proposal for a feasible maintenance and repair … · 1.1 rural water supply in hill nepal 8 1.2...

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8 1 P R

PROPOSAL

FOR

A FEASIBLE MAINTENANCE

AND

REPAIR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

OF THE

RURAL COMMUNITY WATERSUPPLY

AND

SANITATION PROGRAMME

>:Ot I.

MINISTRY OF PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATE

POKHARA

PROPOSAL FOR

A FEASIBLE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR MANAGEMENT

'OF RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY

BASED ON PRESENT STATE OF THE

WESTERN DEVELOPMENT REGION

by

Iter Schramm (GVS)Lekh B. Gurung

Publication financed bySATA

Pokhara, Sept. 1981

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABBREVIATIONS iv

List of Tables v

List of Figures vi

List of Annexes vii

FOREWORD 1

PREFACE 2

GENERAL SUMMARY 4

SAARAANS (general summary in Nepali script) 6

INTROCUCTION 8

1.1 Rural Water Supply in Hill Nepal 81.2 History of the CWSS programme 81.3 General Issues regarding CWS Project

Maintenance 141.4 Methodology 16

ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT STATUS 18

2.1 Technical State of Particular Structures 19

2.1.1 Spring/Stream Catchment 202.1.2 Reservoir Tank 222.1.3 Break Pressure Tank and Interruption 23

Chamber2.1.4 Valve and Valve Chamber 242.1.5 Pipeline 252.1.6 Tapstand 272.1.7 Recommendations Regarding Technical 29

Issues

2.2 Present Maintenance Arrangements 33

2.2.1 Maintenance Arrangements at Village 34Level

; 2.2.1.1 Project Villages without 35any Arrangement

2.2.1.2 Project Villages with 38Maintenance Arrangements

2.2.2 Maintenance Arrangements at District 40Level

2.2.3 Maintenance Arrangements at Regional 41Level

2.2.3.1 Present Organization and 41Management

2.2.3.2 Village Maintenance Worker 42Training Course

2.2.3.3 Additional Activities 44

(ii)

Page

2.2.4 Maintenance Arrangements at National 45Level

2.3 Summary of the Assessment . 46

2.3.1 Present Technical Status 462.3.2 Present Maintenance Management 49

CONCEPT FOR A FEASIBLE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 50MANAGEMENT

3.1 Definition of Different Terms 503.2 Responsibilities and Main Procedures on 52

Different Levels at Certain Phases

3.2.1 Responsibility at Village Level 523.2.2 Responsibility at District Level 553.2.3 Responsibility at Regional Level 563.2.4 Responsibility at National Level 593.2.5 Responsibility Charts 60

3.3 Manpower Requirements for the Maintenance 63Section

3.4 Job Description for Maintenance Staff 65

3.4.1 Maintenance Engineer 653.4.2 Maintenance Supervisor 683.4.3 Maintenance Water Supply and 70

Sanitation Technician3.4.4 Village Maintenance Worker 72

3.5 Training Requirements 72

3.5.1 MPLD-RD Staff Seminar 733.5.2 WSST Refresher Training Course 733.5.3 VMW Training Course 73

3.6 Material Requirement 75

3.6.1 HMG Material Requirement 75

3.6.2 UNICEF Material Requirement 78

3.7 Tentative Maintenance Budget for RD Pokhara 79

3.7.1 Rehabilitation Projects 813.7.2 Major Repair Projects 813.7.3 Village Level Repair 823.7.4 Initial Requirements and Facilities 823.7.5 Budget Summary 82

(iii)

3.8 Subsidiary Requirements3.9 Two Examples of Implementation

3.9.1 CWS Project Ghan Pokhara, LamjungDistrict

3.9.2 CWS Project Gurungkha, SyangjaDistrict

4. CONDITIONS FOR IJ1PLEMENTATION

REFERENCES

Page

8384

84

86

88

89

ANNEXES

Uv)

ABBREVIATIONS

HMG

LDD

LD'!4

tlPLD

RD

DWSS

DTO

LDO

NDS

SATA

CWS

CWSS

VMW

WSST

BPT

IC

PDTC

VP

His Majesty's Government of Nepal

Local Development Department (1971-1980)

Ministry of Local Development (1980-1981)

Ministry of Panchayat and Local Develop-ment (from 1981)

Regional Directorate

Department of VJater Supply and Sewerage

District Technical Office

Local Development Officer

National Development Service

Swiss Association of Technical Assistance

Community Water Supply ;

Community Water Supply and Sanitation

Village Maintenance Worker

Water Supply and Sanitation Technician

Break Pressure Tank

Interruption Chamber

Panchayat Development Training Centre

Village'Panchayat

(v)

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO, Page

1. Instruments and its Objectives of the Study 16

2. Number of Completed and Evaluated CWS 18Projects per District, State June 1981

3. Adequacy of Sources 20

4. Detail Assessment of Spring/Stream 21Construction

5. Assessment Spring/Stream Catchment 22

6. Repair Necessity cf Spring/Stream Catchment 22

7. Assessment Reservoir Tank 23

8. Repair Necessity of Reservoir Tank 23

9. Assessment of BPT and IC 24

10. Repair Necessity of BPT and IC 24

11. Assessment of Valve and Valve Chamber 25

12. Repair Necessity of Valve and Valve Chamber 25

13. Assessment of Pipeline 26

14. Repair Necessity of Pipeline 26

15. Detail Assessment of all Evaluated Tapstands 27

16. Assessment of Tapstand 28

17. Repair Necessity of Tapstand 29

18. Village Maintenance Worker Arrangements 35

19. Different Ethnic Groups, Village Quarrels and 37Maintenance Arrangements

20. Causes of Maintenance and Damage Problems in 39Case of Paid and Unpaid VMW

21. General Assessment of Repair Necessity of 47All Structures including Pipelines

22. Success Rating of 45 Evaluated CWS Projects 48in the Western Development Region

23. Technical Causes of Maintenance Problems 48

24. Expected Workload 80

25. Tentative Budget Requirement for Two Years 83

(vi)

LIST OF FIGURES Page

FIGURE N.O, Page

1. LDD Organization Chart, 1971 10

2. Number of CWSS Projects Under Construction 13and Completed Projects in the WesternDevelopment Region from 1971 to 1980

3. Maintenance Circle 15

4. Causes of Maintenance and Damage Problems 36in Relation to VMM Appointment

5. Responsibility Chart, Plan Phase I/II 61

6. Responsibility Chart, Plan Phase III 62

(vii)

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 : List of all completed CWSS Projects in theWestern Development Region.

Annex 2 : Draft Research Proposal, Village Case Studyfor a Feasible Maintenance Management Set-upof Community Water Supply Projects in theWestern Development Region.

Annex 3 : Evaluation Questionnaire, Community WaterSupply Programme, Project Status Report.

Annex 4 : List of all 59 VMW Trainees, State June 1981.

Annex 5 ; VMW Course Schedule and Names of Instructors/Teachers

Annex 6 : Official Lettei (ref. 037/11/27) RegardingMaintenance Policy, LDM Kathmandu,In-official Translation.

Annex 7 : Proposal for Altered Jhapa Conference Outputs

Annex 8 z Village Project Agreement

Annex 9 : Village Maintenance Agreement

Annex 10 ; CWS Project Maintenance Checklist

Annex 11 : Project Completion Certificate

Annex 12 : Maintenance Requests to RD Pokhara

FOREWORD

This study tries to provide practical advice as well as subs-tantial information on various components of village v/atersupply maintenance, which should guide the ?*inistry of Pancha-yat and Local Development to a feasible maintenance and repairmanagement system of its Rural Community Water Supply andSanitation Programme. The presented proposal is based on theparticular situation of the Western Development Region andshould be especially of particular use as a reference for theexpected policy conference of the Ministry on maintenance.

The authors are field experienced staff members of the RegionalDirectorate Pokhara, who are interested in improving thecurrent Programme.

Lekh B. Gurungs He has been working as Overseer/Supervisorsince July 1976 for Community Water Supply in the 'JesternDevelopment Region. Besides that he is the most experiencedstaff member in Training Courses. During his 5 years instruc-tor experience he developed two curricula. Once he joined ashort term course in Madras, India, on Public Health Engineer-ing and he is interested in studying Civil Engineering.

Walter Schramm; He passed 1977 M.Sc at Technical Universityof Munich, Federal Republic of Germany in Civil/SanitaryEngineering where he later got some experience as researcherof the Department of Sanitary Engineering. Since January1979, he has been working as German Volunteer with the RegionalDirectorate Pokhara. During that time he performed tasks onvarious levels on project site and in the office.

Govinda Lai Shrestha Martin StraussRegional Director Trrio

Pokhara, August 1981 Project Manager CVSSPokhara. Au-<mst 1981

- 2 -

PREFACE

For ten years Local Development Department/ and nowadays theMinistry of Panchayat and Local Development is engaged inexecuting Community Water Supply Schemes in rural Hill ^epal.These gravity water systems are built by contributions of HisMajesty's Government, the particular project village and UNICEF.During that time all over Nepal many projects were implementedand quite a considerable input of expenditure and voluntarylabour were utilized for the Programme. The declared policywas mainly to fulfill the immense target of the current 5thyear plans but hardly anybody felt really responsible formaintenance after a project was finished.

Last year's conference on the Rural Water Supply Programme,held at Jhapa, recognized the need for a specific policy onmaintenance. Hence the conference has recommended that eachRegional Directorate should prepare a proposal for a mainte-nance organization. This should include specific criteria fordividing village level responsibilities and the responsibi-lities to be borne outside the village, job descriptions, costestimates, workloads, staff requirements, long term develop-ment, existing status of systems, reporting procedures, standardforms, training needs, etc.

The reaction of the Regional Directorate Pokhara was thefollowing Terms of Reference for the authors.

J "**

Ministry of Panchayat and Local DevelopmentRegional DirectoratePokhara•

TERMS OF REFERENCE

for long term planning of project

maintenance organization for

Walter Schramm and Lekh B. Gurung

as his counterpart.

OBJECTIVES;

Setting up proposal for a feasible maintenance and repair mana-gement system of the rural CWSS projects including:

- working plans, and proposals regarding procedures, manpower,material, office space, and training requirements forinitiating first steps towards implementation of such asystem.

evaluation and proposals for improving, if necessary, presentproject design features, material selection and constructionmethods in order to render systems better and more easilymaintainable.

APPROACH;

In cooperation with MPLD-RD staff and, at appropriate stage,with involved people of MPLD and UNICEF.

A. Assessment Phase

1. Record of completed projects2. Assessment of present state regarding;

- maintenance management- physical performance and repair requirements

3. Summary of evaluation

B. Working out concept for future maintenance organizationincluding technical and administrative procedures

1. Completed projects and new projects2. involvement and responsibilities; of Village, District,

J1PLD-RD and UNICEF :

3. Organisational set-up of future system4. Budgetary requirements5. Need for revised design, construction and future

training.

. - 4 -

GENERAL SUM'iARY

Some people of MPLD involved in the Community Water SupplyProgramme felt the very urgent need of a maintenance manage-ment concept in order to keep the benefits of completed watersystems for the supplied communities, not to discourage thepeople on development activities and to prevent loss of inputs.

The assessment part of the study shows a positive impact by awell developed standardization. This standardization has beenable to switch over repair on structures from major repair, incase of previous regular projects, to village level repair onstandardized projects. Still there is an amazing high percen-tage of construction shortcomings which shows clearly thatfurther training is also needed for experienced staff. It hasbeen evaluated that 50% of completed Water Supply projects havemajor flaws or are non-functioning. If this success rate isassumed all over Nepal consequently you must agree that e.g.during the 5th Five Year Plan period appr. 23 Mio. Rs (2.3Karod) out of the LDD development budget for Water Supply havenot been properly utilized. A well established maintenancemanagement might well have saved a lot of that amount.

So far maintenance activities are not coordinated. In onethird of all projects there is no maintenance performance atall, in the other two thirds very little and insufficientactivities have been evaluated. One or two small changes onRegional level towards a maintenance set-up are not enough,and have had only very little effect on present state, e.g.the Village Maintenance Worker Training Course because it is asingle activity and not supported by any structure.

The concept for feasible maintenance and repair management isproposed including responsibilities and main procedures ondifferent levels at certain phases - Village MaintenanceAgreement, manpower requirement and job descriptions, trainingrequirement, material requirement and tentative budget. Ifyou want to achieve the most effective result, you have toimplement all separate points at one.time by integrated-approach, otherwise it will fail. In the beginning, Plan PhaseI and II, responsibility is almost only rested on Village leveland Regional level, later at Plan Phase III Districts shouldtake over most of the tasks from Regional Directorates. EachDevelopment Region should establish a Maintenance Section ledby one engaged Ass. Engineer. Under him, according to work-load, a certain number of Maintenance Supervisors and Mainte-nance Technicians should be engaged to execute rehabilitation

- 5 . -

of projects, major repair and to supervise village levelmaintenance performance. A Village Maintenance Agreementshould continue contract status in the post construction phaseas a basis of the concept. Training is not only required" forVillage Maintenance Worker but also for experienced techniciansand office staff of Regional Directorates. In order to enablethe authorities to proceed the maintenance set-up, material andbudget requirement are split into HMG and UNICEF contribution.During the initial phase only UNICEF is ready to contributeto a CWSS maintenance programme of MPLD? but later the Ministryshall take on the whole contribution and procure materialsrequired for maintenance, reimbursable from UMICEF.

The final decision might interfere with political interest butat least, the authors have tried to work out a very practicaloriented proposal which emphasizes the benefit of the CommunityWater Supply Programme to rural people of*rfepal.

- 6 -

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- 9 -

1. INTRODUCTION '

1.1 Rural Water Supply in Kill Nepal

It might be really not necessary to justify the generalneed of Rural Water Supply.

Probably the two most well-known Government Agents forRural Water Supply schemes in Remote Areas are theDepartment of Water Supply and Sewerage (DT7SS) and theformer Local Development Department (LDD), now Ministryof Panchayat and liOcal Development (MPLD) .

DWSS is responsible for providing water supplies tocommunities over about 1500 inhabitants, district orzonal headquarters and other urban areas outside thejurisdiction of Water Supply and Sewerage Board (WSSB) ;The Jhapa Conference 19SO agreed on a guideline of 300 -1500 people as suitable for MPLD projects (3), Besidesthat, smaller drinking water projects are executed bythe District Technical Office (DTO) which is underresponsibility of the recently created Local DevelopmentOfficer (LDO) Administration. The implementation ofwater systems are also an important conceptional outputof Integrated Development Projects but they follow againsomehow an other official procedure.

If you walk in the hills you occasionally might pass bywell built drinking water projects built with the helpof non-governmental organizations like the British orIndian ex-servicemen associations, United Mission orothers.

Small water projects have been built also by NDSprogrammes or self-help activities by villagers who didnot know official procedures or who did not succeedthrough official channels.

So fat not much coordination of these various activities~' regarding impiementation""of "water" supply schemes--is

seen. After a few years the LDO Administration might beable to coordinate all development programmes in itsdistrict, which is also an important requirement for anymaintenance activity.

1.2 History of the CWSS programme

The 3rd and 4th National Development Plans, 1965 to 1970and 1970 to 1975, laid strong emphasis on the developmentof rural water supplies.

Q „

Before LDD was established in IS71 Rural Water SupplyProjects were executed by the Community Water SupplyDivision, Department of Irrigation and Water Works.Then in 1971 a supplementary programme for piped watersupply to rural communities was initiated with UHICEFand WHO assistance. Responsibility for that programmewas given to the newly formed Remote Area and LocalDevelopment Department subsequently re-named LocalDevelopment Department.

Right in the beginning many different types of projectswell considered like channels, fish-ponds, suspensionbridges, latrines, wells, water systems, school build-ings, play-grounds, handicrafts and small scale indus-tries, etc. Projects have been divided in villagelevel, town level and district level projects. It wasexplicitly said that the concerned village, Town orDistrict Panchayat was fully responsible for protectionand maintenance after completion of a project (1,8).In 1971 LDD was going to open Regional Offices inBiratnagar, Nepalgunj and Butwal. At that time theorganization chart, shown in figure 1, was published(1).

FIGURE 1 : LDD Organization Chart, 1971

rSenior Eng.

Home-Panchayat Minister

Panchayat'Secretary

Local Development Department

Director General -Senior Clerk(JJayab Subba)

TTechn. AssistanceConstructionEng* Overseers,etc.

Techn. Service CentreBiratnagar, Butwal,NepalgunjAsstt. Eng., ProjectOfficers,"Overseers, etc.

IDeputyDirector

Planning,Progress

IDeputyDirector

Accountant,Procurement,

Implementation, Administra-

Research JiriOfficer Multipurpose

DevelopmentStatistics, ProjectAssessment,Research

Coordination tion. Audito

i

11

In 1D73/74 the LHD Regional Office for the Western Deve-lopment Region vas shifted from Dutwal to Bokhara. About50 \-7ater supply schemes had been completed throughout thecountry at the end of 197^. One year later, out of thegrand total of 70 officially listed projects,, 32 C**5projects had been built in the Western DevelopmentRegion.

LDD's main objectives for the 5th five year developmentplan (1975/1930) were (2);

-°> J?£°#i&©....sTafe, and adequate water supplies to sele-cted communities ' " '••"•"

- To train personnel at professional and sub-profess-ional levels for the continuation and the expansionof the programmes

- To initiate rural water supply programme in the Teraiinvolving;

a) protection of existing wells against pollution,and

b) sinking tube wells and equipping them with hand-pumps

~ To collect data for the planning of environmentalhealth programmes

- To encourage limited research activities in specificfields with a view to reducing the cost of communityt ater supply and sanitation facilities and/or enhancetheir usefulness =

- To prepare typ designs, manuals and guidelines forsurveys and designs

- To encourage district panchayats and "class organiza-tions" to include community water supply and sanita-tion in their development programmes.

In mid-1976 the highly requested "Noted" programme startedwhich included the following districts; kaski, Lamjung,Syangjaf Gorkha, Tanahun and Parbat in the Western Deve-lopment Region. At the same time Swiss Association forTechnical Assistance (SATA) stepped into the CommunityTJater Supply Programme of LDD Pokhara to execute theNoted Programme.

12 -

Besides that new programme, the regular programme conti-nued. It vras executed in the same way as noted projectsbut not under the supervision of SATA Engineers.

Because Kaski District was declared as pilot districtfor development activities ty HI-IG until 1973 mainly notedprojects wers given to this district first.

Projects in the Western Development Region got the samestatus as noted Projects under technical and administra-tive management of LDD Pokhara.

But this important achievement is undermined by the so-called 'Phuthra" projects (self-help projects), whichhave started about 1975 and still carrying on. NDS-programme which was involved in CWS too from 1977 to1979 should be judged in the same way. For these kindof projects no technical manpower from RD is involved.Also there is neither a proper procedure nor any control.What to do in case of maintenance for that type ofprojects? From the authors there-will be no answer.

It is very easy to find targets for the CT7SS Programmebut to evaluate what is really achieved is rather diffi-cult. T7e searched for a quite a while to compile aproject list of all completed OTSS projects executed byLDD/MPLD in the Western Development Region, see Annex 1.However there are still some doubts whether the list isreally perfect. Figure 2 shows annually the number ofprojects under construction and completed in the WesternDevelopment Region for each year between 1971 and 1930.

13

FIGURE 2 Number of CWSS Projects Under Construction andCompleted Projects in the Western DevelopmentRegion from 1971 to 1S80

dumber ofProjects

»....x-_„ projects under construction

— * completed projects

k 40

20

2028 202S 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 Nepali

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1931 y e a r

So far nothing has been said about Sanitation becauseonly one school latrine building was erected by MPLD-RDPokhara. Besides that there were some uncoordinatedactivities of several technical staff in CWS projectvillages. Recently a Sanitation Team was establishedin RD Pokhara which should set-up a Sanitation Programmeincluding procedures, management,, training requirements,

14

etc. During the recent Village Maintenance Worker (VM--7)Training Course and Hater Supply and Sanitation Techni-cian (WSST) Training Course Sanitation was introducedas a main subject, and pit latrines have been built bythe trainees. Of course the Sanitation Team should alcosuggest something on maintenance. If it is necessary toinclude Sanitation Maintenance in the CWS maintenanceconcept, that should not be a problem adding Sanitationto the CWS maintenance.management set-up later.

1.3 General Issues regarding CTJS Project Maintenance

Maintenance is the most seriously neglected aspect ofthe CWS Programme. The recent technical evaluation of45 CWS projects by the authors, as well as the New ERAevaluation, 1977, of another 29 projects, built in theWestern Development Region, indicate that a high percen-tage of systems are in extremely bad condition. Besideswhat is written down in proposals, papers and contractsnot much attention is given to the post-constructionphase. Trying to fulfill over-estimated targets isstill the case with the CWSS Programme in Nepal. Becauseof this major policy on quantity, little priority isgiven to quality. Quality does not mean only appro-priate and solid construction, but also it includes themain reason why a system is actually built% servingdrinking water permanently to the villagers. The presentpolicy of implementing projects seems still to involvehanding projects over to unprepared villagers and leavingthem alone without any support. This has already causedmany breakdowns in the past, often only one or two yearsafter construction was finished.

What is the benefit to the people after their watersystem is broken down? There is none. It can also leadto discouragement with side effects on other developmentprogrammes. We have to ask for a new aim in MPLDpolicy?

WELL-RUNNIMG PROJECTS, INSTEAD OF ONLY FINISHED OWES.

If we agree on that, our next question must be?

HOW CAN WE ENSURE WELL-RUNNING PROJECTS?

There are many links and influences affecting the statusof old projects e.g. structure and procedures of MPLD,divided responsibilities at national, regional, districtand village level, selection and priority, performance

15

during construction and pre-construction phase, whichinfluences village contribution. Another question whicharises is? who should be responsible at village level?In general, on the one side, village Panchayats do notshow their interest, and it seems that on the other sidethere is a fashion to set up a special committee foreach programme like school? irrigation? afforestationetc., which may be over taxes the capacity of villagers.The MPLD policy set-up must consider the real presentstatus and the practical capability of its instruments.There is no point in continuing to construct new systemsif they are just going to break down.

At present there is no system of neither routine mainte-nance nor repair maintenance for village water supplyprojects. In practice we found that repair of leakingsystems or breakdowns, take place on an ad hoc basis,if at all. We found, in fact, that the expectation thatvillagers will maintain their system because they havecontributed to it and feel that they own it is over-optimistic. This, however, is more a criticism of theexpectation than of the villager, because in practice,neither the question of legal ov/nership nor the questionof who is particular amongst the villagers should attemptto maintain the system is clearly specified.

If you look at the maintenance circle, figure 3, you cansee the links%ith other issues of the CWS Programme.Project status! and maintenance are feed back of programmeimplementation which probably requires improved standardsand procedures for better execution and village contri-bution which ends up a^ain in an advanced postrconstrue-tion phase. Maintenance is, no longer the end of a row,but an integral part of a circle, and therefore alsoable to give important inputs to the whole programme.

FIGURE 3 s Maintenance Circle

MaintenanceProject Status

Standardization VillageProcedures Contribution

+Pre-Construction Phase ^/Construction Phase'

16

It might be argued that the villagers' willingness tomaintain the supply once it is installed is a bettermeasure of their desire to have a supply. A study ofthe non-technical factors regarding CWS project mainte-nance or village level is very essential. A pure tech-nical approach is obviously tmite easy but not sufficientbecause maintenance has to base on certain villagecontribution and responsibility. Take an example, aproject village got a complete tool-kit for villagelevel maintenance, but after a few months almost alltools disappeared. We strongly recommend such an eva-luation, which was impossible to execute in the firsthalf of 1S81. He prepared a Draft of Terms of Referencefor such a village case study for a feasible maintenancemanagement set-up of Community Water Supply Projects onVillage Level, see Annex 2. Such a study is outstanding,but we present straight away a tentative proposal alsofor village level maintenance management.

1.4 Methodology

The findings compiled and summarized in the assessmentof present state are based upon inspection of 45 comple-ted CWS in the Western Development Region. Besides thaton several levels structured and unstructured interviewshave taken place in order to understand different posi-tions and find possibilities for a feasible organisa-tional set-up.

Table 1 shows the different instruments of our investi-gation with particular objectives.

TABLE 1 ; Instruments and

Instrument

Technical evaluation

Staff interview

its Objectives of the Study

Objective

technical statusrepair workloadvillage maintenance performancequality of the Standardizationconstruction performance

village participationproject executiontraining needsoffice capability/awarenessadministrative handling

(CONTINUED)

17 -

TA .LE 1 (Cont'd)

Instrument

\rw-l Traininq Course '01TTST refreshr-r Training

Course 'HIinterview an-1 teaching

RD Biratnagar, visit

District (LDO/DTO)interviews

DWSS Regional OfficePokharavisit

UNICEF/MPLD staffdiscussions

desk study

Village Case Study(not yet done)

Objective

village maintenance performancevillage participationtraining needsvillage maintenance capabilityconstruction performance

performancestandardi zationmaintenance ideas

capability of DTOCWS District project executionawareness of maintenance

maintenance ideasproject management

project policymaintenance policyMPLD structure.

LDD/MPLD history, policy andstructure/project performancemaintenance ideasprocedures

village maintenance capabilityresponsibility of localorganizationsgeneral understanding ofmaintenancepossibilities of paymentimplementation

-• 18

2. ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT STATUS

Between November 1980 and April 1981 most of the MPLD-RDevaluations were done by using a slightly changed versionof the New ERA questionnaire from 1977, see Annex 3.Table 2 compiles all evaluations done in the WesternDevelopment Region so far. There was actually no sele-ction based on any specific criteria because right in thebeginning no proper information was available at all.

TABLE 2 s Number of Completed and Evaluated CWS Projectsper District, State June IS81

Zone

Dhaulagiri

Gandaki

Lumbini

District

BaglungMustangMyagdiParbat

Total

GorkhaKaskiLamjungManangSyangjaTanahun

Total

Argha KhachiGulmiNawal ParasiPalpa

Total

TOTAL

CompletedProject

691214

41

143764

1111

83

' 1217

11

135

New ERAEvalua-tion

2556

18

760000

13

0001

1

32

MPLD-RDEvalua-tion

0006

6

020 *)0190

30 *)

0216

9

45 *)

Totalevaluated

25512

24

7230190

40

0217

10

74

') 3 projects of New ERA additionally again evaluated.

19 -

It - as decided not to include the Mew ERA evaluation(7) in detail again because these records from 1977 can-not be used for an assessment of oresent state. Theresults are properly compiled, published and known toconcerned MPLD staff. But even so that study is veryuseful especially standina comparison with this MPLD-RDevaluation and its recommendations regarding non-technical matters.

The assessment part is divided in two main chapters,presenting first the technical status and followed bythe present arrangements on maintenance management andorganization.

2.1 Technical State of Particular Structures

This section of our project evaluation focuses on morespecific details of the technical state of particularstructures. The assessed 45 projects comprise of 27schemes built according to the Pokhara Standardizationimplemented first by SATA Engineers from about 1977,and 18 previous regular projects built without anytechnical guidelines. This analysis might answer atleasts what the effect of the performed Standardizationis in keeping a water system in good condition. Itmight show progress achieved as well as still weakpoints of the present standard designs. Another reasonfor that classification is because right in the beginningthere was hardly any training, but after the notedproject programme started Water Supply Technicians havebeen trained on the Standardization. Therefore,, weshould expect better performance of .construction worknow than in previous regular projects.

Each structure was evaluated in design, construction,and maintenance by general assessment, 'satisfactory','some shortcomings' or 'serious shortcomings'. Theassessment was given after an inspection of that parti-cular structure. In addition the necessity of repairwas judged in the following specificationss 'none','village level1, 'major' or 'rehabilitation". 'Villagelevel" repair means that the VMW should be able torepair the construction but maybe he needs little cement(e.g. tank leak) or a few small fittings from RD.'Major' repair is understood as serious input ofmaterials e.g. e bags cement, fittings, slab frames,etc. "Rehabilitation' repair is defined as almost orcompletely broken down structure which requiresreconstruction.

20 -

2.1.1 Spring/Stream Catchment

Water from a spring or stream is the basis of the watersupply project but sometimes the adequacy of the sourceis really poor. Refer to table 3.

TABLE 3 ; Adequacy of Sources

Adequate supply ofwater year round

Supply onlyseasonallyadequate

Supply inadequateyear round

13 previousRegularProjects

6

10

2

27 Standar-dizationProjects

15

11

1

Total45

projects

21 47%

21 47%

3 7%

A survey rule is that the survey should be done only inthe driest season, and that during preliminary surveythe yield should be measured too. But in reality thesurvey teams set out sometimes out of the season. Thiscaused serious water problems in at least some projects.Sufficient vegetation in the vratershed area preventserosion and is as well mostly a guarantee that the sourcedoes not dry up. In almost 50% of the evaluated projectsthe vegetation around the source is assessed insuffici-ent. Consequently, afforestation should be included inthe CWS Programme for conservation of sources wherenecessary.

Each.spring or stream is unique. Hence actually youcannot draw a standard design except for the intakechamber. In addition four detailed questions of theevaluation questionnaire are shown in table 4 becausethe catchment construction is the most difficult. Theinterpretation of table 4 might give the impressionthat the Standardization does not have much effect onproper construction. At least water collection andcleaning possibilities have been improved, but anunusual high number of leaks have been noticed especiallyin Standardization projects.

\ .

21 -

TA"L3 4 ; Detail Assessment of Spring/Stream Construction

-

Construction ofwater collectionnot well built

Mot easy accessfor cleaning

Intake not free ofslime or animallife

Catchment notfree of leaks

18 previousRegularProjects

11 61%

10 56%

9 50%

6 33%


8 30%

8 30%

12 44%

16 59%

Total45

projects

19 42%

18 40%

•21 47%

22 49%

If you look at table 5 and 6, you can recognize a slight-ly improved design, little progress in construction butstill the maintenance is very poor. For approximately70% of all projects the repair workload depends onassistance and inputs from outside the village. Spring/stream catchments are in general strange buildings forsimple villagers but even WSSTs still have seriousproblems in constructing a proper catchment. Hie needof better supervision and further training is obvious.If you want an improved catch&sint status you #&§t besure that h«" Supervisor is ©» sfa*® <3«til*S|:^<^*ruction

and a| 1 tft&.'-training for1 bephfyixsai, sta|* |»aM ; includea mtere comprehensive discussioipl 6f $p$«i§*£ijd streamcato&fteflfp2t4%&?ns. '•"' Prom a *v*# y6u ca'h" profeabity onlyekpedt him to elean the catchment weekly and repairsmall leaks, if he gets some cement.

- 22 -

TABLE 5 ; Assessment Spring/Stream Catchment

Design

Construction

Maintenance

18 Previous RegularProjects

satis-factory

9

5

1

someshort-comings

6

7

seriousshort-comings

3

6

10

26 StandardizationProjects

satis-factory

20

11

3

someshort=comings

6

13

10


1

3

14

TABLE S s Repair Necessity of Spring/Stream Catchment

None

Village Level

Major

Rehabilitation

18 PreviousRegularProjects

1 6%

4 22%

6 33%

7 39%


2 7%

8 30%

15 56%

2 7%

Total45

projects

3 7%

12 27%

21 47%

9 20%

2.1.2 Reservoir Tank

The Standardization was a very important step in orderto maintain the' reservoir tank.'1 Table 7 shows a clearpicture of progress. Some shortcomings are mainly causedby leaks and the old standard manhole cover without slabframe. Repairs of non-standard tanks are necessaryespecially in roofing, flow regulation, wall constructionand ventilation.

- 23

TABLE 7 z Assessment Reservoir Tank

Design

Construction

Maintenance


satis-factory

10

5

0

someshort-comings

3

9

10


4

3

7

26 StandardizationProj.ex? s,

satis-factory

25

15

5

someshort-comings

1

11

18


0

0

3

According to table 8 the Standardization switchefPTherepair load from major repair to village level repair.If the reservoir tank is without leaks there is noproblem at all for a VMW to take care of a reservoirtank.

TABLE 3 s Repair Necessity of Reservoir Tank

None

Village level

Major

Rehabilitation


0 0%

2 12%

13 76%

2 12%


4 15%

17 65%

5 20%

0 0%

Total43

Projects

4 9%

19 44%

18 42%

2 5%

2.1.3 Break Pressure Tank and Interruption Chamber

First of all the Interruption Chamber (IC), shown inthe Pokhara Standardization and performed sometimesbetween spring and reservoir tank, is technically notneeded at all because of the open system in this partof the pipeline. Pressure can be reduced by higherhead loss of a smaller pipe diameter. «*•***•

Before the Standardization was implemented seriousshortcomings have occurred to Break Pressure Tanks

24 -

see table 9 and major or rehabilitation repair isrequired (table 10). In case of standard designed BPTand IC the assessed status is judged quite well. Evenso, it is very difficult to repair anything on a floatvalve if something is wrong. The recently improvedBPT standard design has recognized this maintenancedemand already by an extra manbole above the floatvalve.

TABLE 9 s Assessment of BPT and IC

Design

Construction

Maintenance


satis-factory

1

1

0

someshort-comings

610


0

5

7


satis-factory

15

1

0

someshort-comings

01110


0

3

5

TABLE 10 s Repair Necessity of BPT and IC

None

Village Level

Ma j or

Rehabilitation


0 0%

0 0%

3 43%

4 47%


1 7%

8 53%

. 5 33%

1 7%

Total22

Projects

1

8

8

5

5%

36%

36%

23%

2.1.4 Valve and Valve Chamber

The operation and maintenance of valves and valvechambers is still a technical problem. Previous regularprojects are without any stop cocks for tap flow regula-tion. Air valves have not been built or so poorlyconstructed that none has been working. Cleaning outsare seldom built and covers are broken or non-existent.After the Standardization was implemented the new design

25 -

effected the present status a bit, but still there aresome or serious shortcomings regarding maintenance in26 of 27 projects. You can see broken old standardcovers, bolts which do not fit, not removeable covers,deep and narrow as v:ell as flooded stop cock chambers.

What can a V?1*J do with incomplete tools, no brassunions, no bolts,, etc.? If you have a look at table 11and 12, you might be convinced that there is stillserious input required from RD. The present standardi-zation has to be improved urgently but besides that RDPokhara should teach its technicians how to preventmistakes.

TABLE 11 ; Assessment of Valve and Valve Chamber

Design

Construction

Maintenance


satis-factory

o

o

to

someshort-comings

9

8

2


7

10

16


satis-factory

24

10

1

someshort-comings

3

11

12

seriousshortcomings

0

6

14

TAPLE 12 s Repair Necessity of Valve and Valve Chamber

None

Vi,llage Level

Major

Rehabilitation


0 0%

0 0%

5 28%

13 72%


4 15%

10 37%

12 44%

1 4%

Total45

Projects

4 9%

10 22%

17 38%

14 31%

2.1.5 Pipeline

The chosen pipeline route causes only exceptional damageto a water system like in case of previous performed

- 26 -

handlevel surveys which were not checked. At least forthe evaluated projects landslides are very much a minorproblem. But almost all river crossings in old regularprojects have been inadequately constructed. The mostcommon shortcoming is an exposed or not deeply enoughlaid pipeline. Sometimes ignorant villagers effect theseprojects badly by malicious or other damage. In quite afew old projects, however, bad pipe quality might be thereason why the VMW cannot properly re-join the pipe. Itseems that detailed survey, better pipe quality, moreexperienced WSSTs and the supervision system establishedin 1979 improved the quality of pipe construction, seetable 13. , '

TABLE 13 s Assessment of Pipeline

Design

Construction

Maintenance


satis-factory

10

1

0

sovaeshort-comings

5

8

5


3

9

13


satis-factory

25

16

1

someshort-comings

2

9

20


0

2

6

Village level repair means almost leak repair only. Incase of major repair some HDP pipe or GI pipe is requi-red. A new pipeline route or complete re-constructionof a broken down PVC piped system might be understood byrehabilitation repair, shown in table 14.

TABLE 14 % Repair Necessity of Pipeline

None

Village Level

Major

Rehabilitation


0 0%

6 33%

7 39%

5 28%


4 15%

19 70%

4 15%

0 0%

Total45

Projects

4 9%

25 56%

11 24$

5 11%

- 27 -

2.1.6 Tapstand

Dajuf Bhai, Didi, Bahini harulai, for everybody a tap-stand is built. It is the most important place of aWater Supply Project after its completion. If a tapstandprovides clean water and the structure is in good repaireveryone is pleased. But the reality is shown by theoutcome of this fPLD-RD Pokhara evaluation (see Table15).

What are the reasons and causes of that miserable status?Finding technical reasons only does not satisfy. Theorigin of inadequate flow may be a cut, a block in thepipeline or a design mistake. Say all tapstands of oldregular projects do not have stop cock regulations,which might be the reason for inadequate flow on othertaps as well. Broken brass taps heavily effect a watersystem. If two or three brass taps are out of order,the project becomes an open system which causes inade-quate supply to all tapstands and makes the reservoirtank useless, if a villager does not regulate it daily.

TABLE 15 s Detail Assessment of all Evaluated Tapstands

tap does notprovide ade-quate flow

stop cock isnot function-ing/not built

stop cockchamber notwell covered/not built

tapstand inbad repair

area notproperly paved

18 PreviousRegular Projects177 tapstands

73

167

168

114

101

41%'

94%

95%

64%

57%

27 Standardi-zation Project186 tapstands

46

61

58

15

3

25%

33%

31%

8%

2%

363

119

228

226

129

104

Totaltapstands

33%

63%

62%

36%

29%

(CONTINUED)

- 28 -

TABLE 15 (Cont'd)

18 PreviousRegular Projects177 tapstands

27 Standardi-zation Project186 tapstands

Total363 tapstands

waste water notproperlydrained

runoff watarproductivelyused

(brass) tap isnot working

116

11

114

66%

6%

64%

11

65

6%

3%

35%

127

17

179

35%

5%

49%

According to our evaluation of more than 350 tapstands50% brass taps are rot working, worn out, broken downor removed. The fact of broken brass taps shows veryobviously the quality of villagers' awareness in takingcare of their water supply system. It might be the bestgeneral barometer of their responsibility towards main-taining the project.

Stop cock chambers must be improved. They are one ofthe worst points in the detail assessment list. Thepresent stop cock chamber is expensive and too narrowfor any maintenance. Proposed is the standard GI pipe-valve protection used in RD Biratnagar and RD Nepalgunj.Because of the actual tapstand position it seems some-times sensible to be a little bit more flexible on theStandardization.

TABLE 16 s Assessment of Tapstand

Design

Construction

Maintenance


satis-factory

610

someshort-comings

10

13

4


2

4

14


satis-factory

27

15

3

someshort-comings

0

10

13


0211

29

Interpretation of table 16 iaads to the conclusion thatthe bad status in previous old systeins are generallydue to technical reasons like insufficient design andconstruction. But in projects where the standardizationi as performed, the problems are caused by shortcomingsin maintenance which nainly rest on the villagers. Therepair necessity, shown in table 17, confirms theargument.

TABLE 17 s Repair Necessity to Tapstand

None

Village Level

Major repair

Rehabilitation


0 0%

4 22%

6 33%

8 44%


3 11%

17 63%

6 22%

1 4%

Total45-

Projects

^3' 7 %

21 47%

12 '27%

9 20%

2.1.7 Recommendations Regarding Technical Issues

If a CWS project is officially handed over as completed,everybody would expect that it was really finished, butsometimes this has net been the case. The Jhapa Confer-ence stressed on an inspection tour by the responsibleproject engineer, who shall also issue a certificate ofcompletion. This is a very important step to preventbreakdowns soon after the construction is fini^fsed.

In quite a few completed projects involved RD staff havebeen changed very frequently during the constructionphase which caused e.g. communication gaps, less respon-sibility, construction problems and less village contri-bution. At the end it leads to an unsatisfactory stateafter completion. Hence we recommend that the projectmanagement should not change the posted staff except forvery serious reasons.

During evaluation visits sometimes it was recognized,byus, that villagers have added taps, even almost" priv'afteones. In various conditions which in quite a few caseshave caused the villagers unexpected effects to t.heirwater system. Maintenance supervision might prevent sucheffects.

- 30 -

Structure-specific recommendations are given regardingStandardization, Supervision and Training.

1. Spring/Stream Catchment

Standardizations - intake and valve chamber on samebottom and top level

• - improved position of the two covers(not enough place for handles orbolts)

- strainer or skreen for each outlet

- aeriation pipe

- filter box needs certain improvementand regular maintenance assistancefrom RD

Supervision:

Training;

- Survey team must measure the yieldat least once during the driestseason

- Supervision must stay during springconstruction on site

- Supervisor should observe especiallycollection channal wall construction,fitting position.

- Source protection, afforestation

- general, comprehensive understanding

- different construction pattern, stepby step

- exchange of own experiences

- improvement of Standardization

- source protection.

2. Reservoir Tank

Standardization; - ventilation, two times double skreen,inside and mid of the wall

31

Supervision;

Trainings

3. BPT/IC

S tandard i z ation:

Supervision;

Training:

- inlet, only one valve

- overflow, simpler

- outlet, strainer or skraen

- control of masonry, cement mixture

- preventing leaks around installationpipes

- preventing leaks

- no need of any IC

- two manhole covers (position!)

- alternative models ferrocement*BPT,pilot model of RD 3iratnagar

~ float valve position, inlet 5 cmlower

- aeriation pipe

- position of installations

- preventing leaks

- introduction of Standardizationchanges

4. Valve, Valve Chamber, Mahhold Covers

Standardization;

Supervisions

- implementation of Standardization ofRD Biratnagar

- only best stop cock quality

- if two covers are next to each other,enourjh place for both handles or bolts

- thread along the whole bolt

- chamber position

- easy access for maintenance

Trainings

5. Pipeline

Standardizations

Supervisions

Training s

6. Tapstand

Standardizations

Supervisions

Trainings

- valve position

- bolt position

- Standardization changes


•» preventing small main mistakes

- river crossing standard

6m, 12m, 24m, longer than 24m

- trench deep enough, properly buried

- preventing air problems

- proper joints HDP-HDP and HDP-GI

- position of high pressure pipe

- trench digging, awareness

- Standardization river crossing

- not anymore self closing taps

- where there are no good stones,concrete pavement

- drainage hole, double wiremesh orskreen

- only best brass tap quality

- careful decision on tap positions


- productive use of runoff water

- standardization changes


- productive use of run-off water

- 33

2.2 Present Maintenance Arrangements

Present maintenance arrangements for CWS projects arevery poor, not appropriate, not coordinated and notsupported by any structure.

In the last probably five years the on paper declaredpolicy was according to WHO publication (2) in 1977 asfollowss

"On completion, the scheme will be handed over to thevillage community for operation and maintenance. Allmaintenance work will be undertaken by the village pan-chayat through their technician, who will be suitablytrained by LDD for the purpose. The cost of maintenanceincluding the salary of the maintenance technician willbe borne by the village panchayat.

The village panchayat will levy taxes to raise funds tocover all the maintenance expenses, including the salaryof VLMW (see para. 4.3.2) and the cost of necessary pipesor fittings. However, in order to assist the villagepanchayat in the initial years of maintenance, LDD willprovide each completed scheme with a reasonable stock ofpipes and fittings in addition to a set of essentialmaintenance tools for use by the VLMW. Further require-ments of pipes, fittings or tools will be obtained bythe village panchayat directly from regional or othersuitable centres, the total cost of which will be metfrom funds raised from water taxes". Later in thatpaper it is written; "At the completion of construction,the overseer will submit, #l*rough his Project Engineer,a completion report oft Fois» lio. 6 (Appendix 6)>jtj©vfeheDirector-General, LDD". A simple question onlys Has itever happened?

Under the former mentioned para. 4.3.2 we can finds "Forevery scheme selected for implementation, a Village LevelMaintenance Worker (VLP#> will be trained to undertakethe operation and maintenance of the scheme after itscompletion. VLMW will be from the village for which thescheme is intended and he will receive his "on the job"training from the Overseer during the construction ofthe scheme. VLMW will thus be given the opportunity toacquaint himself with the details of the scheme beforehe assumes responsibility for its maintenance VLMW willbe employed by the village panchayat on a part-timebasis" (2).

34

To execute this sort of maintenance policy on villagelevel only one sentence is found in the present usedVillage Agreement Form which says; "After the comple-tion of the project and the subsequent termination ofthis Agreement, the Panchayat will assume full respon-sibility for the upkeep, maintenance and repair of theproject" (2).

The question is, we should answer firsts what is thereal present state of maintenance activities on villagelevel, district level, regional level and as far asinformation is available on National level? The Assess-ment might help to set up a more feasible maintenancemanagement.

2.2.1 Maintenance Arrangements at Village Level

Supervisors or Engineers might not be able to approachCWS project villages in order to understand comprehen-sively the different communitiest their behaviour andtheir ability to arrange something like a maintenancemanagement. Therefore, we suggest a Village Case Studyfor a feasible management set up of CWS projects onvillage level. We had already negotiations with theCentre for Economic Development and Administration(CEDA), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, which is maybeone of the most capable agents for such an investiga-tion. The result is a research draft proposal shown inAnnex 2. Besides them there are also onsets in thePanchayat Training Centre of Pokhara for an impact studyof CWS projects. In general RD Pokhara is ready tostart such a non-technical evaluation with SATA supportand the RD would appreciate any additional hints onthat theme. However, for this presented proposal weevaluated our questionnaires of 45 projects and assessedtentatively the present status on village level mainte-nance arrangements and activities.

The appointment or better the actual job performance ofa VMW seems the most convenient indicator of the aware-ness and ability to deal with maintenance. Table 18includes as well the results from the New ERA Evaluation(7), which gives us the opportunity of a judgement onover 50% of all completed LDD/MPLD CWS projects in theWestern Development Region, and presents tentatively

> that about 1/3 of the project villages do not care abouttheir water supplies at all, 1/3 have at least somehow

- 35

a voluntary arrangement and another 1/3 have establishedpaynent for their VMFf either voluntary or compulsory.

TABLE 13 % Village Maintenance Worker Arrangements

No VMW

Voluntary VMW

Paid VMW

Total Projects

New ERAEvaluation

1977

8

9

12

29

LDM-RD Evaluation1981

PreviousRegularProjects

6

7

5

18

Standardi-zation

Projects

10

11

6

27

TOTAL

24 32%

27 37%

23 31%

74 100%

It has to be said that the Village Panchayat does notshow any interest in maintaining a water system in itsjurisdiction. Only in one of 45 projects there is aVT#7 paid by Village Panchayat on daily wage basis.

More details about the three different types of arrange-ments are given below.

I 2.2.1.1 Project Villages without any Arrangement

\ Even if you do not agree that this evaluai sentative of the whole Western fe^^i^jiag:•" because there were rib selection critWifc.

repre-

Svalua-ted! projects, you might accept tentaiii^e results.

The MPLD-RD Evaluation has identified 16 projects out of45 which do not perform any maintenance activities, Plot,figure 4, compares causes of maintenance and damageproblems of these 16 projects with the other 29 projectswhere there are appointed VTfI.

- 36 -

FIGURE 4 ; Causes of Maintenance and Damage Problems inRelation to VMW Appointment

Design deficiencies

Shortcoming inconstruction

Natural disasters

Inadequate preventivemaintenance

Ignorance/negligence

Malicious damage

no VMW25%

28%

no VMW69%

90%

6%14%

no VMW 100%

-V-M- 66%

no VMW

—VMW-

69%

59%

no VMF

—VMW-

44%

27%

The graph shows that the physical condition of notmaintained projects is slightly better than in projectswhere there is a VMW. But in case of inadequate preven-tive maintenance, improper use by ignorance and negli-gence and malicious damage those projects without anyarrangement are worse.

What sort of villages are these without a VMW? Anotherimportant and significant figure is given in table 19by a division among different ethnic groups and thequestion of any political, social or water projectrelated quarrel in the village.

VMW are appointed in all variety of ethnic groups whichis shown by the good spread in column 3. But where thereis no maintenance arrangement Brahmin or Brahmin majority

- 37

project villages are absolutely prominent in relation tototal by 10s16 and also quarrels stand out with 3;4.This result refers very much to a serious investigationand a strict judgement on all aspects of village contri-bution especially in case of Brahmin and Bazar villages.If there is little or almost no village contributionright from the beginning,, you cannot expect that such asystem keeps for long. A very strong recommendation hasto be given for a thorough feasibility survey concerningcommunity spirit, real need of piped water and any ten-sion among villagers/villages.

TABLE 19 i Different Ethnic Groups, Village Quarrels andMaintenance Arrangements

Ethnic Group

Brahmin

Brahmin/other s

Magar

Magar/others

Gurung

Gurung/others

Chhetr i/other s

Kami

Lama

very mixed

TOTAL

No vmArrangement

Projects

1

5

5

1

0

2

0

1

G

1

' • ' - l .

16

Quarrels

2

210000

-•' . . 1

00

4

VMW Appointed

Projects

3

17443

• '••'•.• 1 - . '

- 1 .

05

29

Quarrels

4

01

01001000

3

The detailed survey tefari should, also keep an eye on theseaspects. There is no use in giving any input to completedprojects, like tools for maintenance or repair of thesystem, if the villagers are not capable of taking careof it because of lack of interest, quarrels in thecommunity, etc. Of course this needs a very sensitive

- 38 -

investigation but MPLD should riot hesitate to drop newprojects as well completed ones, if they are not feasi~ble from the village participation point of view. Theonly other alternative would be, being consistent andnot relying on village contribution at all and paying foreverything throughout.

Project villages, where there is hardly anybody who isable to look after the project, are very much an excep-tion. Mo maintenance performance is a signal of littleneed of piped water, no interest, problems in the commu-nity, selfishness, poor responsibility, etc.

2.2.1.2 Project Villages with Maintenance.Arrangements

Maintenance activities actually are not establishedbecause of the Village Agreement. Any maintenance acti-vity is performed by resident villagers only, if theysee the effect of inadequate maintenance and breakdowns."Only in one evaluated project the Village Panchayat hasemployed a multi-purpose VMW. From our field visits we •got the impression that village Panchayats are neitherreally willing to take any responsibility nor ready toarrange a maintenance management on village level.Their opinion is that LDD/MPLD shall take care of theproject because Village Panchayats do not have any fundsfor it, the project was built by LDD/MPLD or the inabi-lity to supervise VMW's performance. Sometimes ithappens that the Village Panchayat border will be changedor a project is built in parts of two or even threePanchayats. How flexible is the Village Panchayat tofind any agreement?

Only people who benefit from the system are effected bybreakdowns. So the water system is primarily theirinterest only that is why we expect at least that theyfeel responsible for maintenance.

Around 60% of the VMWs do not have any supervisor. Onlyin 6 of 27 projects the Water Committee or its chairmanacts as supervisor. Almost half of the VMW are ex-soldiers. Quite a few W W s are illiterated, which is aninsufficient low qualification for the VMW TrainingCourse. The need and demand of training is still veryhigh. In 38 of 45 projects training is required. ManyVMW have only incomplete tools. A few times we have ,learnt that a WSST has taken tools for maintenance and .even sold them after the project was completed. Respon-sible Water Committee members are powerless in controll-ing the WSST, if they do not know what is sanctioned byRD and what is not.

- 39

Table 20 shows that there is not much difference betweenproject villages with paid or unpaid vtti except regard-ing ignorance/negligence and malicious damage. Projectswith unpaid VL.'W might have bitter community spirit andfeel more common village responsibility than villageswith paid VMM.

An extremely remarkable point is that there is nodifference on inadequate preventive maintenance, whichis in general poorly performed. Therefore, regularmaintenance performance does not appear to be relatedto payment. Out of 11 paid VM<? 8 of them are paid in"kind* mostly by one or two paathi grain per householdper year. In almost all places it is quite an effortfor a VMW to get his salary. If it was agreed on cashpayment it is even worse.

Payment of a VT#7 is not the most important question ofa village maintenance arrangement. This assessment isone of the most important outcomings for a futureconcept.

TABLE 20 ; Causes of Maintenance and Damage Problems inCase of Paid and Unpaid VMW

Design deficiencies

Shortcoming inconstruction

Natural disasters

Inadequate preventivemaintenance

Ignorance/negligence

Malicious damage

Unpaid VMW18 Projects

4

16

3

12

9

2

22%

89%

17%

67%

50%

11%

Paid VMW11 Projects

4

10

17

8

6

36%

91%

9%

64%

73%

55%

A village with community.spirit and common responsibi-lity will find any way an appropriate solution, if theVMW is paid or not. This leads to the recommendation fora very flexible payment guideline. However a paymentguideline and some outside support might help a lot toestablish a village level maintenance set-up.

- 40 -

According to our investigation, project villages withany maintenance arrangement, so far, are capable oftool keeping and voluntary labour support for mainte-nance. Where there is no maintenance arrangement, toolsdisappear soon and only a few villagers are willing toperform voluntary labour for repair. Very few projectvillages have raised occasional funds to buy smallfittings, but in general there is no way to charge themfor any materials.

2.2.2 Maintenance Arrangements at District Level

Not much can be reported from District level. Investi-gations in a few District Headquarters lead to the con-clusion that at present the DTO is not able at all tohandle maintenance of LDD/MPLD CWSS projects.

Individual recently posted LDOs might be aware of themaintenance problem but at present they have enoughdifficulties executing their running projects not tomention looking aftar and maintaining their own comple-ted projects.

The lack of experience among DTO staff as well as theoverall lack of manpower means they are unable toproperly supervise the tremendous number of projectsunder construction.

It might be useful to describe briefly the expectedprocedure which should be followed for District CWSprojects?

- VP requests to LDOLDO selects and decides about the priorityDTO overseer surveys, estimates and designs theproject -LDO allocates the project budget

- LDO hands over project money according to construc-tion progress

- VP employs local skilled labourVP buys materials probably together with the DTOoverseer in local bazaars but e.g. for Hanang (remotearea) the material is directly sent from KathmanduSupervision should be done by the DTO overseer

- after completion the DTO overseer should check theproject and write a final report

- operation and maintenance responsibility is given toVP.

41

In general you cannot anticipate a store room for projectmaterialox other facilities at District Level at themoment. We faced another problem too. >Jhat is theactual responsibility of LDO regarding CWSS projectsexecuted by RD, according to the new MPLD structure?What should be the relation and cooperation between RDand LDO?

2.2.3 Maintenance Arrangements at Regional Level

Awareness of the maintenance issue is still very low amongthe LDM-SD staff because it is a problem only very recen-tly recognised. There werla many verbal agreements not putinto action at Regional level. First practical stepstowards a" maintenance set tip faced many problems due tolack of motivation.

2.2.3.1 Present Organisation and Management

After the task for a long-term maintenance proposal wasgiven to the authors,, Mr. Swatantra Raj Tuladhar, Ass.Eng. was posted for Immediate Maintenance in the WesternDevelopment Region. Project Manager Mr. Martin Straussexplained in detail the responsibility and duty of thatnew post, for example utilization of the present mainte-nance budget, start of already selected rehabilitationprojects^ etc?. Due to lack of motivation nothing BWjchhappened. Hence the job was given to Mrs. Tara LaxtfiSaftkjftcU Ass. BftgV But) again, even though she .got aclearly written job dcscriptionr after about oê monthit was e|«ar th,«t' l jn diafee Maintenance was n§&/leakinga n y 0 K k ^ ^ |imiiîmk $m ^î^^%^t'$i&J^Plti^ was

workibeing

se refeat&li€alsidn pSroêttirs and two- WSST; have been$&&t rehabilitation and major repair,- pro jests.. Due

to thegS circumstances not siSch was done' during thefiscal year 1980/81. %D Pofchara achieved onlys

major repair project, Dhatum High School,Syangja DistrictCWS repair,Harpak, Kaski DistrictCWS repair^ UDfiS projetst, Udhendhunga, V. P. Khaire-nitar, Tanahun Bistifictto start rehabilitation project, Arwa W.l-6, V. P.Arwa Bijay, Kaski District

- 42 -

- to start rehabilitation project, Chhapalthar, V. P.Lahachok, Kaski District

- CWS repair, Timpiple, V. P. Rakhi and Sundaridanda,V. P. Begnas, Kaski District, during VMW TrainingCourse.

For the Fiscal Year 1980/81, 150,000 Rs.^have beenallocated for repair and rehabilitation of CWSS projectsbut only appr. 5,000 Rs. for Dhatum High School wereofficially utilized.

In terms of material support for maintenance projectsUNICEF's position is still unclear at RD Pokhara. Onlya few small fittings were taken out of the project storefor minor repair activities. At the end of this year'sVMW Training Course most of the trainees were equippedby basic tools for their maintenance performance.

At present the Storekeeper has maintenance 'magh' formfiles per district for major and village level repairand usual °magh' form files for rehabilitation projects.

The administration has no proper filing and informationsystem e.g. maintenance requests are found in differentfiles and the Maintenance Engineer is usually notinformed about requests. Maintenance requests to RDPokhara are shown in Annex 12.

2,2.3.2 Village Maintenance Worker Training Course

About three years ago LDD Pokhara had organized thefirst VMKF Training course with 36 participants atPanchayat Development Training Centre (PDTC). Twoyears ago no training course had been organized. Lastyear's training was held with 8 participants only.Besides the difficult situation before the NationalReferendum there were also some cooperation problemsLDD-PDTC and it happened that 20 villagers for thattraining were sent back and asked to come again onemonth later. This year 15 villagers participated inthe VMW Training Course. More than half of them camefrom completed projects recently evaluated by us. 5people came either from just finished projects, projectsin final stage or already started rehabilitationprojects. One person arrived from the Thina Khola Inte-grated Project area and one from an even not officiallyinvited "Phutkar" project. Nobody arrived only becauseof the official invitation letter. Obviously the

present official invitation procedure is not able toencouraqe villagers to participate in the course. Alist of all 59 VMIJ Trainees is found in Annex 4.

Upto now there is no smooth organizational set-upregarding all training courses at RD level, which isalso caused by little cooperation on National level. Avariety of problems has hampered the course implementa-tion from the very beginning.

1. " Budgeting was not done either jointly with PDTCnor in time. The whole application procedure is veryunclear. Prom time to time additional uncoordinatedbudget application instructions from LDD/MPLD haveconfused RD Pokhara even more. Because of some obscu-rities in LDM their was no budget applied for to theFinance Ministry for any training course of RD pokharafor the Fiscal Year 1981/82. Fortunately, so far threeVW:l Training Courses have been held but a proper budgetprocedure is urgently needed anyway.

2. Course date during monsoon, the most busy periodfor villagers, is the worst imaginable time for such acourse which is purely conducted for villagers. Thebest period for them is Maagh and Phagun.

3. An institutional aspect is the invitation oftrainees in time. It should be done at least twomonths before the course starts by a direct letter tothe Water Supply and Sanitation Committee Chairman ofany selected project. However, _R0 has to inform LDO,this can be done by a separate letter to him. • ;Iii thepast invftatiott^ wer-0 sent too la-fce and some 6$strictshave not pasfgie <|n the information to the partidularproject

4. Course performance. The main objective of a VIMTraining Course is to train literate and motivatevillagers on village level preventive and repair mainte-nance. They should be enabled to perform regular opera-tion control by a standard check list, as well asexecuting small repair, if necessary with additionalmaterials, supported by RD.

The last course consisted of three weeks theoreticaland practical classes and one week major repair of twoprojects in Kaski District. On the last days of thethird week also the importance of sanitation was taught

- 44 -

and a latrine was built. Lekh B. Gurung developed thepresent VMW course curriculum (13) which is availablein English and partly in Nepali. To some extent itshould be continuously improved. Quite a few traineesare illiterate but eager to perform the job, this has tobe taken in consideration*

Annex 5 presents the VMW course schedule and names ofall responsible instructors.

So far 1981 the cooperation with PDTC and its newPrincipal Mr. R. K. Shrestha has been excellent whichis a good basis for further improvement.

The last source week has been spent at project site.Project village Timpiple has not contributed anyvoluntary labour at all, also in Sundaridanda thetrainees were hardly supported by villagers. Due tothe disadvantageous monsoon season poor contributionis quite reasonable but the villagers have not shownany interest ir. che repair work. It was known alreadybefore that also during construction these villages hadbeen little cooperative, but because of the advancedsituation near roadheaci Pokhara the trainees could stayin PDTC. Informal talks with the trainees gave theimpression that mainly poor villagers turned up withthe intention to get one month food and lodging free andbecome later a government employee.

2.2.3.3 Additional Activities

Already 1979 a so-called Maintenance Booklet was pre-pared by Evert Showerwow (14) for the Western Develop-ment Region. He developed a regular checking system forvillage level on a rather simple basis but still wefound that it is too sophisticated for the actual verylow education standard of VTfJ. Lekh 8. Gurung developedin a second attempt a probably easily understandablechecklist for VM-7 in Nepali script; which was introducedfirst during the last VZf7 Course (13).

Because the present state of completed CWSS projects isvery much based on programme performance like procedures,standardization, training etc. Walter Schramm has triedto create a better atmosphere of cooperation on regionlevel by a first official visit to RD Biratnagar (15).At that time not much was thought about maintenancethere, but e.g. some standard designs implemented in the

Eastern Development Region are able to improve weak orexpensive construction of the Pokhara Standardizationfor better and easier operation as well as maintenance.

The authors have been participating as instructors ofthe WSST Refresher Course recently held for the firsttime, especially on communication and construction/maintenance issues. It seems necessary to extend thelessons on design and construction details to avoidcommon construction mistakes in future which will createan improved maintenance status later on.

2.2.4 Maintenance Arrangements at National Level

In 1977 New ERA prepared its Community Water SupplyProgramme Status Report (7) which were submitted to LDDHeadquarters Kathmandu and UNJCEP/Nepal. The mainimpact of that critical but constructive report was thatit created at least a basis for discussions and may belater some awareness too. But even so no National levelconcept or policy framework has been developed so far.Regional Offices partly started with some small activi-ties recommended by Mew ERA, e.g. RD Pokhara establishingthe VMW Training Course three years ago.

National planning on LDM's CT7SS Programme is very muchtarget-oriented and does not focus much on the realpresent state. It might be more difficult to evaluatethe present state on National Level than in a singleDevelopment Region. After we have combined varioussources, according to our estimate LDD/MPLD has comple-ted appr. 250 €WSS projects all over Nepal in its 10years history.

An encouraging sign.is the budget allocation for projectmaintenance and rehabilitation projects. In the pastfinances have been used in general only for rehabilita-tion activities but hardly for smaller scale repair.This became the roost unclear point regarding budgetutilization in the Fiscal Year 1980/31. The wholebudgeting procedure is still very unclear on RD leveland seems also not coordinated. How to design thebudget application, when to submit it, and how does thedecisions take place, are the open main questions. Thisgeneral problem very much hampers of course the wholeProgramme, and also future maintenance planning.

- 46 -

LDM Kathmandu has sent an official letter regardingmaintenance policy (ref. 2037/11/27) to RD Pokhara, foran unofficial translation see Annex 6. Main point no. 1says: "If projects to be maintained cost Rs. 5,000 theyshouid be only maintained with village contribution interms of money and labour. But the fittings which areneeded but not available in the market could be providedby the Regional Directorate".

Out of our evaluation experience it is impossible toexpect from villagers any cash contribution for buyingpipes, cement or fittings in the market even if theymight be fortunately available. Regional DirectorG. L. Shrestha agreed as well on that opinion on anengineer meeting held on 24 March 1981. For projectmaintenance unpaid skilled labour and transport contri-bution seems possible to some extent. No doubt villagecontribution has to play an important role especiallyin the post-construction phase, therefore, it shouldbecome a strict rule that only cooperative projectvillages, which are ready to commit themselves to theproposed maintenance set up at village level, can getrepair inputs.

2.3 Summary of the Assessment

2.3.1 Present Technical Status '

The physical condition of Water Supply Systems, builtby LDD/LDM-RD Pokhara in the Western Development Region,is not satisfactory, especially if you focus on opera-tion maintenance. Out of 45 OTS projects only say appr.10% of all investigated structures do not need anyrepair. °

Table 21 presents a, quite clear picture of the fruitfulimpact of the Noted Project Programme with its Standar-dization, which has been implemented from 1977/78. About80% of the assessed structures of previous regularprojects require major or rehabilitation repair comparedto only rd. 35% of standardized ones.

47 -

TABLE 21 % General Assessment of Repair necessity ofAll Structures including Pipelines

Renair Necessity

Hone

Village level

"ajor

Rehabilitation

IB PreviousRegularProjects

1%

17%

12%

40%


12%

53%

32-%

3%

Total45

Projects

8%

33%

36%

1G%

The general assessment of repair necessity of all struc-tures leads to the conclusion that a well designed andexecuted standardization ir. a main tool for minimizingrepair workload as well as maintenance expenditure.

A second attempt to compile the current operating statusis shown in table 22 belov?. This table i?as developed inconsideration of all available records of the evaluatedprojects. The quality of each project is assessedaccording to the following defined categories?

Wear optimal; well constructed project supplying amplequantity of water and supported by functioning mainte-nance arrangement.

Minor flawss project which functions in essential res-pect but which nevertheless requires improvement likelittle spring catchment repairf better tapstand sanita-tion, modified maintenance arrancyetpents, etc.

Major flaws; project which has serious flaws includinginadequate flow, major incomplete components or impor-tant repair needs.

Non-functional% project which has listed as completebut have not in fact functioned or x^hich has heavilybroken down and does not supply water to almost alltaps. ,

TABLE 22 ; Success Rating of 45 Evaluated CWS Projectsin the Western Development Region

Category

Near optimal

Minor flaws

Major flaws

Non-functional

IS PreviousRegularProjects

0%

33%

33%

33%

27 Standar-disationProjects

15%

44%

37%

4%

Total45

Projects

9%

40%

36%

16%

A project, consisting of structures t-zith differentstatus, is expected to be slightly different on generalassessment of success rating, but the presented projectsuccess rating of table 22 shows in the total columnalmost exactly the same result as given by repairnecessity of all structures at table 21.

Besides the standardization more experienced and bettertrained technical manpower has to get some credit too.But you can see at table 23 'technical causes of mainte-nance problems', that shortcomings in construction stilloccur in extremely high percentage.

TABLE 23 s Technical Causes of Maintenance Problems

design deficiencies

shortcoming inconstruction

natural disasters


44%

89%

11%


15% '

70%

11%

Total45

Projects

27%

78%

11%

That means, our experienced technical staff still needtraining. Hence refresher courses, seminars, in-servicetraining or workshops are seriously justified at alllevels. Especially work on spring/stream catchment,valve chambers, manhole covers, rivercrossings as wellas tapstands should be concentrated upon.

In essence the authors have determined that the technicalstatus still shows a similar result as Mew ERA presented4 years ago; 50% of the projects have major flaws or arenon-functioning.

According to Ten Year Plan (11) during the 5th Five YearPlan period (1975-1980) the total LDD/LDM developmentbudget for Water Supply was Only 46.845 Mio. "Jfe. If asuccess rating of 50% is assumed all over Wepal, youmust agree that appr. 23 f*io. Rs. have not been properlyutilised.

2.3.2 Present Maintenance Management

At present maintenance arrangements for CWSS projectsare very poor, not appropriate, hot coordinated andnot supported by stny'structure. Activities partlyperformed are little effective because they are notcombined in a wider concept, which is urgently needed.Obviously the pointed out maintenance policy, seechapter 2.2, could not meet its aim due to poor approachand implementation on all levels. If you keep in mindthe tremendous loss of inputs (50%) and probably highdisencouragement effects in. any other HMG developmentactivities in these particular areas a maintenancemanagement set up has to be established very soon.

- 50 -

3. CONCEPT FOR A FEASIBLE MAIHTENAHCE AND REPAIR MANAGEMENT

IIMG's Ten Year Plan for the Provision of Drinking WaterSupply and Sanitation (11) comes to the conclusion;

, "more attention needs to be devoted to operation andmaintenance by LDM which has responded to this by bud-geting for materials and a number of roving maintenancecrews to provide augmentation and rehabilitation servicesfor older and "run-down>: systems. Further it is assessedthat the Panchayat has not been able to raise adequaterevenue to meet the operation and maintenance cost whichincludes the salary payment to the VM:I. Inability onthe part of the Panchayat to retain the service oftrained VMW is a matter of serious concern" (ID.

After the Assessment of Present State which shows arather poor maintenance status and almost no maintenanceand repair set up, we are going to propose a concept forfuture organization in order to render systems better andkeep them more easily maintainable. The presented proposalfor a feasible maintenance and repair management tries tofit in the new MPLD structure and wants to be implementedvery soon as integrated part of the • CF7SS Programme.

Referring to chapter 1.1 where the different CWS activi-. ties in rural areas have been mentioned, the authorsrecommend a better communication and cooperation not onlybetween the Regional Directorates but also including MPLDKathmandu, LDOs, integrated projects and DWSS. Thismaintenance management concept is written based on theWestern Development Region and takes care of CWSS projectsbuilt by LDD/MPLD-RD Pokhara only.

An encouraging first step of cooperation was the Jhapaconference which should be followed up by a seriouspolicy conference on the CWSS maintenance issue too.The outcome should be officially approved by the Ministerof Panchayat and Local Development.

3.1 Definition of Different Terms

A maintenance management has to cover regular maintenanceand repair maintenance.

Regular maintenance is understood as preventive, routinework which has to be systematically performed. This taskis essential for good operation.

— 51 -

maintenance obviously deals vith any damaqe repairof either single structural elements, for example leaksor serious breakdowns like destroyed spring catchments,or rehabilitation of almost a whole project.

For technical classification of repair we divided theworkload in village level repair, major repair andrehabilitation repair which seems appropriate to theoccurring problems.

Village level repair is defined as small, minor repairexecutable by a VMW. If materials or fittings areneeded, they should be handed out to Vim or WaterCommittee Chairman by RD upto estimated 500 Rs. withoutsending a WSST there.

Major repair has to be executed by assistance of a WSST,xfi the estimated cost of required materials are morethan 500 *Rs. but also less than 8,000 Rs. includingWSST's salary and UNICEF contribution. Skilled labour,semi-skilled"labour and transport should not be paid.Only all materials and technical assistance should begiven from RD to major repair projects.

Rehabilitation repair includes all major repair whichis estimated on more than 8,000 Rs. These cases shallbe treated in the same way as new projects that meansfull technical assistance has to be given as well a.sskilled labour, semi-skilled labour and transport haveto be paid via District headquarters to the rehabilita-tion project.-

The-.r*aspn wip RD jsjioujd prpvide all materials for -repaid jus ,i>®c$ais.e.'$$©/^llageEs are unabl6Leit||jx topajyr fear' repairrioateriais nor.£0 <jet, them in suprieientsize and quality in local bazaars, ffafs classificationis also necessary in order to control proper" use ofmaterials but also to keep,inputs at a certain level.

Plan phases are required for a step by step approachand to meet finally HilG policy towards decentralization.

Plan Phase I is called the initial approach implementingthe maintenance concept. For RD Pokji'ara that Phaseshould go in action after introduction during the RD-staff Seminar in autumn 1981. In this" plan phase allremaining CWSS projects should be evaluated and the

- 52 -

maintenance concept must be introduced on all levelsfirst. Besides that per year 9 rehabilitation projectsand 18 major repair projects should be executed bysupport of the new established Maintenance Section.

Plan Phase II intends to show a smooth running manage-ment set up executed uncar main responsibilities onvillage level and still RD level.

Plan Phase III expects handing over of RD responsibili-ties to District level according to the intention ofdecentralization. Village level responsibility shouldstill remain like in Phe~e I/II and RD should play therole of a coordination centre guiding district mainte-nance activities to reasonable self-sufficiency.

3.2 Responsibilities and Main Procedures on Different Levelsat Certain Phases

Maybe the most difficult task is distribution of respon-sibility which has finally to cover the whole maintenanceworkload among different levels including communicationand cooperation linkso The final decision might inter-fere with political interests, but at least the authorshave tried to work out a very practical oriented proposalwhich purely emphasizes the benefit of the CWSS Programmeto rural people of Nepal.

It is generally assumed that HMG is not ready to payVMW salary but technical assistance and all requiredmaterials will be given by HMG and UNICEF.

A proper implementation will take time. Already in thePokhara region alone there are some 130 completedprojects which will be a' very heavy workload for mainte-nance. Besides the well known pre-construction, cons-truction and post-construction phases, we have addedPlan Phases I, II and III.

3.2.1 Responsibility at Village Level

It vras mentioned several times before that Village Pan-chayat is not a capable partner to implement, operateor maintain a CWSS system. Hence MPLD-RD has to dependon the over all village responsibility of the WaterSupply and Sanitation Committee from the actual projectarea which must be taken as the official representative

of the project villager<•?. The Committee has to be wellmaintained during pre-construction phase, constructionphase and of course also during post-construction phase.

The following responsibility design includes some alter-nations to the Jhapa conference outcome compiled altoge-ther in Annex 7.

Pre-Construction Phase

1. People of the project area have to prepare themselvesfor the project according to the official projectintroduction letter which should be presented anddiscussed by the detail survey team.

2. Water Committee Chairman must sign the alteredVillage Project Agreement form shown in Annex 8.

Construction Phase

3. Responsibility as it is described by Jhapa Confer-ence outcomes (3).

4. Water Committee together vrith r?PLD-RD technicalstaff has to appoint at least one resident VMW asWSST Assistant right from the beginning.

5. Water Committee as representative of the benefittinqCommunity and Village Maintenance Worker must cometo terms on a reasonable and appropriate rate ofpayment in kind or cash and must sign the VillageMaintenance Agreement as. pgo$Mp$ij&$ in Annex 9.

6. Completed projects must re-install the WaterCommittee and select at least one resident VMW andproceed with the Village Maintenance Agreement asdescribed in item 5.

7. The Committee supervises the general job performanceof VM7 and raises funds for his salary.

8. Project operation, routine maintenance and minorrepair work is performed by VMW according to mainte-nance checklist. Annex 10, and instructions ofMaintenance Supervisor and Maintenance WSST.

- 54 -

9. Project villagers provide voluntary labour forrepair maintenance.

10. A tapstand caretaker is responsible for the statesof his tapstand.

11. VMW keeps and is responsible for maintenance toolsand spare parts, while the record of tools andmaterials is kept by the Village Panchayat Secretary.

12. Water Committee tries to prevent and cure vandalism.

13. Water Committee Members/tap caretakers should preventimproper water use.

14. Any breakdown which cannot be handled by VMW shoulddirectly be reported to CWSS Maintenance Section viaRegional Director and Project Manager/DivisionalEng.

Post-Construction Plan Phase II

in addition to all responsibilities of Plan Phase I(7 - 14)

15. The Village Development Programme should includeintegrated aspects of CTtfSS programme like affores-tation in the catchment area for source protectionand preservation.

16= Project villages should pay for brass tapreplacement.

Post-Construction Plan Phase III

in addition to all responsibilities of Plan PhaseII (7 - 16, except 14)*"

17. A project village should give some financial supportfor major repair.

18. The VMW should be then a multi-purpose technician,not only responsible for CFJSS, paid by the VillagePanchayat.

19. (Replacing item 14) Any breakdown which cannot behandled by VMf should be reported then to the DTO.

55

3.2.2 Responsibility at District Level

At present decentralization is still in a very initialphase and besides that not very much is knovn aboutHtlG's approach. Referring to assessment of maintenancearrangements on district level, not much should beexpected from district side on maintenance except someadministrative supervision during Plan Phase I and II.The proposed responsibility is modified as follows?

Plan Phase I

1. LDO should immediately pass on repair requests andany other reports regarding completed MPLD-RD CTSSprojects to the Maintenance Section for furtheraction via Regional Director and Prjoject Manager/Divisional Eng.

2. Handling of project money for rehabilitationprojects should be done as usual.

3. LDO should v/atch over the performance of VillageAgreement and Village Maintenance Agreement.

4. LDO should take action if contract obligations arenot fulfilled (e.g. no other HflG development acti-vities in the project area) and he should reportto RD.

5. LDO and other district authorities should help toprevent and to cure vandalism.

Plan Phase II , .

In addition to all responsibilities of Plan Phase I(1 - 5)

6. The integrated aspect of CWSS projects should beincluded in the District Development Plan e.g.source protection by afforestation and education inproper use of water.

Plan Phase III

In addition to all responsibilities of Plan Phase II(1 - 6), careful handing over of MPLD-RD responsibili-ties to district authorities should take nlace.

- 56 -

7. DTO should set up a District Maintenance Supervi-sion System under a District Overseer and TechnicalAssistants of the District Services Centres.

8. The District Maintenance Overseer should sign theProject Completion Certificate, Annex 11.

9. Major repair should"be executed under technicalassistance of DTO staff who, has been trained by RDat Plan Phase II.

10. If required, DTO should train multi-purpose techni-cians for any task on Village Panchayat level, ofcourse also for CTfSS project maintenance.

11. At least twice a year the District MaintenanceOverseer should inspect all completed CWSS projectsand he should keep an assessment status report.

12. Each DTO should be in closed contact with PD Mainte-nance Section giving feed back to improve furtherthe CWSS Programme and to develop appropriateprocedures.

3.2.3 Responsibility at Regional Level

Some maintenance activities have been started, but sofar they have not been a part of a whole concept. PlanPhase I seems to have the heaviest workload for RegionalDirectorates because the Regional Directorate is thestarting point for any maintenance activity. RegionalDirectorate is the only capable level to start with,hence on that level the prior condition has to becreated for any maintenance activity. The task isdetailed below in the different phases.

Pre-Construction Phase

1. During detail survey an official letter of intro-duction in which the coming maintenance task isalso mentioned should be presented to villageleaders that the project village has time toprepare themselves for the construction phase.

2. After the Water Supply and Sanitation Committee isestablished under RD supervision the altered VillageProject Agreement, Annex 8, has to be signed.

- 57 ~

Construction Phase

3. The responsibilities are clearly described by tbeJhapa Conference Report (3) and in some alteredoutput proposals, Annex 7.

4. Right in the beginning RD staff shall participatein the selection of at least one V?#7 as T'7SSTAssistant, who should be paid as semi-skilled orskilled labour according to his performance.

5. The Project Supervisor shall introduce the VillageMaintenance Agreement, Annex 9, and help thevillagers to come to terms with it and understandtheir obligations.

6. After the Village Agreement has been signed and apre-final check done by the Project Supervisor,the Project Engineer together with the particularMaintenance Supervisor and the Project TtfSST shallcheck the whole water system with the evaluationform Annex 3. Only if Project Engineer, Mainte-nance Supervisor and Water Committee Chairmantogether attest the Project Completion Certificate,Annex 11, is the project officially handed over tothe Water Supply and Sanitation Committee which issupported further by the Maintenance Section of RDby technical supervision and assistance. At thesame time the Maintenance Supervisor shall hand overthe maintenance tool box with some spare parts andthe Maintenance Checklist forms, Annex 10, to V*5W.

Post-Construction Plan Phase I

7. The Maintenance Section implements the maintenanceconcept on Rt> level under over all responsibilityof Regional Director and Project Manager/DivisionalEngineer.

8. A very thorough feasibility survey done by theMaintenance Supervisor should investigate andassess the village enthusiasm. In case of alreadycompleted old projects the Maintenance Supervisorhas to introduce the maintenance concept, assistin re-installing the Water Committee (3 to 5 peoplemay be sufficient) and selection of at least oneresident VMKF. Only after the Villaae Maintenance

- 58 -

Agreement has been signed between Committee andVMW is the project deemed feasible for any repairinput by RD.

9. Final responsibility for feasibility and priorityof rehabilitation project is taken by RegionalDirector and Project Manager/Divisional Engineer.In case of major repair only the Maintenance Sec-tion should decide itself feasibility and priority.

10. Major repair and rehabilitation projects areexecuted with materials support, assistance of WSSTand supervision by a Maintenance Supervisor. Inaddition for rehabilitation projects only skilled/semi-skilled labour and transport is paid.

dl. The Maintenance Section shall prepare its budgetapplication and material requirement in time andjointly with Project Manager/Divisional Engineer.If necessary, additional manpower should berequested to Regional Director.

12. Maintenance Supervisors shall evaluate all remain-ing completed projects by the evaluation question-naire s Annex 3, and by the time they shall proceedthe Village Maintenance Agreement. Hence theMaintenance Section should carry on with the assess-ment status report.

13. If the Village Maintenance Agreement has beensigned but maintenance tools and spare parts arerequired, RD should supply them to the projectvillage.

14. RD must perform further VMW Training Courses. Atleast one VMW of each already completed projectshould be trained. For future projects under cons-truction a VmT should get additional training, ifeither T?SST/Supervisor or VMW request for it.

15. Maintenance Engineer and Maintenance Supervisorsshall teach as instructors of the VMRF TrainingCourse. They should improve the present coursecurriculum and evaluate all trained VM$ later.

16. At least every year the Maintenance Supervisor shallinspect all completed CWSS projects in his area,stay at least two days there and record findings.

. - 59 -

17. The Maintenance Section should suggest standardiza-tion improvements and more efficient managementprocedures out of their experience.

18o The Maintenance Section must establish a properfiling system of all completed projects withoriginal projects file, status report, repairestimate, etc. on project and district basis.

Post-Construction Plan Phase II

In addition to all responsibilities of Plan Phase I(7 - 18) %

19. If required for Plan Phase III, technical staffof DTO should be trained for maintenance super-vision and project repair.

Post-Construction Plan Phase III

RD should carefully hand ever its responsibilities toDTO. Rehabilitation projects shall still be executedby RD which shall also still be responsible for allmaintenance aspects during pre-construction and cons-truction phase. Close cooperaticn vyith DTO is essentialin this Phase.

3.2.4 Responsibility at National Level

Hopefully this proposed concept can be a basis for theconing maintenance policy by the Ministry of Panchayatand Local Development. The most important requirementon national level is coordination. But a clear policyframework of rules and regulations must leave enoughlee-way for Regional Directorates to decide at theirown discretion an adequate implementation of the mainte-nance concept in their own regions. The present condi-tion of the Development Regions now five in all, differsvery much. Appropriate planning is only effective ifpresent state of progratrane implementation, infrastructure,capability and other tendencies are taken in considera-tion.

Especially for the heavy work load during Plan PhaseI/il the manpower requirement of 24 Overseers for mainte-nance throughout the country shown in CT7SS Ten Year Plan(11) should be fulfilled. Only most experienced andeager Project Supervisors should be appointed as

maintenance supervisors. The occupation as maintenancestaff will be very frustrating because this job touchesMPLD on its most tender spot. The general consciousnessof maintenance is still low therefore, the authorssuspect that staff employed on maintenance must be givenmonetary incentives.

MPLD should allocate sufficient funds for project repairmaintenance in its development budget and negotiate withUNICEF division of contribution. For Plan Phase III itis proposed that MPLD should fully take over UNICEFcontribution in case,of project maintenance and proceedmaterial requirements for maintenance by reimbursableprocurement.

3.2.5 Responsibility Charts

For a summary much responsibilities are shown in theirrelation to different levels in the following twocharts.

- 61 -

FIGURE 5 s Responsibility Chart, Plan Phase I/II

MPLD

budgetpolicy

Regional Director

Project Manager/Divisional

MaintenanceSection

staff training-(Phase II)information

RD Administration

rehabilitationrequest, adrn.assistance/andsupervisionfinance forreh. project

LDO

major/rehabilitationrepair supervisionvillage maintenanceagreementreporting evaluation

rehabilitationrequest

adra. assistancesupervision e.g.village mainte-nance agreementfinaace for reh.project

DistrictPanchayat

rehabilitationrequest

Water Committee

technical assistance/supervisiontraining

reh.requestreporting

job supervisionsalaryreporting

VillagePanchayat

VMW

- 62 -

FIGURE 6 ; Responsibility Chart, Plan Phase III

|MPLD

budgetpolicy

Regional Director

Project Manager/DivisionalEng.

RD Administration

rehabilitation requestadm. assistance/supervisionfinance for rehabilitationproject

LDO

training

Assistants

rehabili-tationproject

ma 3 orrepairreporting

reh.requestDistrictPanchayat

District Administration

adm. assistance/supervision finance rehabilitationfor rehabilitation requestprojects

supersvision ofmaintenanceagreement

technical.assistance/_supervision"training

Water Committee reh.requestreportxng

job supervisionsalaryreporting

VillagePanchayat

VMW

- 63

3.3 Manpower Requirements for the Maintenance Section

Manpower requirement is modified during the differentplan phases according to the expected workload. • PlanPhase I is the most important and busiest period. InPlan Phase II no special Maintenance Engineer is proposedbecause each Project Engineer should be responsible alsofor all completed projects in his particular area assis-ted by one experienced Maintenance Supervisor, who coversexactly the same area and keeps close relation to hisEngineer. All Maintenance Supervisors and all ProjectEngineers are jointly responsible then for over allmaintenance activities like training or improvement ofstandardization and procedures.

Plan Phase III only keeps staff for supervision andexecution of rehabilitation projects, technical adviceand coordination of the District Maintenance Programme.

For the Maintenance Section only most experiencedtechnical staff is suitable because they have to bevery familiar with all sort of construction work beforethey are able to repair inadequate structures, compensa-ting construction mistakes, etc.

One big room with 4 desks, 8 chairs, 2 big file shelvesand one bookshelf are essential for the MaintenanceSection. The new Section should be recognized as animpprtant part of the CWSS Programme at RD. Havingdesignated room should create a healthy team spirit andkeep communication problems snail.

Proposals for ^est^rn Region

Plan Phase I

One Maintenance Engineer:

Three MaintenanceSupervisors?

should be in charge for theMaintenance Section on Develop-ment Region level according tohis job .description and RDresponsibility.

should be most experiencedProject Supervisors. Theirworking area should be dis-tributed as follows%

1. Dhaulagiri Zone, alldistricts

- 64 -

Four Maintenance WSST.

Three Maintenance WSST:

Plan Phase II

Pour Project Engineers:

Four MaintenanceSupervisors?

Three Maintenance WSST:

Four Maintenance WSST;

Plan Phase III

One Maintenance Engineer:

2. Gandaki Zone, alldistricts except Kaskidistrict

3. Lumbini Zone, alldistricts and Kaskidistrict

They should work according totheir job description.

should be most experiencedtechnicians for rehabilita-tion projects under-that -Maintenance Supervisor inwhose area the project issituated.

should be experienced techni-cians for major repair. Eachshould be posted direct withone Maintenance Supervisor.

should be jointly responsiblefor over all activities of theMaintenance Section and espe-cially responsible for allmaintenance activities ineach of their particular areas,

as team from the MaintenanceSection. Each MaintenanceSupervisor is responsibleaccording to his job descrip-tion for his area and to hisEngineer.

should work for rehabilita-tion projects only.

Each should be posted directwith one Maintenance Super-visor major repair.

should act as technicaladvisor and coordinator forthe District MaintenanceProgramme and should superviserehabilitation projects.

- 65 -

Two Maintenance should assist the MaintenanceSupervisors: Engineer e.g. in supporting

District Training Courses andshould supervise rehabilita-tion projects.

Two Maintenance WSST: should work for rehabilitationprojects only.

3.4 Job Description for Maintenance Staff

Job descriptions are written down for Plan Phase I only,because first of all job descriptions are still unusualfor MPLD and a job description has to very much fit inthe present state of programme implementation. For PlanPhase II it is thought that each project Engineer shallbe responsible for maintenance in his particular arealike the Maintenance Engineer in Plan Phase I for thewhole Development Region.

3.4.1 Maintenance Engineer

Engineer in Charge of Maintenance Section

Job Description for Mr.

(signature)

As Engineer in charge of the Maintenance Section he isengaged with implementation of the whole maintenanceconcept. He will be assigned to supervise &3t&* supplyand sanitation major rej^a^iiitafion project 'ai we'll asmajor repairs of old L&D/MPLD projects in the wholeWestern Development Region. For managing this task theMaintenance Engineer shall work according to the agreedoffice procedure for maintenance and rehabilitationprojects. The following outline describes the particularduties and responsibilities of the Engineer for ImmediateMaintenance.

1. Project Preparation

1.1 He is responsible for utilization of the CWSSproject maintenance budget and submitting of mainte-nance budget application in time.

1.2 He, together with the Director and the ProjectManager/Divisional Engineer will decide about

- 66 -

feasibility, rehabilitation/major repair andpriority after a preliminary survey/projectmaintenance evaluation was done.

1.3 He has to participate in the detail survey ofrehabilitation projects together^with the parti-cular Maintenance Supervisor, who will supervisethe project later on. A survey report has to besubmitted to the Project Manager/Divisional Eng.and the Director.

1.4 He is responsible for survey, design and estimate.

1=5 He shall supervise re-installing of a Water Supplyand Sanitation Committee and that the Village Main-tenance Agreement has been signed. .before _any..__..„ _maintenance input is given from RD.

1.6 He shall assign Maintenance WSST to his supervisorand project.

2. Supervision

2.1 He is responsible for project execution.

2.2 He shall always be available to help the MaintenanceSupervisor overcome technical or community problems.

2.3 Site visits are required at least once duringproject construction of rehabilitation schemes.

3= Project Monitoring, Reporting and Filing

shall be done according to the usual practice in RD andaccording to the procedures for maintenance and rehabili-tation projects. A separate filing system for mainte-nance and rehabilitation projects shall be establishedby him.

4. Project Completion

4.1 In case of major repair the Supervisor has tosubmit a final report after inspection of thewhole system for which maintenance and repairhas been performed. The report shall be handedover by the Maintenance Engineer to the ProjectManager/Divisional Engineer and the Director.

4.2 In case of rehabilitation projects he, in companywith the maintenance Supervisor, WSST and the Water

- 67 -

Supply and Sanitation Committee Chairman, has todo an inspection tour of the whole system,

4.3 He should inspect the project store and thefinancial records.

4.4 He shall ensure that in both cases, major repairand rehabilitation, the Committee has establisheda practical maintenance programme with at leastone village Maintenance Worker.

4.5 He shall ensure that in both cases the VillageMaintenance Worker has proper training, tools andmaterials with which to perform his job.

4.6 He shall prepare a final project completion reportand submit it to the Project Manager/DivisionalEngineer and the Director.

4.7 He shall issue a certificate of completion in caseof rehabilitation projects to the Committee.

5. Other Maintenance Activities

5.1 He shall compile all project evaluations andassessment done by Maintenance Supervisors andshall develop a current status record of theCWSS Programme at post-construction phase.

5.2 He shall be involved in VMW Training and WSSTRefresher Training Courses by improving thecurrent curriculum and teaching.

5.3 He, together wit* Maintenance Supervisors, shallpird osife' !S#^ovewpn£l of- $t aWdarolNation atod moreefficient procechttres. r

place, date place, date

(CWSS Project Manager/ (Regional Director)Divisional Eng.)

- 68 -

3.4.2 Maintenance Supervisor

Supervisor for Maintenance Projects

Job Description for Mr. ,

(signature)

The Maintenance Supervisor will be assigned to supervisemaintenance projects and to perform other tasks regard-ing CWSS Maintenance Programme. The following outlinedescribes the duties and responsibilities of the Mainte-nance Supervisor.

1. Assignment

1.1 The Maintenance Supervisor shall work under super-vision of the Maintenance Engineer assisting himin one particular area.

1.2 He shall work on maintenance in one of the followingareas:

a) Baglung, Mustang, Myagdi, Parbatb) Gorkha, Laiujung, Manang, Syangja, Tanahunc) Kaski, Argha Khachi, Gulmi, Nawal Parasi, Palpa

2. Informing the District Panchayat

He shall explain the whole maintenance concept todistrict officials. ....]-.'

3. Project Preparation

3.1 He shall be involved in all kinds of surveys in hisworking area and he must submit survey reports tothe Maintenance Engineer.

3.2 He shall explain the maintenance concept, re-installresponsible Water Supply and Sanitation Committees,assist in selection of capable VMW and proceed theVillage Maintenance Agreement in each completed CWSSproject of his area.

3.3 He shall prepare design and estimate for eachmaintenance project.

- 69 -

4. Supervision

4.1 He shall visit each rehabilitation project everythree weeks and each major project at least onceduring repair construction phase.

4.2 He shall make villagers aware of importance ofproper maintenance on village level and keep closecontact to Water Committee and VMW.

4.3 He shall su£e£vise technical Status of all completedprojects ana VMw's performance on regular and repairmaintenance at least once a year. He must keeprecords about his visit which shall be filled inevaluation forms.

4.4 He shall invite little or non-experienced VMW tojoin our next VMW Training Course.

4.5 He shall consult the Maintenance Engineer for anydifficult technical problems.

5. Project Monitoring, Progress Reporting and Completion

5.1 After each supervision tour to a rehabilitationproject he shall submit a supervision report tothe Maintenance Engineer.

5.2 After total completion of a rehabilitation projecthe, in company with the Maintenance Engineer, WSSTand Committee Chairman should do an inspection tourof the whole system and cora&lete' the Project Comple-tion Certificate if satisfied.

5.3 After completionof a ma^^-%T&^M-10^^^,--ite shalltotally inspect the syste» and1 ^rttit a ImpairCompletion Certificate to the Committee and a finalreport to the MainteiVaftc^ engineer. •

5.4 He shall regularly inspect the financial records ofrehabilitation projects, tools and materials recordsin the'viiiage and in tije District*

5.5 He shall report any mishandling of funds ormaterials to the Maintenance Engineer.

' *5.6 He shall report to the LDO and the Maintenance Eng.

if the project village does not conform to itsVillage Maintenance Agreement.

tw.

- 70 -

6. Other Maintenance Activities

6.1 He shall evaluate and assess all completed projectsin his area arid present evaluation reports to theMaintenance Engineer.

6.2 He, together with the Maintenance Engineer, shallbe involved in VMW Training and WSST TrainingCourses by improving the present curriculum andteaching.

6.3 He, together with the Maintenance Engineer, shallpropose improvements of standardization and more

.,. ^efficient procedures.-- •- - - - - - -----

7. Sanitation

7.1 He shall encourage the villages in construction anduse of pit latrines.

7.2 He shall ensure that the WSST properly constructsa pit latrine. :;

7.3 He shall encourage school teachers to devote timeto sanitation and health education.

date, place . date, place

CWSS Project Manager/ Regional DirectorDivisional Engineer

3.4.3 Maintenance Water Supply arid Sanitation Technician

Job Description:

The Maintenance WSST will be assigned to supervise andwork on a rehabilitation project or on major repairprojects. For rehabilitation projects the job descrip-tion developed by the Jhapa Conference shall besufficient. The following outline describes onlyspecial extra duties and responsibilities of theMaintenance WSST. :;

- 71 -

1. Project Assignment

The Maintenance WSST shall work under supervision ofone Maintenance Supervisor and shall be assigned to amaintenance project by the Maintenance Engineer.

2. Informing the Village

He shall assist the Maintenance Supervisor in hisresponsibility to explain the maintenance concept andto install a village level maintenance programme with afurther responsible Water Supply and Sanitation Commi-ttee and a keen VMW before any actual repair maintenanceis executed.

3. Major Repair Projects

3.1 He shall meet with the Water Committee and organizea plan for collecting local materials and transport-ing materials from RD store. No transport costsare paid in case of major repair projects.

3.2 He, together with the Committee, shall organizevillage labour contribution. If it is a majorrepair project, there is no payment for labour.

3.3 He shall supervise and execute together with thevillagers all maintenance repair work.

3.4 He shall train at least one VMW in regular andrepair maintenance, who shojald became his Assis-tance d«rihg repair.

3.5 He shall look for caretaker of each tapstand andtrain him in tap maintenance.

3.6 He shall ensure that the VMW has the appropriateset of tools and spare parts.

4. Rehabilitation

In case of rehabilitation projects the above job des-cription is employed.

5. Sanitation

In all maintenance projects Sanitation shall be intro-duced exactly in the same way as it is mentioned in thejob description for WSST.

- 72 -

3.4.4 Village Maintenance Worker

Job Description; ;

The VMW is officially appointed by the Village Mainte-nance Agreement, Annex 9. The Water Supply and Sanita-tion Committee as well as RD Maintenance Section shallsupervise his job performance.

1. The VMW is responsible for project operation andregular maintenance.

2. He shall perfortu routine maintenance according tothe maintenance checklist.. Annex, 10= —

3. He shall do minor repair e.g.

replacement of brass taps, stop cocks, washers,bolts, etc.

repair of any JLeaks (pipeline, water tank etc.).

small cement work like repair of broken coversand valve chambers.

he shall re-dig and cover exposed pipelinetogether with villagers.

4. He shall work together with appointed tapstandcaretaker.

5. If he needs technical assistance or certain materialshe shall ask direct to RD Maintenance Section forsupport by letter from Committee Chairman or hisrepresentative.

3.5 Training Requirements

Better project implementation and maintenance managementshould help to utilize more properly all inputs for theCWSS Programme. Referring to the assessment part ofthis study, training is required on all levels. Thepresent cooperative relation with Panchayat DevelopmentTraining Centre offers the opportunity to organize anycourse or seminar if budget application and allocationis undertaken jointly and in time. This was the mainadministrative problem which caused often frustration toinstructors.

- 73 -

3.5.1 MPU5-RD Staff Seminar

Once a year a RD Staff Seminar should be held on CWSSunder the following main Objectives: improvement ofcommunication, development of more efficient procedures,introduction of new policy conceptions like maintenanceor sanitation and general improvement of the CWSS pro-gramme. A Coordination Committee should prepare andorganise the seminar in detail. Such a seminar shouldcreate group spirit in an open minded atmosphere bybetter understanding and learning from each other. Theschedule should include also discussions on technicalissues like supervision performance under certainaspects of the new maintenance concept and review ofthe present standardization.

A period of three to si^ days might be sufficient justbefore the new construction season starts.

3.5.2 WSST Refresher Training Course :.:

This year the first WSST Refresher Training Course washeld for experienced RD technicians. The course shouldbe institutionalized because our assessment clearlySjtiows that experienced technicians need further trainingas there are still too many shortcomings in construction.

Out of thqir evaluation experience the MaintenanceSection should/develop Io4^|tic foaterials for~rthe nexttraining and prepare s6$fe Sessions' like:

-. Hpw t o . p £ & ^ n : t ? $ $ n i $ ^ r " u ^ t i ^ I t * " * * c a t c h -m e n t , - t a f S | f r p . # % ^ • ^ . ' /" . ' .'.''•-. •'*'.''1 ' I ' . . ' : • •'-•:

- Important.maintenance aspects of di£feren£ structures

- How to make villagers aware of maintenance duringconstruction phase

- How to train VMW ^

- How to encourage the setting-uprof the Village Mainte-nance Agreement.-

' . ' . • . ( . ' • • • . •

3.5.3 VMW Training Course

During Plan Phase I and II the VMW Training Course shouldbe further held under RD responsibility in close coopera-tion with PDTC.

- 74 -

Budget application in detail has to be done jointly insummary for the next Fiscal years1 training courseaccording to training needs defined by the MaintenanceSection. Only essential materials which cannot besubmitted by RD should be covered by an extra budgetitem. In future daily allowance of Rs. 15 and extrafield allowance of Rs. 15 per trainee and day should be

allocated. The present teachers' salary of Rs. 25 perunit should be a further incentive for MaintenanceEngineer and Supervisors to perform a good trainingcourse. Only if that training course is not includedin the regular programme of PDTC, some compensationshould be added for them in the budget.

Potential-trainees should be personally selected only byMaintenance Supervisors during their evaluation toursand introduction of the Village Maintenance Agreement.In case of projects still under construction only personswho have been recommended by RD project staff should beinvited. Two months before the course starts the invi-tation letter'should be sent directly from RD to WaterSupply and Sanitation Committee Chairman mentioning thename of the invited person. District Panchayat shouldbe informed by a separate letter about the course and theinvited persons of its district. Makimum 35 VMW traineesshould be invited for one course.

Training period should be four weeks during Maagh/Phagun,divided into three weeks theory and practical lessons andone week regular and repair maintenance performance inthe three (Plan Phase I) or four (Plan Phase III) differ-ent project villages. Last developed course schedule,Annex 5, and course curriculum by Lekh B. Gurung (13) bethe first steps in installing a proper programme. Main-tenance Section staff should improve the curriculum andparticipate as instructors of the course. Social Aspectsof regular and repair maintenance on village level shouldbe taught by PDTC staff like in the past. Structured andunstructured VMW interviews might help improving themaintenance concept too.

For field training only villages were assessed as suit-able in terms of village contribution and repair workloadshould be selected. The projects should be out of themajor repair category. Each of the Maintenance Super-visors should guide a small group on project site afterhe has organized transport to the village. During fieldtraining one of the most important subjects has to behow to perform regular maintenance by using the ProjectMaintenance Checklist shown in the English version inAnnex 10.

- 75 -

More than 130 projects have already been built by LDD/RDPokhara. But so far only about 60 VMW have been trainedbut without any conceptional support. Being realistic,maybe only half of them are still performing their job.After the Maintenance Section has evaluated all comple-ted projects they should investigate also the successrating of the VMW Training Course. If RD Pokhara wantsto train at least one VMW per project it seems necessaryto have probably two VMW Training Courses one year afterthe maintenance concept has been introduced because youhave to keep in mind the running construction programmetoo.

At Plan Phase III the district should be ready to trainVMW. But in that case first of all district has to befamiliarized with RD projects and a close relationshiphas to be established.

3.6 Material Requirement

The following lists are a very rough quantity estimateof material requirements for maintenance activities ofone year during Plan Phase I.

It is sensible to hand out a complete tool box to eachMaintenance WSST, which he is personally responsible for,and not to have any more project tool boxes. This isalso proposed for Project WSST because then if a VMW getshis separate maintenance tool box with some spare partsafter the project is completed, the responsibility forthe expensive tools is very clear and can be easilycontrolled by RD. According to our evaluation about onethird of finished projects need a complete maintenancetool box and another 25% require at least some tools.

The material requirement is split up in HMG contributionand UNICEF contribution. Item numbers are according toRD Pokhara Standardization.

3.6.1 HMG Material Requirement

Materials for Rehabilitation and Repair Maintenance

Item Description Quantity

4 small slab frame 250 pc5 big slab frame 150 pc7 steel bar 6 mm 250 m8 steel bar 10 mm 100 m

- 76 -


9 wire mesh 1 mm10 wire mesh 4 mm11 polyetilene sheet12 paint brush13 bolt, washer, nut14 binding wire15 nails16 spring fencing36 GI elbow 0 h"37 GI elbow 0 1"38 GI elbow 0 1%"39 GI elbow 0 2"40 GI elbow jz> 3"41 GI tee 0 H"42 GI tee 0 1"46 GI nipple 0 V47 GI nipple 0 1"48 GI nipple 0 1%"49 GI nipple 0 2"51 GI socket 0 h"52 GI socket 0 1"53 GI socket 0 IH"54 GI socket 0 2"55 GI reducer 0 H-2"59 GI union 0 h"60 GI union 0 1"61 GI union 0 IV62 GI union 0 2"64 GI bracket 0 2"65 GI bracket 0 3"66 GI end cap 0 2"

117 cement (for major repair)

31 kerosene

Tools for Rehabilitation and RepairItem

1234567

showelpick axecrowbar

Description

steel pansledgesledgesledge

hammerhammerhammer

108h

lbs.lbs.lbs.

10 mi10 m^200 nT10 set400 set10 kg25 kg27300 pc30 pc30 pc20 pc5 pc50 pc20 pc400 pc30 pc30 pc30 pc300 pc80 pc50 pc30 pc20 pc

100 pc30 pc20 pc10 pc20 pc20 pc10 pc150 bag

400 1

Quantity

70 pc70 pc20 pc50 pc15 pc15 pc100 pc

- 77 -


8 stone cutting hammer 150 pc9 stone chisel 6" 30 pc10 stone chisel 12" 20 pc11 stone chisel 24" 20 pc12 building trowel 60 pc13 pointing trowel 60 pc14 finishing trowel 30 pc

Tools

Item

for the Personal Tool Box

Description

of all 7 Maintenance WSST

Quantity

14 finishing trowel 7 pc15 mason square 12" 7 pc16 mason string 7 ball17 spirit level 12" 7 pc18 plumb bob line 7 pc19 nail removing hammer 7 pc20 wood chisel 1" (handle) 7 pc21 carpenter saw 16" 7 pc22 steel brush 7 pc23 soft brush 4" 7 pc24 screw drive 8" 7 pc25 steel scissor 7 pc26 adjustable spanner 10" 14 pc27 smooth steel file 7 pc28 rough wood file 7 pc29 concrete chisel 6" 7 pc30 concrete chisel 8" 7 pc

1530

Complete,Completed

Item

Maintenance Tool BoxesProjects

Description

and Space Parts for

Quantity

12 building trowel 15 pc13 pointing trowel 15 pc14 finishing trowel 15 pc26 adjustable spanner 10" 30 pc27 smooth steel file 15 pc_

skreen lmm/4mm - 30 mnut, bolt, washer 150 setracksaw blades 200 pcGI fittings: elbow Y1

socket tf h", union # V 300 pc(total)

- 78 -

Office Furniture and Requirements


1 desk2 chairs3 large file shelf4 book shelf5 initial office requirements

4 pc8 pc2 pc1 pc

3.6,2 UNICEF Material Requirement

Materials for Rehabilitation and Repair Maintenance

Item Description ; Quantity

31 GI pipe 0 h"32 GI pipe 0 1"33 GI pipe 0 lh"34 GI pipe 0 2"35 GI pipe 0 3"71 HDP pipe 0 20mm (IV)72 HDP pipe 0 32mm (III)73 HDP pipe 0 50mm (III)74 HDP pipe 0 63mm (III)75 HDP pipe 0 9Cmm (III)76 HDP pipe 0 32mm (IV)77 HDP pipe 0 50mm (IV)78 HDP pipe 0 63mm (IV)80 Flange set 0 50mm81 Flange set 0 63mm82 Flange set 0 90mm83 brass union 0 20mm84 brass union 0 32mm85 HDP tee 0 20mm86 HDP tee 0 32mm87 HDP tee 0 50mm88 HDP tee 0 63mm90 HDP reducer 0 20-32mm91 HDP reducer 0 32/50mm92 HDP reducer 0 50-63nim94 HDP end cap 0 20mm ~95 HDP end cap 0 32mm96 HDP end cap 0 50mm97 HDP end cap 0 63mm99 gate valve 0 I V100 gate valve 0 2"101 gate valve 0 3"102 globe valve 0 1"

300 m200 m300 m150 m50 m

7000 m3000 m4000 m2000 m300 m1000 m1000 m500 m50 pc40 pc5 pc

150 pc50 pc100 pc30 pc50 pc20 pc200 pc150 pc50 pc20 pc10 pc10 pc5 pc20 pc25 pc5 pc

25 pc

79 -


103104105106117

Tools

Item

110111112113114115116

stop cock 0 Vair valve 0 3/4"float valve 0 h"brass tap 0 Vcement (rehabilitation projects)

100 pc20 pc10 pc

150 pc700 bags

for the Personal Tool Box of all 7 Maintenance WST

Description

complete tool boxkerosene stoveheating place and telefon paperthermochromecrayonputty compoundhempGeberit knife

15 Complete Maintenance Tool Boxes and Spare30 Completed Projects

Item Description

Quantity

7 pc7 pc7 pc7 pkt7 tin4 ball7 pc

Parts for

Quantity

110 complete tool box 15 pc111 kerosene stove 15 pc112 heating plate + teflon paper 15 pc

teflon paperextra 30 pc113 thermochromecrayon stick 30 pc114 putty compound 5 tin115 hemp 54 ball116 Geverit knife 15 pc83 brass union 20 mm 60 pc84 brass union 32 mm 30 pc

stop cock washer 300 pcbrass tap washer 300 pc(size 1, quality)

85-92 HDP fittings: tees, reducer 300 pc(total)

3.7 Tentative Maintenance Budget for RD Pokhara

The presented tentative maintenance budget should giveyou a general view on the expected costs of the imple-mentation of Plan Phase I. Approximately 130 CWSSprojects have been already built. Table 24 shows thatthe assumed work load of around 40% of the projects are

- 80 -

expected as rehabilitation projects. In the assessmentpart it is said that 16% of the projects are non-functioning and 35% have major flaws. Out of these twoclassifications appr. 40% of a.11 projects might be overthe 8,000 Rs. limit for major repair projects. Rehabi-litation of previous regular projects can be very expen-sive either if old structures are almost completelybroken down or the Maintenance Engineer/Supervisor doesnot want to improve old structures upto an almost suffixcient level but prefers to build complete new structures.10% of the projects have been estimated as village levelrepair and another 10% as well functioning. The remain-ing 40% projects are in the category of major repairprojects. ... ... . .

The required manpower might be able to execute the pre-sent workload of rehabilitation projects within 6 yearsand of major repair within 3 years time. This estimatedoes not include future projects which might need somemaintenance repair during that time as well.

TABLE 24 : Expected Workload

category

rehabili-tation

majorrepair

villagelevelrepair

non-repair

estimate cost

> 8,000 Rs.

500-8,000 Rs.

< 500 Rs.

0

Workload

(%)

40

40

10

10

projects

52

52

13

13

Manpower

4 WSST

3 WSST

VMW

VMW

Imple-menta-tionper year

9

• 18

Expectedtime

period

6 years

3 years

- 81 -

3.7.1 Rehabilitation Projects

1* HMG Contribution

WSST, 6 monthSkilled laboursemi-skilled labourtransport to villagetransport with vehicleGI fittingsother materialstoolscontingencies

1 project

39003500300050005000500

1000020003100

9 projects

TOTAL

2. UNICEF Contribution

HDP pipesHDP fittings and valvesGI pipescementother materialscontingencies

TOTAL

3.7.2 Major Repair Projects

1. HMG Contribution

WSST, 1 monthHMG MaterialsCement10% contingencies

TOTAL


HDP pipesHDP fittings and valvesGI pipesOther materials10% contingencies

36000 Rs.

3350067002300

1000020005500

60000 RS.

1 project

65020001100350

4100 Rs.

1 project

1000500

1000200300

324000 Rs.

540000 Rs.

18 projects

73800 Rs.

18 projects

TOTAL 3000 Rs. 54000 RS.

- 82 -

3.7.3 Village Level Repair

1. HMG Contribution

Material for repairinitial tools and spareparts for VMW

TOTAL


Material for repairinitial tools and spareparts for VMW

TOTAL

3.7.4 Initial Requirements and Facilities

1. HMG Contribution

Office furniture andrequirementsTools for 7 Maintenance WSST

TOTAL


Tools for 7 Maintenance WSST

3.7.5 Budget Summary

3000

5000

8000 Rs.

3000

25000

28000 Rs.

5000

3000

8000 Rs.

10000 Rs.

This tentative budget requirement, table 25, is presen-ted for two years including 15% inflation rate for thesecond year.

83 -

TABLE 25 : Tentative Budget Requirement for Two Years

9 rehabilitationprojects

10 major repairprojects

village level repair

initial requirements

contingencies

TOTAL (NC RS.)

HMG Contribution

1st year

324000

74000

8000

8000

6000

420000

2nd year

370000

85000

10000

-

5000

470000

UNICEF Contribution

1st year

540000

54000

28000

10000

8000

640000

2nd year

620060

60000

30000

-

10000

720000

3.8 Subsidiary Requirements

Three important side requirements have to be mentioned,which might be very helpful in general for the programme.

1. Administrative Procedures

Very often administrative procedures create, commu-nication gaps. Sometimes there are importantproject documents kept in administration files but

• the concerned Engineer is not informed.

The general principle should be that the Administra-tion helps and supports the demands of the CWSSProgramme, which is executed by the Technical Divi-sion. It is proposed that all informations regard-ing future projects, projects under construction andcompleted projects should be passed on to ProjectManager/Divisional Engineer and should end up in theooly one project original file kept by the concernedProject Engineer or Maintenance Engineer.

2. Filing System

At present RD Pokhara has 40 projects under cons-truction, many projects have been surveyed and some130 projects have been completed, but still no proper

84 -

filing system is developed. You have to be an expe-rienced detective to find out only very simple.matters. This fact hampered this study quite a lot.The authors would ask Regional Director, ProjectManager/Divisional Engineer, all Engineers andSection Officer to sit together and develop as soon

V as possible an appropriate filing system maybe onbasis of a draft proposal done by one ProjectEngineer and the Section Office only.

3. Maps

So far the Regional Directorate implements CWSSProgramme, ILO Irrigation Programme and SchoolRoofing Projects in its Development Region under theMinistry of Panchayat and Local Development. Goodmaps are an important resource for executing localdevelopment activities and regional planning. Offi-cial attempts to get sufficient maps, which coverthe whole Development Region have not been success-

- ful yet. A minimum requirement would be to haveDistrict maps which show all Village Panchayats andthe larger villages.

3.9 Two Examples of Implementation

3.9.1 CWS Project Ghan Pbkhara, Lamjung District

Project Introduction

The project, built in 1979, consists of the following 3

structuress spring catchment (appr. yield 0.25 1/s), 9mreservoir tank, 3.5 km pipe line, cleaning out, air valve,3 tapstands.

There is a very skilled mistry in the village who has donealmost all skilled labour work for the project but some-times he is out of village. He may not need a VMWtraining course.

Case problems: broken- old standard covers which do notfit; two stop cocks are not functioning; all stop cockchambers are too narrow for any maintenance; there wereno brass unions available during construction phase sothe temporary solution -become permanent, these ad hocjoints leak causing water shortage in the dry season,neither cement nor any fittings are in the village.

What have the villagers done ?

- 85 -

They tried to repair the leaks. Three hours away fromthe village there was another LDM-CWS project underconstruction. The villagers asked the WSST to givesome assistance but in case of these leaks in thenarrow chambers even the WSST was not able to repairit. It would be necessary to destroy the whole stopcock chamber and the technician did not have any sparebrass unions anyway. At the end they did not succeedin repair.

Maintenance is done only occasionally, e.g. if skreenon outlet of spring catchment is blocked by leaves, oronly a little water flows only into the reservoir tankthen the mistry or other villagers check the pipeline.

During monsoon there was a small landslide whichexposed the pipeline but this was repaired by thevillagers themselves.

No evaluation has been done yet. What to do ?

Maintenance Implementation

The responsible Maintenance Supervisor comes along tocheck the present.state of that old CWS project. Afterhe has inspected the whole system together with theformer Water Committee Chairman and villagers who -aipe-familiar with their water system he calls for a projectmeeting with the whole villagers and especially theformer Qommittee and the skilled mistry. During themeeting the Maintenance Supervisor tries to re-installthe wat<&r Gommitrtefe tpr its mai'nteti^Bce tastf and t&explain the need of fcecrWlar thaintJea&fece. H£ hands outan official let%e%-Tt^ite |M> wfe&esli• e^l&|.?«62 tlte new mainte-nance concept and iritrOS&eies the village MaintenanceAgreement. Thefee issuefe a% e- ai^&ussed by this communitymeeting, if villagers, ComTK&fctee and the officiallyappointed VMW agree on a reasonable payment in kind orcash to the VMW; that project is taken in considerationas a feasible maintenance project.

After his evaluation tour the Maintenance Supervisor doescost estimate for that project and together with theMaintenance Engineer they decide about the priority ofthat major repair project.

If, according to the priority list, the Maintenance WSSTis free to work on that project then he prepares allnecessary materials together with the Maintenance Section

- 86 -

and he sets out with his own tool box to the village.He sends an adequate number of villagers to collect thematerials from RD or roadhead. The WSST works togetherwith the VMW to improve his skill.

They, together with the villagers, destroy the stop-cockchambers, replace broken stop cocks and fit in brassunions. Instead of a new stock chamber a GI stop cockprotection pipe according to Standardization of RDNepalgunj and RD Biratnagar is place there. All thebroken manhole covers are replaced by new slab framecovers. All maintenance tools are given under VMW'sresponsibility after the Village Maintenance Agreementhas been signed and cne copy has been submitted to LDOLamjung.. - = -.--"" "•" °

At least once every year the Maintenance Supervisorinspects the whole project and keeps a- record of theactual status. He must report to LDO Lamjung and RDPokhara whether the Village Maintenance Agreement isfollowed well e.g. VMW performance, payment of salary,etc. He shall be always ready to advise the VMW andWater Committee if there are certain problems. If anymajor repair is required he should start the officialprocedure. When there is a serious breakdown the WaterCommittee Chairman or VMW should come straight to RDPokhara or send a request letter.

3.9.2 CWS Project Gurungkha, Syangja District

Project Introduction

The project, built 1975/76, consists of the followingstructuress spring/stream catchment (appr. 0,3 1/s),appr. 7m3 reservoir tank, 10 km pipeline, 4 tapstands.

That previous regular project was surveyed by handlevel only and the construction quality is rather low.

Case problems: spring/stream catchment is extremelybadly built and needs reconstruction. Due to hand levelsurvey there are some serious pipeline shortcomings,pipeline goes along a dangerous almost inaccessiblesteep rock section, no cleaning out, no air valve, manyleaks caused either by low pipe quality or high pressure,reservoir tank too small (appr. 90 houses) and construc-tion shortcomings, wooden pillar tapstands, not enoughwater.

What have the villagers done ?

- 87 -

Villagers tried to change the pipeline route but theycould not get either pipe nor technical assistance.They clean and check daily the spring catchment andregulate water flow from tank to tapstands.

Village level maintenance arrangement: There is a teamof four VMW including team leader which acts as wellsomehow as Water Committee. They divided the pipelinein service sectors and each VMW is responsible for one.The inspection is performed daily but without almost anybasic tools. Even the villagers (Gurung) are poor eachhouse of the project area contributes regularly twopaathi grain a year to the VMW. The VMW team leaderparticipated on this year-'s VMW Training Course and gotbasic maintenance tools. The village requested offici-ally for technical assistance to RD Pokhara.

Maintenance Implementation

Because of the serious water problem and the obviousenthusiasm of the villagers this project should be oneof the top priorities for rehabilitation.

- 88 -

4. CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

CWSS project maintenance is a very urgent problem. Ruralcommunities are suffering because of broken down projects.There must be.no more delay in implementation. MPLDdecision-makers are kindly asked to take into considera-tion the following conditions for implementation of thismaintenance concept.

1. Organization and management structure at RD Pokharaduring Plan Phase I/II must be as it is at presentbut with the addition of a Maintenance Section. Ifthere is to be a Divisional Engineer, he should bethe counterpart of the Project Manager in CWSS.

2. At present, experienced Overseers/Supervisors mustnot be posted to districts, because it will hamperimplementation of construction and the setting-upof a maintenance programme tremendously. It hastaken many years for RD Pokhara to reach its presentfunctioning status. This should not be ruined byeither too rapid or not well considered decentrali-zation. •

3. An MPLD maintenance policy conference on CWSS shouldcome up with a national framework. Each RD shouldimplement its maintenance programme according to itsown office abilities.

4. The top' authorities of MPLD should approve andencourage RD Pokhara to start tentatively imple-menting the maintenance management as proposed.Because there is already a CWSS project maintenancebudget, an established VMW Training Course and aMaintenance Engineer, RD Pokhara should beginimplementation this season 1981/82 and thus in beingthe forerunner try to establish a good approach tomaintenance.

- 89 -

REFERENCES

(1) Anonymous, Local Development Project and Programme, July1971.

(2) WHO, first Addendum to Planops for the Development ofCommunity Water Supply and Sanitation in Nepal (16 July1975 to 15 July 1980), Plan of Action, Draft, March 1977.

(3) LDD, Report on the Proceedings of The Conference on theRural Water Supply Programme, held at PTC Jhapa, 21-26Sept. 1980, Kathmandu Oc. 1980.

(4) German Volunteer Service, Minutes of CWS-ProfessionalGroup Meeting, Kathmandu, Dec. 1979.

(5) Glennie C , LDD-UNICEF Rural Water Supply ProgrammeField Visit to Far West and Eastern Region, Report andRecommendation, UNICEF, July 1980.

(6) Saravanapavananthan N., Rural Water Supply SchemesBrief Guide on Operation and Maintenance, WHO, Kathmandu,April 197.

(7) New ERA, Community Water Supply Programme Status ReportVolume 3 and 4, Kathmandu, July 1977.

(8) Remote Area and Local Development Department and PeaceCorps (jointly compiled). A Handbook for VolunteersWorking in Community Water Supply, Kathmandu, August1974.

(9) Bovier J. B., Special Report,1. Two years of experiencein Rural Water Supply Projects in Gandaki Zone, 2.Possible extension of the project to all Western Develop-ment Region, SATA, Kathmandu, Dec. 1978.

(10) Anonymous, Drinking Water and Sanitation Workshop, 19 and20 November 1979, organized by Local Development Depart-ment, Central Panchayat Training Centre, UNICEF.

(11) DWSS/HMG, Ten Year Plan for the Provision of DrinkingWater Supply and Sanitation International Drinking WaterSupply and Sanitation Decade 1981-1990, Kathmandu, Dec.1980.

(12) New ERA, Children of Nepal, a Situation Analysisprepared for UNICEF, Kathmandu, March 1981.

- 90 -

(13) Gurung, L. B., VMW Course Curriculum, LDM-RD Pokhara, May1981.

(14) Showerwor E., Rural Water Supply Schemes, Brief Guide onOperation and Maintenance, GVS/LDD, Pokhara 1979.

(15) Schramm W,, Visit to LDM-Regional Directorate BiratnagarEastern Development Region from 3rd May to 12th May 1981,LDM-RD Pokhara, May 1981.

ANNEXES

MINISTRY OF PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATEPOKHARA COMPLETED PROJECTS

Dhaulagiri ZoneBaglung District

ANNEX 1 (Al)AT7I

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Project

Dhikichaur

Harachaur

Bunga Dobang W8

Bunga Dobang W9

Bhakunde Saure

Lekh Khani

Village Panchayat

Mulpani

Mulpani

Bunga Dobang

Bunga Dobang

Bhakunde Saure

Lekh Khani

Started/Completed

030/033

030/032

031/036

031/036

031/032

034/035

VillageContri-bution*

+

+

+

Pro-jectFile

-

-

-

-

-

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

-

-

+

+

VMW

-

-

-

Supervisor WST

Vertucci

Vertucci•

P.NeupaneM.R.Bhanbari

P.NeupaneC.S.Gurung

C.S.Gurung

EvaluationDone

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

+ S

O :

^ oo

goo c

average

bad


Dhaulagiri ZoneMustang District

Al/2

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Project

Lete

Chhaire

Marpha

Phalyak

Dhagarjung

Dagar Jung

Chambuk Totang

Tukuche

Lomang Thang

Village Panchayat

Lete

Marpha

Marpha

Kagbeni

Kagbeni

Dagar Jung

Chambuk Totang

Tukuche

Lomang Thang

Started/Completed

031/033

029/029

032/033

031/033

031/033

031/033

031/033

031/033

031/033

VillageContri-bution

Pro-jectFile

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hand-ingOver

>

i

[

1

VMW Supervisor WST

O.P.Bhattachan

ncne

•

EvaluationDone

Feb. 1977New ERA

Feb. 1977New ERA

Feb. 1977New ERA

Feb. 1977New ERA

Feb. 1977New ERA


Al/3

POKHARA

Dhaulagiri ZoneMyagdi District

COMPLETED PROJECTS

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.8.

9.

10.

11.

Project

Jyamrukot/Arjun

Kibang

Gharamdi

Narchhyang

Bhurung Tatopani

Kuhun

Ghatang tinmane

Bega

Badunk

Pakhapani

Ratne Chaor

Village Panchayat

Jyamrukot

Histan

Histan

Narchhyang

Bhurung Tatopani

Kuhun

Ghafcaiig

Bega

Badunk

Pakhapani

Ratne Chaor

Started/Completed

029/031

029/031

029/031

029/031

029/031

031/032

O3V°32

031/032

031/032

031/036

032/036


+

Pro-jectFile

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

+

+

Hand-ingOver+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

VMW

-

Supervisor WST

Summer

Dennis Austin

Dennis Austin

Dennis Austin

none

R.Fisser

R.Fisser

M.BudyakT.Pun

G.Pun

EvaluationDone

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA


Al/4

POKHARA.

Dhaulagiri ZoneParbat District

COMPLETED PROJECTS

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12;;;;

Project

Thamarjung

Danabagar

Deurali

Gairathok

Ulleri

Dhairing

Kyang

Banung

Bhuka

Wakithati Taltum

Durlung

Khurkot Lampata

Village Panchayat

Ramja Tilahar

Ramja Tilahar

Deopur

Deopur

Dansing

Dhairing

Kyang

Kyang

Bhuka Deurali

Wakithati

Durlung

Khurkot

Started/Completed

029/030

029/030

030/031

030/031

030/031

0

0

30/032

35/035

036/036

1

035/035ii -• .

034/036

1

035/036

036/037


+

o

+

+ :

Pro-jectFile

-

-

-

Hand-ingOver

-

- •

+

; +

+

+

+

i1

+ •

i;+

— '

+

VMW

-'

—

+

O

•

Supervisor WST

M.Gearhard

T.P.Rimal

M.Gearhard

M.Gearhard

D.Austin

Vertucci

F.DubbeldamB.Gurung

I.B.KhanalB.Gurung

M.SchmitzKajiman J.T.

L.B.GurungSubba Gurung

M.Schmitz

BinayaR.N.Baral

EvaluationDone

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Al/5

Dhaulagiri 2oneParbat District (Cont*d)

NO.

13-

14.

Project

Subedithar

WahakithatiDeuraliWard No.1,2,7,8,9

Village Panchayat

Khurkot'

Wahaki

Started/Completed

036/038

035/037


Pro-jectFile

+

Hand-ingOver

-

VMW

+

Supervisor WST

Binaya/R.BlandBalaram

L.B.GurungP.Shrestha

EvaluationDone

June 1981R. Bland


Gandaki ZoneGorkha District

Al/6

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Project

Badedanda Harmee

BajredandaChhepetar

Phinam

Okhale Kubindi

Gaikhur

Upper Bhirsing

Lower Bhirsing

TaranagarChhepetar

SillingManakamana

Bandre Danda

Ajirkot

Jaubari

Village Panchayat

Palungtar,Ampipal

Palungtar,Ampipal

Phinam

Tandrang

Gaikhur

Kerabari

Kerabari

TaranagarChhepetar

Manakamana

Bandre

Ajirkot

Jaubari

Started/Completed

031/034

029/030

030/032

i

030/031

1

029/031• i

02«>/031i

029/031i

!

03(5/036

03(5/036i

030/032

030/032

034/035


-

o

Pro-jectFile

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

+

+

+ .

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

VMW

-

-

Supervisor WST

B.Joyce

M.Payne

J.Daurio

M.Payne

D.EmonsM.Edene

D.EmonsM.Edene

S.Gurung

S.K.Lama

Nick (PCV)

S.Adhikari

EvaluationDone

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

Al/7

Gandaki ZoneGorkha District (Cont'd)

No.

13.

14.

Project

Simjung W 1, 2

Saurpani W 3,4

Village Panchayat

Simjung

Saurpani

Started/Completed

036/037

036/037


o

Pro-jectFile

Hand-ingOver

VMW

-

Supervisor WST

G.S.PunP.B.Gurung

G.S.PunBhupal

EvaluationDone


Gandaki ZoneKaski District

Al/8

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7-

8.

9.

Project

Yangjakot

Arba Bijay W 1-6

Thuleswara(Gairabari)

Jhajermare

Arwa W 7,8,9

Puranchaur

Kavre Lampatan

Takura Chmrunga

Chapalthar

Village Panchayat

Thumkodanda

Arba Bijay

Kalika

Kalika

Kalika

Puranchaur

Puranchaur

Puranchaur

Lahachok

Started/Completed

029/031

028/031

02

02

03

9/031i

8/030

4/035

028/029

i

0316/037

036/037

032/033


o

+ •

+

Pro-jectPile

+

+

-.

+

+

+

Hand-ingOver

• +

+ •

+

'i

+

+ ;ij

+

VMW

+

+

+

Supervisor WST

L.RobertsonT.B.Gurung

Wallace/Steele

L.RobertsonH,B.Gurung

L.Robertson

J.BovierH.B.Gurung

Ferry/DeYoung

E.Kienzle

R.K.Dhakal

Eng.N.JhaK.Baral

EvaluationDone

Feb. 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERAJan. 1981W.Schramm

March 1977New ERAMarch 1981L.B.Gurung

March 1977New ERAFeb. 1981L.B.Gurung

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung

March 1977New ERA

March 1977New ERA

Gandaki ZoneKaski District (Cont'd)

Al/9

NO.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Project

Taprang/Chipli

Taprang W7

Taprang W2-6

Ghalel/Emu Takru

Ghalel Kinbang

Gyamrang

Sundaridanda

NaudandaSerachour

Bhumdi

Thalo Hyanja

Mohar iyatole

KandanidandaTimpiple

Rakhidanda/Tallothar

Village Panchayat

Sildujure

Sildujure

Sildujure

Lang Ghalel

Lang Ghalel

Naraar JungDeorali

Begnas

Dhikur Pokhari

Pumdi Bhumdi

Hyanja

Dansing

Rakhi

Rakhi

Started/Completed

035/035

034/035

035/036

034/035

035/036

034/035

035/035

035/036

036/036

035/036

035/036

036/036

035/036


+

+

o

o

+

+

—

o

+

+

+

—

—

Pro-jectFile

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

—

—

VMW

+

-

—

-

-

—

-

+

+

-

*••

Supervisor WST

H.MengersJ.Bovier

H.MengersS.K.Lama

H.MengersSubba/K.Baral

H.Mengers

L.J.Gurung

J.BovierT.Gurung

H.MengersRatna

K.J.Thapa

J.NiedererS.B.Chhetri

J.NiedererBhupal

C.S.Gurung

H.MengersD.Rana

S.AdhikariK.Sing

EvaluationDone

March 1981L.B.Gurung




Nov. 1980W.Schramm

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung


Feb. 1981W. Schramm

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Nov. 1980W.Schramm

Feb. 1981W.Schramm

Gandaki ZoneKaski District (Cont'd)

Al/10

No.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

Project

Nirbane

SikklisDhaprangthar

Sikklis,W 5,6,8,9

Lamachour Gharmi

Bhadaure Tamagi

DamdameKutbidanda

Bharat Pokhari

Parchegaau

Landruk

Bhalam Bandakhor

Marpak

Rupakot

Village Panchayat

Chapakot

Parche

Parche

Armala Charapani

Bhadure T./Salyan

B. T.?.magi

Bharat Pokhari

Parche

Lumle

Kahu Bhalam

Harpak

Bhirkot

Started/Completed

036/036

036/036

036/037

03€/037

036/037

036/037

036/037

0-6/037

036/037!

032/033

035/0371

036/037


o

o

-

o

+

-

o

-

o

+

Pro-jectFile

. +

+

+

+

+

+:

+

+

+

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

-

-

. -

-

-

-

! •

r

VMW

+

-

-

-

- ' •

-

-

+

mm

-

Supervisor WST

P.NeopaneN.Bahadur

S.AdhikariK.Gurung

S.AdhikariH.B.Gurung

B.B.Rana

I.KhanalB.B.AleI.KhanalK.J.Thapa

S.AdhikariT.Pun/Kedar B.

S.AdhikariK.B.Gurung

I.KhanalD.B.Rana

N.JhaB.Shrestha

I.KhanalC.Sing/I.B.Thakali

S.Adhikari

EvaluationDone

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung



Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

Jan. 1981L.B.Gurung

-

Gandaki Zone

Kaski District (Cont'd)

Al/11

No. Project Village Panchayat Started/Completed


Pro-jectFile

Hand-ingOver

VMW Supervisor WST EvaluationDone

35.

36.

37.

Purunchour

Lukumswara

Kritinachnechour

Purunchour

Pumdi Bhumdi

Kritinachnechour

036/037

035/038

037/038 S.Gurung

MINISTRY OP PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATEPOKHARA COMPLETED PROJECTS

Gandaki ZoneLamjung District

Al/12

No.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Project

Chiti Tilahar

TarkughatBirbhakta

Ghan Pokhara

Thuli Besi

Kalainche

Lama Manjang

Village Panchayat

Chiti Tilahar

Raginash

Ghan Pokhara

Bahundanda

Maling

Pyardi

Started/Completed

032/035

035/036

036/036i

036/036i

036/036i

i037/038


-

-

+

+

+

Pro-jectFile

-+

+

+

—

Hand-ingOver

++

+

+

• —

VMW

+

-

+

+

—

+

Supervisor WST

Bhupal Danai

E.SchouwerwouS•Gurung

W.SchrammL.J.Gurung

W.SchrammM.B.S.Magar

W.SchrammL.J.Gurung

N.BabuS.K.Lama

EvaluationDone

-


Gandaki ZoneManang District

Al/13

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Project

Upallo Pisang

Thonche

Nache

Bojo

Village Panchayat

Ghyaru

Thonche

Nache Dharapani

Manang

Started/Completed

035/036

035/036

035/037

037/037


+

o

Pro-jectFile

+

+

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

VMW

-

+

Supervisor WST

J.WiedererD.Rana

W.SchrammM.B.SottiMagar

Bhupendra/Dennis H.M.B.S.Magar

I.KarnalBallaram

EvaluationDone

May 1981H.Muller

MINISTRY OP PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATE

Al/14

POKHARA

Gandaki ZoneSyangja District

COMPLETED PROJECTS

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5,

6.

7.

8-

9.

10.

11.

Project

KarkinetaKamitole

Gaiya Bahakot

Armadi Sirubare

Armadi Mohadanda

Dhatum HighSchool

Jagatpur

Rangethati Lakore

RangethatiGhaganpani

Gurungkha

Naudanda

Chang Changdi

Village Panchayat

Karkineta

Gaiya Bahakot

Baraha Kalika

Baraha Kalika

Darsing

Darsing

Seti Dobhan

Seti Dobhan

Shirsikot

Ganeshpur

Baraha Kalika

Started/Completed

035/036

035/036

035/036

036/037

036/037

C36/037

036/037

036/037

031/033

036/037

037/038


+

+

-

o

o

o

-

-

+

o

o

Pro-jectFile

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+•

+

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

- .

- ;

i1

+

VMW

-

+

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

+

—

Supervisor WST

C. 3.Gurung

R.B.Chhetri

S.B.Chhetri

S.S.Gurung

I.B.KhanalP.B.Thapa

L.B.GurungKajiman J.T.

ShahP.B.Thapa

ShahPadam B.Thapa

KoBaral

B.ShahGenindra

S.B.ChhetriSubedi

EvaluationDone

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

L.B.GurungDec. 1980

MINISTRY OF PANCHAYAT ,ANDREGIONAL DIRECTORATEPOKHARA

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT Al/15

COMPLETED PROJECTS

Gandaki ZoneTanahun District

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6,

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Project

Dumre Bazaar

Tharpa Bazaar

Bhange Satrasaya

Kihu Badhare

Jyamruk Bahepani

Jyamruk Rupakot

Bhansar

Syamgha Hatiya

Hile Tar

Landari Bg.

Gahateri

Village Panchayat

Bandhipur

Chang

Bhange Satrasaya

Kihu Badhare

Jyamruk

Jyamruk

Bhansar

Syamgha Hatiya

Hile Tar

Chisapani

Chisapani

Started/Completed

033/035

035/035

035/036

031/035

031/034

031/034

032/036

032/034

034/034

036/038

036/037


o

+

—

o

o

+

o

Pro-jectPile

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

+

- +

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

VMW

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

+

Supervisor WST

J.BovierP.B.Thapa

Be Danai

S.Adhikari

L.B.GurungR.B.Chhetri

B.B.Thapa

B.B.Thapa

R.N.Baral

K.Baral

R.B.Thapa

G.S.PunK.B.Gurung

G.S.PunK.B.Gurung

EvaluationDone

MINISTRY OP PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATEPOKHARA COMPLETED PROJECTS

Lumbini ZoneArgha Khachi District

Al/16

No.

1.

Project

phikura

Village Panchayat

Dhikura

Started/Completed

032/035


Pro-jectPile

+

Hand-ingOver

+

VMW Supervisor WST

Eng. Jha

EvaluationDone


Al/17

POKHARA

Lumbini ZoneGulmi District

COMPLETED PROJECTS

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Project

Juniya

Bharse Gupha

Dabhung

Kwangdi

Village Panchayat

Juniya

Bharse

Bharse

Santipur

Started/Completed

032/035

032/036

035/038

036/038


-

+

Pro-jectFile

+

-

•4-

Hand-ingOver

+

+

VMW

+

-

Supervisor WST

J.Mahatto

R.S.Yadav

K.ThapaH.Veerdig

R.B.GurungH.Veerdig

EvaluationDone

Feb. 1981H.Veerdig

Feb. 1981H.Veerdig


Lumbini ZoneNawal Parasi District

Al/18

NO.

1.

Project

Bada Jheri

Village Panchayat

Bullingtar

Started/Completed

032/034


o

Pro-jectFile

-

Hand-ingOver

+ -

VMW

-

Supervisor WST

N. JhaK. Baral

EvaluationDone

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung


Lumbini ZonePalpa District

Al/19

No,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Project

Somadi

Barjakot

Phoksingkot

Rupse/Sapandi

Rupse/Amarahi

Paekdedha Dobhan

Madan Pokhara

Village Panchayat

Somadi Bhanjyang

Gadhakot

Gadhakot

Chidipani

Chidipani

Paekdedha Dobhan

Madan Pokhara

Started/Completed

031/033

032/034

031/033

029/032

029/032

031/035

036/037


+

o

Pro-jectPile

+

-

+

+

Hand-ingOver

+

+

+

VMW

+

+

-

+

+

+

Supervisor WST

N.JhaM.Miller

N.JhaM.Miller

N.JhaG.B.Rana

N.JhaG.B.Rana

C.S.Gurung

G.MarksH.Gurung

EvaluationDone

March 1977New ERA

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung

Feb. 1981L.B.Gurung


ANNEX 2/1

Draft Research Proposal

On :

Village Case Study for a Feasible Maintenance

Management Set Up of Community. Water Supply (CWC)

Projects in the Western Development Region

Ministry of Panchayat and Local DevelopmentRegional Directorate PckharaWestern Development Region

Centre for F momic Development and AdministrationTribhuvan UniversityKirtipur, KathmanduP-.B. No. 797NEPAL

A2/2

FIRST OR^FT PROPOSAL

Village Case Study for a Feasible Maintenance ".anagement

set up of Community Water Supply Projects on Village Level in

the Western Development Region, Nepal.

Introduction

His Majesty's Government recently created the Ministryof Panchayat and Local Development (;4PLD) out of the formerLocal Development Department (LDD). Under this ministry thereare at present four Regional Directorates (RD) for the Eastern,Central, Western and Far Western Development Region.

For almost ten years LDD was/MPLD is mainly engaged inRural Community Water Supply (CWS) which is contributed by H'lGand UNICEF. During that time LDD Pokhara has executed morethan 130 village water supply schemes as gravity systems onlyin Western Development Region. HMG, UNICEF and~the villagershave invested a lot of money and work but even so till nownobody feels really responsible maintaining the water system.Because of this we can roughly estimate that 50% of all oldprojects are broken down or they have major flaws. These daysthere is a little bit more awareness on maintenance probleste -and this kas led to the request of a MPLD high level confer^eefor a maintenance management set up in each Development Region.Hence, it has been asked to develop a proposal foia system ofmaintenance and repair management by :;4PLP RD Pokhara for theWestejf& development Region. This task includes also a technicalevalua^^ of completed projects,.. Out o£ the general technicaland nontechnical present stats* the set-up jsiKmld enable HPi»Dto deal with maintenance in future. This requires specificcriteria for dividing responsibilities at village level andresponsibilities outside the village. This cannot be done onlyby a technical evaluation and should not be done neither by MPLD,say a government agent, nor by a foreigner.

Obj ectives s

Setting up proposal for a feasible maintenance managementsystem of CWS projects on village level;

A2/3

1. Evaluation of 10 completed CWS projects regarding social,cultural, economical and political implications from thevery beginning of the project request till the presentstatus.

2. Assessment of non-technical matters which influencemaintenance arrangements at post construction phase.

3. Proposal and recommendations for a feasible maintenancemanagement set up on village level in order to keep CWSsystems well maintained.

Approach - Scope of the Study;

1. Descretion and Assessment of General Conditions of eachsample CWS project area.

1.1 Social/cultural conditions

ethnic caste groups, local habits, intercaste relations,community spirit, faiths and beliefs, in water, solvingproblems, traditions of self-help labour, responsibilityfor common goods.

1.2 Economical Conditions

average income, variation of annual incomes per family,sources of income/kind of income, cash money, local taxsystem or any cash contribution.

1.3 Political conditions

village panchayat, political groups, village leaders,influence from outside, committees, local initiative andresponsibility, activities carred out by the village andtheir organisation, priority of development needs.

2. Description and Assessment of Non-technical Matters

Water Supply Schemes

2.1 Request

motives, priority for villagers, by whom and in which wayrequested.

A2/4

2.2 Village participation

pre-construction phase, construction phase and postconstruction phase, reasons for poor or enthusiasticparticipation.

2.3 Relation "ViPLD-RD staff-villagers

Role, authority of -TST/Supervisor, cooperation, problems.

2.4 Village institutions

village panchayat and other institutions/authorities, theirrole and ability to cope with a water supply project, WaterCommittee: motivation, xnfluence, authority, ability.

2.5 Traditional rules and laws effecting the C'eTS project e.g.,Women,'s task drawing water, is there any pressure on mento carry out construction and repair, cast rules.

2.6 Disputes, vandalism and other hampering factors causes,effects.

2.7 Actual benefit for the people.

2.8 Does villagers/village panchayat really feel it is theirown water system ?

3. Recommendations and Detail Approach on Maintenanceifc on Villagfe Level

3.1 General capability/involvement after the CWS project isfinished awareness, understanding of routine maintenanceduties, protection of catcfcment area (afforestation) andother structures, preventing improper water use, securityof village participation, protection of vandalism and anyproblems effecting maintenance.

3.2 Essential requirement during pre-construction phase andconstruction phase to ensure proper maintenance afterwards.

3.3 Village organisation and responsibility

village agent who is able to deal with maintenance, writtenagreements/contracts and the,'r practical use, responsibilityfor tools and others given from MPLD-RD.

A2/5

3.4 Local village water tax or any payment system for maintenancepossibilitiess voluntary or compulsory (force ?) , kind ofconstruction, need of HMG rule/law, payment for a villagemaintenance worker, payment for replacement of brokenfaucets, role of Village Panchayat and other authorities.

3.5 Required manpower for the maintenance of the project

Village Maintenance Worker? selection of the right personwho is recident in the project village or village panchayat,his qualification, status, authority, kind of employment,his supervisor, taps "and caretakers appointment, voluntaryresponsibility.

M e t h o d o l o g y ; ..-.-•.•••

1. Analysis and interpretation of obtained data and informationby primary and secondary sources.

2. Apart from collecting the available necessary secondary datafrom the offices in the centre and regional, the questionnairewill be administered to the different government offices andother related institutions in the study areas.

3. In the effort to finding out socio-economic characteristicsand conditions of the people living in the study area, ahousehold survey would be done, on the basis of a samplingframe.

Manpower Requirement for the Project

A project of this nature world be best served by an inter-disciplinary team. As such, it is proposed that a taskforce beconstituted representing the following discipliness (a) Economic,Political Science (b) Social anthropology or sociology, and(c) Engineer etc.

A2/6

Types of Expert/Required Manpower

Political Scientist

Economist

Social Anthropologyor sociologist

Engineer

Research Assistants

Number of RequiredManpower/Expert

1

1

1

1

Sources forExpert/Manpower

CEDA

CEDA

CEDA

Regional Direc-torate , Pokhara

to be hired

•TJI.™

Requiredtime (Months)

6

6

6

6

6

Duration of the Study

The total study period will be six months for this project.detail time schedule is as follows;

The

Time schedule(months)

Activities

Preliminary data collectionand preparation ofquestionnaire

Field Survey

Primary data tabulationand analysis

Draft Report

Final Report

mm.

A2/7

ESTIMATED BUDGET

1. SALARY Rs. 34,000/-

One Economist Rs, 1500/monthfor 6 months (Rs. 1500 x 6) Rs. 9,000/-

One Sociologist Rs. 1500/monthfor 6 months (Rs. 1500 x 6) Rs. 9,000/-

Two Research AssistantsRs. 600 month for 6 months(6 x 2 x 600) Rs. 7,200/-

One Political Scientist forsix months Rs. 9,000/-

2. PROJECT ALLOWANCE

a. For the Project Director Rs. 4,500/-50% of the salary

b. Provident fund 10% of the Rs. 1,800/-salary of Economist andSociologist

3. DAILY ALLOWANCE Rs. 5,200/-

a. DA for Economist and Sociologist Rs. 2,700/-Pt.litical Scientist Rs. 30/dayfor 30 days (3 x 30 x 30)

b. DA for 2 RA Rs. 25/day for Rs. 1,500/-30 days (2 x 25 x 30)

c. Provision for Remote Area Rs. 1,000/-Allowance

4. . TRAVELLING ALLOWANCE Rs. 4,600/-

a. Air tickets for 4 personsRs. 600/- round trip Kathmandu-Pokhara-Kathmandu (4 x 600) Rs. 2,400/-

A2/8

TA for Economist and SociologistRs. 4/mile for 3.00 miles (2 x 4 x100)

c. TA for 2 RA P.s. 3/mile for 100 miles(2 x 3 x 100)

d. Provision for Remote AreaAllowance

5 . LOCAL TRANSPORTATION

6 . PRINTING AUD STATIONERY

7 . "ilSCELLANEOUS

8. COOTENGENCIES 10% of the sub-total

Rs.

milesRs.

Rs.

800/-

600/-

800/-

Sub-Total

GRAND TOTAL:

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

•

2,000/-

10,000/-

1,000/-

63,100/-

6,310/-

69,410/-

NOTEs The budget for the Engineer has not shown in this budget.

Annex 3/1

MINISTRY OF PANCHAYAT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL DIRECTORATEPOKHARA

COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME

PROJECT STATUS REPORT

Zone: Reporting Dates

District t Reporter:

Projects ,

A. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Locations

a) Panchayats Ward No.s

b) Villages served;

c) nearest roadhead: distance:

nearest airports distances

Districts distance;

RD Pokhara distance;

d) brief route description

2. General Village Information

a) major ethnic groups in project area.

lsts 2nd? 3rds 4th;

b) settlement patterns

c) major sources of villager's incomes

d) major crops grown by the villagerss

e) economic condition (relative to Hill Nepal)s

f) what do villagers think about sanitation ?

A3/2

g) do villagers have latrines and do they use them ?

3. Names of Responsible Individuals?

a) Pradhan Panchas interested ?

b) Panchayat Secretary; interested ?

c) Water Committee Chairman? interested ?

d) Maintenance Worker; interested ?

e) Important villagers?

f) LDD Eng./Supervisor:

g) LDD WSTs

B. GENERAL TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

1. Project history (dates)s

a) Village Panchayat decision to ask for the projects

b) District Panchayat approvals

c) first survey performed; additional surveys:

d) construction begun:

e) construction completed?

f) inspected/certified by LDD Engineers yes/no

2. Number of served households?

3. Water sources spring stream appr. yields

4. Type of systems open closed

5. Type of pipes HDP PVC GI combination

6. Length of the system;

7. Components (number of)s

a) spring/stream catchments b) collection chambers

A3/3

c) gate valve; d) air valves e) cleaning outs

f) reservoir tank m i g) break pressure tanks

h) interruption chamber i) tapss j) stopcock chambers

8. Additional water uses

a) kitchen garden irrigatings b) field irrigationsc) other

C, ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT CONDITION

1. Adequacy of flows

a) adequate supply of water year roundsb) supply seasonally inadequate in month ofsc) supply inadequate year round;d) comments

2. Water Quality Conditions

a) visual/physical test

sample taken from turbidity colour taste odour

sand silt clay

source s .... e „ «

reservoirs . ,

tap no. Is

3. Assessment of watershed conditions (yes/No);

a) status checklist

- sufficient vegetation in watershed area preventingerosions

- watershed area free of signs of animal grazings

- watershed area free of trailss

- watershed area free of houses;

- watershed area adequately fenceds

A3/4

b) general assessment (yas/no)

- virtually no danger of contamination from watershedarea:

- some danger of contamination from watershed areas

- serious danger of contamination from watershed area;

c) comment (situation during monsoon, etc.)

4. Assessment of spring/stream catchments

a) description of catchment structures e.g. sketch,materials

b) status checklist

- construction of water collection well built: -- intake chamber- adequately roofed and sealed to prevent contaminations- status of manhole covers s- easy access for cleanings- cleaning out, overflow, outlet functioning?- area is free of erosion caused by overflow andcleaning outs

- intake free of slime or animal life?- surrounding area properly graded for drainages- catchment free of leakss- screen over tank outlet pipes

c) general assessment

satisfactory some seriousshortcomings shortcomings

design

construction

maintenance

d) items necessary to repair the catchment

e) comment

5. Assessment of reservoir tank

a) description of reservoir tankb) status checklist

- adequately roofed and sealed to prevent contaminations.- status of manhole covers"- adequately ventilated by properly screened holes?- accessible for cleaning purposess- evidence of recent removal of slime and sediments %- cleaning out, overflow, outlet functioning?- free of animal lifes- overflow, cleaning out arranged to avoid erosions- surrounding area properly graded for drainages- free of leakages- scree, over tank outlet pipe:


some serioussatisfactory shortcomings shortcomings

design

construction

maintenance

d) items necessary to repair reservoir tank.

- e) comment

6. Assessment of break pressure tank (BPT)/interruption chamber<

a) description of BPTs/ICs

b) general assessment

some serioussatisfactory shortcomings shortcoming?

design

construction

maintenance

c) items necessary to repair BPTs/ICs

d) comment

A3/6

7. Assessment of Valves and Valve Chambers

a) description of valves (number, diameter, etc.)

- gate valves;- air >elves%- cleaning outs?- stopcock valvess

b) status checklist (how many yes/how many no)

- valves enclosed in secure chambers;- how many chambers are actually closed?- status of covers?- valves oiled and cleaned?- valves functioning %



design

construction

maintenance

d) items necessary to repair valves and valve chambers

e) comment

8. Assessment of pipeline

a) general description of pipeline

b) status checklist- pipeline properly burieds- pipeline free of leaks and cuts;- ground cover restored over trench line:- pipeline avoids areas of flood, landslide, erosion- flow uninterrupted by pipeline deficiencies?- exposed pipe free of discolouration (PVC pipe only)- GI pipe well fixed and joined;- rivercrossing properly built;

A3/7

c) If pipeline passes through areas which are vulnerableto landslide, what measures have been taken to protectthe pipe from damage

d) general assessment


design

construction

maintenance

e) items necessary to repair pipeline

f) comment

9. Assessment of taps and tapstands

a) description of taps and tapstands (number, type ofconstruction, type of tap, etc.)

b ) s t a t u s c h e c k l i s t t a p n o . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- tap provide adequate flow , ,

- stopcock are functioning ............'

- stopcock chamber well

covered

- tapstands in good repair

- area properly paved

- waste water properlydrained

- runoff water productivelyused

- (brass) tap is working

A3/8

c) General assessment


design

construction

maintenance

d) items necessary to repair taps and tapstands

e) comment

10;-Schematic Situation Plan (building positions, altitude, pipediameter, HDP/GI, north direction, orientation points e.g.chautara or trail, landslide area, etc.)

11. Political Factors

Describe problems of a political nature, either internal tothe area served or between the project area and neighbouringsettlements, which affect the functioning of the system.

12. Does vandalism affect the project:

D, MAINTENANCE ARRANGEMENTS

1. Village Maintenance Worker (VMW)- name: ages- education level:- resident or non-resident;- date he assumed maintenance responsibilities;- selected by: r .- nature of trainings- length of training:- VMW's supervisors

a) compensations is the VMW paid for his work ?

- if yes, at what rate (e.g. 10 kg rice/month)s

b) VMW's self-evaluation of competences

- has confidence in his ability to cope with mostmaintenance problems:

A3/9

- requires additional training or support in thefollowing areas5

- knows how to secure required tools and materialss

- knows where to seek help with maintenance problemss

c) Reporter's evaluation of VMM's competence

- competent and knowledgeable;- some shortcomings in competence and knowledge?

- serious shortcomings in competence and knowledge;

d) Reporter's evaluation to VMW's performance

- maintenance task performed regularly and thoroughly;= maintenance task carried out irregularly and inadequately;- maintenance task seldome or never carried out;

e) comment

2. Village contribution to maintenance programme

a) does the village contribute to support the VMW;- if yes, is the contribution voluntary or compulsory;- if yes, is the contribution in cash or kind;

b) does the village contribute to the purchase ofmaintenance supplies and materials;

c) which tools and materials were bought by the projectthemselves?

d) has a maintenance team been established in the village:

e) describe village arrangements for providing labourfor maintenance and repair tasks;

f) is there any other maintenance arrangement in thevillage e.g. for mandir or school repair tasks;

- if yes, how is it organized;

g) what kind of responsibility can be taken by thevillagers;

A3/10

h) comment

3. Availability of toolc and materials

a) general assessment

- technician haa *;uff_cient tools and materials?- VMW has incomplete supply of tools and materials;- VMW has virtually no basic tools and materials:- VMW has virtually no basic tools and materials;

b) wh re are the tools/me erials kepts

4. General maintenance procedures?

a) reporting systems how are problems locateds

- report of local inhabitants- regular inspection by VMW, frequency?

- other

b) routine maintenance checklist (yes, frequency/no)

- is the spring/stream catchment periodically cleaned:- are all various tanks periodically cleaned:- are pipeline cleaning outs periodically opened:- are air valves periodically regulated:- are taps repaired when they breaks- are valves periodically checked and oiled:- are leaks repaired.

5. Major maintenance experiencesDescribe circumstances surrounding major damage tocatchment, tanks, tapstanis, pipeline, etc. of thescheme and repair or reconstruction work undertaken:

6. Causes of maintenance and damage problems

- der'.gn deficiencies:- shortcoming in ccnptrucion;- natural disasters (flood, landslide, etc.)- inadequate preventive maintenances- improper use (ignorr.nce/negligence) %- malicious damages- otherscomment

A3/11

7. General Project Status

- non-functionings- major flows?- minor flows;- near optimal;

E. ACTION RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Training heeds.

2. Tools and materials need

3S Repair needs:

4. Dispute reconciliation needs

5. Other.

F. TOOLS AND MATERIALS IN THE VILLAGE (give exact specifications)

1. Pipes;

2. Fittings?

3. Toolss

4. Other materials;

SPECIAL COMMENTS?

(reporter's signature)

ANNEX 4/1

List of all 59 VMW Trainees, State June 1981

DHAULAGIRI ZONE

District

Baglung

Mustang

Myagdi

Parbat

GANDAKIZONE

District

Gorkha

Project

LekhaniMulpaniBhakunde

Saure

Baraha PaudurKuhunDoba (?)Pakhapani

Ranja TilharDurlungDurlungJhuli PokhariWahakithati

Name of VMW Course year

Mani B'dr KhaderBharat Pd. PandeyDal B'dr. Thapa

Tek B'dr. GabarjaKrishna B'dr. PunShammer B'dr, PunRa. B'dr. Pun

Tulsi RimalLil B'dr. GurungDhan Pd. Gurung

(?)Tanka Pd. SubediTulsi Pd. Neupane

Deurali + Taltum

Project

PalungtarPhinamHansapurGaikhur

•

035035035

035035035037

0.5035035037038

• • - •


i •

Suresh Nath KhadelSurendra B'dr. BaniyaJhan Nai:h Ad^ikariRudra Pd. Malla

035035035035 •-.:.

District

Kaski

Kaski

Lamjung

Syangja

Project

Sildujure Tap-rang, W No. 2SunpaniKalikaShurdibesiKalikaKahu BhalamJhajermare KalikaLawang GhalelParche W. No. 7Arwa Bijaya•HemjaPumdi BhumdiDhikar Pokhri;

ANNEX 4/2


Kul Pd. Baral

Surya Nath Adhikari

Ram B'dr. ThapaChinta Manx SharmaNandikeshar TripathiMrigh Singh GurungMan B'dr. GurungHorn Nath BaralTirth Nath BastaulaKhada Nanda Baral

, . . - . . . - . . . - . . . • - • . - , •

Naudanda Serachaur Mohan Pd. Paudel

Begnas, SundariDandaBhadaura Tdmagi

Bishnu K. TiwariMan B'dr.

Kalika, Jhajermare Som Nath AdhikariArwa 8,9 KalikaArwa BijayaLahachowkKristi NachneChaur

Chitti TilharThulibesi

GurungkhaBichari ChautaraNagdandaGurungkhaMalunga

Armadi Sirubare

Prasad GurungDhundi Raj BaralSom Lai Ranabhat

Ganesh Sharma

Santa B'dr. GhartiMakkhan B'dr Adhikari

Khim B'dr GurungRam Pd. PaudelResham Lai UpadhayaKhadga Singh GurungJhaman Singh Thapa-magarGanga Dhar Regmi

035

035

035035035035035035037037• - • -

037

037037038038038038

038

035037

035035038038

038038

ANNEX 4/3

District Project Name of VHW Course year

Tanahun

LUMBINI ZONE

District

Guliai

Arghakhachi

Nawalparasi

Palpa

KhairenitarKhairenitar(Udendhaga)Shyangha HatiyaChang (Jharpa)Bandipur

Project

BharseJaniyaJaniya

Dhikura

Phek De DhobhanGadakagSomadiGadakot

Madan PokhraRupsePhekde dhobhan

Som Lai Rimal

Man B'dr. KarkiSurya K. ShresthaKrishna Kr. ShresthaMin B'dr. Ale

035

035035035035


Nar B'dr.BudhathokiKhim Lai BhandariNarendra Pd. Thapa

Gopal Pokhrel

Bharat Pd. PaudelTilak Ram ThapaGuru Datt SharmaKrishna B'dr.

BiswakarmaShiv B'dr. BaralTanka Nath AcharyaDhan B'dr. Ranaroagar

035035038

035

035035035

035038038038

ANNEX 5/1

VMW Training Course 2038 Schedule

PR Opening Ceremony

1st Week

SU 7 - 11 a.m. Course introduction, official procedureIntroduction of pipe, fittings and tools,

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on HDP pipe

MO 7 - 11 a.m. HDP pipeIntroduction of fittings and toolsImportance of maintenance

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on HDP pipe

TU 7 .- 11 a.m. HD? fittingsPVC pipePVC-HDP special jointsImportance of maintenance —

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on special joints

WE 7 - 1 1 a.m. HDP fittingsPVC pipe and fittingsPVC - HDP - GI special joints

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on HDP fittingsand special joints.

TH 7 - 11 a.m. Examination on HDP pipe and fittingsExamination on PVC pipe and fittings

, PVC - HDP - GI special joints

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on HDP fittings

FR 7 - 1 1 a.m. Revision on HDP and PVCExamination on PVC - HDP - GI specialjoints

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson revision

SA FREE

A5/2

2nd Week

SU 7 - 1 1 a.m. Social aspects of village levelmaintenanceGI pipeOperation of valves

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on valves

MO 7 - 1 1 a.m. Social aspects of village levelmaintenar aeGI pipe and fittingsOperation of valves

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on valves

TU 7 - 11 a.m. Social aspects of village levelmaintenanceGI pipe and fittingsExamination on valvesWater supply pipe line

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on GI pipe

WE 7 - 1 1 a.m. Case study on village level maintenanceGI pipe and fittingsExamination on valvesWater supply pipe line

2 - 5 p.m. Practical lesson on GI pipe and fittings

TH 7 - 11 a.m. Importance of water .Examination on GI pipe and fittingsWater supply pipe line


FR 7 - 11 a.m. Examination on water supply pipe lineRevision on GI pipe and fittingsPlumbing


SA FREE

A5/3

3rd Week

SU 7 - 1 1 a.m. Source, spring/stream catchment

Water supply pipe line general guidance


MO 7 - 11 a.m. Spring/stream catchmentWater supply pipe line general guidance


TU 7 - 11 a.m. Reservoir Tank" - Break Pressure Tank (BPT)

Introduction of SanitationHow to build a pit latrine

2 - 5 p.m. Construction of a pit latrine on site

WE 7 - 1 1 a.m. TapstaridIntroduction of Sanitation

- Introduction of maintenance check list


TH 7 - 1 1 a.m. Examination on Water supply system

Introduction of maintenance check list


FR 7 - 11 a.m. Examination on maintenance check list

General revision


SA FREETeachers during the first three weeks?

Lekh B. Gurung (RD)

G.S. Pun (RD)

Wagle (PDTC)

M.B. Pun (PDTC)

Course supervision

W. Schramm (RD)

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4th Week

SU to TH s Repair of a special selected water supplysystem in small groups

FR s Use of maintenance check list

Closing ceremony

Instructor on project site:

Lekh B. Gurung (RD)

G.S. Pun (RD)

Kedar Baral (RD)

Supervision of repair maintenance:

Krishna. Sigdel (RD)

ANNEX 6

Official Letter Regarding Maintenance Policy, from Ministry

HMG, Ministry of Local DevelopmentWestern Development Regional DirectoratePokhara

037.11.27

Local Development MinistryRegional Directorate

The rural water-supply system made under assistance of LocalDevelopment Ministry was supposed to be maintained by thevillagers themselves. But due_to different reasons the systemare somehow affected and not functioning well. So it has beenrealised that there should be a maintenance programme to keepthe system running. In order to do so the following policy hasbeen approved on 037/11/27 and it is requested to implement thepolicy accordingly.

1. If projects to be maintain cost Rs 5000 it should bemaintained with village contribution only in term ofmoney or labour. But the fittings which are neededbut not available in the market that could be providedby the regional directorate.

2. If a project to be maintained needs more than Rs 5000then a technical person from the regional office will besent to make the detail survey cost estimate of the project.

3. The estimate presented by the technical person has to beapproved by the Regional Director.

4. After approval the requested material has to be purchasedthrough account office under the maintenance budgetT head-line and the material has to be transported to the site.

5. The transport cost will be paid according to the CWSporteying regulation. .

A/6

6. The technician assigned to maintain that project should beprovided the money what he needs for porter, labour etc.in advance.That technician has to submit all bills of the expenses andthe voucher of handovering the materials, to the regionaloffice in order to get clearance of advance from the accountoffice.But the payment of the labourers in the village has to bedone in presence of Water Committee Chairman or PradhanPanch or any member of the Water Committee.

7. The report of maintenance of the project has to be giventime to time to the regional director and Central Office.

ANNEX 7/1

Proposal for Altered Jhapa Conference Outputsregarding maintenance

See Annex A7 of Jhapa Conference Outputs

Detailed Sur.ey Procedure in addition to point 4

4. The Survey Team should present an official projectintroduction letter to local leaders for discussionduring final public meeting.

See Annex A8 of Jhapa Conference outputs

Detailed Surveys Procedure for conducting first public meetingin addition, after point 5.

The Survey Team should hand out several copies of an officialintroduction letter to local leaders explaining main officialprocedures, how to start the project, expected village con-tribution and after completion their maintenance responsibi-lities. The discussion should take place in the final publicmeeting.


Detailed Surveys Procedure for conducting final public meeting.

Remark s That official introduction letter should cover atleast point 4,5,6 an 10. If such an important discussion goesalong with a presented official paper it might create moreawarness on every point and nothing might be forgotten beforethe project agreement will be signed.


Project Engineer, job description for construction phase

5. project completionregarding 5.2s

Project supervisor should do a pre-inspection that it is forsure the Project Engineer will sign the project completioncertificate. Because of village maintenance agreement andsomehow handing over to the Maintenance Section instead ofProject Supervisor, the Maintenance Supervisor should be incompany with Project Engineer and sign as well the projectcompletion certificate.

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5.6 He shall ensure that the Water Supply and SanitationCommittee with Village Maintenance Worker and VillageMaintenance agreement.

See Annex All of Jhapa Conference Outputs

Overseer/Supervisor, job description for construction phase 4Supervision, for addition

1. Right in the beginning of the construction phase he shouldselect together with Water Supply and Sanitation Committeeand WSST at least one Village Maintenance Worker who shouldbe trained by WSST and recognized as WSST Assistant and paidat leas': as semi-skilled la: our.

2. At final stage of the project he shall intensively explainthe need of maintenance in at least four Water Supply andSanitation Committee meetings and get signed the VillageMaintenance Agreement before project completion.

3. After the project is totally completed he should inspectthe project from top to bottom and ensure that if theProject Engineer will come for final inspection everythingis 100% completed.


Water Supply Technician, job description for constructionphase.

Project construction

5.8 He shall train at least one Village Maintenance Workerright from construction beginning, who becomes hisAssistant.

5.9 He shall train each tapstand caretaker in tap repair andtapstand maintenance.

5.10 He shall discuss and help to proceed the Village MaintenanceAgreement as well as organise a maintenance programmewithin the Agreement framework.

5.11 He shall ensure that the Village Maintenance Worker hasthe appropriate set of tools and spare parts.

A//o

See Annex A14/I of Jhapa Conference Outputs

Village Panchayat, Water Supply Committee, Parti, Membershipand Status

4. Village Maintenance Worker

4.1 The Village Maintenance Worker shall be selected fromamong the resident project villagers by mutual agreementbetween the Water Supply and Sanitation Committee and theProject technical staff.

4.2 The Village Maintenance Worker shall be additional fullmember of the committee but only during construction phasenot after he has signed the Village Maintenance Agreement.

4.3 He shall work closely with the Water Supply and SanitationTechnician as his Assistant to learn the skills needed foroperation and maintenance work.

4.4 The Committee and the Village Maintenance Worker shallagree oh a reasonable rate of payment and the VillageMaintenance Agreement shall be signed before constructionis completed. Funds for payment must be raised by theCommittee, either from the Village Panchayat or collectedfrom the benefitting community.

In Addition to Jhapa Conference Outputs % Annex A14/IV

Village Panchayat, Water Supply Committee, Part IV Responsibilityduring Post Construction Phase

1. After the Project is completed all committee members arestill in charge to take care of the project.

2. The Committee shall supervise job performance of theVillage Maintenance Worker and raises funds for his salaryaccording to Village Maintenance Agreement.

3. The Committee shall supervise all tapstand caretakers.

4. The Committee shall prevent vandalism and improper wateruse.

5. The Committee shall report immediately any breakdownwhich cannot be handled by Village Maintenance Worker tothe Regional Directorate Maintenance Section.

ANNEX 8/1

Ministry of Panchayat and Local DevelopmentRegional DirectoratePokhara

Fiscal Years

Village Project Agreement

1. Name of District

2. Name of Village Panchayat

3. Name of Project

4. Level of Project (village/town/district)s

5. Location of Project (a) village/town

(b) Ward No.

6. Population to benefit from the Project

7. Date of approval of Project by Village/Town Assemblys8. Date of approval of Project by concerned Coordination

Committee:

9. Date of approval of Project by District Assembly?

10. Date of commencement of Projects

11. Date of completion of the Projects

12. Total estimated cost of Projects

13. Description of expenditure:

14. Expenditure to be borne by Village Panchayat in case ofVillage Level Project by Town Panchayat in case of TownLevel Projects and by District Panchayat in dase ofDistrict L^vel Projects: '

15. Assistance to be provided by District Panahayat <>ut o f i t s

own resources % '••

16. Description of assistance from other sources except HMGs

17. Assistance to be given by HMG:

18. On behalf of our project area/District Panchayat we-agreeto abide by the following conditions?

a. We undertake to complete the project according to itscost estimate within the time stipulated in thisAgreement.

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b. We undertake to contribute on behalf of the ProjectArea labour and other materials in the quality shownin Clause 14 above in kind or in cash and also under-take to appropriate to the project all the assistanceto be received under clauses 15, 16 and 17.

c. If additional assistance not foreseen under clause 16above were to be available from any other source at afuture date, we undertake to inform the DistrictPanchayat of the same in time.

d. We undertake to make the proper use of all assistancereceived for the project and to submit in time to theDistrict Panchayat a statement of accounts to thateffect in a manner co be prescribed it.

es A progress report on the" project will be submitted tothe District Panchayat every month until the completionof the Project. .

f. Just before completion of the project the Water Supplyand Sanitation Committee together with the appointedVillage Maintenance Worker (s) will sign the VillageMaintenance Agreement, along with the Village PanchayatSecretary.The Village Maintenance Agreement points out theresponsibilities on village level, regular and repairmaintenance and fixes a reasonable salary in kind orin cash for the Village Maintenance Worker to be paidby the benefitting community.

g. This Agreement only terminates after the VillageMaintenance Agreement and the Project CompletionCertificate has been signed by MPLD-RD ProjectEngineer, Maintenance Supervisor and Water CommitteeChairman.

h. In case of village level projects the final certifi-cation will be done by the technician of the PublicWorks Section or any authorised person according toLDO direction.

Water Supply & Sanita- Village Panchayat LDOtion Committee, SecretaryChairman

ANNEX 9/1

Ministry of Panchayat and Local DevelopmentRegional Directorate

Pokhara

Village Maintenance Agreement

Name of Project, ward No.%

Name of Village Panchayat%

Name of Districts

Name of all Water Committee Members?

Name of (all) VMW(s):According to the Village Agreement this Village MaintenanceAgreement has to be undertaken. This agreement has to bediscussed first very seriously with the project villages.Water Supply and Sanitation Committee as representative ofthe people in the project arsa and the above mentioned VMW(s)agree on the following, which is also approved by VillagePanchayat Secretary.

1. The above mentioned VMW(s) is (are) officially appointedby the CWSS project to perform regularly village levelmaintenance under supervision of the Water Committee.

2. After the Project Completion Certificate is signed VMWhas to fulfill thoroughly the following tasks.

lt a. He is responsible for project operation

|l b. He has to perform routine maintenance according to| the maintenance checklist

| c. He has to do minor repair

| 3. If the VMW is not able himself or he needs certainf; materials to perform repair work he shall ask RK-!,' Maintenance Section for technical assistance by a% letter from Water Committee Chairman or his representa-i tive.

4. VMW keeps and looks after maintenance tools and spareparts (list with Village Panchayat Secretary and RDMaintenance Section). He is fully responsible for them.If tools are missing action will be taken.

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5. VMW works together with appointed tapstand caretakers.

6. Project village provides voluntary labour for repairmaintenance.

7. Replacement of brasstaps is possible but only once onRD's expense, then the project village has to pay forthem if they are broken.

8. Water Committee representing the project villagers andthe VMW(s) agree on kind/cash salary a month/year after discussion and mutual agreement with the projectvillages, the salary will be submitted on

9. Water Committee has to collect the salary for VMW in time.

10; If there are more than one VMW,- their responsibility iVdivided as follows?

responsible for maintenance tools and spare partss

Mr. .... „. .. ,. •-, ..,.,'

who is responsible for which areas..,...... .••-.

11. The signatories are aware of possible action by Districtauthorities if this agreement is not fulfilled.

Village Panchayat 1st. Village Maintenance ChairmanSecretary Worker Water Supply &

Sanitation Committee

2nd Village Maintenance Worker

3rd Village Maintenance Worker

copy tos MPLD-RD Maintenance SectionLDOVillage PanchayatWater Supply and Sanitation Committeeeach Village Maintenance Worker.

CWS Project Maintenance Check List

1. SOURCE

Spring s

a) spring channel;

- are there any leaks ?

- is there a block due to roots?

- do sand and pebbles causeblocks ?

b) infiltration pipes

- is the infiltration pipeworking ?

- how is the water quality ?

c) inlet hole

- is the inlet hole clean ?

d) outlet

- is there any strainer orskreen ?

- is the outlet blocked ?

- is the strainer corroced ?

- should the strainer bechanged ?

e) cleaning out

- is the cleaning out working ?

f) overflow

- is the overflow working ?

g) spring area

- is the spring structure wellprotected ?

- are there sufficient treesplanted around the spring ?

- is there any flood damage ?

- is there any landslide ?

- how to prevent flood damageand landslides ?

Streams

a) dam

- are ther any leaks ?

- is the dam effected by flood?- is the spill way properly

fitted ?

- is the spill way clean ?

b) Infiltration pipe

- is the infiltration pipeworking ?

- how is the water quality ?

c) Filter box (if any)

- is the filter working ?

- is it blocked ?

- is it corroded ?

- is it damaged ?

d) strainer

- is the strainer working ?

- is it blocked ?

- is it corroded ?

- is it damaged ?

e) inlet hole

- is the inlet hole blocked ?

- is there any damage on ironbars and grating ?

f) outlet

- is the outlet blocked ?

- is the outlet pipe working ?

g) cleaning out

- is the cleaning out working ?

h) intake chamber


- is the intake contaminated byclay, sand, etc. ?

- did you clean the intake chamber?

A1U/2

h) spring structure i) valves

- are there any leaks ? - are all valves well working?

- is the spring intake basin - did you operate all valves?

contaminated by clay, sand, _ a r e v a l v e g c o r r o d e d o r j a n u n e d ?

- did you clean the intake " h a v e *ou o i l e d t h e m ?

basin ? - is any valve leaking ?

i) Valves j) stream area

- did you operate all valves ? - is the structure well protected

- are valves corroded or jammed ? - is the stream safe from con-- have you oiled them ? tamination like excreta,

- is any valve leaking ? _ ± s ^ ^ a n y f l o o d d a m a g e ?

j) anything else ? - is there any flood damage ?


• • / ' . - have you cleaned the streambed ?

- are there sufficient treesaround the stream ?

k) anything else ?

2. CHAMBER FOR VALVE AND TAP CONNECTIONS

- are the walls in order ?

- are all valve chambers well covered ?

- is any cover damaged ?

- are the valve surroundings clean ?

- do leaks occur in the valve chamber ?

- does surface water effect the chamber ?


- anything else ?

3. AIR VALVE

- is the air valve working ?

- did you operate the handle ?

- did you oil the handle bolt ?

- is the handle in the right position ?

- is there any leak ?

4.1 BREAKPRESSURE TANK, INTERRUPTION CHAMBER

a) Structures - is there any structure damage ?

- are the man holes well covered ?

- is any defect occured to the basin ?

- does the surface water effect the structure ?


b) inlets - is the inlet pipe blocked ?

- is the ball valve working well ?

- is anything broken ?

- are ball barrel and cap clean ?

c) baffel; - is the baffel properly fitted ?

- does it work well ?

d) outlet; - is the outlet blocked ?

- is a wireaiesh strainer needed ?


e) cleaning out;- is the basin contaminated by clay, sand, etc.?

- did you operate the cleaning out ?

f) overflows - is the overflow in the right position ?

- is the overflow in good repair ?

g) inspection chamber/operation chamber;

- did you clean the chamber ?


h) valvess - are all valves working well ?

- did you operate all valves ?

- are they corroded or jammed ?

- have you oiled them ?

- is any valve leaking ?

- are there any other defects ?

4.2 PRESSURE REDUCING PIPE/VALVE

- is the pressure reducing pipe/valve well working?


- are there any other defects ?

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5. CLEANING OUT OR WASHOUT VALVES

- do you clean the pipeline regularly by opening the

cleaning out ?

- Are all valves well working ?


- are there other defects ?

6. STORAGE TANK OR RESERVOIR TANK

a) basins

1st

2nd

3rd

4 th

5 th

b) inlets

c) outlet:

d) overflow;

e) cleaning outs

- is the basin contaminated by clay, sand, etc.?

- have you cleaned the tank by operating thevalves ?

; open the cleaning out and close the outlet

: open the lower valve of the inlet and closethe upper valve of the inlet.

: clean the tank basin -

; open the upper inlet valve, close the, lo.yer inlet valve and continue cleaning

: close the cle'a'nrrig out and open the outlet.

- are there any animals/insects in reservoirtank ?


- is there any basic repair necessary ?


= are there any other short comings ?

- is there a wiremesh strainer fitted onthe outlet pipe ?

- is there a -lock ?


- are there any other short comings ?

- is the overflow in good repair andfunctioning ?

- is the cleaning out well working ?

- is there any block of the washout pipe ?

- are there any short comings ?

f) structure:

g) inspectionchamber

h) valves%

i) tank area:

7, TAP STAND

b) brass taps

is the tank well roofed ?

is the man hole cover in good condition ?

is the cover well closed ?

are the ventilation skreens still in goodrepair ?

are there any other shortcomings ?

is the inspection chamber clean ? _:

did you operate all valves ?

are the valves corroded or jammed ?

did you oil them ?

are there any valves leaking ?

are there any other short comings ?

did you operate all valves ?

are the valves corroded or jammed ?

did you oil them ?

are there any valves leaking ?

are there any other shortcomings ?

is the surrounding clean ?

is surface water properly drained ?

is the tank safe from landslides ?

is there any tank protection ?

are the standpost or plate damaged ?..• •

is platform usually clean ?

does the drain pipe work well ?

ere gagro placing steps broken ?

are the walls free of grass or moss ?

is the tap leaking ?

if yes, have you changed the washer ?

is the water flow sufficient ?

are there complete new brass taps needed ?

AlO/6

c) tap connections-- is the chamber well covered ?

chamber . are there any leaks ?

- is the stop cock working well ?

- did you control the water flow ?

- is anything needed for repair ?

d) tapstand area; - is the surrounding clean ? v

- does drain water effect the tapstand ?

- is the tapstand safe from landslide andother damage ?

- are there pipeline leaks/pipe cutsaround the tapstand ?

8. PIPELINE

a) supply pipe- % - did you repair ail pipe leaks, if any ?line - if necessary, did you prevent the pipeline

from landslides ?

- is the pipe seen on ground ?

b) river crossings- are there leaks on G.I pipe ?

- are there any leaks on flash sets orbrass union joints ?

- is the pipe properly supported ?

- are the supports well founded on solidground ?

- is the pipe well fixed on the supports ?

9. VALVE

a) operation:

b) maintenance:

-did you operate all valves ?

- did any valve jam ?

- have you oiled or greased valves ?

- have you cleaned valves of erosion andrepainted them ?


- does the valve close properly ?

- if the valve is open, does the water passthrough ?

- are all fitting next to the valve wellfixed ?

10. MATERIAL

Which materials are necessary for actual repair but not in thevillage ?

ANNEX 10/11

DETAIL INFORMATION OF PROJECT STATUS

Districts Project;VMWs

Date Check List No. Summary

1. Source;

2. Chambert

3. Air valve

4.1 BPT/IC

4.2 Pressure reducingpipe/valve

5. Cleans out

6. Storage tank

7. Tapstand;

8. Pipeline:

9. Valve

10. Materials

ANNEX 10/11I

Alternative Checklist Forms

DETAIL INFORMATION OF PROJECT STATUS

Districts Projects

VMWs

Date Checklist good some break Summary/RemarksNo. repair short- down

coming

1. a)b)c)d)e)f)g)h)i)j)

k)

2.

3,4. a)

b)c)d)e)f)g)

h)

4.2

5.6. a)

b)c)d)e)f)g)h)i)

A10/III/2

Date Checklist good some break Summary/RemarksNo. repair short- down

coming

7. a)b)c)d)

8.

9.

10.

a)b)

a)b)

Materials %

ANNEX 11

Ministry of Panchayat, and Local DevelopmentRegional DirectoratePOKHARA

Project Completion Certificate

Name of Project, Ward No.2

Name of Village Panchayats

Name of Districts

Name of WSSTs -

Name of Project Supervisor;

Name of Project Engineers

Name of all T ater Committee Members?

Name of VMW(s)%

Date of final inspections

A. Brief Technical Description

1. Number of served households

2. Water source actual yield (during final inspection)

3. Type of systems open/closed

4. Length of systems

5. Number of several components?

spring catchmentsstream catchmentscollection chambers

main valves , air valve: , cleaning outs ,river crossings , break pressure tanks ,tapstandss ,

6. Special structures

B. Maintenance Arrangement

The enclosed Village Maintenance Agreement has been signed andthe project village is aware of its obligations. The list ofmaintenance tools under VMW's responsibility was handed out tothe Village Panchayat Secretary, there is also a copy with a

RD Maintenance Section.

ANNEX 12

Maintenance Requests to RD Pokhara, State July 1981

No. Letter date District Project Name

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6-7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

037/12/10

038/1/4

038/1/7

037/12/14

037/9/21

037/12/5

037/12/2

037/8/12

037/10/13

037/9/3

037

037/12/27

037/12/27

038/4/

Parbat

Palpa

Parbat

Myagdi

Ka;ki

Kaski

Palpa

Gorkha

Kaski

Mustang

Kaski

Tanahan

Lamjung

Parbat

Syangja

Kaski

Ramja Tilhar

Rupse; Chidipani

Deupar

Jyamruk Kot

Janjakot

Taprang

Gadakot

Palungtar

Naudanda Serachaur

Lete

Jhajermare and Kalika

Rupakot

Chiti Tilhar

Durlung

Ghurungkha

Chapakot W. 2,3,5,6

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C Project Completion

Project Engineer, Maintenance Supervisor and Water CommitteeChairman have thoroughly inspected the whole project and allof them attest by their signature that the system .is ..totallycompleted, nothing remains and the whole project is wellfunctioning.

Chairman Maintenance Project EngineerWater Supply and: Sanitation Supervisor •- — — r~ -~ 7— - -Committee '

enclosures Village Maintenance Agreement

Copy to :

Regional Directorate PokharaMPLD-KD Maintenance SectionLDOWater Committee Chairman

proposal for a feasible maintenance and repair … · 1.1 rural water supply in hill nepal 8 1.2...

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