properties of water watch this video: ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html
TRANSCRIPT
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Properties of Water• Watch this video:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while
watching! (Use complete sentences please.)
Properties of Water
• Cohesive Properties– Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together
because of ________________.• Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to
the difference in ______________ between H and O atoms.
stickHydrogen bonding
electronegativity
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• Adhesive Properties– Adhesion- ______ molecules stick to _____
molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for _________ of water along surfaces.
Water other
movement
Water to water
Water to non-water
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• Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ and releases heat when _____.– High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______
in order to raise the temperature.• Therefore, temperature remains _______ comparatively
to air or land.
hotcold
energy
stable
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– Water is most ______ at 4 °C.• Allows ice to ______• Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice
densefloat
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– Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.• To _________, lots of heat is required which makes water a good
evaporative ________.– Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day.
• (Draw body of water with land)
– Why useful?• When water evaporates, large amounts of ___________ are
used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect.
– Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant)heat
cooling
vaporizecoolant
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• Solvent properties– Water is the universal solvent- most ________
reactions in organisms occur with water.• Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the
vascular system are water based.
– Due to its _____ nature, water forms shells around charged and polar molecules which prevents them from clumping, keeping them in ___________
• Ex. NaCl in water
– Why useful?• ___________ substances in water can from a
mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________.
chemical
polar
solution
Dissolved
cytoplasm
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• Acid and bases– H2O H+ + OH-
– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________
– Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________
• pH Scale– Acid: __ 7– Base: __ 7– Each pH unit represents a ______ difference in H+
and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-]
– pH 2 solution is ____ times as acidic as a pH 4 solution.
donor
acceptor
<
>
tenfold
100
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• Buffers– Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________
changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
– Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death.
– How does a buffer work?• A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution
when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted.
– Ex. H2CO3
– buffer link 1
minimizes
acceptsdonates
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Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
– Carbon has a total of 6 __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell.
– In order to complete its __________ shell, it would have to donate or accept 4 electrons
• Instead, carbon usually __________ its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell
• Ex. CH4
ELECTRONS
VALENCE
SHARES
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gifhttps://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG
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Types of Carbon Molecules• Hydrocarbons
– __________ molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.– Hydrocarbons are the major components of _____________
(fossil fuels).– Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6
• Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails.
• ______ can be broken down to provide energy.– Example: __________ - composed of hydrocarbons
http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg
ORGANIC
PETROLEUM
TAILGASOLINE
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Isomers– __________ in the structure of organic molecules
can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different ____________.
– Types:• ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent
arrangements of their atoms.• ___________ isomers- same covalent
partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds.– Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2
VARIATION
PROPERTIES
STRUCTURAL
GEOMETRIC
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• _______________- molecules that are mirror images of each other
–contains a middle carbon attached to four __________ atoms or groups of atoms.
–Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions.
–One is usually active and the other is ___________.
ENANTIOMERS
DIFFERENT
MIRROR
INACTIVE
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STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIC
ENANTIOMERS
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif
D-DOPA (INACTIVE)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png
L-DOPA
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png
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Organic Compouds– What does it mean to be organic?
• Organic compounds- any molecule which contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ and the oxides of carbon
• The word “organic” meant “___________” and still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and petrol are not found in living things.
CARBON
LIVING
PLASTIC
http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg
http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg
CARBONATES
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– Macromolecules• ___________- long molecule made up of many similar
or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (think: _______ with many cars).
–___________: small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers
• Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2–Condensation Reaction
(________________________)–___________ Reaction
POLYMER
TRAIN
MONOMERS
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
HYDROLYSIS
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Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of
sugars.– Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen,
and oxygen with a ratio of ________________.CARBON
1C:2H:1O (CH2O)
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– Types of carbohydrates• ___________________- monomers or sub-units
of carbohydrates. –Important in cellular _____________ and
synthesis of materials–Examples: Ribose, ___________, and
glucose, and ______________.
Structures: Glucose: Ribose:
http://palaeos.com/fungi/fpieces/images/Glucose.gifhttp://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html
MONOSACCHARIDES
RESPIRATION
FRUCTOSEGALACTOSE
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• ________________- carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________.– Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ molecules.
Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. Lactose is one __________ and one __________.
• _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.
Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose
DISACCHARIDE
LINKAGE
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE FRUCTOSEGLUCOSE GALACTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH
ANIMALS
PLANTS
PLANTS
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State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
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Lipids– Lipids are grouped together
because they are _____________.– Category of molecules that
includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid)
– Functions of Lipids• can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ storage.• Can provide ___________
– ex. ___________in arctic marine animals.– How to make a triglyceride (fat)
• Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three molecules of water. (______________ reaction) p. 75 Fig. 5.11
HYDROPHOBIC
OILS
THERMAL
ENERGYBUOYANCY
BLUBBER
GLYCEROLDEHYDRATION
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Lipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats– Saturated Fats
• No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ to be attached to the carbon skeleton
• Includes most animal fats• Solid at room temp
HYDROGENS
http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg
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– Unsaturated Fats• Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer
hydrogen atoms• A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double
bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds –– ie ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil)
• Includes plant and fish oils• Liquid at room temp
– Nutrition!
DOUBLE
TRANS
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Phospholipids– essential for cell ___________composition– Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids
attached to glycerol – The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group
(these can in turn bond to other molecules)– Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer),
phosphate group is ___________ (face outward)• ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused
rings with different chemical groups attached– Includes many ___________ and cholesterol– _____ can affect cholesterol levels
MEMBRANE
2
NONPOLAR
POLAR
STEROIDS
HORMONES
FAT
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif
http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg
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– How do lipids and carbohydrates compare?• Similarities: both used for energy storage• Differences:
– Lipids» are used for ______________ energy storage. » have ___________as much energy per gram.» ___________ in water
– Carbohydrates» are used as energy sources ___________. » are more soluble and ___________to transport » have a stronger impact on osmotic ___________.
LONG TERM
TWICE
INSOLUBLE
FIRST
EASIER
PRESSURE
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Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs)• Amino acid formula:
R group is what determines the ___________.• ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs
between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another)
• Condensation- joins amino acids• Hydrolysis- separates amino acids.• Ex.• Amino acids (___________) can combine to make
polypeptides (polymers) called ___________.– The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of
one amino acid to the amino group of another.– ____ total amino acids can combine to create many
different proteins
AMINO ACIDPEPTIDE
MONOMERSPROTEINS
20
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More Protein FUN !• Two Categories of Protein
___________:– ___________-
• have elongated shapes
• usually ___________ in water
• Physically tough• Examples:
– __________ in skin
– __________ in hair and fingernails
SHAPES
FIBROUS
INSOLUBLE
COLLAGEN
KERATIN
http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif
http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg
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– ___________-• Compact and
___________• Usually water-
soluble (contain polar amino acids on the outer surface)
• Examples: –Enzymes –Other functional
proteins such as antibodies
GLOBULAR
ROUNDED
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Protein Structure• Primary and secondary structure
– ___________ structure- the ___________ of amino acids in a polypeptide
– ____________ structure- coils and folds within the polypeptide due to ___________ bonds between repeating constituents
• Examples: • ___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonds
at every 4th amino acid• ___________ -pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at
particular intervals • ___________ Structure- refers to the overall
_______________ shape of the protein due to interactions between R-groups interaction with each other and the surrounding water.
PRIMARY SEQUENCE
SECONDARYHYDROGEN
ALPHA
BETA
TERTIARY3-DIMENSIONAL
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– Types of interactions ( )• Positively charge R groups with negatively charged
R-groups• Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center
to avoid water contact and opposite with hydrophilic amino acids.
• polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar R-groups
• R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge
BETWEEN R GROUPS
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Quaternary Structure– The overall protein structure that results from the
_____________ of polypeptide subunits.– Examples:
• globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four polypeptides.
• Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix.
• Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.
AGGREGATION
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpghttp://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif
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Changes in Protein Structure• Changes in ___________ structure lead to changes in
further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning or nonfunctioning protein
– Example: Sickle Cell Anemia• Protein shape and function can also be changed via
________________– pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc.
• Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p. 85 Fig. 5.23)
– Are not specific, but keep the protein away from potentially bad influences
– Folding is spontaneous
PROTEIN
DENATURATION
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http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg
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Nucleic Acids• Main function is to store and transmit
___________ information
• 2 kinds: – Ribonucleic acid (_____) and
Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____)– These are both polymers/macromolecules– The monomers of DNA and RNA are
____________.
GENETIC
RNADNA
NUCLEOTIDES
http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides
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• Three Components of nucleic acids– ____________________ base
• Two groups of nitrogenous bases– Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring– Cytosine, thymine, uracil– Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C)– Adenine, guanine
– a 5-___________ sugar• Two kinds of sugars
– ___________ - RNA– _______________ - DNA
– ______________ group• Nucleosides are the components above minus the
phosphate group
NITROGENOUS
CARBON
RIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE
PHOSPHATE
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