Proposal for a high-intensity, light and heavy ion facility in Europe

ECOS-LINCE: European LINAC CENTER

Prepared byIsmael Martel (Huelva University)

This document was prepared by the ECOS (European COllaboration on Stable ion beams) working group, in order to describe the research perspectives with high intensity stable ion beams, to help categorize existing facilities and to identify the opportunities for a dedicated new facility in EUROPE

ECOS Working group:

Faiçal Azaiez (Chair) (IPNO Orsay)Giacomo de Angelis (LNL Legnaro)Rolf-Dietmar Herzberg (Liverpool)Sigurd Hofmann (GSI Darmstadt)Rauno Julin (Jyväskylä)Marek Lewitowicz (GANIL Caen)Marie-Helene Moscatello (GANIL Caen)Anna Maria Porcellano (LNL Legnaro)Ulrich Ratzinger (Frankfurt)

HIGH INTENSITY STABLE ION BEAMS IN EUROPE

…“The long-term goal for a new dedicated high intensity stable ion beam facility in Europe, with energies at and above the Coulomb barrier, is considered to be one of the important issues to be discussed in the next Long Range Plan of the nuclear physics community.”…

IV: Concluding remarks and recommendations

ECOS working group conclusions

LINCE; high-intensity superconducting LINAC

- Wide range of ions, from protons to Uranium- Wide range of energies, up to 10 A MeV for 238U- High Intensity accelerator (1 mA light ions 10 pA heavy ions)

LINCE: energy booster using heavy-ion synchrotron:

- 50 MeV/u for light ion species- 200 MeV for deuterons.

PROGRAM:

- Basic and Fundamental problems in nuclear physics- Applications of nuclear physics - Interaction with Industry

ECOS facility: a FIRST CLASS High intensity heavy-ion accelerator for stable ions, with energies at and above the Coulomb barrier.

LINCE proposal

The totality of the ECOS physics case

- Nuclear structure, low, medium and high spin- Reaction mechanisms

- Charge-exchange reactions- Isomers- Ground-state properties- Astrophysics- Superheavies

- Nuclear equation of state (EOS)

- Fundamental physics: neutrinoless double-beta decay

…Studies where one can benefit from high intensity stable beams

Basic Nuclear Physics

DEVELOPMENTS - High resolution spectrometers and recoil separators with high rejection power (MAGNEX, VAMOS, PRISMA,…)

- High power targets

- New generation of gamma & particle detectors (FAZIA, AGATA,…) with new generation electronics and data correlation systems.

Separator

+ Long and dedicated beam time!!

Spectrometer

Gamma-particle

Typical experimental setup

Material research for energy productionFusion energy research: aiming at qualifying advanced materials resistant to extreme conditions, specific to fusion reactors like ITER. Intense ion beams of moderate energy are needed to simulate fusion reactor conditions. (CIEMAT)

IFMIF project: a 40 MeV, 125 mA deuteron + lithium target neutrons to test materials for first generation of fusion reactors

the DEMO reactor

Cocktail beams à la JANNUS

Double, triple charged ions

Condition: Same A/q

EX: 56Fe (14+) + 4He(1+)

Fusion energy research

What LINACs can do better (than cyclotrons)

ECOS-LINCE 2013, Ulli Coester, Grenoble

Modern radioisotopes are currently investigated/used to treat in a more efficient way the different tumours and cancer disease of our society.

Radioisotope production

Highly demanded ions & energies ~10 MeV/u

Typical figures from RADEF, Finland

High intensity ion beams are used in aerospace programs for radiation resistant electronics and in nuclear energy applications. Quality tests are required in order to accomplish with UE safety regulations for energy control and aerospace on-board electronics. Research can be centred on the impact of radiation on the response of new device technologies and single-event effects in new technologies and ultra-small devices.

Aerospace electronics

For the program on basic nuclear physics and applications it is proposed the following parameters:

Protons to Uranium: 1 mA max intensity eg., 48Ca (8+) > 10 pA LINAC: E from 40 keV/u to (8.5 – 45) MeV/u depending on A/q SYNCHROTON: 50 MeV/u for light ion species & 200 MeV for deuterons. Full-SC ECR ion source 14.5-18 GHz RFQ for 1 ≤ A/q ≤ 7 Superconducting cavities Energies reachable with 4 Cryo-modules: COMPACT linac. 7000 hours of availability, with 5000 hours for ECOS science and

2000 hours for Applications

LINCE-main parameters

Choice of 1st harmonic (fundamental) defined minimum time of flight: 50 ns Fundamental frequency: 18.1875 MHz (54.98 ns) from RF amplifier market HI-

buncher For protons and alphas: F = 36.375 MHz need double buncher (space charge

issues) Frequency of RFQ, F = 72.75 MHz (4th harm.)

◦ E in/out = 0.04A MeV / 0.5A MeV

Frequency of SC cavities : 72.75 MHz (4th harm.) and 109.125 MHz (6th harm.) Multi-Harmonic Buncher is MANDATORY

A/Q E/A Example Charge state

Intensity: < 1mA

1 42 H 1+

2 25 D 1+

3 18 18O 6+

4 14 32S 8+

5 12 48Ca 10+

6 10 48Ca 8+

7 8 238U 34+

Partially funded by R&D projects at University of Huelva, Spain

Pre-design studies

LINCE LINAC layout

Pre-design activities

Pre-design activities

Building integration

C1: β = 0.045, f = 72.75 MHz

C2: β = 0.077, f = 72.75 MHz

C2: β = 0.077, f = 72.75 MHz

C3: β = 0.15, f = 109.12 MHz

RFQ f = 72.75MHz

LINCE LINAC: “60 MV equivalent electrostatic accelerator”

Proposed layout of LINCE

MHB2 f = 36.250 MHz

MHB1 f = 18.125 MHz

Rebuncher

Experimental equipment has to be defined and built

- Benefit of already detectors being build at EU

1. FAZIA2. AGATA3. GASPARD/HYDE

- High Resolution Fragment separator: high selectivity at high intensity

- High Resolution Spectrometer

The experimental equipment

On-going actions at University of Huelva

Beam dynamics, transport to exp. lines and building integration Design studies of ECR, buncher, warm magnets, RFQ, SC QWR, couplers,

SC magnets, and criomodules RFQ model in Al (one full section) and in Cu (one vane) + brazing tests Ion source test bench Model of MH Buncher Machining and welding tests with Nb Parts of one QWR resonator Cryolab for cavity testing, including one multi-propose cryostat RF lab for testing resonators Specific design of selected elements

Industry & Universities Technology Transfer Project funded by National Government in Spain (5 Universities, 7 large companies, 5 small companies).

Pre-design studies of LINCE

General operation Host region can cover part of the personnel and the operation

costs Participating institutes can collaborate with personnel,

instruments, funds… A legal framework should be defined for the full facility

(International ECOS collaboration)

Estimated cost of LINAC Complete LINAC accelerator with servitudes, without building and

experimental facilities : 48 M€ Estimated operation cost : 5 M€/y EU Convergence funds with help of participating Institutes

Preliminary matrix cost

Pre-design

Detailed design Construction Commissioning

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Construction decision

Proposed planning

ECOS-LINCE:Possible European Sites

SPAIN

Punta Umbría Beach Resort, 3 Km

Huelva University3 Km

PARQUE CIENTÍFICO TECNOLÓGICO DE HUELVA (PCTH, Aljaraque)

European LINAC CENTER

ECOS-LINCE

Superheavies

picobarn!! at relevant energies < 1 MeV, few GK

Extrapolation from higher energies by using the astrophysical S(E) factor:

S(E) = (E) E exp(2πη)

DIRECT & INDIRECT METHODS

-Increase number of detected particles ( “brute force”: intensity, detector eff.)

- Reduce the background

- Fight with electron screening: theory does not work!!

DIRECT METHODS

Coulomb dissociation: Determine the absolute S(E) factor of a radiative capture reaction A+x B+ studying the reversing photodisintegration process B+ A+x ~100 MeV/A

Trojan Horse Method (THM): Determine the S(E) factor of a charged particle reaction A+xc+C selecting the Quasi Free contribution of an appropriate A+a(x+s) c+C+s reaction.

INDIRECT METHODS

Asymptotic Normalization Coefficients (ANC): Determine the S(0) factor of the radiative capture reaction, A+x B+ studying a peripheral transfer reaction into a bound state of the B nucleus.

Astropysics

- Pair correlations (nn,pp,np channels) in transfer reactions at sub-barrier energies- Charge exchange reactions- Multinucleon transfer reactions (neutron rich nuclei) and effects on induced fission and quasi fission processes- Hindrance phenomenon in sub-barrier fusion reactions

Transfer and fusion reaction studies

In-flight production of exotic nuclei at reaction targets

Typical beams 40Ar ~ 14 MeV/u86Kr ~ 8.5 MeV/u84Kr ~ 10 MeV/u 136Xe ~ 7 MeV/u

Exotic isotope production:

Height of the Coulomb barrier ~ 4 to 5 MeV/nucleon: compound nucleus/fus.evap reactions, E ~ Eb proton

rich reactions of nucleon exchange, E>> Eb neutron rich

Compound nucleus/fus. evap reactions Basic mechanism for production of proton rich nuclei

M. Veselsky, G.A. Souliotis, Nuclear Physics A 765 (2006) 252; A 781 (2007) 521.G.A.Souliotis et al., PRC 84, 064607 (2011); M. Veselsky,et al., Nucl. Phys. A 872 (2011) 1.

Nuclear structure at low, medium and high spin

Neutron rich: preferably ”cold“ processes with minimum neutron loss. Reactions of heavy ions with energies around > 10 MeV/u

Physics beyond the Standard Model

Xsections: ~nanobarn!! High intensity ion beams

Nuclear matrix elements

Reliable beam dynamics with low beam losses

Calculated full transmission for H-I > 75%

TRACK 3D (P. Ostroumov, A. Villari, I. Martel)

Pre-design studies

HEAVY-ION SYNCHROTON:

- LINAC injection at 15 MeV/u - OUTPUT: 50 MeV/u for light ion species & 200 MeV for deuterons- Design study to be done

LINCE “energy booster”