Th’m: P[ρ|DH] =P[D|ρH]P[ρ|H]
P[D|H]∝ exp(−χ2 + αS)
H = prior knowledge D = data
Shannon-Jaynes entropy: S =
∫ ∞0
dω2π
[ρ(ω)−m(ω)− ρ(ω) ln
ρ(ω)
m(ω)
]Competition between minimising χ2 and maximising S
Asakawa, Hatsuda, Nakahara, Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys. 46 (2001) 459
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Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
Cont: G(τ) =
∫K (τ, ω)ρ(ω)dω Lat: G(τi ) =
∑j
K (τi , ωj ) ρ(ωj )
Input data: τi , i = {1, . . . ,O(10)} Output data : ωj , j = {1, . . . ,O(103)}
−→ ill-posed
Bayes Th’m: P[ρ|DH] =P[D|ρH]P[ρ|H]
P[D|H]∝ exp(−χ2 + αS)
H = prior knowledge D = data
Shannon-Jaynes entropy: S =
∫ ∞0
dω2π
[ρ(ω)−m(ω)− ρ(ω) ln
ρ(ω)
m(ω)
]Competition between minimising χ2 and maximising S
Asakawa, Hatsuda, Nakahara, Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys. 46 (2001) 459
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Example Spectral Functions
G2(t) ∼∫ρ(ω) e−ωt dω
Melted/Plasma with Transport
ω
ρ(ω
)
No transport peak
Tra
nsp
ort
pea
k
Melted/Plasma
Bound (decaying) States
Stable
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Example Spectral Functions
G2(t) ∼∫ρ(ω) e−ωt dω
Melted/Plasma with Transport
ω
ρ(ω
)
No transport peak
Tra
nsp
ort
pea
k
Melted/Plasma
Bound (decaying) States
Stable
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Example Spectral Functions
G2(t) ∼∫ρ(ω) e−ωt dω
Melted/Plasma with Transport
ω
ρ(ω
)
Tra
nsp
ort
pea
k
Melted/Plasma
Bound (decaying) States
Stable
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MEM for finite T baryons
Recall: G(τ) =
∫d3x 〈ON+ (x, τ)ON+ (0, 0)〉
=
∫ ∞0
dω2π
[e−ωτ
1 + e−ω/T ρ+(ω)− e−ω(1/T−τ)
1 + e−ω/T ρ−(ω)
]
So can define: K (τ, ω) =e−ωτ
1 + e−ω/T ω > 0
=e+ω(1/T−τ)
1 + e+ω/T ω < 0
and use MEM with G(τ) ≡∫ +∞
−∞K (τ, ω)ρ(ω)dω
giving: ρ+(ω) ≡ ρ(ω) ω > 0ρ−(−ω) ≡ −ρ(ω) ω < 0
(Need to assume ρ(ω) is positive definite for MEM to work)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 0.24TC
(Nτ = 128)
exponential fit
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 0.76TC
(Nτ = 40)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 0.84TC
(Nτ = 36)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 0.95TC
(Nτ = 32)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.09TC
(Nτ = 28)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.27TC
(Nτ = 24)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.52TC
(Nτ = 20)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3ω aτ
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.90TC
(Nτ = 16)
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Baryonic Spectral FunctionsPreliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
ω
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.90TC
T = 1.52TC
T = 1.27TC
T = 1.09TC
T = 0.95TC
T = 0.84TC
T = 0.76TC
T = 0.24TC
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Charmonium Potential charmonium potential
arXiv/1502.03603
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Lattice goes Nuclear
N-N potential
-50
0
50
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
V(r
) [M
eV
]
r [fm]
mπ=529 MeV
VC(r)VT(r)
VC
eff(r)
HAL QCD Collaboration, Aoki, Doi, Hatsuda, Ikeda, Inoue, Ishii, Murano,Nemura, SasakiIida, Ikeda PoS LATTICE2011(2011)195
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Schrödinger Equation ApproachHAL QCD Collaboration, S. Aoki et al. [arXiv:1206.5088]
Schrödinger equation used to “reverse engineer” the potential, V (r), giventhe Nambu- Bethe-Salpeter wavefunction, ψ(r):
input input
↓ ↓ ↓(p2
2M+ V (r)
)ψ(r) = E ψ(r)
↓
output
ψ(r) is determined from correlators of non-local operators,
J(x ;~r) = q(x) Γ U(x , x +~r)q(x +~r)
C(~r , t) =∑~x
〈 J(0;~r = ~0) J(x ;~r) 〉
−→ ψ(r) e−Mt where 〈 0 | J(x ;~r) | gnd 〉 ≈ ψ(r)
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Schrödinger Equation ApproachHAL QCD Collaboration, S. Aoki et al. [arXiv:1206.5088]
Schrödinger equation used to “reverse engineer” the potential, V (r), giventhe Nambu- Bethe-Salpeter wavefunction, ψ(r):
input input
↓ ↓ ↓(p2
2M+ V (r)
)ψ(r) = E ψ(r)
↓
output
ψ(r) is determined from correlators of non-local operators,
J(x ;~r) = q(x) Γ U(x , x +~r)q(x +~r)
C(~r , t) =∑~x
〈 J(0;~r = ~0) J(x ;~r) 〉
−→ ψ(r) e−Mt where 〈 0 | J(x ;~r) | gnd 〉 ≈ ψ(r)
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HAL QCD Time Dependent Method
(x, 0)
(x+r, τ)
(x, τ)
c
c
J†Γ(0;0) JΓ(x, τ ; r)
SOURCE SINK
JΓ(x ; r) = q(x) Γ U(x , x +r) q(x +r)
Local Extended Correlation Functions
CΓ(r, τ) =∑
x〈JΓ(x, τ ; r) J†Γ (0; 0)〉
CΓ(r, τ) =∑
j
ψ∗j (0)ψj (r)
2Ej
(e−Ejτ + e−Ej (Nτ−τ)
)≈∑
j
Ψj (r)e−Ejτignoring
backward mover
Schrödinger Eqn Ej Ψj (r) =
(−∇
2r
2µ+ VΓ(r)
)Ψj (r)
∂CΓ(r, τ)
∂τ= −
∑j
Ej Ψj (r)e−Ejτ =∑
j
(∇2
r
2µ− VΓ(r)
)Ψj (r)e−Ejτ
∂CΓ(r, τ)
∂τ=
(∇2
r
2µ− VΓ(r)
)CΓ(r, τ)
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HAL QCD Time Dependent Method
(x, 0)
(x+r, τ)
(x, τ)
c
c
J†Γ(0;0) JΓ(x, τ ; r)
SOURCE SINK
JΓ(x ; r) = q(x) Γ U(x , x +r) q(x +r)
Local Extended Correlation Functions
CΓ(r, τ) =∑
x〈JΓ(x, τ ; r) J†Γ (0; 0)〉
CΓ(r, τ) =∑
j
ψ∗j (0)ψj (r)
2Ej
(e−Ejτ + e−Ej (Nτ−τ)
)≈∑
j
Ψj (r)e−Ejτignoring
backward mover
aaaaawSchrödinger Eqn Ej Ψj (r) =
(−∇
2r
2µ+ VΓ(r)
)Ψj (r)
∂CΓ(r, τ)
∂τ= −
∑j
Ej Ψj (r)e−Ejτ =∑
j
(∇2
r
2µ− VΓ(r)
)Ψj (r)e−Ejτ
∂CΓ(r, τ)
∂τ=
(∇2
r
2µ− VΓ(r)
)CΓ(r, τ)
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Correlation Functions
0 5 10 15 20
τ/aτ
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
log[
CPS
(τ)]
r/as=0
r/as=1
r/as=2
r/as=3
r/as=4
r/as=5
r/as=6
r/as=7
r/as=8
r/as=9
r/as=10
r/as=11
r/as=12
PS channel 0.76Tc (Nτ = 40)
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Central Potentials - cold0 10 20 30 40 50 60
τ/aτ
2/5
3
4
5V
C(τ
) [G
eV]
r/as = 1
r/as = 2
r/as = 3
r/as = 4
r/as = 5
r/as = 6
r/as = 7
r/as = 8
r/as = 9
0 5 10 152
3
4
0 5 10 15 20
0.24TC
0.84TC
0.95TC
0.76TC
VΓ(r) = VC(r)+VS(r) s1 ·s2 −→ VC(r) =14
VPS +34
VV VS(r) = VV−VPS
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Central Potentials - hot
2/5
3
4
5V
C(τ
) [G
eV]
0 5 10 15τ/aτ
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20
1.09TC
1.27TC
1.90TC
1.52TC
VΓ(r) = VC(r)+VS(r) s1 ·s2 −→ VC(r) =14
VPS +34
VV VS(r) = VV−VPS
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Fitting Ranges
T/TC Nτ Best Range Lower Range
0.24 128 30− 63 15− 190.76 40 15− 19 12− 170.84 36 12− 17 11− 150.95 32 11− 15 11− 131.09 28 11− 13 9− 111.27 24 9− 11 N/A
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Central Potential Results
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.95TC
τ=11-15
0.95TC
τ=11-13
1.09TC
τ=11-13
1.09TC
τ=9-11
1.27TC
τ=9-11
0.24TC
τ=30-63
0.24TC
τ=15-19
0.76TC
τ=15-19
0.76TC
τ=12-17
0.84TC
τ=12-17
0.84TC
τ=11-15
0.6 GeV
r = as
r = 3as
r = 5as
r = 7as
r = 9as
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Cornell Potential Comparison
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4V
C(r
) [G
eV]
0.24TC
0.76TC
0.84TC
0.95TC
1.09TC
1.27TC
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4V
C(r
) [G
eV]
Continuum Cornell0.24T
C Cornell Fit
1.27TC Cornell Fit
1.27TC Screened Fit
V (r) = −αc
r+ σr + C,
Karsch, hep-ph/0512217, “Continuum Cornell”: α = π/12,√σ = 445 GeV
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String Tension
V (r) = −αc
r+ σr + C,
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4T/T
C
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
sqrt
(σ)
[M
eV]
Central τ-rangeLower τ-range
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Debye ScreeningKarsch, Mehr, Satz, Z.Phys. C37 (1988) 617
V (r ,T ) = −αs
re−mD(T )r +
σ
mD(T )
(1− e−mD(T )r
)+ C
mD(T ) = the Debye screening mass.
σ = 434 MeV (i.e. fixed to “zero” temperature value)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4T/T
C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
mD
[M
eV]
Central τ-rangeLower τ-range
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Spin-Dependent Potentials
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
VS(r
) [G
eV]
0.24TC
0.76TC
0.84TC
0.95TC
1.09TC
1.27TC
VΓ(r) = VC(r)+VS(r) s1 ·s2 −→ VC(r) =14
VPS +34
VV VS(r) = VV−VPS
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Comparison with 1st generation
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.24TC N
f=2+1
0.76TC N
f=2+1
0.84TC N
f=2+1
0.95TC N
f=2+1
1.09TC N
f=2+1
1.27TC N
f=2+1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.42TC N
f=2
1.05TC N
f=2
1.20TC N
f=2
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Comparison with Static Quark Potential
F1(r ,T )
T= − log [Tr (Lren(0)Lren(r))] Lren = renormalised Polyakov loop
Kaczmarek, arXiv:0710.0498
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.24TC
0.76TC
0.84TC
0.95TC
1.09TC
1.27TC
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.89TC Free Energy
0.95TC Free Energy
1.10TC Free Energy
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Charmonia Properties from the Potential: Radii
Using the parameterised screened potential from Lattice
V (r ,T ) = −αs
re−mD(T )r +
σ
mD(T )
(1− e−mD(T )r
)+ C
and solve Schrödinger Equation
Preliminary
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4T / T
C
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
Mas
s [
GeV
]
1S1P
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4T / T
C
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
RM
S R
adiu
s [
fm] 1S
1P
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Charmonia Properties from Potential: Binding Energy
Binding Energy = M(T )− V (r →∞,T ) = M(T )− mD
σ− C
Preliminary
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4T / T
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bin
ding
Ene
rgy
[G
eV]
1S1P
I 1P melts ∼< 1.2TC
I 1S remains bound up to at least 1.2TC
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Charmonia Properties from Potential: Binding Energy
Binding Energy = M(T )− V (r →∞,T ) = M(T )− mD
σ− C
Preliminary
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3T / T
C
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Bin
ding
Ene
rgy
[G
eV]
1S1P
I 1P melts ∼< 1.2TC
I 1S remains bound up to at least 1.2TC
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Conductivity & Light Quark Diffusivity
arXiv:1412.6411, arXiv:1307.6763
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Electrical conductivity on the lattice
EM current: jemµ =
2e3
juµ −
e3
jdµ −
e3
jsµ,
EM Correlator: G emµν (τ) =
∫d3x 〈jem
µ (τ, x)jemν (0, 0)†〉
Spectral decomposition:
G emµν (τ) =
∫ ∞0
dω2π
K (τ, ω) ρemµν(ω) with K (τ, ω) =
cosh[ω(τ − 1/2T )]
sinh[ω/2T ]
Conductivity:σ
T=
16T
limω→0
ρem(ω)
ω
Relationship to Diffusivity: DχQ = σ
Conserved (lattice) vector current used for jemµ
V Cµ(x) =
[ψ(x + µ)(1 + γµ) U†µ(x)ψ(x)− ψ(x)(1− γµ) Uµ(x)ψ(x + µ)
]
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Example Spectral Functions
G2(t) ∼∫ρ(ω) e−ωt dω
Melted/Plasma with Transport
ω
ρ(ω
)
No transport peak
Tra
nsp
ort
pea
k
Melted/Plasma
Bound (decaying) States
Stable
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Conserved Vector Correlators
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
τT
10−9
10−8
10−7
10−6
10−5
10−4
10−3
10−2
10−1
G(τ)
mq = mu,d
T/Tc
1.90
1.52
1.27
1.09
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
τT
mq = ms
T/Tc
0.84
0.76
0.63
0.24
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Vector Spectral Function
Using default model: m(ω) = m0(b + ω)ω
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ω [GeV]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
ρ(ω
)/ω2
mq = mu,d
1.90Tc
1.09Tc
0.63Tc
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ω [GeV]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4mq = ms
1.90Tc
1.09Tc
0.63Tc
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Vector Spectral Functions
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
ω [GeV]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ρ(ω
)/ωT
mq = mu,d
1.90Tc
1.09Tc
0.63Tc
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
ω [GeV]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12mq = ms
1.90Tc
1.09Tc
0.63Tc
Recall σ ∼ limω→0
ρ(ω)
ω
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Conductivity Result
100 150 200 250 300 350
T [MeV]
−0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
C−1
emσ/T
lightstrange
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
T/Tc
100 150 200 250 300 350
T [MeV]
−0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
C−1
emσ/T
light+strange
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
T/Tc
Useful to factor out charge:Cem = e2∑
f q2f
Rectangles = default model systematic(i.e. b). Recall :
m(ω) = m0(b + ω)ω
Whiskers = statistical error
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Diffusion CoefficientRelationship to Diffusivity: D = σ/χQ
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Summary 1
Baryonic Parity Restoration
I Signicant thermal effects in −ve paritynucleon
I No observed thermal modification of +veparity mass below TC
I Degeneracy in ground state of baryonicparity partners above Tc
I Finite temperature baryonic spectralfunctions determined
0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
ω
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.90TC
T = 1.52TC
T = 1.27TC
T = 1.09TC
T = 0.95TC
T = 0.84TC
T = 0.76TC
T = 0.24TC
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Summary 2
Charmonium Potential
I Relativistic quarks rather than static quarks
I Finite temperature rather than T = 0
I Clear temperature dependent effect
I Matches Debye-screened formula withmD ≈ 0 for T < TC
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
0.24TC
0.76TC
0.84TC
0.95TC
1.09TC
1.27TC
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r [fm]
2.5
3
3.5
4
VC(r
) [G
eV]
Continuum Cornell0.24T
C Cornell Fit
1.27TC Cornell Fit
1.27TC Screened Fit
Conductivity & Light Quark Diffusivity
I 2+1 flavour conductivity calculated asfunction of temperature
I Finite temperature diffusion coefficientdetermined
100 150 200 250 300 350
T [MeV]
−0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
C−1
emσ/T
light+strange
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
T/Tc
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Physics/lattice parameters
2nd Generation2+1 flavourslarger volume: (3fm)3 – (4fm)3
finer lattices: as = 0.123 fmquark mass: Mπ/Mρ ∼ 0.45temporal cut-off: aτ ∼ 5.6 GeV
Ns Nτ T (MeV) T/Tc
24, 32 16 352 1.9024 20 281 1.52
24, 32 24 235 1.2724, 32 28 201 1.0924, 32 32 176 0.95
24 36 156 0.8424 40 141 0.7632 48 117 0.6316 128 44 0.24
3rd Generation2+1 flavours
larger volume: (3fm)3 – (4fm)3
finer lattices: as = 0.123 fmquark mass: Mπ/Mρ ∼ 0.45temporal cut-off: aτ ∼ 11.2 GeV
Ns Nτ T (MeV) T/Tc
24, 32 32 352 1.9024 40 281 1.52
24, 32 48 235 1.2724, 32 56 201 1.0924, 32 64 176 0.95
24 72 156 0.8424 80 141 0.7632 96 117 0.6316 256 44 0.24
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Particle Data Book
∼ 1,500 pages
zero pages on Quark-Gluon Plasma...
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SLIDES TO HELP ME ANSWERDUMB QUESTIONS
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SLIDES TO HELP ME ANSWERTRICKY QUESTIONS
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Physics/lattice parameters
1st Generation2 flavours
smaller volume: (2fm)3
coarser lattices: as = 0.167 fmquark mass: Mπ/Mρ ∼ 0.55temporal cut-off: aτ ∼ 7.4 GeV
Ns Nτ T (MeV) T/Tc
12 16 460 2.0912 18 409 1.8612 20 368 1.6812 24 306 1.4012 28 263 1.2012 32 230 1.0512 80 90 0.42
2nd Generation2+1 flavourslarger volume: (3fm)3 – (4fm)3
finer lattices: as = 0.123 fmquark mass: Mπ/Mρ ∼ 0.45temporal cut-off: aτ ∼ 5.6 GeV
Ns Nτ T (MeV) T/Tc
24, 32 16 352 1.9024 20 281 1.52
24, 32 24 235 1.2724, 32 28 201 1.0924, 32 32 176 0.95
24 36 156 0.8424 40 141 0.7632 48 117 0.6316 128 44 0.24
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Effects of SmearingAbove results used Gaussian smearing with sources/sinks, η smeared with:
η′ = C (1 + κH)n η using κ = 8.7 and n = 140 Capitani et al [arXiv:1205.0180]
Systematics checks of smearingI vary nI vary τ -range
0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
smearing, n=10smearing, n=60smearing, n=140
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Effects of SmearingAbove results used Gaussian smearing with sources/sinks, η smeared with:
η′ = C (1 + κH)n η using κ = 8.7 and n = 140 Capitani et al [arXiv:1205.0180]
Systematics checks of smearing:I vary nI vary τ -range
0 0.5 1 1.5 2T/T
c
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
R
point source, τ/aτ>5smearing, n=10, τ/aτ>5smearing, n=140
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Baryonic Spectral Functions - Systematic ChecksChecking systematics by using MEM on fixed τ windows:
τ = 1, 2, . . . 7,Nτ − 7,Nτ − 6, . . . ,Nτ − 1Preliminary
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
ω
0
ρ(ω
)
T = 1.90TC
T = 1.52TC
T = 1.27TC
T = 1.09TC
T = 0.95TC
T = 0.84TC
T = 0.76TC
T = 0.24TC
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Volume Effects
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
τ/aτ
1.0
1.5
2.0
CPS
24(τ
) / C
PS
32(τ
)r/a
s= 0
r/as= 1
r/as= 2
r/as= 3
r/as= 4
r/as= 5
r/as= 6
r/as= 7
r/as= 8
r/as= 9
r/as= 10
r/as= 11
r/as= 12
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Ns = 24 cf Ns = 32 for 1.27Tc (Nτ =24)
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Naive Temporal Term in Potential
0 5 10 15 20
τ/aτ
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1(d
C/d
τ)/C
[G
eV]
r/as= 1
r/as= 2
r/as= 3
r/as= 4
r/as= 5
r/as= 6
r/as= 7
r/as= 8
r/as= 9
PS 0.76TC using the naive form
∂
∂τf (τ) −→
[f (τ + aτ )− f (τ − aτ )
2aτ
]
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Improved Temporal Term in Potential
0 5 10 15 20
τ/aτ
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1E
0 [G
eV]
0 5 10 15 20
r/as= 1
r/as= 2
r/as= 3
r/as= 4
r/as= 5
r/as= 6
r/as= 7
r/as= 8
r/as= 9
~
PS 0.76TC using the improved form Durr 1203.2560
E0(τ) =12
log
(CΓ(τ − 1) +
√CΓ(τ − 1)2 − CΓ(Nτ/2)2
CΓ(τ + 1) +√
CΓ(τ + 1)2 − CΓ(Nτ/2)2
)
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Renormalising the Polyakov Loop
Polyakov Loop, L, related to free energy, F , via:
L(T ) = e−F (T )/T
But F defined up to addivitive constant ∆F = f (β, κ).Imposing renormalisation condition:
LR(TR) ≡ some number
gives us
LR(T ) = e−FR(T )/T = e−(F0(T )+∆F )/T = L0(T )e−∆F/T = L0(T )ZLNτ
and ZL defined from renormalisation condition.
Wuppertal-Budapest, PLB713(2012)342 [1204.4089]
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TC from Polyakov Loop
100 150 200 250 300 350
T [MeV]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2Scheme
ABC
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
T/Tc
Scheme A: LR(Nt = 16) = 1.0Scheme B: LR(Nt = 20) = 1.0
Scheme C: LR(Nt = 20) = 0.5
Cubic spline, solid = 323, open = 243
−→ Ncritτ = 30.4(7) or Tc = 171(4) MeV
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Susceptibilities’ Definitions
ni =TV∂ ln Z∂µi
χij =TV∂2 ln Z∂µi∂µj
Q =TV∂ ln Z∂µQ
=3∑
i=1
qini χQ =∂Q∂µQ
=3∑
i=1
(qi )2χii +
3∑i 6=j
qiqjχij
B =TV∂ ln Z∂µB
=3∑
i=1
ni χB =∂B∂µB
=3∑
i=1
χii +3∑
i 6=j
χij
µI = µd − µu χI =TV∂2 ln Z∂µ2
I
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SusceptibilitiesχSB is Stefan-Boltzman (free) result
100 150 200 250 300 350 400−0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
χI
χQ
χB
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
T [MeV]
χll
χss
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.000.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
T/Tc T/Tc
T [MeV]
χ/χ
SB
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Conserved Vector Correlators vs Free
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
τT
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
G(τ)/G
free
LAT(τ)
mq = mu,d
T/Tc
1.90
1.52
1.27
1.09
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
τT
mq = ms
T/Tc
0.95
0.84
0.76
0.63
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MEM Systematics I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
b (default Model)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
C−1
emσ/T
32x1624x2032x24
32x2832x3224x36
24x4032x4824x128
16202428323640Nτ
−0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
C−1
emσ/T
all1 in 21 in 3
Variation with default modelparameter b
Recall m(ω) = m0(b + ω)ω
Anisotropy check including:all or 1 in 2 or 1 in 3of the τ datapoints
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MEM Systematics II
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2010−4
10−3
10−2
nτ = 6
G(τ)
182022242628300.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40C−1
em σ/T
1.09Tc
1.27Tc
1.52Tc
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2010−4
10−3
10−2
nτ = 8
222426283032340.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.300.95Tc
1.09Tc
1.27Tc
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
τ
10−4
10−3
10−2
nτ = 10
26283032343638Nτ
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.300.84Tc
0.95Tc
1.09Tc
Stability tests:discarding the last time slices:
Are we seeing a number-of-datapoints (Nτ ) systematicor a true thermal effect?
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MEM systematics
I default modelI time rangeI energy discretisation: ω = {ωmin, ωmin + ∆ω . . . ωmax}I number of configsI numerical precision
(All true also for BR)
Recall I(ρ) ≤ Nt for MEM
Can vary this in free case by varying Nt
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Feature ResolutionMEM can reproduce features smaller than the characteristicsize of its basis functions:
0 0.1 0.2
atω
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
"ρ(ω
)"
16th basis function17th basis functionρ(ω) MEM (scaled to fit)
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MEM: more than you ever wanted to know
0 0.5 1 1.5
ω
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ρ(ω
)gen2_NRQCD_40 sonia_40_ spp_i_000 K=.00000,.00000 # 2
t = 2-38 Err=J Sym=N #cfgs= 502 #cfg/clus= 1
0 10 20 30 40
t
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
log(
C(t
))
Data Default Model
0 5 10 15 20s
-100
-50
0
50
100
u(s)
. 0 0.5 1 1.5
ω
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Vij(ω
)
s = 1 s = 2 s = 3 s = 4
s = 5
s = 6 s = 7 s = 8 s = 9
s = 10 s = 11 s = 12 s = 13 s = 14
s = 15
s = 16 s = 17 s = 18 s = 19
s = 20 s = 21
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
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dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
dashed lines are fits ρα(ω)
dashed lines are fits Cα(t)
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The Task
Given data D
Find fit F by maximising P(F |D)
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Bayes Theorem
Need to maximise P(F |D)
Bayes Theorem:
P(F |D)P(D) = P(D|F )P(F )
i.e. P(F |D) =P(D|F )P(F )
P(D)
But P(D|F ) ∼ e−χ2 −→ minimising χ2 6= maximising P(F |D)
−→ Maximum Likelihood Method wrong??
No! Since for simple F (t) = Ze−Mt , P(F ) = P(Z ,M) ∼ const
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Bayes Theorem
Need to maximise P(F |D)
Bayes Theorem:
P(F |D)P(D) = P(D|F )P(F )
i.e. P(F |D) =P(D|F )P(F )
P(D)
But P(D|F ) ∼ e−χ2 −→ minimising χ2 6= maximising P(F |D)
−→ Maximum Likelihood Method wrong??
No! Since for simple F (t) = Ze−Mt , P(F ) = P(Z ,M) ∼ const
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Priors
Actually P(F = elephant) ≡ 0
−→ “priors” which encode any additional information
(a.k.a. predisposition, prejudices, impartialities, biases, prediliction, subjectivity, . . .)
E.g. in L.G.T. P(M < 0) ≡ 0
Maximum Likelihood Method applies this prior implicitly
Can encode prior information with “entropy”= S (dis-information)
Define I(F ) = “Information content” of F
“Bland” F has I(F ) ∼ 0 and S >> 0
“Spiky” F has I(F ) >> 0 and S ≡ 0
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Priors
Actually P(F = elephant) ≡ 0
−→ “priors” which encode any additional information
(a.k.a. predisposition, prejudices, impartialities, biases, prediliction, subjectivity, . . .)
E.g. in L.G.T. P(M < 0) ≡ 0
Maximum Likelihood Method applies this prior implicitly
Can encode prior information with “entropy”= S (dis-information)
Define I(F ) = “Information content” of F
“Bland” F has I(F ) ∼ 0 and S >> 0
“Spiky” F has I(F ) >> 0 and S ≡ 0
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Entropy
No Data Data
No Prior I(F ) ≡ 0 F from min χ2
Prior F ≡ prior F from max P(F |D)
P(F ) = e−S