properties of water. only natural substance that exists as solid, liquid, and gas in temperatures...
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Properties of Water
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Properties of Water
• Only natural substance that exists as solid, liquid, and gas in temperatures normally found on Earth– Freezing point = 0oC (32oF)– Boiling point = 100oC (212oF)
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Properties of Water
• Expands when it freezes– More dense as a liquid than a solid– Density of water = 1 g/cm3
– Density of ice = 0.91 g/cm3
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Properties of Water
• High specific heat– A lot of energy is needed to change its
temperature.– Moderates air temperature
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Properties of Water
• High surface tension– Cohesion– Adhesion
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Properties of Water
• Universal Solvent– Dissolves many (not all) substances
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The Water Cycle
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The Water Cycle
• Earth’s water supply is continuously recycled.
• The overall process is powered by the Sun’s energy.
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Water Storage
• Ocean– Most water on Earth
• Glaciers– Most fresh water
• Lakes• Ice/snow• Atmosphere
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How Water Enters the Atmosphere• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Sublimation
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Forms of Precipitation
• Rain• Sleet• Snow• Hail• Freezing Rain
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The Water Cycle
• Once water reaches Earth’s surface as precipitation, it can:– Evaporate– Infiltrate– Run off
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The Water Cycle
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Runoff
• Runoff is water flowing downslope along Earth’s surface.
• Runoff may – reach a stream, river, or lake– evaporate– accumulate and eventually seep into the
ground (infiltrate)
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Factors that affect Runoff
• Vegetation
• Rate of Precipitation
• Soil Compaction
• Slope
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Surface Water Movement
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Watersheds and Divides
• Watershed– all of the land area whose water drains into a
stream system• stream system
– large river and all its tributaries
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NC Watersheds
NC has 12,200 km of rivers and streams
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Stream Development
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Moving Water Carves a Path
• Must have an adequate supply of water • Stream begins at headwaters
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Youthful Rivers
• Steep gradient (slope) • Narrow channel (downcutting)• Channel is V-shaped • Fast moving • Moves all sediment sizes • No floodplain • Rapids and waterfalls• More erosion than deposition
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Youthful River
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Mature Rivers
• Channel is U-shaped• Medium velocity • Moves many sediment sizes - not boulders • Small floodplain• Meanders begin to form• Erosion and deposition occur • Carries more sediment
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Mature River
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Old Rivers
• Very shallow gradient • Channel is wider than deep • Slow moving• Moves small-sized sediments • Wide floodplain • Meanders are abundant • Large discharge
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Old River
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Meandering Streams
• In a curve, the greatest speed is along the outside of the curve.– Erosion occurs along the outside of the curve.– Deposition occurs along the inside of the
curve.
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Meandering Streams
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Work of Streams
• A stream’s load includes all the materials that the water in a stream carries.– solution (dissolved)– suspension (carried) – bed load (pushed)
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Work of Streams
• Erosion– The ability of a stream to erode materials
depends on its velocity.– Abrasion– Grinding– Dissolving
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Lakes and Wetlands
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Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands
• A lake is a depression that collects and holds water.
• Reservoirs are lakes made for storing water for a community’s use.
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Origins of Lakes
• Natural lakes form in different ways. 1. Oxbow lakes: streams cut off meanders and
leave isolated channels of water.
2. Lakes can form when stream flow becomes blocked by sediment from landslides.
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Origins of Lakes
• Natural lakes form in different ways. 3. Cirque lakes: depressions left by valley
glaciers fill with water.
4. Kettle lakes: blocks of ice left by melting glaciers melted.
5. Some lakes are formed when the ceilings of limestone caverns collapse leaving depressions that fill with water.
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Lakes Undergo Change
• Lakes are temporary water-holding areas.• Eventually lakes fill in with sediment and
become part of a new landscape.
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Freshwater Wetlands
• A wetland is a land area that is covered with water for a large part of the year.
• Wetlands include environments commonly known as bogs, marshes, and swamps.
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Freshwater Wetlands
• Bogs receive their water from precipitation and tend to be rich in peat moss.
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Freshwater Wetlands
• Marshes frequently form along the mouths of streams and in areas with extensive deltas.
• Marshes have tall grasses.
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Freshwater Wetlands
• Swamps are low-lying areas often located near streams.
• Swamps have shrubs and trees.
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Freshwater Wetlands
• A filtering system – Pollutants– Sediments– Pathogenic bacteria
• Habitats – Migratory birds– Water birds– Endangered species
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Freshwater Wetlands
• From the late 1700s to the mid 1980s, the continental United States lost 50 percent of its wetlands.