prophylactic cranial irradiation
DESCRIPTION
Prophylactic cranial irradiation for extensive stage small cell lung cancer Jiraporn Setakornnukul, MDTRANSCRIPT
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Jiraporn Setakornnukul, MD.Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of RadiologyFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University
Outline
Significance of brain metastases in SCLC
PCI in ED with complete response: evidence from IPD-metaanalyses
Two major RCTs : EORTC & Japanese trials
Worse prognosis in asymptomatic BM ?
Significant neurocognitive toxicity ?
Introduction
Worldwide, lung cancer occurred in approximately 1.8 million patients in 2012 and caused an estimated 1.6 million deaths
95 % of all lung cancers are classified as either small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Introduction
SCLC represents about 15% of all lung cancers – Proportion of SCLC/Total lung cancer
NCI Thailand (2011): 21/336 (6.25%) Siriraj Hospital (2009): 29/592 (4.9%)
Nature: rapid doubling time, high growth fraction, and the early development of metastases– 70% Extensive stage – 30% Limited stage
Staging SCLC
Staging SCLC by Veterans' Affairs Lung Study Group (VALSG)
Limited stage: disease confine to one hemithorax or radiotherapy portal field
Extensive stage: tumor beyond the boundaries of limited disease – distant metastases– malignant pericardial/pleural effusions– contralateral supraclavicular and contralateral
hilar involvement
Treatment: ED-SCLC
ED-SCLC is a disseminated disease
Thus systemic chemotherapy is the initial treatment
Background: Treatment outcomes
Response rate after combination CMTComplete response: usually around 10%Partial response: 33-45%
Survival rate after combination CMTMedian survival: 6.9-11.5 mo.1yr-OS: 21-42%2yr-OS: usually less than 5%
Data from 2,580 patient SWOG data base
Kathy S., JCO 1990
Why PCI is the interesting role in SCLC?
Incidence of brain metastasis– At diagnosis: 10-15%– From autopsy: 35-55%
Elliott JA, JCO 1987Bunn PA, Seminars in Oncology 1978
Pattern of failure– Most common failure site: intrathoracic and
CNS
Outline
Significance of brain metastases in SCLC
PCI in ED with complete response: evidence from IPD-metaanalyses
Two major RCTs : EORTC & Japanese trials
Worse prognosis in asymptomatic BM ?
Significant neuocognitive toxicity ?
PCI for complete response ED-SCLC
RR of death: 0.77 (0.54-1.11)
RR of brain met: 0.38 (0.23-0.64)
Cumulative incidence of BM at 3 yr (whole group) 33.3% for PCI and 58.6% for no PCI (Absolute decrease 25.3%)
PCI for any response ED-SCLC
EORTC study from Slotman; Published in NEJM 2007
Published study
Pragmatic study– Inhomogeneous
patients– Clinical follow up
Japanese studyfrom Seto; Presented at ASCO 2014
Abstract only
Efficacy study– Homogeneous
patients– Need MRI brain
follow up
2014
ED-SCLCCombination CMTWith any response
PCI: 20 Gy/5F, 25 Gy/8-10F, 30 Gy/10F
No PCI
Median time between diagnosis and randomization: 4.2 months
Primary end point: the development of symptomatic brain metastases
BM 16.8% (PCI) VS 41.3% (no PCI) Absolute reduction 24.5% Relative reduction 2.46
MS 6.7 mo (PCI) VS 5.4 mo (no PCI)
Primary end point: Overall Survival
BM 32.4% (PCI) VS 58% (no PCI) Absolute reduction 25.6% Relative reduction 1.79
EORTC VS Japanese trialEORTC Japanese study
Population Exclude symptomatic BM Exclude both symptomatic & asymptomatic BM
F/U, CNS Clinical F/USymptomatic BM
MRI F/UMixed symptomatic & asymptomatic BM
BM Absolute reduction 24.5% Absolute reduction 25.6%
PFS 14.7 wk (~3.67 mo) , PCI12 wk (~3 mo), no PCI
2.2 mo, PCI2.4 mo, no PCI
Salvage Rx outside CNS
68% in PCI 45.1% in no PCI
81% in PCI89% in no PCI
MS 6.7 mo in PCI5.4 mo in no PCI
10.1 mo in PCI15.1 mo in no PCI
Asymptomatic brain metastasis
Asymptomatic BM response rate(CMT: cyclophosphamide, doxolubicine, and etoposide)
Response rate: 27%CR rate 2/22 (9%) and PR rate 4/22 (18%)
Median duration to symptomatic BM: 2.3 mo (range, 0.5-5 mo)
Median survival: 8.3 mo (1.3-43.4 mo)
Summary from two studies
PCI can be omitted if patient get a good follow up protocol such as MRI brain every 3 months to early detect asymptomatic BM
Symptomatic BM may cause deteriorate patient performance and cannot receive salvage chemotherapy, so the survival could decrease
Neurocognitive disorder
EORTC trialRole functioning, Cognitive functioning, and
Emotional functioning did not different between PCI and no PCI
Grosshans et al.Persistent declines in cognitive function were not
observed after PCI (25Gy in 10F) in SCLCDo not favor omission PCI due to fears of
neurotoxic effectsGrosshans DR, Cancer 2008
Conclusion (1)
ED-SCLC: Complete response after combination chemotherapy
Should get PCI after CMT Data from Meta-analysis in 1999
– Gain survival benefit 5.4%– Reduce BM 25.3%
Conclusion (2)
ED-SCLC: Any response (Partial response) after combination chemotherapy
Good Prognosis such as single metastasis with complete systemic response– Single metastasis: better prognosis
Foster NR, Cancer 2009
PCI is the standard treatment in both arms in ongoing RCT (EORTC and RTOG)– role of thoracic radiotherapy after
chemotherapy
Conclusion (3)
ED-SCLC: Any response (Partial response) after combination chemotherapy
Moderate to poor prognosis such as multiple metastases and partial response of systemic metastasis
Should receive PCI when patient cannot do regular MRI F/U