proposal for commencement of b. sc. (special) degree …

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PROPOSAL FOR COMMENCEMENT OF B. Sc. (SPECIAL) DEGREE IN

CHEMISTRY STUDY PROGRAMME

Name of the Programme: B. Sc. Special Degree in Chemistry

List of Chemistry Courses and Sequence.

# Course Code

Course Title

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01 CHE 1201 General Chemistry 1 I 02 L 30 C C E

02 CHE 1302 Physical Chemistry I 1 II 03 L 45 C C R

03 CHE 1203 Organic Chemistry I 1 II 02 L 30 C C E

04 CHE 1104 Inorganic Chemistry-Laboratory 1 I 01 P 30-45 C C E

05 CHE 1105 Organic Chemistry- Laboratory 1 II 01 P 30-45 C C E 06 CHE 1106 Mathematical Methods for Chemistry 1 I 01 10 L 15 C O N

07 CHE 2301 Physical Chemistry II 2 II 03 L 45 C C R

08 CHE 2202 Organic Chemistry II 2 I 02 L 30 C C E

09 CHE 2103 Analytical Chemistry I 2 II 01 L 15 C C R

10 CHE 2204 Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry 2 II 02 L 30 C C R

11 CHE 2105 Inorganic Chemistry 2 I 01 L 15 C C E

12 CHE 2106 Organic Chemistry- Laboratory 2 I 01 P 30-45 C C E

13 CHE 2107 Physical Chemistry- Laboratory 2 II 01 11 P 30-45 C C E

14 CHE 3201 Industrial Chemistry I 3 I 02 L 30 C O R

15 CHE 3202 Biochemistry 3 II 02 L 30 C O R

16 CHE 3203 Chemistry of Polymers 3 I 02 L 30 C O R

17 CHE 3204 Food Chemistry 3 II 02 L 30 C O N

18 CHE 3305 Special Topics in Inorganic Chemistry 3 I 03 L 45 C O N

19 CHE 3206 Fundamentals of Chemical Industry 3 I 02 L 30 C O R

20 CHE 3207 Electrochemistry 3 I 02 L 30 C O R

21 CHE 3308 Environmental Chemistry 3 I 03 L 45 C O R 22 CHE 3209 Natural Products Chemistry 3 I 02 L 30 C O E

23 CHE 3210 Industrial Research Project 3 II 02 - C O R

24 CHE 3311 Analytical Chemistry II 3 II 03 L 45 C O R

25 CHE 3212 Solid State Chemistry and Characterisation Methods

3 I 02 L 30 C O R

26 CHE 3213 Industrial Chemistry II 3 II 02 L 30 O O R

27 CHE 3214 Chemistry Laboratory 3 I/II 02 29 P 60-75 C C E

28 CHE 4201 Applied Computational Chemistry 4 II 02 L 30 C - N

29 CHE 4202 Advanced Electrochemistry 4 I 02 L 30 C - N

30 CHE 4203 Surface and Colloidal Chemistry 4 I 02 L 30 C - R

31 CHE 4204 Physical Organic Chemistry 4 II 02 L 30 C - N

32 CHE 4805 Research Project 4 II 08 - C - R

33 CHE 4206 Nanoscience and Technology 4 I 02 L 30 C - N

34 CHE 4307 Advanced Physical Chemistry 4 I 03 L 45 C - N

35 CHE 4308 Chemical and Environmental Technology 4 I 03 L 45 C - N

36 CHE 4209 Advanced Biochemistry 4 II 02 L 30 C - N 37 CHE 4210 Advanced Atomic and Molecular

Spectroscopy 4 II 02 L 30 C - N

38 CHE 4211 Electronics and IT for Chemists 4 I 02 L 30 O - N

39 CHE 4312 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry 4 I 03 28 L 45 O - N

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*Note: Table 4 indicates the optional subjects from other disciplines for Level 3 students who

wish to study different combinations.

GENERAL DEGREE COURSES – Level 1

1. Name of the Course: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

2. Course code: CHE 1201

3. Credits: 2 (30 Lectures)

4. Type of course: Compulsory

5. Pre-requisites: G.C.E. Advanced Level Chemistry

6. Course aims

The purpose of this course is to provide a bridge in knowledge between school chemistry and the

start of university chemistry and to bring students of different backgrounds to the same point.

The course encompasses a comprehensive survey of the chemistry and properties of the

elements of the periodic table

In addition, the concept of orbitals, hybridization, resonance and different kinds of

chemical bonding theories which have been used to explain the unique properties of

compounds and are critically examined

An introduction to basic quantum mechanics is also emphasized

7. Intended learning outcomes

On successful completion of the course students should be able to:

Explain the atomic emission spectra and calculate the wavelength associated with

emission lines.

Assessexperimental observations to build-up the atomic structure

Apply the Schrodinger wave equation to describe simple one-electron systems (a

conceptual picture not a mathematical one)

Describe the wave-particle nature of a moving body using de-Broglie and Heisenberg

uncertainty principle

Distinguish the properties and bonding between covalent, coordinate and ionic compounds

and to deduce hybridization of the central atom and geometrical shapes of molecules and

ions.

Draw molecular orbital diagrams of simple molecules and predict the bond order and bond

strength

Apply Fajan’s rules to describe the covalent and ionic character, and describe the basic

concepts of coordination chemistry and the nature of bonding in coordination compounds

Define lattice energy and calculate it using an appropriate Born-Haber cycle, and compare

this value with the value obtained using Born- Lande' equation

Explain different types of weak interactions between ions, molecules and atoms and

properties associated with them

8. Course description

Atomic Theory (07 h)

Historic perspective to quantum mechanics: Importance of quantum mechanics in everyday

world; Black-body radiation, photoelectric effect, electron double-slit experiment, Bohr's theory

and quantization, emission spectrum of H atom, interpretation by quantum and classical

mechanics, de-Broglie equation, Schrodinger cat, wave-particle duality of electron, Heisenberg

uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation, wave function and its deviation from classical

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concepts, atomic orbitals, significance of ψ and ψ2, quantum numbers, normal and orthogonal

wave functions, radial and angular wave functions, s, p, d and f orbitals, Aufbau and Pauli

exclusion principle, Hund's multiplicity rule electronic configurations of the elements, periodic

trends in atomic properties.

Ionic and covalent compounds (10 h)

Valence bond theory and its limitations, directional characteristics of covalent bond, various types

of hybridisation sp, sp2, sp3, dsp3, d2sp3, and shapes of simple molecules and ions. VSEPR Theory

of NH3, H3O, SF4, ClF3, ICl2 etc. Lewis structures, Resonance, rules to draw resonance hybrids,

Characterization of resonance, relative stabilities of resonance structures. Molecular orbital

theory: homonuclear and heteronuclear (O2, N2, CO and NO) diatomic molecules, multicentre

bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic

character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference. Characteristics of ionic

compounds, lattice structure of NaCl, Lattice energy, Madelung constant, Born exponent, Born -

Lande' equation. Polarizing power and polarizability of ions fajan's rule. Weak bonding and pair

wise interactions.

Introduction to s, p, and d block elements (10 h)

Bonding and structures of the s-, p- and d-block elements and their compounds, with particular

emphasis being placed upon the trends down the Groups and across the Periods

Nuclear Chemistry and Radioactivity (03)

Nuclear reactions: Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, radio-carbondating, synthetic elements.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, assignments and tutorials/quizzes

10. Course evaluation

11. Lecturer(s): to be assigned

12. Recommended books:

1. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. J. D. Lee, 5thEdition, Blackwell Science, London, 2006

2. Inorganic Chemistry. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, 4thEdition, W. H. Freeman and Co,

London, 2006

3. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry. B. Douglas, D. McDaniel and J. Alexander,

3rdEdition, John Wiley, 1994

4. Inorganic Chemistry. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter and R. L. Keiter, 4thEdition, Harper

Collins, New York, 1997

5. Inorganic Chemistry: A Modern Introduction. T. Moeller, Wiley, New York, 1990

6. Chemical Principles P.W Atkins

7. Chemistry, Chan

8. Absolutely smalle, Michelle M.Faier.

Assessment Contribution to Course Grade %

Continuous assessments 10%

Mid semester examination 20%

End semester examination theory 70%

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1. Name of the Course: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I




5. Pre-requisites: General Chemistry (CHE 1201) and Mathematical Methods for

Chemistry(CHE 1106) courses are compulsory

6. Course aims

The goal of this course is to provide the student with the necessary physical chemistry that they

will need for their future career in chemistry.

This course will begin with a review of units and dimensions, the fundamentals of

classical thermodynamics with emphasis on the nature of the equilibrium state and the

connections between the classical and the molecular points of view

Further, it will provide the usefulness of thermodynamics in chemical systems, the mutual

conversion of chemical and electrical energy and to link thermodynamics with

electrochemistry



Use mathematical representations of physical phenomena and relationships among

important thermodynamic quantities

Describe the concepts of thermodynamics and apply it to physical and chemical systems

Analyse experimental data on chemical equilibria to obtain underlying thermodynamic

and kinetic parameters

Use theories of microscopic properties to explain macroscopic behaviour

Predict the chemical reactivity of molecules from thermodynamic data

Provide a conceptual framework for relating thermodynamic and electrochemical

approaches to equilibria

Explain the conductivity of electrolytes in solutions and factors that influence the

conductivity

Construct different types of indicator and reference electrodes;apply Nernst equation to

calculate electrode/cell potential; use EMF measurements to calculate pH, solubility

product of a sparingly soluble salt and dissociation constant of a weak acid

Construct electrochemical cells to determine thermodynamic parameters, ∆G, ∆S and ∆H

for appropriate reactions

Perform potentiometric and conductometric titrations and construct titration curves to get

the equivalent point


Subject andsignificance of physical chemistry; Units and dimensions.

Zeroth Law of TD: Definitions and concepts - Property, thermodynamic state, equilibrium,

energy, workand temperature scale.

Elementary treatment of gas laws, real and ideal gases, Boyle's temperature, gas constant R and its

numerical values critical constants and their determination; Kinetic gas equation and its

derivation, cause of deviation of gases from ideal behaviour, van derWaals equation and its

deviation under different pv isotherms of real gases, isotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of

states; Relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, law of corresponding

states; Reduced equation of state, liquefaction of gases (based on joule - Thomson effect);

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Maxwell's distribution law of velocities and energies; Root mean square velocity, average velocity

and most probable velocity and their relationship.

First Law of TD: Systems and surroundings, types of TD systems, thermodynamic processes,

work and heat, expansion work, Internal energy, state functions and exact differentials, derivation

of expression for expansion work and its application at different conditions; reversibility and

maximum work, enthalpy of a system, enthalpy changes in various chemical and physical

processes; Molar heat capacities, heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure, Joule-

Thomson effect.Second Law of TD: The direction of spontaneous change, dispersal of energy,

spontaneous process, spontaneity and randomness; Second Law: Statement, entropy, Carnot cycle

- search for a state function, entropy change in isolated systems, dependence of entropy on

variables of a system, entropy change in ideal gases, entropy change in physical transformation,

entropy change in chemical reactions, properties of the Gibbs energy, Gibbs energy and reversible

work, Maxwell relations; TD equation of states, mathematical relationship between different TD

quantities, direction of chemical change, dependence of free energy on pressure and temperature,

Gibbs-Helmoltz equation, Van’tHoffs isotherm and isochore, fugacity and activity, chemical

potential of a substance in pure state and in a mixture, partial molar quantities and their

determinations: Gibbs-Duhem equation, thermodynamic limitations to energy conversion.

Introduction to 3rd Law of Thermodynamics.

Electrochemical Cells: Different types of electrode and half reactions, Nernst equation and its

application, e.m.f., galvanic cell and electrolytic cell, reversible and irreversible cells, standard

cells, standard potential, reference electrodes -hydrogen electrode, calomel electrode, Ag/AgCl

electrode,electrolyte concentration cell, electrode concentration cell, liquid junction potential,

minimization of junction potential, cell reaction, potential and e.m.f. of concentration cells, cells

at equilibrium, applications of e.m.f. measurements-determination of TD parameters H, G, S,

solubility product of sparingly soluble salts, measurements of pH and potentiometric titrations.

Conductivity of electrolytes in solution: Macroscopic quantities that characterize electrical flow

through a solution resistance, resistivity, conductance and conductivity, molar conductivity

measurement of strong and weak electrolyte solutions, determination of limiting molar

conductivity, Onsagar limiting law, Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions, transport

number of an ionic species, determination of transport number -Hittorf method, determination of

solubility product of sparingly soluble salt, conductometric titrations, activity and activity

coefficients, the Debye-Huckel Limiting law andthe extended Debye-Huckel equation.

9. Teaching methods





1. Physical Chemistry. P.W. Atkins, 7th Edition, Oxford University press, 2001





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2. Chemical Thermodynamics. Irving M. Klotz and Robert M. Rosenberg, 7th Edition, John

Wiley and sons, Inc. 2008

3. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry. S. H. Maron and J. B. Lando, Macmillan limited,

New York, 1966


1. Name of the Course: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

2. Course Code: CHE 1203



5. Pre-requisites: General Chemistry (CHE 1201) course

6. Course aims

The purpose of this course is to provide students to:

Explain the basic properties of organic compounds

Know the method of naming organic compounds

Describe the stereochemistry of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Describe the chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds

Learn various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons and mechanism of reactions of

hydrocarbons

Learn the preparation of organic compounds of halide and oxygen based functional groups

Describe the physical and chemical properties of above functionalised organic compounds

Learn and practice the mechanism of above such reactions



Name organic compounds, identify the stereochemistry of organic compounds and

distinguish isomers

Identify the functional groups and explain the basic physical and chemical properties of

organic compounds

Explain the synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, their reactions and

mechanisms


Nomenclature of organic compounds; Stereochemistry: Configurational isomers, E-Z

nomenclature, Optical isomerism, Chirality, Enantiomers, Diasterioisomers, Meso compounds;

Conformational isomerism: Conformations of alkanes, Conformations and relative stabilities of

cyclohexane and substituted cyclohexanes, Fischer and Newmann projection formulae, R/S

nomenclature, Chirality of biphenyls, Allenes and cyclic compounds.

Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions and radicals, Stability of intermediates, Factors

affecting electron availability in bonds and at individual atoms; Acidity and basicity of organic

compounds; Reaction mechanisms: Nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2 and SNi), Elimination

reactions (E1, E2, and Ei) and Addition reactions, Energy Diagrams; Reactions and synthesis of

functional groups: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkyl halides, Carbonyl compounds, Alcohols,

Esters, Carboxylic acids, Amines, Conjugated systems, 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition reactions

and Hofmann elimination.

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9. Teaching methods





1. Organic Chemistry. T. W. Graham Solomons, 11th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2013

2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds. E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilers, John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 2004

3. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism. P. S. Kalsi, 7thEdition, Wiley Eastern

Ltd, 2007

4. Organic Chemistry. S. H. Pine, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition, Chemistry

Series, New York


1. Name of the Course: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - LABORATORY


3. Credits: 1 (30-45 hours of Practical sessions)


5. Pre-requisites: All chemistry courses of level 1

6. Course aims

The aim of this course is to give the student experience in techniques that are commonly

used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic compounds

In addition, this course teaches good laboratory practice, keeping of laboratory notebooks

and experimental report writing



Developed analytical skills in inorganic qualitative analysis and the fundamental

knowledge of the way in which inorganic compounds are handled

Prepared and purified for quantitative analysis

Practice the basic analytical methods, appreciate what is involved in an analysis and some

practical experience of the analytical techniques used for the qualitative analysis

Practice the various coloured chemical reactions of metal ions

Put together a concise and informative report including the results, procedures, analysis

and conclusions

Developed the habit of accurate manipulation and an attitude of critical thinking





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Introduction to apparatus and equipment, handling techniques. Entering and calculations,

Qualitative and quantitative Inorganic chemistry, Titrimetric methods, Microanalysis of inorganic

compounds, Halides, Carbonates, Sulphates and Metal ions.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, practical, assignments / quizzes




1. Vogel’s Text Book of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, 7th Edition, ELBS, London, 1996

2. Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, 7th

Edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia, 2000

3. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. J. D. Lee, 5th Edition., Blackwell Science, London, 2006

4. Basic Inorganic Chemistry. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, 3rd Edition, John Wiley, 1994


1. Name of the Course: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2. Course Code: CHE 1105 - LABORATORY




6. Course aims

The aim of this course is to give the student to:

Experience in techniques that are commonly used for the qualitative analysis of organic

compounds i.e. functional groups

Expose the student to a wide range of techniques such that he/she is equipped to tackle a

variety of quantitative analysis and some synthetic routs



Developed analytical skills in organic qualitative analysis and preparative skills in organic

preparations

Check the purity of organic compounds by determining the melting or boiling points

Identify the functional groups of organic compounds

Explain the physical and chemical properties of above functionalised organic compounds

and the mechanism of above such reactions

Have the fundamental knowledge of the way in which organic compounds are handled,

prepared and purified


Continuous practical assessments 10%



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Plan the experimental projects and execute them

Put together a concise and informative report including the results, procedures, analysis

and conclusions


Determination of melting and boiling points of organic substances.

Organic analysis: Identification of acidic, basic, phenolic, and neutral organic substances;

Detection of nitrogen, sulfur and halogens; Test for aliphatic and aromatic nature of substances;

Test for saturation and unsaturation; Identification of functional groups - Carboxylic acids,

phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carbohydrates, amines, amides and halogen compounds.

9. Teaching methods





1. Modern Experimental Organic Chemistry. R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, L.B. Rodewald,

A.S. Wingrove, 4th Edition, Holt Saunders international editions

2. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry. A.J. Hannaford, P.W. G. Smith and

A.R. Tatchell, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, 2005


1. Name of the Course: MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR CHEMISTRY



4. Type of course: Optional (Compulsory for Special degree)

5. Pre-requisites:Some amount of mathematics is essential for understanding and using

mathematical tools. Since the course is very “problem-oriented” ordinary

level mathematics knowledge is essential.

6. Course aims

The purpose of this course is to provide students with the mathematical tools that are needed for

further study in chemistry. Therefore, this course is designed to provide:

The knowledge and the understanding of the mathematics associated with the chemistry

and to solve chemical problems using mathematical tools

Analyse experimental data such as in chemical equilibrium to obtain underlying

thermodynamic and kinetic parameters



Use mathematical techniques and tools in differential equations, calculus, matrixes,

functions, variables and vector to solve the problems arising in chemistry field





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Explain many different aspects of chemistry, with emphasis on chemical kinetics,

thermodynamics, quantum mechanics and electrochemistry


Numbers and Basic Algebra (02 h)

Introduction; Real numbers – Integers, prim numbers, rational and irrational numbers; Complex

numbers; Factorials and infinity; Basic Algebra:Mathematical operations, expressions and terms,

products and factors, quotients; Laws of indices, power and coefficients; Equations – Solving of

1st degree (simple), quadratic and simultaneous equations; Taylor's series;Mclaurin’s, multiple

integrals; Analysis of random errors: Probability distribution functions (Binomial, Gaussian, and

Poisson).

Functions (02 h)

Dependent and independent variables;Linear and non-linear polynominals;Exponentials - ex and

logarithms - pH, pKa;Homogeneous functions - Eulers theorem, graphs and limits and

Trigonometry.

Differentiation and Differential Equations (04h)

Basic concepts and first principles, derivative and standard functions; Applications of differential

equations - Sums, products, quotients, functions of functions, methods of substituting, maxima &

minima and point of inflexion etc; Definitions of 1st order differential equations - Separable and

linear equations (links to chemical kinetics and electrochemistry); Formation of differential

equations; Solution of differential equations; Equations of homogeneous; Exact differentials and

linear differential; Partial and total differentiation.

Integration (03 h)

As a conversion of differentiation, definite and indefinite integration, fundamental theorem of

calculus, standard integrals (link to thermodynamics such as work expansion of a gas, quantum

mechanics); By parts, partial fractions and definite integrals-area.

Applications of mathematics in chemistry (04h)

Kinetics, thermodynamic, electrochemistry and quantum mechanics.

9. Teaching methods





1. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry: Opening Doors. Donald A. MacQuarrie, University

Science Books, 2008

2. Mathematical Methods for Science Students (Longman). G. Stephenson

3. Text books of Advance level Mathematics and Ordinary level Mathematics

4. Mathematical methods for chemistry





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1. Name of the Course: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II




5. Pre-requisites:Mathematical Methods for Chemistry course (CHE 1106) and Physical

Chemistry (CHE 1202) courses are compulsory.

6. Course aims

The goal of this course is to provide the student with the necessary physical chemistry that they

will need for their future career in chemistry. Therefore, this course is designed to provide the

knowledge and the understanding of:

Chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics with applications to gases, solutions and

phase equilibria, surface, colloid and macromolecular chemistry to provide a firm

foundation for understanding the physical principles that govern chemical and biological

systems. The usefulness of thermodynamics and associated statistical methods in

understanding molecular events in chemical systems will be stressed

The need for a Quantum Theory and to introduce the basic ideas of the theory and how to

develop the ability to apply simple ideas in quantum theory to solve a variety of physical

problems

Basic symmetry and its application to the chemical problems



Describe the basic principles of kinetics and quantum mechanics, and related graphs for

various physical chemical studies, i.e. studies of biological systems, industrial process

● Know what controls the stability of phases, and be able to interpret binary and ternary

phase diagrams using the Phase Rule and the Lever Rule

● Analyse the effects of temperature and pressure on the vapour pressure, and the

effect of pressure on phase transitions

Derive basic equations of thermodynamics, kinetics and quantum mechanics, and use

these basic equations to solve physical chemical problems

Develop a clear understanding of the origin of molecular orbitals in chemistry, how they

are used to understand chemical bonding, and know how simple quantum model systems

can be applied to understand spectroscopic data

Describe symmetry elements in molecules and categorization of molecules into groups

depending on their symmetries


Phase Equilibria (10 h)

Phase, components and degrees of freedom, phase rule and phase diagram, phase diagram of one

component system: water, CO2, helium, two component system, vapour pressure diagram, lever

rule, temperature-composition diagrams, Dalton’s, Raoult's and Henry’s laws; Methods of

distillations: Differential, flash or equilibrium, rectification and batch distillations; Distillation of

mixtures, azetropes, zeotropes liquid-liquid and liquid-solid phase diagrams, phase separation,

critical solution temperature, distillation of partially miscible liquids, eutectics, steam distillation

of plate columns, phase diagram of partially miscible liquids, role of added salts, stabilities of

phases, phase stability and phase transitions: thermodynamic criterion of equilibrium, dependence

of stability on condition, stability of phases and phase boundaries, phase transitions and chemical

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potential, effect of pressure on vapour pressure, effect of temperature on vapour pressure and

Clapeyron equation.

Chemical Kinetics (10 h)

Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of reaction, definition and units of rate constant,factors

affecting rate of reaction, concentration, pressure, temperature and catalyst, differential rate

expression, order and molecularity of reaction, first order reaction: derivation of rate

constant,characteristics of first order reaction, examples second order reaction: derivation of rate

constant for equal and unequal concentration of the reactants,characteristics of second order

reaction,methods to determine the order of reaction: a) Integration method b) Graphical method c)

Half change method, Arrhenious equation, reaction mechanism, elementary and complex

reactions, chain reactions and steady-state approximation.

General characteristics of catalytic reactions acid-base catalysis- Enzyme catalysis mechanism

and kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions, Michaelis-Menten equation, effect of temperature on

enzyme catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, and surface reactions-kinetics of surface reactions.

Quantum Mechanics (10 h)

Review of quantum theory, Quantum wave function, Postulates in Quantum Mechanics,

Schrödinger equation, observables and operators, Solution to Schrödinger equation particle in a

box, rigid rotor, Harmonic oscillator, H-atom, Derivation of atomic orbitals and radial distribution

functions. The variational theorem, development of LCAO-MO theory through H2

9. Teaching methods





1. Atkins Physical Chemistry. Atkins, P. W. and De Paula, Julio, 8th Edition, Oxford

University Press, 2006

3. Physical Chemistry. Silbey R., R. Alberty and M. Bawendi, 4th Edition, New York, NY,

John Wiley & Sons, 2004, ISBN: 9780471215042

4. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics. P. M. Mathews & K. Venkatesan, Tata McGraw

Hill, 2010

5. Atoms and Molecules: An Introduction for Students of Physical Chemistry. Karplus, M.

and R. Porter, Addison Wesley, 1970, ISBN: 9780805352184

6. The Quantum Universe. B. E. Cox and J. R. Forshaw, Allen Lane


1. Name of the Course: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II








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6. Course aims

The goal of this course is to provide the student:

Introduction to the shapes, basic principles and nomenclature of aromatic compounds and

its derivative and stereochemistry of optically active compounds

Understanding the complexity of carbon skeletons and the presence of functional groups

and their relative positions in aromatic compounds

Identifying suitable reactions sequences to achieve the synthesis of target molecules

The knowledge on various synthetically important reactions with a view to appreciate their

scope, limitations and potential use in synthetic sequences



Describe the aromaticity, valence bond and molecular orbital approach

Explain the stereoisomerism of aromatic compounds, i.e. Optical and geometrical

isomerism

Describe the properties and reactivity of important functional groups including conjugated

π-systems, aromatic compounds, alcohols, amines, and carbonyl compounds

Explain the various methods of preparation of aromatic compounds and its derivatives

Describe the chemistry of nitrogen containing aromatic compounds, i.e. dyes

Constructdetailed mechanisms for important reaction classes: electrophilic aromatic

substitution and carbonyl nucleophilic addition reactions

Plan multi-step syntheses of organic compounds

Apply the knowledge of molecular rearrangements and the reaction mechanisms of

aromatic compounds


Stereoisomerism: Optical and geometrical isomerism, Absolute and relative configurations,

Asymmetric synthesis; Aromaticity; Valence bond and Molecular Orbital approach;Arenes;

Alkenyl benzenes;Polyphenyls; Aromatic substitution; Aromatic nitro compounds; Aromatic

sulphonic acid; Phenols and Quinones; Aromatic ethers; Aromatic carboxylic acids and Dyes.

9. Teaching methods





1. Organic Chemistry. T. W. Graham Solomons, 11th Edition, John Wiley and Sons

2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds. E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilers, John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 2004





14

3. Advanced Organic Chemistry. Jerry March, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

2006

4. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism. P. S. Kalsi, 7thEdition, Wiley Eastern

Ltd, 2007

5. Organic Chemistry. S. H. Pine, 5th Edition, Mcgraw Hill International Edition, Chemistry

Series, New York

6. Organic Chemistry. Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond, 4rd Edition, Mcgraw-

HillKogakusha, Limited, 1982


1. Name of the Course: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I





6. Course aims

The major aims of this course are to enable students to: Obtain a strong foundation in chemical

analysis, Describe concepts and principles used in analytical chemistry, Develop skills to solve

problems in quantitative chemical analysis based on classical techniques, Introduce the

assessment of errors and of the accuracy of experiments, Introduce data handling, Analysis and

fitting to calculate results, Introduce some basic principles of measurement in physical, organic

and analytical chemistry, Provide the students with analytical and numerical tools to solve

chemistry related problems.



Carry out propagation of uncertainty in calculations and describe the type of experimental

errors

Apply several common statistical tests to experimental data

Construct a linear regression line from experimental data

Demonstrate a mastery of expressing chemical concentrations in units of molarity,

molality, present composition, parts per million, and parts per billion

Determine which technique is to be used based on an understanding of experimental

parameters

Recognize and use the different types of titrimetric analysis methods (acid-base,

complexation, redox, and precipitation)

Select appropriate buffer systems for a given pH requirement and describe step by step

procedure for buffer preparation

Describe basic terminology associated with chromatography and identify various

chromatographic techniques and apply the principles and theories

Describe and apply gravimetric methods of analysis

Develop the habit of accurate manipulation and an attitude of critical thinking


Measurements and errors in chemical analysis (05 h)

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Significant figures, statistical treatment of analytical data, t-test, F-test, and Q-test, classification

of errors and means to minimize errors;Sampling procedures, sample population, significance of

representative sampling, working curve, blank solution, standard-addition technique, curve fitting,

graphical analysis, Quality Control /Quality Assurance.

Classical methods (10h)

Acid-Base Titrations: The requirements and the feasibility of acid-base titrations, calculation of

the equivalence point pH value and construction of pH curves; Theory of indicators and apparent

indicator costant concept; Titration of mono- and polyfunctional acids and bases; Titration in non-

aqueous solvents and Indicators for non-aqueous titration.

Buffer solutions: Derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation; Calculation of pH and

preparation of buffer solutions, buffer capacity; Complexometric titrations: Concept of

complexation and chelation; Coordination number, stability of complexes, factors affecting

stability constants, selectivity of complexometric titrations, types of EDTA titrations;

metallochromicindicators and analysis of mixtures.

Gravimetry: Properties of precipitates and precipitating regents, particle size and filterability of

precipitates, colloidal and crystalline precipitates, co-precipitation and post-precipitation drying

and ignition of precipitates, principles of gravimetric estimation of chloride, phosphate, oxalate,

zinc, iron, aluminum and magnesium.

9. Teaching methods





1. Vogel’s Text Book of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, 7th Edition, ELBS, London

2. Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, 7th

Edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia

3. Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and Practice. V.K. Srivastava, K.K. Srivastava,

S. Chand and company, New Delhi, 1987

4. Basic concept of Analytical Chemistry. S. M. Khopkar, 2nd Edition, New Age

International Publishers, New Delhi, 1998


1. Name of the Course: SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY





16





6. Course aims

This course will cover the theory and application of spectroscopic methods of the analysis of

organic compounds such as mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic

resonance spectroscopy with an emphasis on structure elucidation, an introduction to basic

instrumental design and other practical applications.



Describe similarities and differences between spectrometry and spectroscopy

Identify and describe the basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation

Explain the processes responsible for NMR chemical shifts and splitting patterns

Describe how a mass spectrometer produces its spectral patterns

Determine the mechanisms that give rise to the infrared absorption bands and identify to

which functional groups each correspond

Elucidate the structure of organic molecules from spectral data

Explain the information obtained from a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and how it can be

used for analysis

Practice and improve problem solving skills


Introduction: Introduction to the use of spectroscopic/spectrometric methods in structure

elucidation, electromagnetic radiation and absorption spectroscopy.

Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy: Electronic excitations of molecules, effect of conjugation,

chromophores, auxochromes and solvent effects, Woodward-Fieser rules and Beer Lambert law.

Infrared spectroscopy: Modes of fundamental vibrations, IR active, force constant, vibration

coupling, Fermi resonance and absorption characteristics of functional groups, finger print region

and instrumentation.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy: Magnetic properties of nuclei and nuclear excitation, 1H NMR spectra of compounds, chemical shifts, factors affecting chemical shifts, spin-spin

coupling, coupling constants, 1st order spectra, deuterium exchange, non-first order spectra,

simplification of complex spectra (shift reagents in INDOR) and NMR spectrometer, 13C NMR,

chemical shifts, double irradiation techniques and signal enhancement, pulse techniques; DEPT,

gated decoupling, introduction to nuclear overhauser effect and 2D NMR experiments (COSY,

HETCOR, INADEQUATE etc.).

Mass spectrometry: Molecular ion, important fragmentation pathways, rearrangements of

molecular ions, McLafferty rearrangement, isotopic peaks, metastable peaks, mass spectrometer

and various ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry - Electro spray ionization.

Problem solving exercise - Structure Elucidation: Structure elucidation of organic compounds

using the above spectral data.

9. Teaching methods


17




1. Introduction to Spectroscopy. Pavis, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Vyvyan J. R., 4th Edition,

Brooks/Cole, 2008, ISBN-13: 978-049511478-9

2. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. R. M. Silverstein, F. X. Webster and

Bryce, 8th Edition, 2005

3. Organic Chemistry. McMurry, John, 5th Edition, 1999, Asian Edition


1. Name of the Course: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

The goal of this course is to provide the student:

Theory and application aspect of the properties,



Analyse the tendency of transition metals to exhibit variable valency

Explain the origin of the colour of the transition metal complexes

Describe the catalytic properties of transition metals and industrial applications of their

compounds

Explain the occurrence of lanthanides and actinides in nature and their uses

Describe the fundamental relationship between electronic structure, chemical bonding, and

atomic order, then proceed to the chemical properties of "aggregates of molecules" including

crystals, metals, semiconductors

Specify atomic planes, directions, and families of planes and directions within a given crystal

structure using Miller indices

Correlate X-ray diffraction information with crystal structure


Chemistry of Lanthanides and Actinides (06 h).

Coordination Chemistry (08 h)





18

IUPAC nomenclature of transition metal complexes, Type of ligands, Coordination chemistry of

metal complexes, Isomers, Hybridization and geometry. Bonding theories of transition metal

complexes, crystal field theory, ligand field theory and molecular orbital theory. Jahn Teller

theory and its applications. Variation in colour, Magnetic properties and reactivity of coordination

complexes.

Symmetry and Molecular structure (08)

Importance of symmetry in chemistry, symmetry elements and symmetry operation with

illustration, point group. C1, Cs, Ci, Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dn, Dnh, Dnd, C_, D_h, Td, Oh.

Multiplication tables for C2V, C3V and C2h point groups

Solid state Chemistry (08 h)

Classification of Solids: Crystalline solids, amorphous solids, distinction between crystalline and

amorphous solids, molecular crystals (van der Waals crystal), covalent crystals, ionic crystals,

.

The Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials: Pauling groups, Crystal types: simple cubic (c), body

centred cubic (bcc), face centred cubic (fcc/ccp), hexagonal close packed (hcp)etc.,tetrahedral and

octahedral holes; Determination of the number of formula units in the unit cell, coordination

number.

X-ray Diffraction: Diffraction methods in the study of solids, Bragg equation, the use of x -rays in

structural studies, single crystal and powder diffraction methods in the determination of crystal

systems, unit cell parameters, number of formula units in the unit cell, application of powder

diffraction data; Unit cell, crystal systems, Miller indices and their significance

9. Teaching methods





1. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. J. D. Lee, 5th Edition, Blackwell Science, London, 2006

2. Inorganic Chemistry. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, 4thEdition, W. H. Freeman and Co,

London, 2006

3. Inorganic Chemistry. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter and R. L. Keiter, 4th Edition, Harper

Collins, New York, 1997

4. Inorganic Chemistry: A Modern Introduction. T. Moeller, Wiley, New York, 1990

5. Chemical Applications of Group Theory. F.A. Cotton, Oxford University Press, UK. 1990

GENERAL DEGREE COURSES – Level2

1. Name of the Course: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - LABORATORY






19



5. Pre-requisites: All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

The aim of this course is to give the student experience in:

Techniques that are commonly used for the quantitative analysis of organic compounds

Wide range of techniques such that he/she is equipped to tackle a variety of separation &

purification methods i.e. chromatographyand some synthetic routs



Describe the concepts of organic analysis

Design suitable reactions sequences to achieve the synthesis of target molecules

Describe various synthetically important reactions with a view to appreciate their scope,

limitations and potential use in synthetic sequences

Know the way in which organic compounds are handled, prepared and purified

Acquire analytical (both qualitative and quantitative) and psychomotor skills that need to

plan the experimental projects and execute them

Know how to put together a concise and informative report including the results,

procedures, analysis and conclusions developed the habit of accurate manipulation and an

attitude of critical thinking


Separation techniques: Paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography,column

chromatography and organic synthesis.

9. Teaching methods





1. Modern Experimental Organic Chemistry. R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, L.B. Rodewald,

A.S. Wingrove, 4th Edition, Holt Saunders international editions

2. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry. A.J. Hannaford, P.W. G. Smith and

A.R. Tatchell, 5th Edition., Pearson Education, 2005

3. Organic Synthesis. M.B. Smith, McGraw Hill International Edition 1994

4. Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler,

7thEdition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia

5. Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and Practice. V.K. Srivastava, K.K. Srivastava,

S. Chand and company, New Delhi, 1987





20


1. Name of the Course: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - LABORATORY





6. Course aims

The aim of this course is to provide students to:

Introduce some basic principles of measurement in physical and analytical chemistry

Enable the students to acquire analytical (both qualitative and quantitative) and

psychomotor skills

Interpret molecular spectra and use this information to determine spectroscopic constants

and structural characteristics of molecules

Learn the nature of electromagnetic radiation and be able to classify it in terms of

wavelength, frequency and energy

Teach good laboratory practice and the keeping of laboratory notebooks, writing of

experimental reports, data handling, analysis, fitting to calculate results, assessment of

errors and of the accuracy of experiments

Gain perspective in how and why the theoretical background is used in conjunction with

experiment to investigate, understand and ultimately engineer at the atomic and molecular

level



Integrate the theoretical materials of the level 1 and level 2 physical chemistry courses

with physical measurements such as temperature, melting and boiling points, rates,

electrode potential, pH, conductivity, absorbance etc.

Statistically treat measured analytical data for reliability

Describe the concepts of thermodynamics and apply it to physical and chemical systems

Describe the spectroscopic background of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation

Design experimental projects and execute them

Know how to put together a concise and informative report including the results,

procedures, analysis and conclusions developed the habit of accurate manipulation and an

attitude of critical thinking


Analytical calculations, sampling,types of errors, precision, accuracy, standard deviation, error

propagation,Q-test, confidential limits, graphical methods, reaction kinetics, phase equilibrium

and electrochemistry: conductometry, potentiometry andcolorimetry.

9. Teaching methods




21



1. Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry. Levitt B. P., 9thEdition, Longman group Ltd.,2015

2. Experiments in Physical Chemistry. David P. Shoemaker, Carl W. Garland, Joseph W.

Nibler, 8thEdition, McGraw- Hill Book company, 2009

3. A Textbook of Practical Physical Chemistry. Fajans K. and Wust J.

GENERAL / SPECIAL DEGREE COURSES – Level 3

1. Name of the Course: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY I




5. Pre-requisites: Physical Chemistry I (CHE 1302) and Physical Chemistry II (CHE 2301)

courses are compulsory

6. Course aims

This unit aims to provide a broad understanding of the different mineral resources in Sri Lanka

that are commonly used in the industries.


Upon completion of this course students should be able to describe the chemistry and

manufacturing processes of industrial based materials such as glass, ceramics, cement, gem

minerals, graphite and fertilizers and their applications.


Glass Industry: Raw materials and manufacture of glass; Chemistry involved in the production of

glass; Types of glass; Glassy state phenomena and annealing of glass; Production of safety

glasses, thermodynamics of glass formation, kinetics of crystallization and glass formation; Heat

treatment of glasses, general properties and their applications.

Ceramics Industry: Raw materials used in the ceramic industry; Chemistry involved in the

production of ceramic articles and wares; Types and classification of ceramic products;

Manufacture of ceramic products, purpose and methods of glazing.

Cement Industry: Raw materials used for cement production; Chemistry involved in the

production of cement; Manufacture of cement by wet and dry processes; Types of cement and

composition of clinker. Chemistry involved in the setting and hardening of cement and quality

control in cement.

Gem minerals: Optical properties: polarization, refraction, chemical characteristics, colour in

gemstones. Dispersion, ‘fire’ and diffraction, colouring elements; allochromatic and




22

idiochromatic materials. Origin of colour in gem materials; luminescence; Pleochroism; the

dichroscope, Absorption spectra: alexandrite, emerald, enstatite, peridot, Sin halite, ruby, blue

sapphire; analytical techniques for gem testing; Artificial and synthetic gems and different

treatment methods of gems.

Graphite: Characteristic properties of graphite, chemical composition, structure, flake graphite,

vein graphite and amorphous graphite, world market of natural graphite. Spectroscopic techniques

for identification, Applications: pencil, crucible, batteries, lubricants, paints etc. Synthetic

graphite, Value addition to graphite in Sri Lanka: graphene technology.

Fertilizers: Raw materials, types of fertilizers, nitrogenous, phosphates, potassium and mixed

complex fertilizers, manufacturing processes - phosphate rocks as raw material for manufacturing

P-fertiliser, super-phosphates, rhenania-phosphates, ammonia, urea.

Industrial pollutants and industrial safety.

9. Teaching methods





1. Gemstone Enhancement. Nassau, K.,1984, Butterworth & Co., London

2. The Physics and Chemistry of Colour. Nassau, K., 2nd Edition, 2001, John Wiley & Sons,

3. Industrial Chemistry. B. K. Sharma, Goel publishing house, 2011

4. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L. and Beaton, J. D., Macmillian

5. Publishing Company, 1990, New York

6. Introduction to Ceramics. W. D. Kingery


1. Name of the Course: BIOCHEMISTRY




5. Pre-requisites: All Chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

The overall goal of this course is for the student to gain a basic working knowledge of

biochemical concepts and techniques which will be necessary for future scientific endeavours.

This course covers the study on biomolecules. Students will be exposed to:





23

The molecular composition of living cells, the organization of biological molecules within

the cell and the strong relationship between the structure, function and the metabolism of

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and polynucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and the

monomeric units of these macromolecule

The biological transport across membranes, the relationship between the components of

food and the components of living organisms, in the context of human nutrition and

disease

Experimental methods and approaches used in biochemical research and in clinical

investigations of metabolic disorders will be covered



Understand the behaviour of biological molecules and their structures, functions, chemical

properties and their organization into macromolecules, understand and evaluate

thermodynamic properties in order to understand if and how biochemical reactions occur

Understand the thermodynamics and mechanisms of membrane transport and predict the

flow of molecules in and out of the cell

Recognize many of the metabolic pathways of the cell and understand how they are

regulated and integrated in the cell

Explain the importance of oxidative phosphorylation and the manner in which the it is

regulated, the processes of lipid metabolism and its impact on human health, the

mechanism of DNA replication and be able to relate this to DNA damage and repair

Summarize the processes that eventuate in the synthesis of RNA and protein

Recognize the different ways that enzymes can be inhibited and predict if and how that

inhibition can be overcome 8. Course description

Introduction to biomolecules of the living world: properties and their biological importance i.e.

glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, triacylglycerols, phospholipids; Phosphatidic acid and its

derivatives such as lecithin, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin; Sphingomyelins; Cholesterol and its

biological importance; Interactions of amphipathic lipids with water - micelles, liposomes, lipid

bilayers and Amino acids & Proteins - Importance of histidine in the buffering action;

Biologically important proteins - myoglobin, haemoglobin, collagen; pH, Buffers and Biological

Buffers:Buffers, buffering capacity, Strength of a buffer, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation;

Physiological pH and the importance of maintaining this; Important biological buffers and

Enzymes: Inhibition of enzyme - Competitive, noncompetitive& suicide inhibition; Isoenzymes

and Important diagnostic enzymes.

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids: Nucleosides & nucleotides, DNA & RNA, DNA

replication in outline, transcription in outline, genetic code and genes, translation in outline,

introduction to DNA damage, repair mechanisms & mutations, agents that cause damage to DNA

and the types of damage, basics of natural mechanisms available for the repair of damage,

mutations and their effects and mutations that cause cancer.

Structure & Functions of Biological membranes: General structure & function of a biological

membrane, significance of degree of unsaturation of lipids on the biological membrane,

contribution of cholesterol to the characteristics of the membrane, role of proteins of the

membrane and glycated membrane proteins; Transport Across Membranes: simple diffusion,

mediated transport, voltage & ligand gated channels, important transport systems in the biological

world - GLUT transporters for glucose transport, ion channels, Na-K pump, glucose-sodium co-

transporter, hypotonic, isotonic & hypertonic solutions and their effect on cells; Metabolism &

Energy generation:Metabolic pathways harvesting energy stored in molecules - Aerobic

24

glycolysis, TCA, fatty acid oxidation & their role in energy harvesting, ATP production at

substrate level, anaerobic glycolysis & its significance; Electron Transport chain & oxidative

phosphorylation - Components of the electron transport chain (ETC) & its location, points of

entry of reducing equivalents into the ETC, Malate &glycerophosphate shuttles that transport

reducing equivalents from cytoplasm into mitochondria, ATP production in ETC, comparison of

substrate level ATP production and oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis,

Inhibitors and uncouplers.

Basic separation techniques in Biochemistry: Methods of disintegration of tissues/cells, separation

of sub-cellular organelles, solvent and salt precipitation, paper & thin layer chromatography;

Column chromatography - Molecular sieving, affinity, ion exchange & some relevant practical

applications; Electrophoresis with some practical applications and Ultracentrifugation.

9. Teaching methods



11. Lecturer/s: to be assigned


1. Biochemistry. 3rd Edition, Mathews, C. K., Holde, K. G. Van and Ahern K. G.

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Voet, D., Voet, J. G. and Pratt, C. W.

3. Principles of Biochemistry. Lehninger, Nelson and Cox


1. Name of the Course: CHEMISTRY OF POLYMERS





6. Course aims

This course will cover the fundamentals of structure and physical properties of polymers, chain

growth and step growth polymerization mechanisms, methods of characterization, basics of

polymer synthesis including traditional polymerization techniques, newer methods of polymer

synthesis, structure property relationships and their relationship to processing, chemistry and





25

types of paints and related compounds, physics and chemistry of colours, techniques of paint

preparations and paint formula.



Describe the chemical mechanisms of these polymerizations, structure-property

relationships, understand how to characterize and process the polymers, and differences

and relationships between mechanisms, kinetics and properties

Describe chemistry of surface coating, types of paints, their composition and

characteristics, techniques of paint preparation and formula


Polymer Structure: Definition of polymer, difference between polymers and macromolecules,

classification of polymers, degree of polymerization, nomenclature and tacticity, basic structure of

polymers (linear and branched polymers; moderately cross linked polymers), molecular forces

and chemical bonding in polymers.

Physical chemistry of polymers: Number average, molecular weight average, Z-average and

viscosity average molecular weight, distribution of molecular weight, determination of molecular

weight by end group analysis, osmotic pressure measurement, light scattering, viscosity

measurement, Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship, Huggins and Kramer equation, polymer

solutions, concept of solubility parameters, Flory-Huggins Theory, theta conditions and

temperature, amorphous and crystalinity, determination of thermal transitions.

Polymerization: Types of Polymerization - (a) Step-growth (condensation) polymerization:

Mechanism and kinetics of stepwise polymerization, polydispersity index, statistic molecular

weight control, (b) Radical chain (addition) polymerization: Mechanism, initiation,propagation,

termination, kinetics and thermodynamics of radical polymerization, radical life time, degree of

polymerization and chain transfer, ceiling temperature, (c) Cationic and ionic polymerization:

similarities and contrasts in ionic polymerization, mechanism and kinetics of cationic anionic

polymerization, living polymers; Radiation and photo-polymerization.

Preparation, Properties and Uses: Phenol-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins,

urea-formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, polyester polyamide, polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene,

polyesters, polycarbonates andpolymethyl methacrylate.

Biological Polymerization: Introduction, nucleic acid, protein, enzymes, silk, wool, collagen,

biopolymer from renewable resources, polysaccharide, starch, chitin/chitosan andalginate.

Polymer Technology:Fibers - Introduction, production, textile fibers, Natural fibers; Plastic:

overview, processing, thermoset/thermoplastic andpolymer blends.

Chemistry of Natural rubber: Latex collection & purification,materials used in rubber product

manufacture and compounding of dry rubber,chemistry of other important rubbers such as

neoprene, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, synthetic rubbers and elastomers; Vulcanization

(crosslinking) of rubber (vulcanizing agents and systems), effect of temperature and time on

cross-linking, types of crosslinks and relevance to properties; Measurement of cure characteristics

andVulcanizate properties.

Chemistry of Surface Coating: Paints (first principle), resins based on oils (alkyd resins),

chemistry of paints and varnishes, paint additives pigments, solvents, polymers (film framing

materials) viscosity modifiers, antifoaming agents antioxidants; Physics and chemistry of colours;

26

Types of paints emulsion, enamel, lacquers and varnishes; Techniques of paint preparations and

paint formulae; Paints drying mechanism oil and alkyd paints; Thermosetting paints; Epoxy

coatings and polyurethane coatings; Testing and quality of paints; Health safety and environment.

9. Teaching methods





1. Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Odian, Wiley VCH

2. Principles of Polymerization. Odian, Wiley, 4th Edition, 2004

3. Introduction to Polymers. Young and Lovell, CRC Press, 2nd Edition, 1991

4. Paint and Surface Coatings. Lambourne and Strivens

5. Surface Coatings Science and Technology. Swaraj Paul

6. Introduction to Paint Chemistry. Turner

GNERNAL / SPECIAL DEGREE COURSES – Level 3

1. Name of the Course: FOOD CHEMISTRY


3. Credits:2 (30 Lectures)

4. Type of course: Optional


6. Course aims

This course is designed to provide an introduction to the chemistry of food constituents, such as

water, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, to understand their role

in determining properties of foods.


On successful completion of the course students will be able to:

Describe the chemistry and reactions of the major food constituents such as the proteins,

fats, carbohydrates and vitamins and the effect of water activity on food stability, the

chemical and functional properties of minerals, enzymes and additives in foods

Describe the chemical changes and subsequent effects occur in food constituents during

storage and processing

Minimize the post-harvest adverse effects of different food commodities by using

appropriate technologies






27

Water in food dispersed systems (structure of water and its physical properties, water activity,

properties of solutions, moisture sorption, water diffusion, capillary condensation and phase

transition).

Amino acids, peptides and proteins (classification, physical properties, denaturation of proteins,

solubility and water binding, emulsifying, foaming & gelation, viscosity, texturization&fiber

formation; extrusion), ninhydrin reaction, essential amino acids, curd formation and buffering

action of proteins.

Carbohydrates and their functional properties (structure and nomenclature, physical and chemical

properties, crystallization, muta-rotation, caramelization, gelation, polyols and properties, starch

and modified starch, hemicelluloses, pectosans&cyclodextrins, pectines, dietary fibers).

Lipids (nomenclature and classification of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, physical and

chemical properties, chemical reactions, lipid oxidation and role of antioxidants).

Fatty acids and triglycerides, analysis of oils and fats, sources and extraction of oils and

fats, fat splitting techniques, oils and fats in the food industry, manufacture of margarine,

mayonnaise and ice cream, physical aspects of emulsions, solubilization and stabilization.

Vitamins (classification of fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins, biological role, requirement,

occurrence, stability, degradation).

Enzymes (isolation and nomenclature, catalysis, specificity, structure, enzyme cofactors, enzyme

kinetics, factors influencing enzyme reactions, food modification by enzymes, immobilized

enzymes in food processing).

Minerals (Uses of main elements sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorides and

phosphorus. Trace elements and ultra-trace elements).

Food additives (chemistry of food additives: antimicrobial agents & antioxidants, acids and bases,

chemical leavening systems, buffer systems and salts, chelating agents and their functions).

Food flavours (different tastes, natural compounds & their chemistry, artificial sweeteners and

their activity).

Food Analysis (determination of moisture content, ash, protein, amino acid profile, fat, fatty acid

composition, saponification number, iodine number, carbohydrates, energy).

Practical: Extraction and identification of naturally occurring constituents in spices, fat oxidation

and antioxidant activity, enzyme kinetics, identification of adulterants in food by microscopy,

chromatographic separation of food colorants.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, assignments and tutorials / quizzes






28



1. Food Chemistry. 4th Edition, Owen R Fennema, 2007, CRC Press, ISBN: 978-

0849392726 2. Food Additives. R. J. Taylor, 1980, John Wiley & Sons Inc., SBN: 9780471276845

3. Principles of Food Chemistry. 3rd Edition, John M. deMan, 1999, Springer Publication.

ISBN: 9781461463894

4. Food: The Chemistry of its Components. 5th Edition, Tom P. Coultate, RSC Publication.

ISBN: 9780854041114

5. Food Analysis. S. Suzanne Nielsen, Springer, 2010, ISBN: 9781441914781


1. Name of the Course: SPECIAL TOIPCS IN INROGANIC CHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

This course is designed to provide the knowledge of:

Electronic spectra of coordinated complexes, structural effects related theories

The mechanisms of reactions and rearrangement reactions

The catalytic properties of transition metals and their industrial applications

The importance and application of coordinated metal compounds in biological system,

industry and in medicine


On successful completion of the course students will be able to:

Account for d-orbital splitting in ligand field theory and explain why coordination

complexes are often intensely coloured Explain and deduce the electronic spectra and electron transferreactions in coordinated

complexes Describe the properties of different types of organotransition metal complexes, the active

roles played by metal ions and their importance in biological systems

Describe the importance & application of organotransition metal compounds in industry

(i.e. the catalytic process); describe the chemical changes and subsequent effects occur in

coordinated metal compound’s constituents during biological and industrial processes

Develop the habit of accurate manipulation and an attitude of critical thinking (i.e. reaction

mechanisms) and learn the basic & advance analytical methods involved in an analysis

(i.e. spectroscopic methods)


Electronic Spectra of Coordinated Complexes (10 h)

Energy levels of atoms, Russell Saunders coupling, fine structure, Zeeman and Stark effect;

Ligand Field Theory - Molecular Orbital Theory, Orgel diagrams; Electronic spectra of transition

metal complexes - spectroscopic terms, selection rules for electronic spectra of transition metal

29

complexes, structural effects; Inorganic reaction mechanisms:Electron transfer reactions between

octahedral complexes - inner-sphere & outer-sphere mechanisms and non-complementary

electron transfer reactions.

Oragnotransition Metal Chemistry (10 h)

Introduction:Fundamentals for the organometallic chemistry - concepts of electronegative,

electropositive, electron density, electron rich and electron deficient, Lewis dot structures and

valences electron counts, trends in periodic table and general trends in periodic table, metal

catalysis definition and function; Importance of organotransition metal chemistry, classification of

ligands according to the number of electrons donated; The 18 and 16 electron rule, coordinative

unsaturation; oxidation state formulation; Hapticity (ηn), geometry of transition metal complexes

vs coordination number and electron configuration (dn); Metal-Ligand bonding: Ligands include

CO, N2, olefins, acetylenes, NO, group VB donors, isocyanides, carbenes, carbynes, allyls,

cyclobutadienes, cyclopentadienes and benzene; Magnetic properties: types of magnetic

behaviour; spin-only formula; Magnetic susceptibility, coupling, correlation of µs and µeff values;

Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes.

Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms of Organotransition Metal Complexes (15 h)

Reactive patters: Oxidative additions, insertion reactions-migratory insertions of ligands,

reductive elimination, association, dissociation, substitution, elimination (α, β, γ, δ, ε) and

oxidative coupling; Reactivity of coordinated ligands - electrophillic and nucleophillic attack;

Homogeneous Catalysis: General remarks, olefin isomerisation, olefin hydrogenation,

hydroformylation reaction, Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, water gas shift reaction, hydrosilation

and hydrocyanation of unsaturated compounds, hydration of alkenes, polymerization of olefins,

olefin metathesis.

Bioinorganic Chemistry (10 h)

Introduction: Metals in biological systems and their role, metalloproteins & metalloenzymes,

speciation and specificity of metal complexes in vivo; Dioxygen carriers - haemoglobin,

myoglobin, heamocyanins and nature of haem dioxygen binding; Transition metals in biological

redox reactions: General mechanism of electron transfer, blue copper proteins, iron sulphur

proteins, photosynthesis pathway; Distribution and functions of metals in vivo - Chemistry and

biochemistry of nitrogen fixation; Environmental bioinorganic chemistry: Delivery of traces of

elements to human, therapeutic uses of metals, ligands & complexes, metal induced toxicity and

chelation therapy.

9. Teaching methods





1. Inorganic Chemistry. D. Shriver and P. Atkins, 5th Edition, Freeman & Co., NY, 2003

2. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. J. D. Lee, 5th Edition, Blackwell Science, London, 2006

3. Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry. H. J. Emeleus and A. G. Sharpe, Routledge &

Kegan Paul Ltd., London





30

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. F. A. Cotton, John Wiley & Wilkinson, 6th Edition

5. Introduction to Ligand Field Theory. C. J. Ballahyen and McGraw Hill, New York

6. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy. A. B. P. Lever and Elsevier

7. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals. R. A. Crabtree, 4th Edition,

Wiley, NY, 2005. ISBN: 0471662569

8. Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions. Basolo F. and Pearson R. G., 2nd Edition, J. Wiley &

Sons, New York

9. Life and Metals. Janitha A.Liyanage, CCS, Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Monograph No


1. Name of the Course: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY





6. Course aims

This course is aimed at

Developing a sound chemical foundation of selected industrial courses. Efficient application

different catalysts for yield optimisation of industries. Design of chemical industries based on

green technology.


On successful completion of the course, students should be able to

Identify the leading global chemical industries and their organisations.

Predict the efficiency of the given industrial process using thermodynamics and kinetics.

Develop hybrid industrial reactors from ideal reactor systems.

Theoretical understanding of the reactor disasters and their possible controlling methods.

Understand the behaviour of different types of catalytic systems in industrial processes

Identify the importance of green technology for green technology for chemical industry.


Overview of Chemical industry (06)

Role and Development of the Chemical Industry; Characteristics of the Industry: World’s major

chemical industries and their research and development, organizational structures, technological

economics. Requirements to establish a chemical industry.

Theory of chemical Industry (14 h)

Thermodynamics and chemical kinetics of industrial processes. Stoichiometry, extent of a

chemical reaction, conversion, yield and selectivity; Complex flow sheets: Mass and Energy

transfer. Ficks laws of diffusion and their industrial application. Reactor theory. Batch reactor,

continuous stirred reactor (CSTR), Plug flow reactor (PFR) and Hybrid reactors.

Industrial Catalysts (06 h)

Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and their industrial applications, poisoning of

catalysts, Theory of Industrial reactor designs. Current advances in chemical industry.

Next generation industry (04 h)

31

Theoretical aspects of reactor disasters, Industrial safety and Environmental protection. Green

industrial technology.

9. Teaching methods





1. Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau, Wiley

Publishers, New Delhi

2. Industrial Chemistry. E. Stocchi, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK

3. The Engineering of Chemical Reactions. L. D. Schmidt, 2nd Edition, Oxford University

Press, New York, 2009

4. Transport Phenomena, R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart and E.W. Lightfoot, John Wiley, 2nd

Edition

5. Chemical Reaction Engineering. Levenspeil, O., 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001


1. Name of the Course: ELECTROCHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

The aim of the course is to allow the students to:

Gain necessary basic knowledge in order to understand

Analyse and solve problems related to electrochemical processes

Acquire knowledge about the applications of electrochemistry in the fields of fuel cells,

batteries, electrolytic processes and electrochemical corrosion

Further, the students should gain basic abilities in calculations on electrochemical systems and in

experimental methods in electrochemistry.



Describe the basic environmental conditions required for corrosion, corrosion current and

corrosion potential as important corrosion parameters

Construct corrosion potential vs. pH diagrams for different metal/H2O systems

Apply the principles of electrochemistry for preventing corrosion





32

Describe the basics of batteries and fuel cells

Apply thermodynamics and electrochemistry to improve the efficiency of batteries and

fuel cells

Apply the electrochemistry for designing and construction of electrochemical cells for

synthesis of different organic materials

Describe and apply electrochemical knowledge as a means of treating polluted water


Dynamic electrochemistry: Rate of electron transfer, effect of potential, concepts of equilibrium

potential, equilibrium exchange current density, Butler-Volmer equation, high field and low field

approximations; Overpotential and energy levels, polarizability of the interface, concepts of rate

determining step, determination of kinetics parameters (io, k, α) by linear polarization methods;

Tafel plots and charge transfer resistance.

Corrosion and the Stability of Metals:Mechanisms of corrosion, thermodynamics of corrosion and

the stability of metals, pourbaix diagrams; Ni-H2O, Fe-H2O and Al-H2O systems; Kinetics of

corrosion: Corrosion current and corrosion potentials, mixed potential theory of corrosion; Uses

of Evan's diagrams for understanding of corrosion: Corrosion reaction under cathodic control,

corrosion reaction under anodic control, corrosion reaction under diffusion control, corrosion

control by flowing solution, corrosion control by passivation, determination of rate of corrosion

by corrosion current; Corrosion of different forms: Galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting

corrosion, intergranular corrosion, selective corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion,

hydrogen damage, corrosion control methods; Inhibitors: anodic, cathodic and mixed inhibitors;

Cathodic protection: sacrificial anode method, impressed current method; Anodic protection:

Galvanic protection and impressed current protection.

Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion devices; Terminology related to energy

conversion and storage: Primary, secondary and fuel cells; Primary batteries: Examples for

them;Secondary batteries: lead acid battery etc., lithium batteries, nickel cadmium batteries,

thermodynamic of batteries; Fuel cells: hydrogen oxygen cell, hydrogen air cell, bio-enzymatic

fuel cells; Semiconductor-electrolyte interaction, band bending, Photo Electrochemical (PEC) and

photogalvanic (PG) conversion; PEC cells, PG cells, photovoltaic cell of first, second, third and

fourth generation, hybrid solar cell.

Electrochemistry in Industry

Industrial electrolysis and electrosynthesis: Chloro alkali process, metal extraction, metal

finishing electrodialysis and its applications, metal recovery by ion exchange, electrochemical ion

exchange, electrowining, electro catalysts and electro synthesis;Kinetics and mechanisms of

electrodeposition, current efficiency, deposit thickness, atomistic aspects of electrodeposition,

pulse deposition techniques; Electroplating: Requirements for electroplating, mechanism of

electrtroplating; Electropolymerization: Polyaniline, polythiophene, applications of conducting

polymers.

Electrochemical technology in water treatment:The advantages and limitations of electrochemical

technology; Metal ion removal from process solutions, regeneration of chromic acid

electroplating baths; Electro coagulation technique for the removal of excess fluoride and

hardness in water.

Bioelectrochemistry: The electrochemical interface between biomolecules, Nerve impulae and

cardiovascular, electrochemistry, oxidative phosphorelation, Bioenergetics, Bio-electrocatalysis.

9. Teaching methods

33





1. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science & Engineering. Kelly R.G., Scully J.R.,

Shoesmith D.W., Buchheit R.G., Mercel Decker Inc, New York

2. Industrial Electrochemistry. D. Pletcher and F. C. Walsh, 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall,

London, 1990

3. A First Course in Electrochemical Engineering, The Electrochemical Consultancy. F. C.

Walsh, Romsey, 1993

4. Physical Chemistry. P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, 8th Edition

5. Bioelectrochemistry: Fundamentals, Experimental Techniques and Applications, P. N.

Bartlett, Wiley, 2008

GNERNAL / SPECIAL DEGREE COURSES – Level 3

1. Name of the Course: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY




5. Pre-requisites: Physical Chemistry I (CHE 1302), Physical Chemistry II (CHE 2301)

and General Chemistry (CHE 1201) courses are compulsory

6. Course aims

The course aims to provide:

Fundamentals and detailed knowledge in environmental chemistry, the toxicity of

chemicals and how they affect our natural world

The methods of environmental analysis while collecting samples of a variety of matrices

such as surface water, ground water, soil, sediment, air, and fishes


On successful completion of this course students should be able to:

Explain the nature, reactivity and environmental fates of toxic chemicals

Describe the chemistry of natural waters and of their pollution and purification

Describe the atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry

Analyse important physical properties and are able to relate soil physical properties to soil

processes and plant growth

Provide a sound basis for considering the fundamental chemical processes operating in the

Earth system, including bonding and minerals, isotopes and fluid chemistry

Examine important environmental chemistry problem





34

Perform physical and chemical analysis of air, water and soil samples accurately, precisely

and safely using appropriate and established methodology


Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry (06 h)

Composition and structure of atmosphere; Chemistry of the stratosphere and troposphere, both in

the gas phase and in and on particles; Formation of aerosols; Sources, transport, and fate of

pollutants; Lifetimes of chemical compounds, radicals and radical families; Gas phase and

heterogeneous chemistry; Atmospheric circulation and its implications for the transport and

mixing of atmospheric pollution; The climate system including discussion of the greenhouse

gases, both natural and anthropogenic; Effects of air pollution on climate, water and soil.

Sampling and analytical techniques for air.

Aquatic Environmental Chemistry (15 h)

The dissolved CO2 system in natural waters, alkalinity, total C, buffering, alkalinity and titrations,

precipitation and dissolution, mineral solubility and the Gibbs phase rule, complexation, redox

reactions, pe and Eh, Water quality parameters, sampling of water, health aspects of pollution of

water, analytical techniques for water quality; Interaction with soil (agricultural soil pollution and

eutrophication) and measurements in water pollution; Irrigation water quality: Salinity/electrical

conductivity, Na absorption ratio (SAR), effect of adjusted sodium absorption ratio, adjusted RNa

and the permeability of soil and levels of Cl-, carbonates, nitrates/N, sulphates, borates and

phosphates.

Environmental Soil Chemistry (15 h)

The classification of common pollutants in soils. Soil pollution in relation to soil functioning, fate

and effects of pollutants in soil environments. Detailed insight into the chemistry of soils

including specific surface of soil minerals, surface charge of soil minerals, chemistry of soil

organic matter, soil solution-solid phase equilibrium, sorption phenomena on soils,

bioavailability, Ion exchange process, Metal iron exchange process, reaction at limited sites,

oscillating reaction, bioavailability, degradation, transport and biological/toxicological effects in

soil. Soil and Water Movement: Properties of water, measurement of soil water content and

potential, capillary tube concept, forces of water retention in soils, water movement in saturated

soils, measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity,

water movement in unsaturated soils, infiltration of water and preferential flow;Availability of

Soil Water to Plants: Field capacity and permanent wilting point; Factors affecting water

availability: Water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, aeration, fertility, salinity,

root distribution, critical periods.

Introduction to Biogeochemistry (04 h)

Reactions of P-block elements. Biogeochemistry in Freshwater; Wetlands lakes and Oceans;

Primary production and nutrient cycling in lakes, lake budgets, and climatic change, aquatic; The

basics redox reactions in natural environments.

9. Teaching methods







35



1. Environmental Chemistry. Biard, Collin, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, NY

2. Environmental Soil Chemistry D. L. Sparks, ISBN 0126564469

3. Aquatic Chemistry. Stumm and Morgan, ISBN: 978-0-471-51185-4

4. Atmospheric chemistry and Physics. J.H. Seinfield, S.N. Pandis, 0471178160


1. Name of the Course: NATURAL PRODUCTS





6. Course aims

This course adopts a multi-disciplinary approach to the subject of natural products, therefore, we

will draw from the fields of chemistry and biochemistry.


natural product chemistry, classification of natural products, isolation techniques and

physiochemical data, terpenes, steroids, fatty acids and related compounds, sugars,

carboaromatic and related compounds, alkaloids and non-alkaloids containing nitrogen.

A special emphasis will be placed on how chemical structure affects the physiological

function of various natural products. These "structure activity relationships" explain the

interaction of small molecules in living systems and pharmacology of drugs.


After successful completion of this course, students should be able to

Describe the origin and classification of natural products

Identify natural products and their probable biosynthetic pathways

Describe the role of chemical structure in physiological function of natural products and

their derivatives

Enhance their knowledge of biological and biochemical sciences and think critically about

the use of herbal remedies and the potential of drug development from natural products 8. Course description

Carbohydrates, structure of glucose, aldohexoses, reactions with phenyl hydrazene, analysis of

cyclic acetals, mutarotation, glycosides, synthesis of glycosides, amino acids, reactions of amino

acids, peptides, structure elucidation of peptide structure, determination of N-terminal residue,

determination of C-terminal residue, alkaloids, extraction and isolation of alkaloids, synthesis of

alkaloids, steroids, nomenclature of steroids, reactions of steroids, terpines, extraction of

terpenoids, synthesis of terpenoids.

9. Teaching methods



36



1. Natural Products: Their Chemistry and Biological Significance. Mann, J., Davidson, R. S.,

Hobbs, J. B. and Harborne, J. B., 1994, Longman Scientific and Technical

2. Natural Product Chemistry: A Mechanistic, Biosynthetic and Ecological Approach.

Torssell, K.B.G.,2ndEdition, USA: Taylor & Francis; 1999


1. Name of the Course: INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH PROJECT


3. Credits: 2 (6 months from the day of commencement)



6. Course aims

Literature survey, presentation skills and writing reports are essential skills that a student should

develop during a degree programme. Therefore, third year students who are not enrolled in

Special degree in Chemistry programme should do this compulsory course.

This course is conducted as a literature survey and is written to highlight specific arguments and

ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer should attempts to show what

has been studied in the field, and also where the weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study.

The review should demonstrate to the reader why the writer’s research is useful, necessary,

important, and valid. It should not be a literal repeat of what is in the literature/internet but the

student’s own interpretation and analyses of the information.


A Literature survey on Industrial Research Project is more than an Annotated Bibliography or a

summary, because student is organizing and presenting his/her sources in terms of their overall

relationship to his/her own project. Therefore, upon completion of the course, the student should

be able to: perform literature review; choose and develop a research topic; argue and establish

about a topic what has been studied; find books, articles and other materials, cite sources; evaluate

resources and results; develop presentation skills and write reports and publications.


A literature survey is a review and discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a

concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic, and it is usually

organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review should write in an essay format and

it evaluates previous and current research in regard to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it

relates to one’s own research.Field of Survey - Any area in chemistry or as given below:

Chemistry and Medicine, Biology, Physics, Information Technology, Agriculture,

Nanotechnology, Polymer, Catalysis, Energy, Textile, Solid State, Environment, Education.





37

Questions a Literature Survey should answer: What's been done in this topic area to date?

What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have

put forward? Which are the important works?

Length: The length of a literature review varies depending on its purpose and audience. In this

current context the survey should be many chapters depending on the possible subdivision of the

main topic (at least 20 pages and maximum 45 pages).

Structure: There are several ways to organize and structure a literature survey. Two common

ways are chronologically or thematically; Chronological: In a chronological review, a student

will group and discuss his/her sources in order of their appearance (usually publication),

highlighting the changes in research in the field and student’s specific topic over time; Thematic:

In a thematic review, a student will group and discuss his/her sources in terms of the themes or

topics they cover. This method is often a stronger one organizationally, and it can help the student

resist the urge to summarize his/her sources.

Conclusion: Astudent’s account should include further developments that can be done in the area

he/she is studying.

Formal Presentation: Student will also be required to give a 15 minute oral presentation at a

formal session at which you will be required to answer questions.

The report should have following major sections: Abstract; Introduction - An introduction to

the area or the field of survey, the significance of the study, the current knowledge available;

Survey Methodology - This should include the way how the survey was conducted, the

information sources referred; Results and Discussion - In this chapter the results obtained and

how the results are used to draw conclusions should be described; Conclusion/s - The outcome of

the survey, future directions etc must be included and References - Should use one of the

recommended systems which is directed by supervisor

The report should have following format: Title Page - Title of the Project, Student’s name and

year of submission should be mentioned; Declaration page, Acknowledgements, Abstract, Table

of contents, List of figures, List of tables, Major chapters, (Appendix if needed)

Initial submission - Soft bound version to the supervisor

Final submission - Once the presentations and viva are completed at the deadline or before hard

bound version with gold lettering in the front cover

9. Teaching methods

Industrial training (Special Degree students)

Literature review, labs and field work (General Degree students)


The knowledge and the skills of a student will be assessed throughout the 6 months from the day

of commencement by means of meetings with the supervisor and feedbacks, meeting deadlines,

maintenance of records, writing, presentation and communication skills and etc. A student will be

evaluated and grades will be assigned on their above mentioned performances.

Evaluation of the written project

Examiner will consider each of the four review criteria below in the determination of scientific

and technical merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong

in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by

its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.

Significance: Does this study address an important problem? If the aims of the application are

achieved, how will scientific knowledge or clinical practice are advanced? What will be the effect

of these studies on the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative

interventions that drive this field?

38

Approach: Are the conceptual or clinical framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately

developed, well-integrated, well-reasoned, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Does the

applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics?

Innovation: Is the project original and innovative? For example: Does the project challenge

existing paradigms or clinical practice; address an innovative hypothesis or critical barrier to

progress in the field? Does the project develop or employ novel concepts, approaches or

methodologies, tools, or technologies for this area?

Environment: Does the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the

probability of success? Do the proposed studies benefit from unique features of the scientific

environment, or subject populations, or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there

evidence of institutional support?



1. How to do a Research Project: Guide for Undergraduate Students. Colin Robson


1. Name of the Course: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY II




5. Pre- requisites: All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

The aim of the course is to:

Provide a sound theoretical description of modern analytical techniques in qualitative and

quantitative chemical analysis

Allow the students to gain necessary knowledge in chromatography, spectroscopy and

electrochemical techniques in separation and identification of test samples and nuclear

analytical techniques that are discussed as a non-destructive method of analysis

Guidance on the appropriate choice of analytical technique for the analysis of samples in

industry, environment, pharmaceutical and forensic science etc.



Describe the fundamental principles of procedures used and relevant terminology

associated with separation and quantification.

Develop the intellectual skills to integrate theory and practise related to chromatographic,

spectroscopic, nuclear and electro analytical techniques to solve qualitative and

quantitative problems with familiar and unfamiliar contexts.

Identify the roles of different types of professionals involved in evaluating samples and

methods of analyses

Describe how spectroscopic and analytical methods are used to analysevarious samples

Determine the accuracy and reproducibility of methods studied in this course

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the methods studied in this course


39

Separation and spectroscopic methods (20 h)

Colorimetric and Spectrophotometric Methods: Principles of colorimetric and spectrophotometric

methods, combined Beer-Lambert law and its application in UV-Vis spectroscopy, deviations of

Beer-Lambert law, matrix effects and corrections.

Atomic Spectrometric Methods: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Emission spectroscopy,

flame emission spectrometry, plasma emission spectrometry (Inductive Couple Plasma),

applications in quantitative analysis.

Ion-exchange Methods: Principles, types, action of ion exchange resins, ion exchangeequilibria,

factors determining the distribution of ions between ion exchange resins and solution, ion

exchange capacity, The column separation: Experimental techniques, some widely used resins,

ion exchange in organic and aqueous-organic solvents, effect of complexing agent, separation of

metal ions on anion exchange columns.

Solvent Extraction: Distribution coefficient, distribution ratio, factors favouringsolvent extraction,

quantitative treatment of solvent extraction equilibria, synergistic extraction, ion association

complexes, extraction reagents, solvent extraction of metals.

Chromatographic Methods: Chromatographic behaviour of solutes, retention behaviour, partition

coefficient, column efficiency and resolution, principles of paper chromatography (PC), thin layer

chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), Ion chromatography (IC), high

performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Column chromatography.

Electro-Analytical Chemistry (10 h)

Ion selective electrodes; Response and selectivity of ion selective electrodes; Ion selective

electrodes of different types; Glass electrodes, solid state electrodes, liquid-liquid electrodes,

electro-gravimetry and Coulometric Methods of Analysis: Current voltage relationship during

electrolysis, ohmicpotential drop, concentration polarization, kinetic polarization, over potential;

Coulometry: Controlled working electrode potential coulometry; Coulometric titrations and

mediators; Polarography and voltammetric methods of analysis: Classical polarography -

Diffusion current, residual current and limiting current, half wave potential; Ilkovic-Heyrovski

Equation; Oxygen wave, current maxima, effect of complex formation; Chemical analysis using

polarography and its limitations; Modified polarographic techniques: Normal and differential

pulse polagraphy and square wave polarography; Voltammetry: Anodic and cathodic stripping

voltammetry, potentiometric stripping analysis; Potential sweep methods; Linear sweep and cyclic

voltammetry, amperometry and Amperometric titrations.

Analytical Techniques in Biochemical Analysis (10 h)

Densitometry, HPLC, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), spectrophotometry,

spectrofluorometry and electrophoresis.

Nuclear Analytical Techniques (05 h)

Radiochemistry: production and control of radioisotopes and labelled compounds, radioanalytical

chemistry: radiation detection and measurement, Activation analysis, Isotopic dilution and

radioactive titration, Applications.

Forensic Chemistry (05 h)

Chain of Custody, Forensic drug analysis, Forensic toxicology, Trace Analysis/Arson,

Serology/DNA Analysis

40

9. Teaching methods





1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. Skoog D. A. and West D.M., 7thEdition, Hold

Rinehart and Winston, New York

2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L. and Dean, J.A., 7th Edition,

Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

3. Chemical Analysis. Laitinen, H. A. and Harris, W. E., 2nd Edition, Mc-Graw–Hill

Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo

4. Forensic Chemistry. Suzanne Bell, 2006, Pearson‐Prentice Hall. ISBN 0‐13‐147835‐4

SPECIAL DEGREE COURSES – Level 3

1. Name of the Course: SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

The aim of this course is:

Students are given an overview of some basic principles, techniques and applications

associated with solid state materials and different methods of thermal analysis

Students will learn the advantages and disadvantages of these thermal analysis methods

and how to use them to solve problems of interest in chemistry and solid state materials

Students are expected to be able to choose the right tools for analysis in their current or

future research



Use thermodynamics to explain the presence of point defects in crystalline solids

Derive the band structure of a solid, starting from the orbital diagrams of individual atoms

Calculate the absorption edge, carrier density, and electrical conductivity of a material, and

predict how incident photons of given energies or wavelengths will interact with a material





41

Explain how electronic structure and bonding affects the thermal

conductivity, electricalconductivity, optical behaviour and other bulk properties of solids

Apply thermal methods in qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid materials

Characterize solid compounds in both qualitative and quantitative manner and also to obtain

actual two-dimensional/three dimensional images of atomic positions in a solid


Types of inorganic compounds with two and three different elements: Discrete molecules, layer

structures, giant structures; CsCl, NaCl (rock salt), ZnS (zinc blende &Wurtzite), CaF2 (fluorite),

Na2O (antifluorite), TiO2 (rutile), ilmenite, spinel, perovskite structures; The atomic, covalent, van

der Waals and ionic radii and their determinations; The radius ratio and its determinations for

coordination numbers, 3, 4, 6 & 8.

Thermal properties: Specific heat capacity, Einstein model, plank distribution law

Defects and Non-stochiometry: (a) Lattice defects: inherent thermodynamic defects, Schottky and

Frenkel defects, equilibrium concentration of Schottky and Frenkel defects, (b) Other

mperfections: Point-defects, line defects, plane defects, edge and screw dislocations, hall effect,

colour centre, (c) Non-stoichiometry: Non-stoichiometry alkali metal halides, transition metal

oxides and sulphides, (d) Impurity: Foreign impurity atoms or ions, impurity in a semi-conducting

elements, (e) Experimental investigation of lattice defects: Ionic conductivity and self-

diffusion,density.

Band theory of solids: Introduction to energy bands,metals, semiconductors, the Kronig-Penny

model, the Fermi–Dirac distribution, charge carriers in semiconductors,intrinsic and extrinsic

semiconductors, direct and indirectband gap semiconductors,metal-semiconductor junction.

Thermal and Microscopic Methods of Analysis (15 h)

Introduction to thermal method of analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis

(DTA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); Some

applications of thermal methods in ceramics, cements, polymers etc.; Characterization of solids by

scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron

microscopy (TEM) and solid-state NMR.

9. Teaching methods









42

1. Solid State Chemistry. Anthony R. West, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition

2. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. A. I. Vogel, ELBS Longman's Green and

Co Ltd., London, 5th Edition

3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. D. A. Skoog and M. West, 7th Edition, Saunders

Golden Sunburst Series

4. Thermal Methods of Analysis. W. W. Wendlandt, Interscience, New York, 1964

5. Thermal Methods of Analysis: Principles, Applications and Problems. P. J. Haines,

Blackie Academic and professional, New York, 1995.

6. Principles and Applications of Thermal Analysis. Paul Gabbott, Wiley


1. Name of the Course: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY II






6. Course aims

This unit aims to provide a broad understanding of the different metallurgical alloys that are

commonly used in the industries and petroleum chemistry.


Upon completion of this course students should be able to:

Describe techniques available for extractive metallurgy and the use of Ellingham diagrams

Describe preparation and heat treatment and mechanical processing of alloys of nonferrous

metals

Describe the chemistry and purification of crude oil and their applications


Metallurgy and Alloys

Occurrence of metals, basic concepts of metallurgy, classification of metallurgical processes,

concentration of ores, extraction of metals, hydro-metallurgy, pyro-metallurgy, refining (e.g.:

extraction of Al, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ti), Thermodynamics of the oxidation of metals to metal oxides,

Ellingham diagrams and their applications in metal extraction.

Allotropic forms of iron, Cast Iron: Iron-Iron carbide and iron-carbon phase diagrams,

transformations resulting into white cast iron, grey cast iron, malleable cast iron, S. G. iron, alloy

cast iron; correlation of properties to their microstructures and applications; Alloy steels, effect of

alloying elements on steel properties,; Heat Treatment of Steels: Time-Temperature-

Transformation diagram, isothermal and continuous transformations; Austenitic grain size

control/grain refinement, study of effects like temper-brittleness, overheating and burning of

steels study of heat-treatment processes with heat treatment cycles for plain C steels such as

different types of annealing. Applications of above processes for the industrial practices; Non-

ferrous alloys, Al-Cu alloys, Al-Si alloys, Mg-Al alloys, Ti and its alloys, Ni based alloys and

alloys for high temperature applications.

Petroleum chemistry: Occurrence and origin of petroleum, oil exploration, production of

petroleum from tar sands, oil shale and crude oil, refining and classification of refinery

43

products, tests for petroleum products, cracking of petroleum, octane rating and methods of

upgrading, petrochemicals, products from carbon black, production of alkanes and aromatics,

products from alkanes, aromatics and olefins, naphtha: polystyrene and production of range of

plastics, the impact of the petroleum industry on the environment.

9. Teaching methods





1. Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys. Flake C. Campbell (Ed.), 2008, ASM

International, USA

2. A text book of material Science and metallurgy. O. K. Khanna, 2002, Rai Publications

(Pvt.) Ltd., Taj Press, New Delhi

3. The chemistry and technology of Petroleum. Speight G. James, Marcel Dekker Inc. 1991


1. Name of the Course: CHEMISTRY LABORATORY


3. Credits: 2 (60-75 hours Practical)


5. Pre-requisites: All chemistry courses in level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

The course aims to provide:

Hands-on experience with organic, inorganic and physical chemistry lab techniques

Develop scientific writing skills, knowledge of scientific background of each experiment,

data analysis scientific reasoning and analytical thinking


Subject-specific knowledge and skills:

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the chemical principles illustrated by the

practical work carried out

Demonstrate basic skills in planning and executing practical problems in Chemistry

Perform experimental procedures safely





44

Use chemicals and apparatus with care, confidence and in correct manner and obtain

accurate results

Make careful observations of chemical reactions and explain them qualitatively in terms of

balanced chemical reactions

Interpret basic spectroscopic data (i.e. NMR, IR, Mass spectrometry)

Work effectively alone, in a pair and in larger groups to solve practical chemical problems

Modes of teaching, learning and assessment and how these contribute to the learning

outcomes of the module:

Pre-laboratory exercises are used to ensure that students have a clear understanding of the

practical concepts they will be following, prior to attending the laboratory. Pre-lab work is

assessed in a summative manner, and the student is provided with feedback

Laboratory classes teach students techniques in various aspects of practical chemistry.

They are also essential because a chemist needs to be able to perform standard

experiments competently. Students are continuously assessed in their practical skills whilst

in the laboratory, and provided with feedback

Report writing demonstrates a student’s ability to analyse their data and present in a

consistent and coherent format, consistent with standard chemistry reporting methods.

Reports are assessed in a summative manner and returned with feedback


Inorganic Chemistry:Preparation of inorganic complexes and analysis for stoichiometry and

absorption spectra; Synthesis and reactions of organometallic complexes; Study of inorganic

reaction mechanisms; Separation of cations and anions using solvent extraction and subsequent;

Analysis using titrimetry, or colorimetry; Separation of cationic and anionic complexes using ion-

exchange methods and the subsequent analysis using titrimetry, or colorimetry, atomic absorption

spectrophotometry; Determination of indicator constant, formation constants, stoichiometry etc.

using colorimetric methods; Environmental analysis: Determination of dissolved oxygen, BOD,

COD, toxic chemicals etc.;Organic Chemistry:Advanced techniques in organic synthesis

separation and structure elucidation, advanced one step synthesis, synthesis of heterocyclic

compounds (reflux technique), multi-step synthesis (use of a protecting group), oxidation

reaction, photochemical reaction, a rearrangement reaction, Grignard synthesis, separation of

reaction products by chromatography, extraction of natural products, isolation of caffeine and

purification, isolation of piperine from black pepper-Soxhlet Extractor, isolation by steam

distillation: volatile constituents cumin, identification of major and preparation of derivatives,

isolations of trimyristin from nutmeg and saponification to myristic acid, biochemistry,

determination of KM and Vmax of an enzyme, effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity,

isolation of DNA from yeast and determination of Tm value, determination of cholesterol content

in egg yolk, use of GC as a quantification technique: determination of % ethanol of alcoholic

beverages using GC, phytochemical screening of ayurvedic herbs.

Physical Chemistry:Determination of physical constants and parameters in experiments involving

equilibria, electrochemistry, thermodynamic measurements, spectrophotometry, surface chemistry

and molecular properties;Given below is a representative sample of the determinations that should

be carried out: Molecular masses by thermometry, cryoscopy and steam distillation,

kinetics of reactions through conductometry, specific surface areas of adsorbents, activity

Coefficients in solutions through potentiometry and thermodynamic properties including partial

molar properties.

9. Teaching methods

Practical, assignments and quizzes

45




1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 5thEdition, G. H. Jeffery, J. Bassett,

J. Mendham, R. C. Denney

2. Vogel Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5thEdition, Furnis B.S. Et All, Longman

3. A Textbook of Practical Physical Chemistry. Fajans K. and Wust J., J. Chem. Educ., 1993


1. Name of the Course: APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

The course focuses on learning the principles of computational chemistry and computer-based

molecular design. This course aims to provide:

Both classical and quantum mechanical methods are covered at introductory level

Students to learn a variety of commonly used techniques, such as geometry optimization,

orbital shapes, electron & potential density maps, conformer searching, transition states

location, vibrational spectroscopic predictions

Students to learn basics of key algorithms such as HyperchemTM, GaussianTM and

GAMESS.



Explain the basic theory and algorithms behind computational chemistry methods

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and how to use them to solve

problems of interest in chemistry and molecular sciences

Design questions that can be solved with modern computational approaches and choose

right computational tools to assist in their current or future research


Introduction

Molecular Mechanics: Force fields, potential energy functions, inter and intramolecular

interactions, empirical parameters; Molecular mechanics calculations, energy minimization,

conformational analysis, common force fields and their limitations Lab; CHARMM.





46

Molecular Dynamics: Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulation methods - Importance

sampling and Metropolis sampling, application in molecular dynamics, MD methods calculation

of thermo parameters in simple system, diffusion coefficients, conductivity, pKa.

Ab initio Methods: HF-Roothan hall equation, basic function and basic sets [up to 6-311 G, d, f],

introduction to electron correlations, calculation of electron density, electrostatic potential, etc.

Semi Empirical Methods: Introduction and need for semi-empirical methods, CNDO, NDO,

MNDO, AM 1, ZDO approximation, comparison of results with ab initio methods for simple

chemical systems

Density Functional Theory: Density functional theory vsHartree-Fock methods, modelling

methods in solid state, recent advances in the field of quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics

methods, etc.

Practical: Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, ab initio, semi empirical methods, density

functional theory.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, practical, assignments and tutorials/quizzes




1. Introduction to Computational Chemistry, Jensen, Frank; John Wiley & Sons: New York,

1999

2. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. Andrew R. Leach, 2nd Edition, Prentice

Hall, 2001

3. Essentials of Computational Chemistry, Cramel, Willy intersciences.


1. Name of the Course: ADVANCED ELECTROCHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

The objective of the course is to give:

The students a solid foundation upon which they will be able to use the modern

electrochemistry into their research and career


Continuous assessments (Theory and Practical) 10%



47

The student will be given the fundamental of electrode reactions and will be illustrated

with examples of modern electrochemical technologies, the knowledge about the

deposition methods, the characteristic of layers and the methodologies to highlight the

properties and quality of these coatings



Calculate various thermodynamic parameters for the ion-solvent interaction

Describe the electrochemical double layer based on common models and determine double

layer capacitance and characterizes electrode processes and complex interfaces

Apply the Nernst, Butler-Volmer and Tafel equations to electrochemical systems and

describe the difference between equilibrium properties and properties of electrochemical

systems in which currents are present

Describe and apply electrochemical methods such as: chronoamperometry and cyclic

voltammetry, as well as the type of information that can be obtained with these techniques

Perform cyclic voltammetry measurements and explain the mechanism and kinetics of the

studied electrochemical reaction from the experimental data

Describe how ac impedance, spectroelectrochemistry and the use of coupled techniques to

electrochemistry can be used to obtain information about electrochemical systems

Explain the concepts of common techniques for the study of homogeneous and

heterogeneous catalytic processes

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using micro- and nanostructured materials

and surface-modified electrodes in electrochemical investigations


Ion-Solvent & Ion-Ion Interaction (08 h)

Ion-solvent interaction - Expression for H and S and G of ion-solvent interaction,

experimental verification of Born Model, ion-dipole model of ion-solvent interaction and

expression for heat of solvation, ion-ion interaction - true and potential electrolytes, Debye-

Huckel (ion-cloud) theory of ion-ion interactions, limiting and extended forms of Debye-Huckel

equation; activity coefficients and ion-ion interaction; electrode-electrolyte interface,

electrocapilary equation, experimental evaluation of surfaces excesses, charge density and

interfactional capacitance.

Electrical Double Layer (05 h)

Thermodynamics of ideally polarizable and non-polarizable interfaces- Lipman equation

determination of interfacial tension, charge density, surface excess and double layer capacitance

by electro capillary & bridge methods - Helmholtz, Gouy-Chapman and Stern models of the

double layer with discussion of potential and charge distribution inside the double layer-contact

adsorption and its determination; Bockris, Devanathan and Muller model of the double-layer.

Electrode Kinetics (05 h)

Concepts of equilibrium potential, equilibrium exchange current density - derivation of Butler-

Volmer equation and high field & low field approximations, charge transfer resistance and

polarizability of the interface - concepts of rate determining step, determination of kinetics

parameters (io, ks, α) by linear polarization methods, charge transfer resistance and Tafel plots.

Voltammetric Techniques (05 h)

Transport phenomena - Migration, diffusion, convection and coupled transport in an electric field,

Faradaic current and non-Faradaic current; Polarization and over potential: concentration,

activation and Ohmic polarization, electrolytic polarization, dissolution and decomposition

potential, overvoltage – hydrogen and oxygen overvoltage, applications; Cyclicvoltammetry:

48

Definition of reversibility, charging currents, convection less methods, chronoamperometry,

cottrell equation, linear scan and cyclic voltammetry, pulse methods, convection methods, rotating

disk and ring-disk voltammetry.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (05 h)

Response of electrical circuits - Arbitrary input signals, concept of complex impedance, real part,

imaginary part, data presentation, Nyquist Plot; Linearity of Electrochemistry Systems: Time and

frequency domains and transforms, electrical circuit elements, serial and parallel combinations of

circuit elements.

Physical Electrochemistry and Equivalent Circuit Elements: Double layer capacitance, electrolyte

resistance, polarization resistance, charge transfer resistance, diffusion; Constant phase element;

Common equivalent circuit models - Simplified Randles Cell, mixed kinetic and diffusion control.

Electroactive Layers and Modified Electrodes (02 h)

Chemically modified electrodes, Types and methods of modification – Chemisorption, covalent

bond formation, polymer film coatings, inorganic materials, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) methods,

properties of the modified electrodes, electrochemistry at monolayer and multilayer modified

electrodes, characterisation of modified electrodes.

9. Teaching methods





1. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment and Applications. 2nd Edition, E.

Barsoukov, J. R. Macdonald, eds., Wiley Interscience Publications, 2005

2. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner,

Wiley Interscience Publications 2000

3. Physical Chemistry. P. W. Atkins, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press

4. Modern Electrochemistry – Vol. I & II. J. O. M. Bockris& A. K. N. Reddy, Plenum Press,

New York, 2000

5. Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry. P. P. T. Kissinger and W. R.

Heineman, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York


1. Name of the Course: SURFACE AND COLLOIDAL CHEMISTRY










49

6. Course aims

The aim of the course is to provide:

Advanced knowledge within the field of surface and colloidal chemistry based on a

molecular perspective

Quantitative understanding of a selection of fundamental colloid and interfacial

phenomena



Distinguish the various interfacial systems and identify the difference between

chemisorption and physisorption and importance of surface phenomena in technologies

based on surface and colloid science

Analyse adsorption isotherms (BET, Langmuir and Freundlich) and its application to

chemical systems

Analyse the effect of surface tension, contact angle, surfactant on capillary rise, wetting,

spreading, and detergency

List the properties of colloidal systems, theories related to electrical double layer,

determine factors that affect their properties, interactions and stability of colloidal system

Describe the formation and properties of emulsion and the role of emulsifying agents in

emulsion stability and the applications of colloidal chemistry


Surfaces and Interfaces (12 h)

Introduction to surface phenomena, the definition of a surface and an interface, absorption and

adsorption, surface tension, surface free energy, contact angle, effects of solutes and temperature

on surface tension, surface pressure; The Kelvin equation and its applications, vapour pressure

above curved surfaces, super cooling and super heating; Comparative description of physisorption

and chemisorption, sticking probability and condensation coefficient, adsorption theories, the

measurement of surface and interfacial tension, the Gibbs equation, surface activity and

surfactants, spreading and wetting, monolayers; Adsorption isotherms, isobars and isosteres,

Gibbs adsorption isotherm and its application, Langmuir adsorption isotherm and its application,

introduction to multilayer adsorption; Determination of surface areas and molecular cross

sections, use of Langmuir trough method, monomolecular films, equation of state for an ideal

surface film and molecular areas.

Contact Angles and Wetting (06 h)

Definition of the contact angle, the phenomenon of wetting; Hydrophobicity and

superhydrophobicity, Young’s equation, the measurement of the contact angle; Cassie-Baxter

model and Wenzel's model, the critical surface tension.

Micelles and Surfactants (06 h)

Classification, physical properties of colloids, macromolecules and micelles, lyophilic and

lyophobic colloids, stability of colloids, foams and emulsions; Definition of surfactants, the

50

definition of the critical micelle concentration, the energetics of micelle formation, models of

micelle formation, applications of surfactants - detergent formulations.

Applications of Colloidal Chemistry (06 h)

Emulsions and foams, rheology, drilling fluids.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, assignments and tutorials / quizzes




1. Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry. Albarède Francis, 2002, edited by

Krister Holmberg, John Wiley & Sons Ltd

2. Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Peter A. Kralchevsky, Krassimir D. Danov,

and Nikolai D. Denkov, 197-267

3. Surface and Colloid Chemistry Principles and Applications, K. S. Birdi, 2009, CRC Press,

Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton London New York

4. Physical chemistry of surfaces, Adams


1. Name of the Course: PHOTOCHEMISTRY





6. Course aims

This course is designed to provide the knowledge of:

the theory and applications of pericyclic reactions, the processes of photochemistry and

photophysics on a molecular level, reaction mechanism of photochemistry and

applications in organic synthesis

Photoinduced degradation of organic materials


After completing the course the student should be able to:

● Recognise the main classes of pericyclic reaction

● Predict whether reactions are likely to proceed under thermal or photochemical conditions





51

Describe common photochemical and photophysical processes and mechanisms with

suitable theoretical models, and apply established experimental methods for the

investigation of these processes

Describe electron transfer and excitation energy transfer with quantitative models, the

structure and function of photosynthetic reaction centres

Determine the possible applications of photochemistry in the industrial field, for energy

conversion, luminescent sensors, the environmental impact of atmospheric photochemistry

and photodamage in biological systems


Pericyclic Reactions (10 h)

Introduction; Types of pericyclic reaction: Cycloaddition, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic

reactions; Intercation diagrams: Aromaticity, antiaromaticity, Huckel systems, Mobius systems,

Dewar-Huckel-Zimmerman aromatic transition state concept; Molecular orbitals, molecular

orbitals of conjugated polyenes and allyl systems, correlation diagrams, concept of HOMO and

LUMO - Fuki frontier orbital approach, Woodward-Hofmann rules, selection rules and

stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions and sigmatropic shifts - applications of

frontier molecular orbital approach, correlation diagram approach, Huckel-Mobius approach;

Sommelet-Hauser, Cope and Claisen rearrangements.

Photochemistry (14 h)

Interaction of radiation with matter, photo chemical reactions and their difference with thermal

reaction law of photo chemistry, Grothus, Drapper law, Stark Einstein law, Lambert law, Beer's

law; Organic photochemistry - Selection rules for electronic excitation; Electronic states, quantum

yield, excitation sources, filters, fluorescence and phosphorescence; Jablanski diagram, singlet

and triplet excited states, chemiluminescence, quenching of excited state, quantum yield, lifetime

of excited state, selective quenching, triplet quenchers, energy transfer, triplet sensitization, Stern-

Volmer kinetics, LASER, Mechanism of photochemical reactions: Excitation, excited states,

primary photolysis, reactive intermediates, secondary reactions; Study of photochemical reactions

of carbonyl compounds: Norrish type I and II reactions, photooxidations, photoreductions,

photocycloadditions and photorearrangements - di-pi-methane rearrangement;

Examples of photochemical systems (06 h)

photosynthesis, singlet oxygen damage and PDT, photoelectrochemistry and semiconductor

photocatalysis.Industrial and biological application of photochemical reactions.

9. Teaching methods





1. Physical Organic Chemistry. Isaacs, Neil S., 2nd Edition, Longman Group (UK)





52

2. Pericyclic Reactions: Theory and Applications. de Costa, M. D. P., 2010, Revised Edition,

Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Monograph 22

3. Modern Molecular Photochemistry. Turro, Nicholas J., 1st Edition, 1991, University

Science Books

4. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Lakowicz, Joseph R., 3rd Edition, 2006, Springer


1. Name of the Course: RESEARCH PROJECT


3. Credits: 6 (8 months)



6. Course aims

This course is designed to provide:

Hands-on experience on research (bench work) and certain methods and skills to become a

skilful researcher such as how to: analyse a problem and give solutions to that problem,

develop research topics - a strategic plan and design for data collection and analysis

Instrumentation, evaluate resources and results

How to deal with ethical and practical problems in the research

Improve presentation skills, writing reports and publications



Perform literature review; find books, articles and other materials, cite sources

Choose and develop a research topic

Argue and establish about a topic what has been studied

Approach the literature and theoretical issues related to the project

Develop a sampling frame and strategy or a rationale for their selection

Develop a strategy and design for data collection and analysis

Evaluate resources and results; deal with ethical and practical problems in the research

Develop presentation skills and write reports and publications


This is a compulsory course for the students who are selected for Special Degree in Chemistry at

the fourth year. The course consists of research work, which should last about six months at the

bench with a selected supervisor, submission of a final research report and some lectures on

research methodology, literature search and how to write a final research report.

The supervisor can be from the internal academic staff of Rajarata University of Sri Lanka or

from a recognized research institute. Students are free to choose a research topic based on their

research interests with the help of a supervisor. Some research topics will be made available by

the academics. In order to approve the proposed project it should be primarily chemically-

based.At the end of the semester, the student must submit a comprehensive report of the work

accomplished to the research adviser. A copy of the reportalso must submit to the Head of the

Department. No grade will be awarded to CHE 4605 without the comprehensive report.

53

The report should have following major sections: Abstract - Should concisely describe the

topic, the scope, the most significant findings and the conclusions. Abstract should not exceed

about 250 words; Introduction - An introduction to the area or the field of survey on the research

topic, the significance of the study, the current knowledge available; Materials and Methods -

This should include information of chemicals and reagents used and all the experimental details,

the way how the study was conducted; Results and Discussion - In this chapter the results

obtained should be properly interpreted and how the results are used to draw conclusions should

be described; Conclusion/s - The outcome of the study, future directions etc. must be included

and References - Should use one of the recommended systems which is directed by supervisor.

The report should have following format: Title Page - Title of the Project, Student’s name and

year of submission should be mentioned; Declaration page, Acknowledgements, Table of

contents, List of figures, List of tables, Abstract, Major chapters such as Introduction, Results and

Discussion, Conclusion and Future work, (Appendix if needed).

Initial submission - Soft bound version to the supervisor

Final submission - Once the presentations and viva are completed at the deadline or beforea hard

bound version with gold lettering in the front cover

Formal Presentation: Student will also be required to give a 15 minute oral presentation at a

formal session followed by viva.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures and research - lab and field work


The knowledge and the skills of a student will be assessed throughout the research work from the

day of commencement by means of meetings with the supervisor and feedbacks, meeting

deadlines, maintenance of records, writing, presentation and communication skills and etc. A

student will be evaluated and grades will be assigned on their performances in three categories:

bench work/research work, oral presentation and viva.

Evaluation of the written report, oral presentation and viva

Examiner/s will consider each of the three review criteria below in the determination of scientific

and technical merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong

in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by

its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.

Organization: The topic under investigation is defined, the questions/hypotheses are defined;

Sufficient background information is provided to allow a broad scientific audience (not just a

specialized audience) to understand the questions, methodology, results, conclusions and

significance; The experimental approach is adequately described and the motivation for each

experiment is provided; The data/findings are clearly described; The talk progresses in a logical

order; transitions between sections are clear; The conclusions are summarized and

limitations/future directions are outlined.

Visual Presentation: Slides contain simple declarative/informative titles; Text is used sparingly

to convey major points; where text is used, it should be brief and just contain key concepts (i.e.,

not necessarily complete sentences), long lists are avoided; Font size appropriate for viewers

sitting in the back of the room; Good contrast between text and slide background colour;

Wherever possible, figures or diagrams are used to convey concepts; Figures and diagrams are

kept as simple as possible and should lack distracting features that are not addressed.

54

Delivery: Speech is clearly enunciated; Disfluencies are avoided (e.g., uh, um, like, etc.); Volume

of speech is appropriate for listeners at the back of the room; Good eye contact with audience is

maintained; Terminology is used consistently throughout the presentation; Slide text is not read

word-for-word; Figures and diagrams are adequately discussed; Questions are repeated to the

audience and effectively addressed; Speech is connected with the visual information (i.e., using a

laser pointer).



1. How to do a Research Project: Guide for Undergraduate Students. Colin Robson


1. Name of the Course: NANOSECIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY





6. Course aims

Nanotechnology is inherently interdisciplinary and bridges across physics, biology, materials

science and chemistry. Therefore, this course is designed to help prepare students from a broad

range of disciplines for careers or graduate study in fields involving nanotechnology.

These fields cover a spectrum from medicine and catalysis to textiles and to quantum

computing

This course provides students with fundamental knowledge and skills in nano-scale

simulation, design, syntheses, characterization, properties, processing, manufacturing and

applications



Synthesise organic and inorganic nanoparticles and evaluate particle size and shape

distributions

Predict the stability of nanoparticles in solution and to understand the nucleation and

growth of nanoparticles

Analyse the size-dependent physical properties of nanoparticles and apply different

techniques for the characterization of nanomaterials will be aware of applications of

nanoparticles in science and technology


Introduction and classification(05 h)

Milestone of the development of nanotechnology, Nature's Nanotechnology, lotus effect, Swans

feathers etc.

Nanoscale architecture; Summary of the electronic properties of atoms and solids - Isolated atom,

bonding between atoms, giant molecular solids, the free electron model and energy bands,

electronic conduction; Effects of the nanometre length scale - Changes to the system total energy,

changes to the system structure, how nanoscale dimensions affect properties, the size dependence

of optical properties and concepts of superhydrophobicity, relationship between the surface area

55

effect and quantum mechanical effects, basic mathematics related to the properties observed in

nanoparticles.

Nanochemistry(08 h)

Preparation methods: Bottom-up synthesis and top-down approach - precipitation, self-assembly

and self-organization to design functional structures in 1D, 2D or 3D structures; Principles and

Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Growth and Stabilization: Thermodynamics of phase transitions and

fundamentals of nucleation growth. Carbon Nanostructures - Introduction; Carbon molecules -

nature of the carbon bond, new carbon structures; Carbon clusters - structure of C60, alkali doped

C60, superconductivity in C60, large and smaller fullerenes, other buckyballs; Carbon nanotubes -

fabrication, structure, properties of electrical, vibrational and mechanical;

Nanostructured Molecular Materials (05 h)

Introduction; Building blocks, principles of self-assembly, self-assembly methods to prepare and

pattern nanoparticles, liquid crystal mesophases, macromolecules at interfaces, the principles of

interface science, the analysis of wet interfaces, modifying interfaces, making thin organic films,

surface effects on phase separation, nanopatterning surfaces by self-assembly, functional-coating,

nanocomposites and applications.

Nanomaterials for Alternative Energy: (08 h)

Nanomaterials for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Generation and storage, Nanostrcutures for efficient

solar hydrogen production, Metal Nanoclusters in Hydrogen Storage Applications, Metal

Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells, Nanowires as Hydrogen Sensors, Ceramic

nanocomposites for alternate energy and environment protection, Applications for Cobalt

Nanoparticles and Graphite Carbon-Shells, Nanomaterials for Solar Thermal Energy and

Photovoltaic. Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Quantum Dots for Solar Energy. Applications

Nanoparticles for Conducting Heat Transfer

Nanomaterials for environmental remediation and possible health impact of nanomaterials. (04 h)

9. Teaching methods





1. Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark

Geoghegan, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005

2. Introduction to Nanotechnology. Charles P. Poole Jr and Frank J. Owens, Wiley

Interscience, 2003

3. Nanotechnology - Enabled Sensors. KouroshKalantar-zadeh and Benjamin Fry, Springer,

2008

4. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications. Guozhong Gao,

Imperial College Press, 2004





56

5. Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials. Royal Society of Chemistry,

Cambridge, UK, 2005

6. Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology. Yong Zhou, Nova Publishers


1. Name of the Course: ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY




5. Pre-requisites:Mathematical Methods for Chemistry (CHE 1106) Physical Chemistry I

(CHE 1302) and Physical Chemistry II (CHE 2301) courses are

compulsory. All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2.

6. Course aims


The in-depth knowledge of how to develop the ability to apply and interpret ideas in

statistical thermodynamics, reaction dynamics and quantum theory to solve a variety of

physical problems and applications

Advanced applied mathematics that includes differential and integral calculus, differential

equations, vector analysis, complex variables, matrix mechanics, and linear algebra



Calculate, analyse, explain and discuss common theoretical models describing molecular

collision and reaction dynamics, microscopic kinetics, diffusion concept and the activated

complex theory from a thermodynamical and statistical starting point and chemical

dynamics from the potential energy context

Justify and interpret interaction potentials as well as calculate thermodynamic properties

using corresponding configuration integrals for different model systems; analyse and

apply of partition function theory on fluids, adsorption and phase equilibria with the help

corresponding theories

Describe the mathematics necessary for the study of quantum theory, the experimental

basis of quantum theory, the Schrödinger equation and its applications to elementary

chemical problems and the behaviours of quantum systems are being harnessed for use in

a variety of real-world applications


Statistical Thermodynamics (15 h)

Overview of thermodynamics and its importance and utility; Molecular energy levels from

quantum mechanics; Definition of basic concepts and derivations of: Quantum mechanical picture

of a system of non-interacting and interacting particles, distinguishable and indistinguishable

particles, Stirling’s approximation, statistical entropy, configuration and statistical weights,

Boltzmann distribution, molecular partition function, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einsteinstatistics;

Relationship between macroscopic properties of a system and its possible configurations;

Ensemble properties; Canonical partition function; Translational, rotational, vibrational, and

electronic partition functions, relationship between canonical partition function and

thermodynamic properties, contributions from translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic

partition functions to thermodynamic properties, Sackur-Tetrode equation; Evaluation of the

57

Lagrange multiplier, β; Evaluation of equilibrium constants for reactions in gas phase; Mean

energies, heat capacities and residual entropy.

Molecular Reaction Dynamics (15 h)

Introduction: Drawbacks of Arrhenius theory, the kinetic theory of collision for bimolecular gas

phase reactions, relationship between critical energy and the activation energy, probability factor;

Activated complex theory, vibrational mode along the reaction coordinate, thermodynamic

interpretation of the overall rate constant, application of activated complex theory; Theories of

unimolecular reactions:Lindermann theory, The [M]½ value of the unimolecular reactions,

weaknesses of Lindemann theory, calculation of k value from Hinshelwood modification, the

treatment of Rice-Ramsperger and Kassel, energized complex, Slater’s treatment, Rice –

Ramsperger-Kassel (RRK model), modification by Marcus (RRKM theory); Liquid phase

reactions:Theory of diffusion - Controlled reactions, the theory of absolute reaction rates,

activation controlled reactions influence of solvent in liquid phase reactions; Effect of ionic

strength and pressure on reaction rates in solutions and Study of fast reactions in solutions.

Advanced Quantum Mechanics (15 h)

Theorems of quantum mechanics; Hermitian operators, expansions in terms of eigen functions,

commuting operators and parity, measurements and superposition states, postulates of quantum

mechanics (re-visit), interpretations of quantum mechanics; Many-electron atoms; Molecular

Hamiltonian, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, variation principle, potential energy surface,

electronic Hamiltonian, Huckel molecular orbital theory, the Hatree and Hatree-Fock methods;

Self-consistency, spin-orbit interactions, Condon-Slater rules, introduction to perturbation theory;

Electron correlation.

9. Teaching methods





1. Molecular Quantum Mechanics. Atkins, P.W., 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010

2. Physical Chemistry. Laidler, K. J., Meiser, J. H., Sanctuary, B. C., 4th Edition, Houghton

Mifflin Company, 2003, ISBN: 978-0-618-12341-4

3. Quantum Chemistry. I.N. Levine, 7th Edition, ISBN:1978-81-203-3898-2


1. Name of the Course: CHEMICAL-ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY







58


5. Pre-requisites:All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

The main objective of this course is to provide:

A basic understanding and knowledge of a broad spectrum of pollutants in the

environment

The core concepts in waste water treatment methodologies

Students receive instruction in the classroom, the laboratory and participate in tours of

industry, wastewater plants, drinking water plants, and landfills

A comprehensive knowledge and practice in statistical analytical methods and computer-

based environmental modelling



Assess different types of pollutants in the environment and to measure the toxicity level

Describe the fundamental principles in waste water treatment

Critically evaluate the functions and designs of biological and chemical unit operations in

waste water treatment

Apply statistical and chemical modelling methods to solve complex environmental

problems


Pollutants in the Environment (10 h)

Introduction to environmental organic and inorganic chemicals, Background thermodynamics,

emphasizing phase equilibria and the use of chemical fugacity in modelling phase equilibria,

Vapour pressure of organic chemicals, Aqueous solubility of organic chemicals and activity

coefficients in water, Air-water partitioning, Organic solvent-water partitioning; The octanol-

water partition coefficient, Organic acids and bases and their partitioning behaviour, Air-water

exchange of organic chemicals, Sorption of organic chemicals to solids, Chemical transformation

reactions, Photochemical transformation reactions, Biological transformation reactions.

Toxicology of Pesticides: Types of exposure, terminology used in toxicology studies,

measurement of toxicity levels, classifications of pesticides according to toxicity levels

Reaction Kinetics and modelling (15 h)

Introductions to kinetics of chemical transformation in the environment; Complex reaction

kinetics; Characteristic time scales; Kinetics at interfaces; Sources of kinetics and mechanistic

information; Formulation and calibration of environmental reaction kinetics; Catalysis in different

environmental compartments; Linear free energy and structure activity relationships and fate of

environmental chemicals; Kinetics of metal complex formation; Chemical transformations of

organic pollutants in the environment; Adsorption kinetics and heterogeneous electron transfer

mechanisms; Kinetics of colloid systems.

Computer applications in environmental modelling. Computer-based modelling: Linear,

regression, validation and forecasting. Computer-based modelling for population and population

studies.Matrices, simultaneous linear equations; tests of hypothesis and significance.Time series

analysis - moving averages (3 and 5 unit cycles) Current development in the subject.

Chemical aspects of waste treatment and management (20 h)

Water Treatment: Demand calculations and forecasting, Design of intake structures & pumping,

Process design concepts on major treatment units: Aeration, Flocculation, Sedimentation,

Filtration, Disinfections (Chlorination, UV, Ozonization), water softening, Application of

59

advanced treatment methods :. Demineralization, Ultra filtration, Reverse osmosis,

Colour&odour removal by activated carbon, Iron removal.

Inter-relations between water source management, quality of raw water & choose of treatment

processes. Selection of appropriate unit operations for the treatment and flow chart of water

treatment plant.

Design of transmission and distribution systems including water quality management for ensuring

safe drinking water quality.Applicable water quality standards.

Wastewater engineering: Preliminary & Primary Treatment: Quantity & Quality of sewage

generated, Impact of Future growth & development & change in quality of life on sewage quality

& quantity. Specification of treated wastewater for disposal into surface water, on land & for

treatment. Collection & pumping, Screen chamber, Grit chamber, Oil & grease removal, Dissolve

air floatation. Wastewater engineering for Biological Treatment: Principal, role of

microorganisms, ecosystem & designing of following biological Unit Operation in waste water

treatment. Stabilization pond, Aerated lagoon, Activated sludge process, Trickling filter,

anaerobic treatment.

Especial design considerations on SBR, MBR, MBBR and RBC systems.

Industrial Wastewater: Selection of appropriate unit operations for the treatment and flow chart of

wastewater treatment plant for dairy pulp &paper, electroplating. Biotechnology & Waste

Management: Application of biotechnology for the Treatment of Primary & secondary sludge.

Different model of anaerobic digestion by combination of attached & suspended growth.

9. Teaching methods





1. Industrial Safety and Health Management. Asfahl, C. Ray, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall

2. Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test

Ban Treaty. Badash, Lawrence, 1939-1963, New York, Humanities Press International,

Inc., 1999. ISBN: 9781573927154

3. The Discovery of Global Warming. Weart, Spencer, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004,

ISBN: 9780674016378






60

1. Name of the Course: ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY





6. Course aims


A detailed understanding of the structure, function, and biophysical properties of

biomolecules in a wide variety of organisms including viruses, bacteria, plants and

animals, including humans

The knowledge on proteins and carbohydrates including enzyme catalysis and kinetics, the

central metabolic pathways and photosynthesis

A portion of the biochemistry requirements to meet the needs of students wishing to

pursue research-oriented careers in the life sciences



Describe and apply the fundamental components and biochemical reactions that allow an

organism to convert light energy into chemical energy on the basis of photosynthesis,

identify the inputs and outputs of the light-dependent and carbon-assimilation pathways.

Describe the biochemical basis for, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein synthesis: cellular

location, functions of enzymes, regulation, and function of products

Describe the flux of carbon and nitrogen in living organisms; importance of enzymes

Develop a comprehensive view of how higher organisms receive and respond to external

stimuli at the biochemical level, hypothesize how and where a signal is received and what

type of biochemical circuitry is used to deliver the message and describe how mammalian

metabolism is integrated as demonstrated by hormonal regulation


Enzymes: Mechanism of action of ribonucleas and lysozyme; Bimolecular reaction mechanisms

of enzymes; Enzyme kinetics of enzyme inhibition Ki value Eadie – Hofstee and Woolf plots and

examples with applications.

Hormones: Insulin, glucagons, thyroid hormones, cortisol, prolactin – their metabolic effects and

mechanism of action.

Vitamins: Their role in metabolism and deficiency disorders.

Selected microbial carbohydrate metabolic pathways: Glyoxalate cycle, enter Duodoroff pathway,

Acetone-butanol fermentation and distinguishing pathways of glucose utilization.

Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids: Synthesis of cysteine and methionine in plants and

bacteria; Microbial production of glutamate shikimic acid pathway.

Metabolism of Glycerophospholipids: Metabolism of sphingolipids and steroids; Biosynthesis and

catabolism of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

Nucleotide biosynthesis and degradation.

Photosynthesis: Light reactions, Calvin Cycle C-3 and C-4 Plants.

Mutations: Nucleic acid biosynthesis and metabolic disorders.

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Molecular physiology: Protein regulation, oxygen binding to haemoglobin, modulators and

transport, blood groups, muscle contraction.

Signal Transduction: cell signalling cascades and G-proteins, sensory systems - cell signalling

pathways, neurotransmission.

Bionanotechnology - Drug development and metabolism.

9. Teaching methods





1. Biochemistry. 3rd Edition, Mathews, C. K., Holde, K. G. Van and Ahern K. G.

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Voet, D., Voet, J. G. and Pratt, C. W.

3. Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. Devlin, Thomas M. (Editor), 2011

4. Principles of Biochemistry. Lehninger, Nelson and Cox

5. Enzymes. Mathew, C. Deepal, Institute of Chemistry monograph

6. Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties. 2nd Edition, Creighton, T. E., New York,

NY: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1992. ISBN: 9780716770305

7. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. 2nd Edition, Fersht, Alan., New York, NY: W.H.

Freeman and Company, ISBN: 9780716716143

8. Mechanism in Protein Chemistry. Kyte, Jack., New York, NY: Routledge, 1995. ISBN:

9780815317005


1. Name of the Course: MOLECULAR AND SURFACE SPECTROSCOPY




5. Pre-requisition: All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

6. Course aims

Spectroscopic analysis is based on an atom or compound’s interaction with electromagnetic

radiation of specific wavelength and that provides information on chemical identity of a

compound, quantity present and structure based on the technique selected and the wavelength of

electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, this course is designed to introduce the theory, importance,

uses and industrial applications of different spectroscopic analysis techniques commonly used in

laboratories i.e. Raman spectroscopy in medical diagnostics.





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Describe the detailed and fundamental understanding of the measurement process and the

instrument function

Describe constitution of matter from atoms to complex molecules

Structure elucidation and characterization of molecules using different spectroscopic

techniques

understand the structure of solids surfaces and the application of surface structure

techniques

understand the principles behind a wide variety of surface spectroscopic techniques and

how these are applied to the characterization of molecular adsorption and surface

reactivity.


Electric dipole moment of a molecule: Definition of electric dipole moment, calculation of the

dipole moment of a molecule using the dipole moments of individual bonds, transition dipole

moment; Absorption of radiation as a microscopic phenomenon; Origins of an absorption

spectrum and positions of absorption peaks, decomposition of total energy of a molecule into

components, absorption peak heights and widths, microscopic processes that determine the

absorption peak height, selection rules, peak widths.

Rotational and Rotational Raman Spectroscopy: Diatomic molecules, intensity of line spectra, the

effect of isotropic substitution, non-rigid rotator and their spectra, polyatomic molecules (linear

and symmetric top molecules), classical theory of Raman Effect - Pure Rotational Raman spectra

(linear and symmetric top molecules).

Pure Vibrational Spectroscopy and the energy of diatomic molecules: Simple Harmonic oscillator,

anharmonic oscillator, diatomic vibrating rotator, vibration-rotation spectrum of carbon

monoxide, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrations of polyatomic molecules, influence of

rotation on the spectra of polyatomic molecules (linear and symmetric top molecules), Raman

activity of vibrations, vibrational Raman spectra.

Spin and magnetic field interaction: Larmor precession, relaxation time, spin-spin relaxation,

spin-lattice relaxation, NMR chemical shift, coupling constants, coupling between nuclei,

chemical analysis by NMR, ESR spectroscopy, fine structure in ESR, Mossbauer spectroscopy X-

ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy for Inorganic nuclei.

Surface Analytical Techniques (10 h)

UV photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Low energy electron

diffraction (LEED), Flame emission microscopy (FEM)

9. Teaching methods







63



1. Modern Spectroscopy, J. Michael Holl. 4th Edition, Wiley, 2004

2. Basic Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. J. Michael Holl, RSC, 2002

3. Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy. John M. Chalmers, and Peter Griffiths (Eds.), 5

Volume Set, Wiley, New York, 2002

4. Physical Method for Chemists. Russell S. Drago, 2nd Edition, Saunders College

Publishing, 1992

5. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. Colin N. Banwell and Elaine M. McCash, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company limited

6. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. T. A. Miller, Elsevier

7. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy. Tim Soderberg, University of Minnesota


1. Name of the Course: ELECTRONICS AND IT FOR CHEMISTRY



4. Type of course:Optional

5. Pre-requisites:All chemistry courses of level 1 and level 2

Co-requisites: Solid State Chemistry and Characterisation Methods (CHE 3212)

6. Course aims

This course is designed to provide the knowledge and understanding of:

the application of semiconductor materials in modern day devices based on p-n junctions

the hardware & the operating system and to solve simple problems by programming in C

or Fortran as per the syllabus

Familiarization of advance analyses using softwares



Explain the main principles of the free electron theory of metals and its limitations in

explaining metallic properties

Describe the properties of semiconductor materials and the importance of doping

Describe the applications in modern world


Analogue Electronics (08 h)

Law of Electricity; Ohm's, Kirchhoff's and power laws, voltage dividers, current splitters, direct

current, voltage and resistance measurement, errors in voltage measurement.

Alternative Current Circuits; Sinusoidal signals, inductive and capacitor reactance, series RC

circuits, current change in RC circuits, phase relation, impedance in RC circuits, low pass and

high pass filters based on RC circuits, basics of chemical impedance spectroscopy.

Semiconductor devices; Transistor biasing and transistor as an amplifier, voltage gain, transistor

as a switch, Introduction to field effect transistors, JFETs and MOSFETs.

Operational amplifiers; Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, current followers,

summing amplifiers, op-amp based electronic ammeters and voltmeters, semiconductor device

applications in chemical industry.

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Digital Electronics (08 h)

Analog and digital signals, binary numbers, digital-to-analog converters, analog-to digital

converters; Basic logic gates, introduction to logic families, logic operators and Boolean laws,

designing of combinational logic circuits, map methods, construction of a half adder and full

adder circuits and Interfacing methods, Chemical electronic sensors.

Information Technology in chemistry (14 h)

Spread sheet application: High resolution chemical drawing software QA/QC software, Symbolic

mathematical software for chemical application and electronic laboratory book (Mathermatica

TM), Chemical data processing software.

9. Teaching methods

Lectures, computer practical, computer lab reports, assignments and tutorials/quizzes




1. Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers. Eggleston, D. L., Cambridge University

Press, 2011.

2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, D., West, D., Holler, F., Crouch, S.,

Cengage Learning, 2013

3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., Crouch, S. R., Thomson

Brooks/Cole, 2007

4. Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide. Billo, E. J., Wiley, 2011

5. The Art of Electronics. Horowitz and Hill

6. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications. J. D. Ryder, PHI Pvt. Ltd

7. Electronic Device and Circuit Theory. R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Prentice – Hall


1. Name of the Course: PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY





6. Course aims


Continuous assessments (Practical & Theory) 20%



65


Pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry which involves the application of a number of

specialized disciplinary approaches and all focused on the ultimate goal of drug discovery in both

synthetic and natural products. This course covers the basic principles of drug design, drug target

identification and validation, rational (target-based) drug design, structural biology, methods

development (chemical and biochemical), the techniques and approaches of chemical biology,

synthetic organic chemistry, natural/herbal products and mechanistic enzymology.



Link between chemical and biological disciplines

Explain a complex understanding of drug and auxiliary substance chemistry

Use and describe the rational selection and preparation, quality criteria, suitable ways of

storage, structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships and practical usage of

drugs

Design chemical synthesis of bio-active molecules and pharmaceuticals with the aim to

discover and develop new drugs and therapeutic agents 8. Course description

Elementary tissues of the human body: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissues,

their sub types and characteristics. Osseous System:Structure, composition and functions of

skeleton, classification of joints, types of movements of joints, disorders of joints. Skeletal

Muscles:Gross anatomy and physiology of muscle contraction, physiological properties of

skeletal muscles and their disorders. Haemopoietic System:Composition and functions of blood

and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation,

disorders of platelets and coagulation. Lymph and Lymphatic System:Composition, formation and

circulation of lymph; disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of

spleen. Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology, blood vessels and

circulation. Basic understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and electrocardiogram.Brief

outline of cardiovascular disorders like hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina,

myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure and cardiac arrhythmias.

Introduction and classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms.Pharmacopoeial

Preparations:Principles and methods of preparation of aromatic waters, spirits, elixirs, glycerin,

linctus, solutions, milks and magmas, mucilages and special preparations like pyroxylins and

flexible collodions.

Principles and procedures of dispensing prescriptions: Principles involved and procedures adopted

in dispensing of liquid preparations such as mixtures, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, lotions,

and liniments; semisolid preparations such as ointments, creams, pastes, jellies and suppositories;

solid dosage forms such as powders, capsules, effervescent powders, tablet triturates and

lozenges; paints, sprays, inhalations and poultices.

Incompatibilities: Definitions, Types of incompatibility – Physical, Chemical and

Therapeutic,study of examples of prescriptions containing incompatibilities, their correction and

dispensing methods. Galenicals: Principles and methods of extraction, preparation of infusions,

decoctions, tinctures, liquid, soft and dry extracts.

Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry: An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of

impurities, tests for purity and identity.Gastrointestinal Agents: Acidifying agents (dil.HCl),

Antacids(aluminum hydroxide gel, aluminum phosphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium

trisilicate, combination preparations), Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics (magnesium

sulphate), Emetics (copper sulphate and sodium potassium antimony tartrate). Essential and Trace

66

Elements: Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and

haematinics, mineral supplements. Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for

systemic effects. Topical Agents: Protectives (calamine, zinc oxide, talc, titanium dioxide),

Astringents (alum, zinc sulphate) and Anti-infective (iodine, povidone iodine hydrogen peroxide,

chlorinated lime, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate, boric acid). Gases and Vapours:

Oxygen, anaesthetics and respiratory stimulants. Dental Products: Dentifrices, anti-caries agents.

Major Intra-and Extra-cellular Electrolytes: Physiological ions, electrolytes used for replacement

therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy.

Miscellaneous Agents: Sclerosing agents, expectorants, poisons and antidotes, sedatives etc.

Pharmaceutical Aids - Anti-Oxidants, preservatives, filter aids, adsorbents, diluents, suspending

agents, colorants etc.

Pharmacognosy: Sources of drugs - Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue culture as sources

of drugs. Classification of natural drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical,

pharmacological/therapeutical andchemotaxonomical classification of drugs.Cultivation,

collection, processing and storage of plant drugs: Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal

plants. Types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Pest management and natural pest control

agents. Plant hormones and their applications.Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with

reference to medicinal plants.

Quality control of crude drugs: (General methods only) Adulteration of crude drugs and their

detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods of evaluation.

General introduction to secondary metabolites of plant origin with their properties.

Medicinal Chemistry:

Basic Principles of Medical Chemistry:Physico-chemical aspects (Optical, geometric and

bioisosterism) of drug molecules and biological action,drug receptor interaction including

transduction mechanisms.Brief concept on QSAR: Free Wilson model, Hansch analysis – its

derivation and discussion on different parameters like electronic parameters, steric factor, and

partition coefficient. Comparison between free Wilson model and Hansch analysis, molecular

connectivity index.

Classification, mode of action, uses and structure activity relationship of the following classes of

drugs.

Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system: Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases: Acetylcholine,

carbachol, bethanechol, methacholine and neostigmine. Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic blocking

agents: Adrenaline, salbutamol, phenylephrine, naphazoline, antispasmodic and anti ulcer drugs:

homatropine, cyclopentolate, diclomine, tropicamide. Neuromuscular blocking agents: Gallamine,

succinylcholine. Drugs affecting uterine motility: Oxytocics (including oxytocin, ergot alkaloids

and prostaglandins),their occurrence, chemical nature, medicinal applications. Analgesic –

antipyretics, anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents: Aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen,

phenylbutazone, naproxan, diclofenac sodium.

Autacoids: Antithistamines: Diphenhydramine, mepyramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine,

chlorcyclizine, cimetidine, ranitidine. Eicosanoids: Occurrences, chemical nature, medicinal

applications.

9. Teaching methods


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12. Recommended books: 1. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. Ross and Willson, Churchill living stone

2. Pharmacognosy. Tyler V.E., Brady L.R. and Robbers J.E., Len &Febiger, Philadelphia

3. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design & Drug Action. Silvermann, R., 2nd Edition,

2004, Elsevier Academic Press

4. Drugs of Natural Origin - A Treatise of Pharmacognosy. Samuelsson, G. and Bohlin, Lars,

6th Revised Edition, 2010, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal

Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden

5. Text Book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Wilson and Grisvold’s

6. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. William O.Foye





proposal for commencement of b. sc. (special) degree …

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