proposal for upgrade of peel ports vts system - rev 1

Prepared Thomas Frank Best (THOFB), 17 October 2012

Checked Finn Laursen (), 18 October 2012

Accepted Thomas Frank Best (THOFB), 18 October 2012

Approved

Doc. no.

Ver. no. 1

Case no.

REPORT

Proposal for upgrade of Peel Ports VTS System - Rev 1

18 October 2012

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Objective .................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Proposal Preparation.................................................................................. 3

2. Mitigation results based on Proposed system upgrade ............................. 4

3. System Upgrade ......................................................................................... 5

3.1 System Description .................................................................................... 5

3.2 Radar System ............................................................................................. 6

3.2.1 Transmitter Receiver .................................................................................. 7

3.2.2 Antenna System ......................................................................................... 7

3.2.3 Antenna Mast ............................................................................................. 7

3.3 Radar Coverage ......................................................................................... 7

3.4 Radar Extractor-tracker .............................................................................. 9

3.4.1 Comparison of VET5070 with CSET .......................................................... 9

3.4.2 Video analysis ............................................................................................ 9

3.4.3 CSET Description ..................................................................................... 10

3.4.3.1 Radar Interface ................................................................................... 11

3.4.3.2 Video Processing ................................................................................ 11

3.4.3.3 Video Generation ................................................................................ 11

3.4.3.4 Target Acquisition ............................................................................... 11

3.4.3.5 Tracking .............................................................................................. 11

3.4.3.6 Geographical Processing .................................................................... 11

3.5 Microwave Data Link ................................................................................ 12

3.5.1 Site Survey ............................................................................................... 12

3.5.2 Link Backup .............................................................................................. 13

3.5.3 Link Performance Predictions .................................................................. 13

3.6 Record and Replay system upgrade ........................................................ 13

3.7 Portable Pilot System ............................................................................... 13

3.7.1 Web Server System ................................................................................. 14

3.7.2 3G Coverage in the Bay Area .................................................................. 14

4. Proposed Project Schedule ...................................................................... 15

Commercial in confidence

ANNEXES Annex 1: Terma SCANTER 5202 VTS & Coastal Surveillance Radar Annex 2: Terma 21' High Gain X-Band Antenna System Annex 3: Radar Performance Calculations Terma SCANTER Annex 4: C-Scope Extractor-Tracker (CSET) Annex 5: Ceragon FibeAir IP-10 Annex 6: Ceragon Link Calculations and Link Profile Annex 7: C-Scope Smartphone app Annex 8: Supplementary Information

Commercial in confidence 2

18 October 2012

Acronyms and Abbreviations ADC Analog to Digital Converter AIS Automatic Identification System BB Burbo Bank CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate CSET C-Scope Extractor Tracker CAPEX Capital Expenses FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array FD Frequency Diversity GSM Global System for Mobile Communication HQ Head Quarters IALA International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities MDL Microwave Data Link OPEX Operational Expenses OA&M Operation Administration and Maintenance RF Radio Frequency SLA Service Level Agreement SWG Slotted Waveguide TDM Time Division Multiplexing TX/RX Transmitter- Receiver UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System VTS Vessel Traffic Services V-128 IALA Recommendation for VTS Systems VET 5070 Old generation Extractor-tracker WAN Wide Area Network WiFi Wireless Fidelity WMS Web Map Service


18 October 2012

1. Introduction

1.1 Background In the Liverpool Bay area DONG Energy operates the Burbo Bank offshore wind farm (BB) and is currently developing the Burbo Bank Extension offshore wind farm. The existing BB offshore wind farm has been in operation since July 2007 while the extension is in development. The consent application for the BB extension offshore wind farm will be submitted in January 2013 and is expected to be operational in 2016. The current BB offshore wind farm (blue area) and the BB extension (green area) offshore wind farm areas are shown in figure 1 together with the traffic pattern in the bay area. The existing BB wind farm has resulted in radar navigation issues for the Peel Ports VTS system and the extension might result in an increase of these problems.

Figure 1

Traffic and wind farms within the Liverpool bay area

1.2 Objective The purpose of this proposal is to list the issues created by the existing BB offshore wind farm as well as the expected issues from the extended BB offshore wind farm and to describe in detail how these issues are proposed to be mitigated. A list of the issues and the expected mitigation are included in chapter 2. The VTS system upgrade to mitigate the issues is described in detail in chapter 3.

1.3 Proposal Preparation It was decided to use the existing system supplier for the VTS system Kongsberg NorcontrolIT (Kongsberg), to minimize the technical risks of modifying existing subsystems and integrating new subsystems into the existing VTS system. By minimizing the technical integration risks this approach will result in a shorter upgrade delivery time.


18 October 2012

Kongsberg completed a proposal for a system solution to mitigate the issues caused by the BB offshore wind farm. The content of this proposal is included in chapter 3; System upgrade. Detailed specifications and performance calculations for the individual subsystems constituting the upgrade of the VTS system are included within annex’s 1 through 7.

2. Mitigation results based on Proposed system upgrade

Four problem areas have been detailed by Peel Ports as the issues to be mitigated. A. Radar Blocking effect as a consequence of the existing BB Wind farm

Without the temporary radar solution small vessels may not be safely tracked due to blocking effect on Seaforth radar from the BB wind farm.

• Expected radar blocking effect as a consequence of the Burbo Bank extension Vessels passing by the wind farm will not be safely tracked due to blocking effect from the wind farm. This issue is expected to be exacerbated following the construction of the BB extension. Mitigation The two radar concept with track correlation will reduce the risk of losing track of all vessels passing by the wind farm and thus being subject to blocking effect for the radars at Seaforth and St. Elmo.

B. Radar blocking of new anchorage area

The current Seaforth radar will have an obstructed view to the new anchorage area after construction of the Burbo Bank Extension offshore wind farm and vessels in this area cannot be subject to safe anchorage watch.

Mitigation The new radar proposed at St. Elmo will have total radar coverage of the anchorage area with no blocking aspects. In addition, the new radar will meet all IALA V-128 requirements for an anchorage watch radar system.

C. Increased workload of VTS

The operators of the VTS system at Peelports are facing increased workload due to multi reflections (ghosts) and in general due to expected additional collision avoidance monitoring (see navigational risk assessment) between vessels and the Burbo Bank Extension offshore wind farm.

Mitigation Large ships such as container carriers will often result in multi reflections between ship and turbines within a wind farm. No known systems will be able to remove these reflections without the risk of eliminating real targets. The two radar concept will improve the situation. By correlating tracks, all false tracks will be eliminated and the reliable tracking of established tracks are expected to reduce the workload of the VTS operators. With the CSET solution proposed the ghosts will generally have lower amplitude than echoes from real targets because the amplitude gradient is preserved more faithfully. This is a property of the improved extraction process in the CSET. At the same time the amplitude can be reduced arbitrarily by treating the video inside the dynamic shadow areas in a special manner. The amplitude can even be reduced to zero and therefore eliminate those ghosts, but only if there is a tracked target in front of them.


18 October 2012

D. Pilot navigational problems with multi reflections scenario (Ghosts)

Vessels approaching and departing the harbour of Liverpool through the Queens channel are facing navigational problems because of multi reflections (ghosts) created by the Burbo Banks wind farm

Mitigation A portable Pilot system is proposed to mitigate this problem. The proposed portable pilot system will present the same radar picture to the Pilot as is presented to the operators in the VTS Centre. This picture will not contain the same ghost situation as the standard marine radar on-board the ships.

3. System Upgrade

3.1 System Description The basic concept to mitigate the majority of the problems is to get radar data from two radar sources (the Seaforth radar and St. Elmo radar) located to look at the targets from different angles. Based on radar detection range calculations it was realized that the existing St. Elmo radar will not be able to detect the required VTS targets in bad weather and the antenna beam width would be insufficient for the radar to be used as anchorage watch radar. Another weakness of the existing system was that the ADSL connection, transmitting track tables from St. Elmo to the VTS Operations Centre, is not sufficiently reliable to support the required bandwidth. To mitigate this issue the following is proposed:

• Install a new modern high performance radar that will replace the existing radar at St Elmo.

• Install a new antenna tower required to achieve sufficient stiffness to support the new radar

• Install an alternative communication channel between St Elmo and the VTS via a Microwave data link.

• Install a new video extractor and tracking system at the St Elmo radar that will improve tracking and improve the number of static as well as dynamic tracks.

• Replace the existing tracker at Seaforth

• Upgrade the existing logging and replay system to include data from the St. Elmo radar.

• Provide a portable pilot system to support the pilots with more safe navigation when approaching and departing the harbour of Liverpool in the Queens channel.

The proposed complete VTS system upgrade is illustrated in the block diagram in figure 2. The BHP Billiton system is only included to illustrate the eventual common use of the new radar. All new subsystems are indicated in white. The dark grey are all existing subsystems.


18 October 2012

Seaforth

Kongsberg NorcontrolIT VTS

St. Elmo

ADSL

FD X-Band Radar

TX/RX

CSET

(Extractor - Tracker)

Microwave

Data Link

ULTRA

Surveillance

21 feet Radar Antenna

ADSL

6 m Mast

Microwave

Data Link

Radar TX/RX

CSET

(Extractor - Tracker)

Radar Antenna

Tower

Upgrade of logging and replay system

Figure 2 Block diagram of the VTS system upgrade

3.2 Radar System Positioning of the radar system at a height of 206 meters is critical, especially if the requirement of this radar is that it shall be part of a VTS system and able to detect small targets even at rough sea and through precipitation. One of the only radars currently available with this capability is the Terma (SCANTER 5202). The radar is a relatively new product but has been installed in more than 20 locations in Europe, among those to the Port of London. The main features of the radar that allow it to detect even small targets in rough weather from the installed height of 206 meters are:

• Frequency and time diversity; which means the radar will detect the targets at two different frequencies; twice within one antenna rotation

• The system is a coherent pulse compression radar based on fully solid state technology. This implies it has a very efficient and detailed video processing ability reducing the effect of clutter considerably while at the same time resulting in a very high target resolution independent of the actual range of the target

• Advanced filter technique and processing Another benefit of using solid state technology (no magnetrons) is the regularly replacement of magnetrons required in ordinary navigational radars will no longer be required. The proposed radar will meet all recommended requirements defined within IALA V-128 "Advanced"


18 October 2012

3.2.1 Transmitter Receiver The SCANTER 5202 transceiver is an X-band, 2D, fully coherent pulse compression radar with Solid State transmitter technology and digital software defined functionality. This is described in Product Specification 615202-DP provided in Annex 1.

3.2.2 Antenna System The proposed antenna is a 21 ft X-Band High Gain Slotted Wave Guide (SWG) antenna system with Horizontal Polarization. The antenna is described in Product Specification 304786-DP provided in Annex 2.

3.2.3 Antenna Mast A 6m self-supporting tower is proposed to be installed alongside the existing BHP equipment shelter at the St. Elmo site to support the new Antenna. Assuming permission will be granted, the required new electronics rack is proposed to be installed in the BHP equipment shelter.

3.3 Radar Coverage The radar detection range calculations for the new St. Elmo radar are provided in Annex 3. The Radar detection range for the existing VTS radar at Seaforth is calculated in the "Radar Coverage of Liverpool Bay" report. The combined radar coverage for the two VTS radars is seen in figures 3, 4 and 5.

Figure 3 The radar coverage for a 10 m² target in clear weather and Sea state 6


18 October 2012




18 October 2012

3.4 Radar Extractor-tracker As illustrated in the block diagram the existing VET5070 extractor- tracker at Seaforth will be exchanged with a new CSET. The same CSET will also be installed at the new St. Elmo radar.

3.4.1 Comparison of VET5070 with CSET The following is a comparison between the existing extractor-tracker and the new CSET. The ability of CSET to resolve radar video at a higher amplitude resolution will improve the situation at Seaforth radar – see the pictures and description below. The main improvements of the CSET over the VET5070 are the superior specifications and the higher flexibility. The table below shows a comparison between the two generations of extractor- trackers in terms of the specifications:

Specification

VET5070

CSET

Notes

Number of ADCs 1 4 Sync and antenna signals can be digitized and digitally processed

Max ADC sampling rate

50 Mhz 100 MHz CFAR filtering and conversions done at 100 MHz

ADC bits per sample 8 bit 14 bit Eliminates the need for gain and offset connections in hardware

Digital input 8 bit at 40 MHz 8 bit at 100 MHz (plus 4x14 bit from ADCs

Can connect to Terma SCANTER radar

Azimuth resolution 4096 cells beam limited Each sweep is assigned a fractional azimuth value

Range cells 8192 cells No limit Each sweep is terminated by the beginning of the next sweep

Raw data recording Limited and only after CFAR

Raw at 12-bit resolution 1 channel at 100 MHz or 2 channels at 50 MHz

Raw data replay - 12 bit at ≤ 100 MHz Can be replayed faster than real time

Frequency diversity - Off the box Radar solution offered with CSET

Composite video - Done in the FPGA

Table 1

Comparison of specifications for VET5070 and CSET

3.4.2 Video analysis The fact that data on the CSET is processed with 14-bit resolution at 100 MHz, as compared to the VET5070's 8-bit at 50 MHz, can make a marked difference when detecting targets in clutter. The difference is due more to the 14 bit vs. 8 bit difference in amplitude than to the sampling rate. The data, in addition to having better amplitude resolution, is processed more carefully with respect to amplitude through the entire processing chain, which results in more descriptive video amplitudes at the operator console. Often in the VET5070 and in other industry extractors, the data is either at the minimum level or close to the maximum level, which means that the operator sees very little dynamic range in video. On the other hand, the CSET uses its levels better and it is possible to see clear and useful variations in video amplitude even despite of the current constraint of 4-bit video fragments. When chosen correctly, the 16 colours that represent video are very useful. This is particularly useful when you consider that the VET5070 uses a single amplitude to describe each echo from beginning to end, while the CSET breaks the echoes in range so as to use multiple amplitudes to represent the amplitude variations along range. In this manner one gets a better representation of the spatial changes in radar cross-section when the target is resolved.


18 October 2012

The next two images, taken with identical radars at similar ranges, illustrate this difference:

Figure 6

Comparison of video presentation for respectively CSET and VET5070 This difference is even more marked when the VET5070 is set to transmit polygons instead of fragments, which is often the case:

Figure 7 CSET video presentation with polygons

Another important feature of the CSET is that the number of tracked targets is increased: VET5070: 500 moving + 500 stationary CSET: 1000 moving + 500 stationary

3.4.3 CSET Description The CSET datasheet is provided in Annex 4. Its main features of the unit are summarised below:

• 2 channel, 14-bit, 100 MHz analogue or digital radar video acquisition with digital signal processing

• Frequency Diversity operation

• Excellent noise and clutter techniques that result in high probability of detection and low false alarm rate


18 October 2012

• Ability to discriminate between close targets

• Detailed masks for land and detection areas

• Stable tracking and rapid manoeuvre detection.

3.4.3.1 Radar Interface The radar interface accepts the two radar video inputs in digital format from the two (2) Terma transmitter-receivers, plus one set of antenna signals. All signal conditioning and signal pre-processing including CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) and filtering are performed digitally in a single, large FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The antenna signals are processed digitally in the same FPGA along with the data, eliminating the need for any custom interface boards.

3.4.3.2 Video Processing The digitized video streams are processed using the latest algorithms for the standard sequence of steps designed to increase signal-to-noise and more importantly signal-to- clutter ratio: CFAR, geographical masks, sweep integration, scan-to-scan correlation and echo generation. The resulting video echoes are used to generate plots for the tracker and video for display.

3.4.3.3 Video Generation Two different formats of digital video can be generated for presentation on the Operator Workstation, namely Polygons and Fragments, and the resulting radar picture approaches "raw video" quality.

3.4.3.4 Target Acquisition Each plot is checked against the existing tracks and if certain criteria including track likelihood are fulfilled, the plot is associated with an existing track. Any plots that are not associated with a track may be used for acquisition of new tracks.

3.4.3.5 Tracking Tracking is performed using Kalman filter techniques, which are based on a dynamic mathematical model describing the vessel’s movement. This model is used to predict the vessel’s behaviour between measurements. Each time a new plot is associated to the target, a position measurement is derived and this measurement is used to correct the state of the dynamic model.

3.4.3.6 Geographical Processing Four types of geographical masks or areas can be defined to distinguish between different processing modes:

• Land Mask No digital video or target tracking

• Littoral Mask Digital video, but no target tracking

• Auto-acquisition Area Digital video and target tracking. Both automatic and manual acquisition

• Shadow Area Tracking is based on prediction

• Remaining Area Digital video and target tracking. Manual acquisition.


12

Figure 8 Microwave Data Link

3.5 Microwave Data Link The proposed Microwave Data Link (MDL) is supplied by Ceragon, using the FibeAir IP10 series. A datasheet is provided in Annex 5

A microwave link will be supplied to connect the St. Elmo site to the Seaforth Tower.

A WAN based on a private microwave link system is offered, to provide reliable connectivity between sites. The calculated Availability shall be greater than 99.999%. It is proposed to sub-contract this sub-system to Ceragon Networks(formerly NERA). The network is based on Ceragon FibeAir IP10 series equipment, using 7.5 GHz, 100 Mb capacity links in a 1+1 structure configured for space diversity operation on the St Elmo to Seaforth Tower link. Figure 8 is showing the universal interface unit (lower) with companion RF unit (upper) containing transmitter and receiver. The nominated band is 7.5 GHz. The dish antenna is not shown. FibeAir IP-10 features a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality and an optional TDM cross-connect for nodal site applications. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, the solution simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

An Availability objective of 99.999% is set. The calculated Performance Prediction exceeds 99.99979% on the link St Elmo to SeaforthTower.

3.5.1 Site Survey It is anticipated to conduct a site survey to find the best possible location of the MDL equipment and to make sure there will be line of sight between the two MDL antennas.


13

Figure 9 Anticipated location of the two antennas

Figure 9 shows the inter-tidal drying area (green), on the East Hoyle and West Hoyle Banks. This together with the high tidal range make it essential to use space diversity configuration, so as to avoid outages caused by Estuarial Effect.

To operate in space diversity mode on this link, a vertical separation between the dishes at the police mast (if available) site of 7m is required. From the planning we have proposed antenna heights of 5m and 12m. As a consequence we will need to install the higher antenna on the police mast at 12m height and the lower antenna on the new radar tower at 5m height.

On the Seaforth Tower Site we require a tower that will support a separation of 2.5m using 1m antennas.

3.5.2 Link Backup In the event that an ADSL link is made available, then it shall be configured as a backup link.

3.5.3 Link Performance Predictions Link Performance Calculations and Link Profiles are provided in Annex 6

3.6 Record and Replay system upgrade The voice logging function at the Seaforth VTS Centre has been scaled up to a storage capacity to 4 x HP146 GB HDDs. This is to facilitate the additional radar.

3.7 Portable Pilot System The portable pilot system proposed will provide the user, whether a pilot, or a Port, or Offshore Manager the same “bird’s eye” view of the traffic image as the Operator at the VTS centre. They will be able to scroll or zoom, have access to alarm functions, and in the case of Tablet Computer all functions are controlled via a touch-screen. A main discriminator between this system and the others available is the ability to show radar video imagery as well as radar and AIS tracks. The data sheet is provided in Annex 7.

The C-Scope Tablet Computer system provides the real-time VTS Traffic Image to be displayed on an Tablet Computer via mobile data communication such as GSM 3G, UMTS or Wi-Fi.

The C-Scope Tablet Computer system displays vessel tracks from radar/AIS and radar video together with data from AIS.


14

Figure 10 Portable Pilot Unit

3.7.1 Web Server System As well as the portable units a WMS (Web Map Service) server will be required at the VTS Centre.

3.7.2 3G Coverage in the Bay Area Orange is one of several service providers that provide 3G coverage of the coastal Liverpool Bay area. In the past another provider offered to adjust beam tilt and beam shape so as to provide coverage of the coastal area transited by Liverpool Pilots. No 3G coverage analysis or augmentation will be undertaken by this upgrade project

Figure 11

3G coverage as outlined by Orange


15

4. Proposed Project Schedule

The proposed project schedule will have a final delivery and Site Acceptance Test after 9 months. The Schedule is outlined in table 2.

The Preliminary Project Schedule has the following Milestones

Receipt of Purchase order

Week 0

Preliminary Design Review (Site Survey & Planning Meeting)

Week 6

Critical Design Review

Week 12

Factory Acceptance Test

Week 26

Shipment

Week 27

Delivery

Week 28

Training of operators

Week 29-30

Installation, Site Acceptance Test

Week 29-30

Table 2

Preliminary Project Schedule

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ANNEX 1

Terma SCANTER 5202 transceiver

Class: PSP Doc. no: 615202-DP Rev: B1 CAGE code: R0567 Date: 2012-01-24 Approved by: JCP Prepared by: MFB; BSD Checked by: BSD

SCANTER 5202 VTS & CSS Radar

Product Specification

© Terma A/S, Denmark, 2012. Proprietary and intellectual rights of Terma A/S, Denmark are involved in the subject-matter of this material and all manufacturing, reproduction, use, disclosure, and sales rights pertaining to such subject-matter are expressly reserved. This material is submitted for a specific purpose as agreed in writing, and the recipient by accepting this material agrees that this material will not be used, copied, or reproduced in whole or in part nor its contents (or any part thereof) revealed in any manner or to any third party, except own staff, to meet the purpose for which it was submitted and subject to the terms of the written agreement.

This document is released for use only if signed by relevant staff or stamped “EDM Release Controlled”. CM:

. .

. . Page 1 of 59


Doc. no: 615202-DP, Rev:B1

The use and/or disclosure, etc. of the contents of this document (or any part thereof) is subject to the restrictions referenced on the front page.

Page 2 of 59

Record of Changes

ECR/ECO Description Rev Date

Released A 2009-11-23

Editorial changes, options and features updated, new illustrations

1B 2011-06-28

Released according to ECR/ECO 31663/59294 B 2011-08-31

Updated MTBF table B1 2012-01-24




Page 3 of 59

Contents

1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Application ......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 SCANTER 5202 at a glance .............................................................................. 6

2 VTS & CSS application .................................................................................... 9 2.1 Control and monitoring of vessel traffic ............................................................ 10 2.2 Surface Surveillance ........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Search and rescue .......................................................................................... 10 2.4 Single transceiver system configuration ........................................................... 11 2.5 Redundant system configuration ...................................................................... 12 2.6 Options ............................................................................................................ 13

3 Product characteristics ................................................................................. 14 3.1 Main specifications .......................................................................................... 14 3.2 Physical appearance ....................................................................................... 16 3.3 Performance .................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Wind turbine farms........................................................................................... 18

4 Technology, functions and features ............................................................. 19 4.1 Functional description ...................................................................................... 22 4.2 Software defined functionality .......................................................................... 23 4.3 SSPA – Solid State Power Amplifier ................................................................ 24 4.4 Frequency and Time Diversity ......................................................................... 26 4.5 Full coherency ................................................................................................. 27 4.6 Pulse compression .......................................................................................... 27 4.7 Sub-clutter visibility with Doppler based processing option .............................. 29 4.8 Power Sector Transmission ............................................................................. 32 4.9 FiveStepVideoPassing™ ................................................................................. 33 4.10 Environment Adaptation .................................................................................. 34 4.11 Controlling and using the Radar....................................................................... 35 4.12 Remote System Management via Radar Service Tool ..................................... 36

5 Embedded tracking (add-on feature) ............................................................ 39 5.1 Characteristics ................................................................................................. 39 5.2 Functions ......................................................................................................... 40 5.3 Specifications .................................................................................................. 42

6 Terma Support, Maintenance and Availability ............................................. 43 6.1 Terma support ................................................................................................. 43 6.2 Availability, reliability and maintainability .......................................................... 46 6.3 Maintenance schedule ..................................................................................... 48

7 Safety.............................................................................................................. 49 7.1 Transmit prerequisites ..................................................................................... 49

8 Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 50

9 Environment ................................................................................................... 53

10 Approvals, requirements and conformities ................................................. 54

11 Quality assurance certification ..................................................................... 55




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12 Export control status ..................................................................................... 55

13 Definitions ...................................................................................................... 56

14 Appendix ........................................................................................................ 59




Page 5 of 59

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

This document serves as overall product specification for the SCANTER 5202 Radar System intended for Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) and Coastal Surveillance Service (CSS) applica-tions.

The SCANTER 5202 VTS and CSS radar provides surface surveillance and optional Doppler based processing. The design ensures detection and tracking of very small non-cooperative targets in extreme environments and harsh weather.

1.2 Application

This document may serve as reference in quotation and contract preparation. It describes the radar system configuration and includes detailed specifications for the Transceiver and relat-ed service features. Please refer to separate documents regarding antenna and other system components details.

Within the basic configuration, a number of add-on features are available to fulfill the cus-tomer application. These are specifically mentioned where relevant.

Note that illustrations are for visualization only. Please refer to detailed drawings for specific details.

Terma aims to improve the product family continuously and consequently reserves the right to revise product characteristics without notice.

Figure 1-1 Example of SCANTER 5202 radar image




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1.3 SCANTER 5202 at a glance

The SCANTER 5202 Radar System is an X-band, 2D, fully coherent pulse compression ra-dar, based on Solid State transmitter technology with digital software defined functionality. Figure 1-1 shows an example of a SCANTER 5202 radar image and Figure 1-2 shows the transceiver.

The SCANTER 5202 meets the requirements for professional VTS and CSS services, where quality and durability is significant. Surface coverage is provided even in harsh weather con-ditions.

A variety of antennas is available to match requirements for different sites and applications.

Terma’s solidly proven Frequency Diversity (FD), Time Diversity (TD) and advanced video processing gives a truly high-end surveillance radar system.

Novel low temperature Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) transmitter technology optimizes the investment, and the long-life transmitter ensures high reliability and availability. The avail-ability is further enhanced with provision of graceful degradation.

A receiver with superior dynamic range provides high resolution in the full range, loss-free, clear and detailed radar pictures, in all weather conditions, with no need for operator inter-vention.

High-speed sampling is made on intermediate frequency level (before demodulation), and all subsequent handling of signals, filtering, pulse compression and optional MTI processing based on Doppler shift is performed digitally. Advanced Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) techniques and intelligent noise reduction, provide high definition radar images with no need for further processing.

Figure 1-2 SCANTER 5202 Transceiver




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An add-on embedded tracker with parallel tracking lines gives the opportunity to detect and track agile and small targets in severe weather conditions, and at the same time to use the tracker to detect large vessels. Information to track surface targets is obtained from a combi-nation of normal and MTI processed signals. Information to track helicopters and other air-borne targets is primarily obtained from the Doppler processed signals, but supplemented by normal radar signals to follow targets with no or low radial velocities.

Figure 1-3 Simplified system components schematics

Communication interface to the Transceiver is established via a standard IP network (LAN or WAN), which provides network radar video, plots, tracks, control etc. Conventional digital video is also available.

Service information is obtained via the front panel display and/or the IP network.

In order to ensure optimum flexibility the radar is as standard defined for surface surveillance with the possible addition of features for tracking and other options as listed below.

The Radar Service Tool provides access to powerful radar imaging, control, recording and playback, easy wizard setup, Built-in Test Equipment (BITE) measurements, error handling, fault finding and Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) replacement of the complete radar sensor package.

Radar ServiceTool

PowerIP network

(Single or redundant)

I/O (video, azimuth, trigger,TX-inhibit, serial)

Man aloftswitch

SCANTER 5202transceiver

AntennaControl Unit

Embeddedtracker *

Add-on feature*




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Featuring

Surface Coverage, Normal Radar

Supplemented by Coherent (MTI) processing

Techniques

2-D, Fully Coherent, Software Defined Functionality, Solid State, Pulse Compression Radar

Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity with Automatic Adaptation to the environment

Transmitter with programmable power, also in sectors

FiveStepVideoPassing™

Frequency

Programmable frequencies within 9.0–9.5 GHz

Up to 16 sub bands

200 W Transmitter

Equivalent pulse power, programmable up to 300 kW

Receiver

Digital Sampling on IF, ≥ 140 dB amplitude span of signals handled

Embedded tracker

Surface, 500 tracks

Short range, low-level air, 100 tracks

External interfaces

Digital and IP network radar signals

Control and monitoring IP network / Serial communications ports

Fibre optic IP network

Design

Open architecture, wall mounted, ruggedized housing

Antenna alternatives

12´ or 18´ Compact - HP

21´ Large Aperture - HP, CP

18´ or 21´ High Gain - HP, CP or switchable, Fan or Cosec2

Standard feature

Add-on (optional) feature

Table 1-1 SCANTER 5202 product features

Refer to Appendix for document cross reference




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2 VTS & CSS application The SCANTER 5202 Radar offers superior performance through intelligent design and ad-vanced processing, tailored for VTS and CSS applications.

The SCANTER 5202 provides superior detecting performance as a versatile and flexible ra-dar:

• Control and Monitoring of Vessel Traffic

• Surface Surveillance

• Search and Rescue

VTS and CSS authorities are constantly challenged by the growing demand to monitor more efficiently the vessel traffic on the sea and to detect illegal activities in the maritime environ-ment:

• Smugglers in very fast speed boats

• Illegal immigrants traveling in small slow-going boats

• Boats and jet skies with hostile intentions e.g. piracy

• Illegal Fishing

• Polluting vessels

The small size of some of the targets makes these difficult to detect or easy to overlook or mistake for birds or sea clutter. The non-cooperative targets often have knowledge and expe-rience taking advantage of the difficult weather conditions and other factors to their ad-vantages by traveling in high sea states, at night, in rain or fog. Trying to avoid detection, non-cooperative targets often hide behind larger ships or try to hide in the radar shadow cre-ated by large structures.




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Control andmonitoringof vessel

traffic

Surfacesurveillance

Search andrescue

Figure 2-1 Key application usages

2.1 Control and monitoring of vessel traffic

The SCANTER 5202 is compliant to IALA V.128 Recommendation for VTS. The SCANTER 5202 is superior in its sea surface detection capabilities enabling reliable detection and track-ing of all targets.

2.2 Surface Surveillance

The SCANTER 5202 is superior for surface patrolling by detecting and tracking small targets from close range and up until the radar horizon, depending on the weather. Coherence, FD and TD and advanced processing techniques support operation in all weather conditions. Well-proven clutter processing techniques improve detect ability for all targets. Utilization of the Doppler shift further enhances detection of targets moving radially and with speed differ-ent from clutter.

2.3 Search and rescue

The SCANTER 5202 is excellent for, e.g. Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, especially in poor weather conditions, and where time is critical.




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2.4 Single transceiver system configuration

A complete radar sensor system consists of a Transceiver, an Antenna Control Unit (ACU) and an Antenna unit. Radar Service Tool software handling radar video imaging, control, set-up, BITE etc. are also included. PC for running the software may be added either as rack mounted PC or as portable solution.

An embedded tracker with multiple tracking lines can be integrated as add-on in the Trans-ceiver.

The Transceiver is a one-box wall-mounted unit with all I/O except the wave-guide connect at the bottom of the housing.

IP network video, digital and analogue video is available as well as IP network or serial con-trol, monitoring and setup. Serial communication ports, auxiliary I/O and USB are available for connecting PC peripherals.

Mains power supply to the Antenna unit is provided by an ACU controlled by the Transceiver. Antenna unit status, encoder signals, and man aloft switch are connected directly to the Transceiver.

Figure 2-2: Single Transceiver system configuration




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2.5 Redundant system configuration

The SCANTER 5202 redundant configuration is fully redundant in respect to all transceiver functions. Features include automatic switch-over (only once) in case of failure, and further-more, fall-back modes for “graceful degradation” are implemented in each transceiver.

Figure 2-3: Redundant system configuration

Wave guide switch and dummy loads are installed externally to the Transceivers on a metal frame.




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2.6 Options

2.6.1 Option A: Surface tracker

The SCANTER 5202 surface tracker is a built-in tracker running on a dedicated PC, integrat-ed into the transceiver. The tracker is fed with the radar video from the system and analyzes the images, detects moving objects and tracks these objects by providing identification, run-ning position, speed and direction information. The option includes both the tracking software and an additional PC module in the transceiver.

2.6.2 Option B: Doppler based processing

The Doppler based processing option analyses the frequency distribution of radar echoes to determine their radial velocity. This allows the transceiver to separate moving targets from background clutter and provide an additional video channel with moving objects. The option includes an additional processing board in the transceiver.

2.6.3 Option C: Surface and air tracker

The SCANTER 5202 air tracker is optimized for tracking air targets, which are moving faster than surface targets. Separate tracking lines are available for fast moving objects like air-planes and slow moving targets like helicopters. The Surface and air tracker option includes the Surface tracker and Doppler based processing options.

2.6.4 Option D: Fiber optic interface

The fiber optics interface includes 3 SFP optical transceiver modules and allows up to 3 x 1 Gbit/s optical fiber connections to the transceiver.




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3 Product characteristics

3.1 Main specifications

2D fully coherent pulse compression radar

Software defined radar - Fully digital

2 channel time and frequency diversity

200 W SSPA. Up to 1500:1 compression and 100 µs chirps

Frequency band 9.0 GHz to 9.2 and 9.25 to 9.5 GHz

Frequency sub-bands Software defined, up to 16 carriers

Number of profiles 16

Instrumented Range Up to 96 nmi (Profile dependent)

Minimum Detection Range - MDR 30 m (Measured from the antenna)

Range cell size 3 m or 6 m (Programmable)

Target separation Better than 12 m (3 m cell size) or 18 m (6 m cell size)

Peak Sidelobe Level Ratio - PSLR > 60 dB - SNR limited (Time side lobes)

BITE measurements Fully integrated in all modules

Embedded tracker module Option

Main

Main type features

Table 3-1: Main specifications part one

Figure 3-1: SCANTER 5202 Receiver




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High efficiency Solid-State Power Amplifier - SSPA

Low voltage and low temperature

Long-life with graceful degradation

Modulation type Frequency - up to 45 MHz bandwidth

SSPA RF peak / average / Equivalent power 200 W / 40 W / up to 300 kW (profile dependent)

Duty cycle Up to 20%

Chirp duration 80 ns to 100 µs - Short, medium, long

Chirp Repetition Frequency - CRF 1 to 20 kHz

Stagger Up to 50 %

Power Sector Transmission Sector blanking and adjustable power level with 0 - ≥16 dB

attenuation in up to 16 sectors, sector size 1 - 359°

Dual channel - Superheterodyne

14 bit IF sampling @ 400 MHz

Overall dynamic range > 140 dB - Amplitude span of signals handled

Noise figure - Low Noise Front End - LNFE 2.5 dB typical

Minimum Detectable Signal - MDS - 130 dBm equivalent after pulse compression

Pulse compression ratio / gain Up to 1500:1 / ~ 32 dB

MTI improvement factor 25 to 35 dB typical (Ground clutter)

Sub-clutter visibility 25 dB typical

Performance monitoring and measurements Forward power, reverse power and noise figure

Type 32 bit floating point - Fully digital processing

FiveStepVideoPassing ™Side lobe supression, CFAR, Pulse & sweep integration and clutter discriminator

Video outputs 8 bit IP network video, 8 bit digital LVDS and analogue

Video characteristics Logarithmic - 8 bit ~75 dB

Receiver

Type

Video processing

Transmitter

Type

Table 3-2: Main specifications part two




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3.2 Physical appearance

Figure 3-2: Wall mounted Transceiver dimensions




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~ 77 kg net.

120 kg packed for transportation

990 x 497 x 305 mm installed

~ 610 x 660 x 1150 mm packed for transportation

~ 165 kg net.

~ 220 kg packed for transportation

1530 x 1130 x 350 mm installed on alu-frame

~ 610 x 1300 x 1700 mm packed for transportation

Weight

H x W x d*Height x Width x Depth

Single system

Weight

h x w x dheight x width x depth

Redundant system

Table 3-3: Mechanical dimensions




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3.3 Performance

For a SCANTER 5202 system, the coverage is determined by a combination of antenna characteristics, antenna height, installation constraints and environmental characteristics. The performance data for a number of configurations have been calculated and are available as a separate whitepaper.

3.4 Wind turbine farms

When wind turbines are grouped into large farms, they can have a significant impact on ra-dar, specifically radar using Doppler shift information to detect moving objects. The spinning blades of the wind turbine can appear on the radar as false moving targets and the interfer-ing radar echoes generated by the turbines can desensitize the radar in the area of the wind farm, causing legitimate targets to disappear.

The SCANTER 5202 Transceiver is designed for detection and separation of small targets close to large targets like wind turbine farms. Because of its superior resolution the radar has no problems in detecting and tracking a moving surface or low flying air target between the wind turbines. To achieve this performance the system is designed as a coherent X-band ra-dar using pulse compression and with advanced CFAR and MTI Doppler processing.

Figure 3-3 shows an example of a radar image of a helicopter passing over the wind turbine farm by the island Tunø in Denmark.

Figure 3-3 Example of radar image of a helicopter passing over a wind turbine park

Helicopter

Windmills




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4 Technology, functions and features Built on the flexible, versatile design and superior price/performance heritage from the previ-ous non-coherent radars, the new generation introduces fully digital signal processing and solid-state technology.

SCANTER 5202 uses fully coherent, pulse compression technology to get superior resolution and radar image quality. The radar transmits chirps with frequency sweeps in different inter-vals, generated by a digital synthesizer. The chirps are upconverted to X-band frequencies and the output power is generated by a microwave SSPA.

In order to support full frequency diversity, the receiver has two channels, receiving different frequencies. The signals from the two receiver channels are sampled in 14 bits at 400 MHz, yielding a stream of 11.2 Gbit/s of raw data. This data stream is input to the processing chain, which uses multiple Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) in a modular configura-tion to perform the calculations and data reduction needed to provide clear and noise free radar images.

• Software defined functionality

• SSPA

• FD and TD

• Full coherency

• Pulse compression

• Sub-clutter visibility and Doppler shift processing (add-on feature)

• FiveStepVideoPassing™

• Environment adaptation

• Control / Profiles / BITE

All but the transmitter amplifier and receiver front-end, are purely digital. The necessary pro-cessing power is added in the form of plug-in CP 4 - Common Platform processing boards. The CP 4 boards are identical, but are programmed differently, according to desired func-tions.




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Figure 4-1 SCANTER 5202 CP 4 processing module




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The Transceiver contains a number of LRUs - Line Replaceable Units, as illustrated:

Figure 4-2: The interior of the SCANTER 5202 Transceiver




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4.1 Functional description

The transceiver is the central component in the radar system. It is connected to signal distri-bution through single or redundant IP network(s). Serial communication lines are available, handling easy integration into other sub-systems. The video outputs are available in both dig-ital and IP network formats.

The transceiver utilizes frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping) and pulse compression to increase the range resolution as well as the S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio. This allows for transmission of long frequency modulated chirps with relative low peak power, but still gets a high range resolution and probability of detection.

.

Figure 4-3: Transceiver block diagram

The receiver has two channels in order to support simultaneous reception of two frequency bands. The receiver sensitivity is dynamically and automatically controlled in range, in azi-muth and over time. Optimum S/N performance is ensured by low noise amplifiers.




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By the Digital Frequency Synthesis, any frequency within the frequency bands is selectable as required by the application. The signal is generated in the Radio Controller and up-converted in the transmitter. The receiver will automatically tune to the transmitted frequency bands and pass the received signal to the Radio Controller which will sample the signals and combine the data stream from the two receiver channels

In the SCANTER 5202 system the processing is done in the digital domain. The chirps are fed directly from the Digital to Analogue Converter into the RF mixer feeding the SSPA.

Highly advanced proprietary processing techniques follow, providing normal radar video as well as Doppler processed radar video. Videos are converted to logarithmic scale before making it available for tracking and image presentation. The transceiver delivers IP network video, which is the recommended video interface as well as digital video. In order to maintain compatibility with existing radar installations the trans-ceiver also can deliver analogue video.

Embedded tracking is available as an option (with a separate plug-in module), making plots and tracks available on the IP network.

Integrated BITE functions perform continuous monitoring of the radar during startup and op-eration. This includes temperatures, voltages, signal activity, key performance parameters etc. The receiver noise figure and forward and reverse power are used for performance mon-itoring.

4.2 Software defined functionality

Multiple types of SCANTER radars utilize identical core software, which ensures commonali-ty and increases robustness. Furthermore, the architecture enables a high level of test-ability, ensures deployment flexibility and makes it easy to add new functionality.

This in combination with the use of multiple, identical and powerful, common platform pro-cessing modules leads to the concept “Software defined functionality”.

A variety of radar signal processing techniques are available to meet increasingly difficult challenges. Multiple functions, such as automatic adaptation to weather scenarios etc. are performed simultaneously.

Functions relevant for the individual application and are invoked as appropriate. It is also possible to switch between different modes of operation by modifying both the synthesized transmit waveforms and receive signal-processing tasks, even on the fly. Additional parallel coherent transmit and receive channels enables the FiveStepVideoPassing™.

In summary, the radar Transceiver is configured to the application scenario, and adaptation to the environment is highly automated.




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4.3 SSPA – Solid State Power Amplifier

The SSPA - Solid State Power Amplifier modules for the SCANTER radars are designed us-ing state-of-the-art MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) power transistor amplifi-ers. Each Power Amplifier (PA) module contains 8 power transistors. The PA amplifies the signal to be transmitted and produces 50 W of microwave power. The output power from four PA modules is combined in one SSPA, to produce the final output power of 200 watt.

The Power sector mode feature allows the SSPA output power to be adjustable in azimuth sectors. This is achieved by sector wise attenuating the input signal into the SSPA from the transmitter.

Figure 4-4 200 W SSPA unit with four PA modules




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4.3.1 SSPA graceful degradation

Careful integration of several power transistor modules ensures limited SSPA failure in the event of a loss of one or more individual power transistors

This means that loss of a single or few power transistors will only result in marginal drop of performance. However, the power transistors loss will be reported by the BITE system. It is therefore possible to design a system with a margin allowing for one or more failed power transistor and postpone replacements until it becomes convenient.

The figure illustrates the relation between loss of modules, peak power and free space range performance of the radar.

The free space range performance assumes line of sight from radar to target and excludes any influence from propagation, clutter or precipitation.

The below figure shows that at 50 % of power transistors in failure, 25 % output power re-mains, however, 70 % of the free space range is achievable.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0% 25%

50%

75%

100%

Fre

e sp

ace

rang

e

Percentage of power transistors in failure

Available SSPA power

Output power

Free space range

Figure 4-5 Free space range vs. power transistor failure




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4.4 Frequency and Time Diversity

The effect of the Terma SCANTER Frequency and Time Diversity processing is to reduce fluctuation of the echo from desirable targets, thereby enhancing targets relative to clutter. In combination with full coherence and pulse compression the radar images becomes crisp and clear.

The Transceiver employs near to simultaneous transmission on different frequencies. Com-pared to single frequency transmission, the use of multiple frequencies with correlation, inte-gration and time differences brings significant performance improvements.

Targets can be simultaneously illuminated by more than one chirp in each chirp repetition in-terval, instead of just a simple frequency alternation (sometimes called simple FD). This is combined with proprietary processing techniques considering multiple chirp trains. Swerling case 1 targets is then seen as Swerling case 3 targets.

The return signals, corresponding to identical antenna directions, are combined using propri-etary operations. The difference in squint and timing between the frequencies applied is cor-rected by alignment in range and in azimuth.

Full benefit from the frequency diversity is obtainable only if dynamic characteristics are adapted to actual weather and complex clutter situations.

The sensitivity is therefore matched to the actual clutter levels, providing optimum detection at all ranges and in all directions.

On a SCANTER linear ar-ray antenna two different frequencies are transmitted in different angles (The an-gle difference is the squint). Together with a rotating an-tenna this gives the Time Diversity.

The two returned signals are combined using propri-etary operations and this gives an improvement of the clutter to noise ratio of typically 10 dB.

Figure 4-6: Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity concept

Due to the FD, improvement on target detection in other conditions or with antennas without squint (reflector types) is in the order of 6 dB.

Furthermore, receivers and the processing chain have sufficient dynamic range and all com-ponents provide sufficient resolution to handle the variety of signals coming from small and large targets at all ranges. This contributes substantially to provision of crisp and clear radar images in all weather situations. Furthermore, high resolution improves discrimination of clut-ter from wanted targets and thereby allowing the processing to separate targets from clutter.




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4.5 Full coherency

SCANTER 5202 is fully coherent utilizing amplitude and phase information during transmis-sion and reception. A common, phase stable reference oscillator is used for transmission and reception. Coherency enables pulse compression and allows the receiver to compare the phases of the received echoes from chirp to chirp and thereby detect if targets are moving or not, utilizing the Doppler shift.

Doppler processing (MTI) is available as an option. This improves detection of targets mov-ing radial (moving in range) and with a speed different from clutter.

ReceiverTransmitter

Antenna

Stable localoscillator

1. chirp

2. chirp

3. chirp

Figure 4-7: Coherency principle

4.6 Pulse compression

While a magnetron based radar is capable of transmitting many kilowatts of power, a solid state radar has a much lower peak power. In order to illuminate a target with sufficient ener-gy for detection, it has to transmit much longer chirps. Unless some clever processing is used, this would lead to a significant loss of range resolution. The SCANTER 5202 trans-ceiver utilizes frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping) and pulse compression to increase the range resolution as well as the S/N ratio. This allows for transmission of long frequency modulated chirps with relative low peak power, and at the same time have suffi-cient average power and bandwidth.

Figure 4-8: Simplified sketch of the pulse compression principle




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When closely separated targets reflect these chirps, the frequency content of the echoes from different targets at a given time will be different as illustrated in Figure 4-8: Simplified sketch of the pulse compression principle

Pulse compression is achieved by transforming the received signal to the frequency domain, and cross correlating it with a conjugated and mirrored version of the transmitted signal or its modified replica.

By pulse compression, the S/N ratio is improved by the pulse compression gain or a factor, equivalent to the chirp length times the effective bandwidth of the transmitted chirps.

A special feature of the pulse compression technique is that the resulting radar sensitivity in noise is independent of the resolution bandwidth. The resulting signal to noise ratio is there-fore proportional to the transmitted power divided by the overall receiver noise figure. In con-sequence, the bandwidth can be selected freely e.g. to minimize the clutter power, having in mind that too fine a resolution will introduce a range-straddling loss. In other words, the radar sensitivity is determined by the transmitted power (chirp or pulse length), as in normal pulse radar, but the resolution can be selected freely.

A drawback from the transmission of long chirps is an extended minimum range – the radar is blind during transmission. In order to compensate for this, the radar can use a mixture of short, medium and long chirps. Because there is a short delay between transmission and re-ception of an echo from a target close to the antenna, short chirps are used for short ranges. However, since detecting small targets at long distance requires more energy, long chirps are used for long distances while medium chirps are used for covering the intermediate range. This is illustrated in Figure 4-9.

Figure 4-9 Principle sketch of transmission sequence

Up to 16 sub-frequency bands can be used and the sequence of pulse patterns is fully soft-ware defined and can be adapted to the actual situation and the chirp combination (Trans-mission sequence) is defined as part of individual profile set-ups.




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By nature, pulse compression will create time side lobes in a radar image (Figure 4-10: Tra-ditional and Terma SCANTER side lobe behavior. These are imperfections in range, where a target will appear with “artificial” targets before and/or after the actual target. similar effects can appear in azimuth and are called antenna side lobes.

Side lobes are unwanted, as they will limit the size of a small Radar Cross Section (RCS) target that can be detected next to a large RCS target. The ratio between the peak level of the target and the highest time side lobe is called the Peak Side Lobe Ratio (PSLR).

Traditionally this may be a severe limitation in pulse compression radars. However, a new proprietary approach that overcomes this has been developed for the SCANTER 5202 radar. The result is that time side-lobes are strongly reduced, in the order of 60 dB.

Time side lobes

Antenna side lobes

Target

Target

Traditional radar.Unwanted side lobes

Terma radar.Clean target echo

Figure 4-10: Traditional and Terma SCANTER side lobe behavior

4.7 Sub-clutter visibility with Doppler based processing option

Sub-clutter visibility in the Transceiver is obtained by discrimination of speed based on the Doppler shift in the received coherent signal.

The Transceiver supplies two channels at the same time: Normal radar and MTI (Dopper processed) radar.

Stationary targets such as earth ground clutter (land, buildings, etc) will be dominant at zero or low Doppler frequencies, while targets with faster radial speed will produce higher Doppler shifts.

Stationary targets and clutter are suppressed by the use of a series of proprietary adaptive MTI filters and correlators. In addition special proprietary algorithms adopts the filters to the speed of sea and rain clutter, suppressing clutter even if it is moving, all resulting in the clean crisp display of moving targets only.




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Moving targetShorelineLand clutter

?

Trails

Figure 4-11: Before and after utilization of the Doppler shift

4.7.1 Enhanced surface target detection

For surface radar applications, the utilization of Doppler information is substantially different from the techniques used for air surveillance:

• Speed differences between targets and surroundings are much smaller and discrimination is therefore less efficient.

• Targets of interest on the surface will often move tangentially or with low radial speed for prolonged periods and in such cases they will be completely sup-pressed.

• Most small surface targets have radar cross section virtually independent of their aspect angle. Therefore large echoes can not be expected for small tan-gentially moving surface targets.

Surface surveillance radars relying too much on Doppler information may therefore appear as unstable in operation and detection. In consequence, the SCANTER radar series utilize both:

• Basic detection of surface targets based on non-Doppler processed (Normal Radar) signals. E.g. with proprietary scan-to-scan correlation techniques.

• Supplementary utilization of Doppler processed signals for detection of sur-face targets is added in applications where additional performance can be ob-tained.

The best of that detected in the two channels is automatically selected. An intelligent combi-nation of the two channels is forwarded for presentation and tracking. This is illustrated in Figure 4-12.




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Figure 4-12: Signal to clutter improvement by Doppler processing




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4.8 Power Sector Transmission

In order to avoid interference from strong echoes from large stationary targets like buildings and mountains and to reduce the risk of interfering with other X-band systems, a power sec-tor mode is available. This feature allows definition of up to 16 individual user-defined sectors where the transmitted power can be controlled. Each sector is defined as either:

• Prohibit Sector • Transmit Sector • Reduced Power Sector

The sectors are aligned relative to north. The size of each sector may be chosen freely be-tween 1° and 359°. Each sector may be given individual power attenuation. The system will perform an automatic sector wise power adaption to the specified level. Up to 16 sectors may be defined. Prohibit sectors take precedence over transmit sectors. For the transmit sectors the power may be attenuated, thus providing a mode with low prob-ability of interception or interference. Figure 4-13 shows an example of how two overlapping radars can use Power Sector Transmission to limit radar transmission over land area.

Figure 4-13 Use of Power Sector Transmission




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4.9 FiveStepVideoPassing™

After down conversion in the receiver the signal is sampled with 14 bit at very high speed, demodulated, pulse compressed and MTI processed. Normal radar video as well as MTI processed is forwarded for display and tracking through the FiveStepVideoPassing™.

Several techniques have been combined into the SCANTER FiveStepVideoPassing™, being able to discriminate targets of interest from noise based on statistical properties in the signal.

Figure 4-14 Signal processing, simplified




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The processes include automatic adaptation to the environment. Smart channel combiner and interference filtering suppresses asynchronous interferences and second/multiple time around returns, as staggered transmission sequences are used.

The Doppler processing will simultaneously suppress stationary targets as well as moving clutter. The MTI is compensated for the speed and propagation movement direction of clut-ter, which is automatically determined using Terma proprietary algorithms.

Adaptive parameter settings are used in the filters, in the FD combiners and in the integration processes to omit beam shape and other losses as well as to optimize sensitivity.

Signals are converted form linear to the logarithmic as part of the processing.

4.10 Environment Adaptation

A false alarm is an erroneous radar target detection decision caused by clutter noise or other interfering signals exceeding the detection threshold. In general, it is an indication of the presence of a radar target when there is no valid target.

The CFAR – Constant False Alarm Rate and other adaptation techniques provide automatic adjustments such as false alarm rate, i.e. it provides a flat noise floor - also based on proprie-tary algorithms.

Antenna side lobe suppression is an integral part of the CFAR functions. The Sea Clutter Discriminator (SCD) are example of other adaptation processing. Figure 4-15 shows an example of a radar image of the Aarhus bay in Denmark. The VRM and A-scopes show the echo of a catamaran ferry at 22 Km. Because of the high resolution the ferry superstructure is clearly visible in the VRM scope.

Figure 4-15 SCANTER 5000 series radar image from the Aarhus bay in Denmark




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4.11 Controlling and using the Radar

4.11.1 Local and remote control

The Radar can be controlled and monitored in several different and parallel ways.

• The transceiver itself has a display, which will show system status, BITE status and key system parameters. It has four control buttons to navigate through menus and submenus.

• The Radar Service Tool, is a software package which connects to the Transceiver(s) via an IP network connection. From the software package all parameters, settings, BITE measurements and errors can be accessed. Furthermore, an advanced Radar Image Viewer (RIV) is included.

• Via an open IP network protocol, all parameters, settings, BITE measurements and errors can be accessed remotely.

Radar video is available as analogue video, digital 8 bit Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) video and UDP/IP network video.

4.11.2 Profiles

Profiles are predefined parameter-sets used by the software controlling the radar to set opti-mal Transceiver performance according to varying weather conditions or specific operational demands. Up to 16 profiles may be installed, but during system installation and setting to work, individual profiles which are optimized for the particular installation will be created. Thus, during daily operation, just one or a couple of profiles are needed.

The profiles eliminate the risk of mal-adjustment of the radar and reduce the operator need to acquire detailed knowledge about radar characteristics and meaning as such.

At any time, the operator may set a specific radar parameter, e.g. chirp length, frequencies, chirp pattern, antenna r.p.m., to over-ride the definition of the profile.

The profiles are selectable directly on the Transceiver, via the Radar Service Tool or per re-mote IP network.

4.11.3 BITE measurements and error handling

A BITE system is continuously monitoring performance parameters such as: Mains-on time, SSPA status, forward power, noise figure, internal voltages and temperatures, turning unit status etc.

An advanced error handling system gives a quick overview as well as a detailed description of any error in the system.

Both features make up a powerful tool for preventive maintenance and fast and efficient re-pair in case of failure on easy replaceable modules.

All measurements and errors are stored in a log for inspection and later reference.

Continuous status monitoring of a significant number of parameters/signals on each module is performed in real time by the housekeeping system. The status of these are internally as-sessed to initiate appropriate actions automatically to maintain operation to the extent possi-




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ble in case of an error is detected. The BITE reporting clearly describes the actual event or error and relates it to a specific module, i.e. no need for translation of code numbers.

The details of these reports will allow identification to the level of the LRU at fault.

At power up, the following diagnostic tests are performed:

• Module presence test

• Data Link test

• Memory test of all RAM circuits

The BITE monitors the system during standby and operation and reports the following:

• BITE Errors/Warnings

• Signal activity and processes

• Internal supply voltages

• Noise figure, internal voltages and temperatures

• Forward Power

• Status from motor, gear and optional inputs providing antenna status

• BITE Status

• BITE measurements

• Temperatures

• Internal Power Supplies

If parameters exceed specifications warnings or error messages are automatically issued to the various human user interfaces available i.e. both on the control panel on the front of the transceiver and across the IP network interfaces.

4.12 Remote System Management via Radar Service Tool

The sensor system can be accessed for management and monitoring from a remote location through the Radar Service Tool running on a Laptop connected to the radar IP network. The Radar Service Tool provides the following functionality to the maintainer:

• Situation Display with track overlay

• High-Level Control/BITE

• High-Level set-up and Service Tools

• Low-Level Parameter and BITE Access

• Documentation Library




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The Radar Service Tool provides the user with a consistent user interface across the various features implemented. It supports different perspectives, where each perspective corre-sponds to a particular arrangement and subset of Radar Service Tool windows. The user may define, store and recall individual perspectives.

Figure 4-16 Radar Service Tool GUI

4.12.1 Profile Setup

All parameters affecting the radar performance and processing can be saved in a named profile, which will provide a complete set of radar parameters. When the parameters have been defined the profile is saved with a profile name. The profiles are easily selected in a drop-down menu in the Radar Service Tool.




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4.12.2 Status Monitoring

The Radar Service Tool provides status on radar functions and performance as well as de-tailed status on all modules in the system. All BITE information available about the modules are shown together with any status or error message issued by the module. Figure 4-17 Ex-ample of CP 4 module status shows an example of the status of a CP 4 processing module.

Figure 4-17 Example of CP 4 module status




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5 Embedded tracking (add-on feature)

5.1 Characteristics

The purpose of the add-on embedded tracker is to automatically identify target echoes in the extractor as plots, and to initiate and maintain tracks in the tracker.

The embedded tracker is aimed at detecting and tracking multiple kinds of targets on the sea surface. It assists the operator to create an overview even when multiple targets are present.

Several parallel trackers (tracking lines) are introduced to be able to optimize against each individual target type. This gives the opportunity for emphasis on the detection and tracking of agile and small surface and low air targets in severe weather conditions, and at the same time to use the system to track large vessels etc.

Correlation and combination

IP network

Embeddedtracker

Plotextraction

Slow smalltarget tracker

Plotextraction

Fast smalltarget tracker

Plotextraction

General purposetracker

Processedradar video

Transceiver

Control,monitoring

and map data

User input

Figure 5-1: Interfaces, plot extraction, tracking lines, correlator and combiner

Each extractor analyses the incoming video, creates plots, and calculates plot properties such as area, intensity, center of gravity etc. Based on a number of filters, plots are selected for track initiation or track maintenance. The plot filters include selection criteria on video lev-el, plot area, plot intensity, and a comparison with the actual clutter environment.

The tracker calculates match between incoming plots and existing tracks. Non-matched plots are used as candidates for initiation of new tentative tracks. The track propagation uses ad-vanced algorithms to estimate the next (future) scan position and velocity of the target as well as to compare the predicted position with the available plots.

Track initiation and association of plots to existing tracks are based on multiple criteria. The-se include radar accuracy, expected maneuverability of the targets, plot characteristics such as size and strength, and a concept for measuring track quality expressed in a track quality factor. Aids to navigation e.g. buoys are tracked using specially adapted algorithms.




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The embedded tracker is based on years of intensive product development and frequent tests with different kinds of small targets in a number of countries and in all kinds of weather conditions.

Figure 5-2: From real life through advanced processing to confirmed track

5.2 Functions

The interface to the embedded tracker allows the operator to initiate a track manually and to delete an existing track.

Tracks are terminated based on the number of “lacks” i.e. missing consecutive updates of the track. The actual number of “lacks” which will lead to termination of a track is given as set-up parameters depending on the status of the track and which tracking line it belongs to.

Track Records

ID

Status

Line

Azimuth

Course

Window

Kind

Size

Lat./Long.

Quality

Error

Timestamp

Name

Range

Speed

Lacks

Status

No. of tracks

Notifications

Video alarms

No. of plots

Overflow

Plot Records

Line

Widths

Range

Timestamp

Azimuth

Figure 5-3: Selected examples of output data from the embedded tracker

Data from all tracking lines are correlated and combined, and the plots and tracks are pub-lished on the network using an ASCII TCP/IP protocol, together with the accompanying sta-tus information.




Page 41 of 59

Figure 5-4 Example of SCANTER 5000 series radar image with tracking information




Page 42 of 59

5.3 Specifications

Scan rate 6 - 60 RPM

IP network output Plots, tracks and status - TCP/IP - ASCII protocol

Tracking lines Navigation, slow targets & fast targets

Number of plots 5000

Number of tracks 500

Speed range Up to 70 kts ( ~ 130 km/h) - Speed over ground (SOG)

Range 5 + 0.0005 x profile range [m] - (Ex. 24 nmi ~ 27 m)

Azimuth 0.1 + 0.25 x antenna beam width [°] - (Ex. 12'CO-HP-F-34 ~ 0.25°)

Course 2°

Speed 0.5 kts

Tracking lines Slow air, fast air & helicopter

Number of plots 1000

Number of tracks 100

Speed range Up to 1000 kts ( ~ mach 1.5) - Speed over ground (SOG)

Range 50 m

Azimuth 0.5°

Course 5°

Speed 5 kts

Zones Up to 10000 defined (125 active simultaneously)

AAZ Automatic Acquisition Zone

NAAZ Non-Automatic Acquisition Zone

NTZ Non-Tracking Zone

VMZ Video Mask Zone

Buoys and AToNs Max 10000

Precision *

Map Objects

* Precision data given are 1σ (one standard deviation) values.Point target probability of detection ≥ 90% - steady course and speed.

Tracking

Surface tracking lines

Precision *

Air tracking lines (Add on feature)

Table 5-1: Embedded tracker specifications




Page 43 of 59

6 Terma Support, Maintenance and Availability The Terma SCANTER radars are designed for un-interrupted service, tailored to individual applications and optimized for low life cycle cost.

The radar systems are furthermore modular in construction, and equipped with extensive BITE facilities which provide module status and diagnostic information online. Replacing an LRU typically only takes few minutes.

Preventive and corrective maintenance is easily accessible. On redundant transceiver sys-tems, maintenance can be performed during operations. For the antennas, however, a short interruption is required for preventive maintenance at 6-12 months intervals.

6.1 Terma support

The Terma support covers the entire life cycle of the SCANTER products and Terma offer complete turn key solutions including delivery, installation, setting to work, fine tuning, train-ing and maintenance.

Installation, setting to work, training and maintenance may alternatively be conducted by non-Terma personnel, but trained by Terma.

6.1.1 Setting-to-work Program

The considerable amount of experience and expertise gained at Terma over a number of years as both a prime and major subcontractor has resulted in a comprehensive and uniform approach to the setting-to-work Program, providing:

• Establishment of a permanent, dedicated project management office common to all

SCANTER Radar projects, acting as the single point of contact and responsibility to each individual project.

• Clear, strong, and unambiguous lines of authority and responsibility for program managers across functional boundaries

• High management visibility into program progress, to permit rapid response in prob-lem solving, resource allocation or other management actions.

The project team set-up for the SCANTER product supplies is a highly dedicated group of employees with several years of experience within the field of radar technology, electronics, software, and telecommunication matters. Furthermore, this project team has access to the complete range of Terma expertise.

6.1.2 Installation and set-to-work of equipment

The installation and set-to-work of equipment takes its beginning by proper planning, docu-mentation, outlining of cable plans and establishment of an actual implementation plan. This includes studying and preparation of special documentation as applicable.




Page 44 of 59

6.1.3 Training

Terma offers extensive training in order to ensure efficient utilization of the system and high maintainability at system and module level.

The training courses are conducted by experts (design engineer and/or technician) from Terma.

A modular course concept is offered, divided into operational and technical courses.

6.1.4 Maintenance

Radar Sensor systems are highly delicate instruments required to perform in accordance with well defined operational profiles.

In addition to this, life cycle cost is a major issue of concern to most users. Therefore, the long term support of such systems must be based on highly efficient and skilled organiza-tions though requiring minimum initial investments and low running costs.

Based on world wide experience from numerous installations Terma Radar Systems has de-signed a package of service solutions that will minimize investment costs, increase system performance and enhance operational lifetime.

Increased system reliability, shipping possibilities and possible remote access to BITE/Service tools in the radar have considerably reduced the need for an available spares and a “hot standby” service support organization.

6.1.5 Spare parts

The Terma SCANTER radars are often part of mission-critical solutions. This call for redun-dancy and/or fast access to corrective maintenance and spare parts. The Terma support in-cludes:

• Supply of spare part packages and consumables • Exchange service for spare parts, where a defective LRU is replaced with a repaired

or new unit from stock at a fixed price • Repair service where a defective LRU is repaired at cost.

Duration 2 days + 1 day

TargetAudience

InstructorsOperator crew

Maintenance crewBaseTechnicians

+ 2 days

InstructorsMaintenance crewBaseTechnicians

InstructorsBaseTechnicians

(On board) Operational Course

Technical (Maintenance Level 1) Course

Technical (Maintenance Level 2) Course

Figure 6-1 Modular Course concept




Page 45 of 59

6.1.6 Maintenance contracts

Terma offer contracts for preventive and corrective maintenance, to individual customer re-quirements.

6.1.7 Total Service Concept

For customers that do not have a technical service organization, Terma can undertake the responsibility for total service of the radar sensor system including traveling to site as well as exchange of any defective modules including consumables (filters, fuses, etc.).

The total service concept includes system health check and preventive maintenance at regu-lar intervals at our choice.

Terma maintains the necessary stock of spare modules.




Page 46 of 59

6.2 Availability, reliability and maintainability

Table 6-1 summarizes the results from an availability, reliability and maintainability analysis performed for the SCANTER 5202 radar system.

The analysis is based on parts count and parts stress methods, combined with long-term ex-perience and statistics obtained from previous SCANTER radar families. In addition, experi-ence from qualification tests and installations, is very positive. It is therefore, expected that the SCANTER 5000 series will prove even more reliable than previous Terma radars.

The overall MTBF figures include any faults, whereas the critical MTBF allow for non-critical errors to be present, but repaired at a later stage, e.g. in connection with the next scheduled preventive maintenance visit.

Time for preventive maintenance and access time is allowed in the availability figure. Addi-tional down time is allowed in redundant systems in order to minimize the need for on site spare parts.

The MTTR assumes experienced service technicians trained by Terma in maintenance of the SCANTER radars.

Table 6-1 SCANTER 5202 system availability

Board/unitcount

MTBF,hours

MTBF,critical hours

MTTR,hours

Antenna All Terma line array types 1 100.000 130.000 2

Antenna control unit 1 250.000 280.000 1

Transceiver modules 200 W SSPA 1 260.000 350.000 0.5

RxTx Module 1 200.000 270.000 0.5

WG Assembly 1 20.000.000 20.000.000 0.5

RxTx Controller 1 200.000 220.000 0.5

Power Supply Unit 1 100.000 110.000 0.25

Blower ASSY 1 500.000 560.000 0.25

Motherboard 1 400.000 440.000 1

Controller 1 200.000 220.000 1

I/O Module 1 300.000 400.000 0.5

CP 4 Processor 2 150.000 170.000 0.25

Single transceiver unit, total 20.000 23.000

Single transceiver unit incl. antenna and ACU 16.000 19.000 1

Redundant transceiver units incl. Antenna and ACU 9.000 89.000 1

Availability, system with single transceiver unit 99.93%

Availability, system with redundant transceiver units 99.97%

Figures are based on a parts count analysis, combined with experienced values for alike products.

25°C Ambient temperature and 230/400 V mains supply assumed.

Blower ASSY MTBF requires scheduled service intervals

Air filters and bearings are subject to replacement at scheduled intervals and hence not included in the calculations.

3% down time for one RxTx is allowed in the critical MTBF for redundant systems to minimize the need for spare parts

2 hours of downtime/year is allowed for preventive maintenance in the availability calculation

8 hours access time is allowed in the availability calculations

Availability, reliability and maintainability analysis




Page 47 of 59

6.2.1 SSPA reliability

The reliability of SSPA amplifiers are of special concern as possible failure mechanisms are different from low power electronics, due to high currents and the risk of internal high tem-peratures. Power supplies also have to be able to handle a wide span of mains voltage, and the currents are dependant on the supply voltage.

Failure mechanisms for high power microwave components are different from those in the computer industry and continuous reliable operation requires dedicated methods during de-sign and operation.

Because high power Solid State microwave components operate at significantly higher tem-peratures than normal transistors, the SCANTER radars employ a new efficient temperature management, giving excellent reliability.

Therefore, there is no need for periodic replacement of solid-state amplifiers as required if using magnetrons or other tube transmitters. In addition, low voltage power supplies replace the high voltage supplies needed for tube technology.

The calculated MTBF for various combinations of mains voltage and transceiver ambient temperature are listed below.

Other modules in the radar are less affected by temperature and supply. However, the rec-ommendation is to take power as well as temperature into consideration, when planning the individual radar installation.

Table 6-2 SSPA MTBF

260.000 hours @ 25° C, 230 Vac 205.000 hours @ 25° C, 85 Vac

65.000 hours @ 55° C, 230 Vac 45.000 hours @ 55° C, 85 Vac

200 W SSPA - MTBF




Page 48 of 59

6.3 Maintenance schedule

6 months

12 months

4 years

8 years

Antenna Visual inspection and cleaning

Turning unit Check oil level Replacement of oil Replacement/overhaul of rotary joint Turning unit maintenance overhaul

ACU Cleaning of air filter

Waveguide Check of waveguide leakage, corrosion Check of waveguide pressurizer/dessicator

Transceiver Cleaning of air filter Replacement of fan (Blower ASSY) Replacement of battery on Controller module

Recommended preventive maintenance intervals

Table 6-3 Recommended preventive maintenance intervals




Page 49 of 59

7 Safety The above intervals assume that the equipment is mounted in rough conditions. On the basis of experience, the intervals may be extended on individual sites if conditions are mild. In dust filled environments, air filters may require more frequent cleaning/replacement.

The SCANTER 5202 system has built-in safety precautions to prevent the antenna from ro-tating and the transceiver from transmitting, when personnel need to work close to the an-tenna. This is activated by a Man Aloft switch, which is set when the work is started and which isolates power from the turning unit and prohibits transmission as long as the switch is activated.

In order to protect the immediate surroundings from extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation, the safety system will prevent transmitting whenever the antenna is not rotating. This is achieved by not powering up the SSPA unless the Man Aloft switch is closed and by enabling the signal gate to the SSPA only when the antenna encoder signals are indicating that the antenna is rotating.

Inside the SCANTER antenna turning units, the motor is protected by means of a bimetallic switch, integrated in the motor for efficient shut down if the motor is overheated. The bimetal-lic switch opens at 150 ºC, shutting down the turning unit and transmission.

7.1 Transmit prerequisites

For human safety, a hard wired safety current loop prevents antenna rotation and RF trans-mission, if the safety loop is broken or opened.

A number of series connected switches comprise the entire safety loop

Further, the antenna drive motor is equipped with temperature sensors, which initially gives a warning when the temperature is excessive and eventually switches off both transmission and motor.

The transmission can be controlled externally via the available external hardware EMCON/Tx Inhibit logical interface, which will instantaneously force the transmitter to react accordingly.

Transceiver transmission can be started by issuing a “transmit start” command, either by clicking the Tx button in the Radar Service Tool program or by activating transmission from an other client program. The radar will remember the transmission status when power is switched off, so the system will always return to the same transmission status as it had pre-viously. Transmission will only start if all of the below prerequisites are fulfilled:

• Antenna rotation (RPM) is greater than 0.

• ACU status is normal.

• Motor protection and man aloft switch are not activated.

The antenna start and transmit permissions are controlled by the transceiver.




Page 50 of 59

8 Interfaces

Table 8-1: External interface summary

Mains input 1 x 100 - 230 VAC + Neutral 50 - 60 Hz. 800 - 1050 watt

Ethernet (2 pcs. for external use)

IP Network video (Streaming)Control, monitoring and setup10/100/1000 Mbit/s BASE-T

Serial (3 pcs.)Multi-purpose - EIA-232 or EIA-422. 1.2 - 115.2 kbpsEx. GPS, Log, NMEA, AIS, meterological system etc.

USB General-purpose - high speed USB 2.0

Network video 8 bit UDP/IP Network video

Digital video (2 pcs.)Radar video8 bit EIA-644 LVDS video output @ 12.5 or 25 or 50 MHz data rateAzimuth EIA-422 output included in connector

Analogue video (2 pcs.) Logarithmic video 1 V @ 50 Ω or 5 V @ 75 ΩTrigger (4 pcs.) Pre- and post-time programmable 8 V @ 75 Ω - Low to High

Antenna RF port Waveguide IEC154 - UBR100 / EIAXXX - UG39/U

ACU communication EIA-485. 1.2 - 115.2 kbps. Motor start/stop and status

Antenna unit status Motor and gear sensors. Man aloft switch safety loop

Waveguide switchand encoder

Switching CP/HP antennas or high/low beam antennasFor dual position waveguide switch with dual tellbackEIA-422. 4K or 8K ACP's + 1 ARP encoder input5-7 VDC encoder supply

Waveguide switchSwitching between redundant Transceivers orCP/HP antennas or high/low beam antennasFor dual position waveguide switch with dual tellback

TX Inhibit / EMCON (2 pcs.) Turns off transmission by sensing a closed external contact

Auxiliary I/O 4 discrete inputs & 2 floating relay outputs. Max 100V, 1A, 50VA

Note: EIA- also known as RS- or TIA-

Other interfaces

Power supply

Communication

Video output

Antenna unit & Antenna Control Unit (ACU)




Page 51 of 59

Figure: 8-1 External I/O seen from the bottom of the enclosure




Page 52 of 59




Page 53 of 59

9 Environment

Temperature -40°C to 70°C IEC 60068-2-1 / 60068-2-2

Humidity < 95% RH @ 45ºC IEC 60068-2-3

IP protection class Keep dry

Bumps 10g, 16 ms, 1000 bumps IEC 60068-2-29

Temperature 0 °C to 45 °C IEC 60068-2-2:1997

Humidity < 95% RH @ 45ºC IEC 60068-2-3

Corrosivity category C4-high (Industrial atmosphere) EN ISO 12944

IP protection class IP 52 (Dust and dripping water 15°) IEC 60529

Shocks 30g, half sine, 11ms, 3x18 shocks IEC 60068-2-27

Vibration 3-13.2 Hz +/-1 mm & 13.2-100 Hz 0.7g 90 min IEC 60945 / 60068-2-6

EMC immunity Immunity for industrial enviroments IEC 61000-6-2

EMC emission Emission standard for residential enviroments IEC 61000-6-3

Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain ITU-R SM.1541-2 Annex 8

Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain ITU-R SM.329-10

Acoustic noise < 56 dB(A) @ 1 m -

Packed for transportation and storage environment requirements

Operational enviroment requirements

Radio spectrum

Table 9-1: Environmental requirements




Page 54 of 59

10 Approvals, requirements and conformities Designed and manufactured to conform to the following. Details can be supplied on request.

Table 10-1 Standard compliance




Page 55 of 59

11 Quality assurance certification

AQAP-2110

For more than 25 years, Terma A/S has been certified to the NATO Quality standard AQAP-1, later AQAP-110 and AQAP-150, and since 2006, Terma has been assessed and certified to AQAP-2110 by Bureau Veritas Certification.

ISO 9001

Since 2003, Terma has been assessed and certified to ISO 9001 by Bureau Veritas Certifica-tion.

Terma Quality Management System

Terma Quality Management System is an inherent part of the Terma Management System (TMS), which is an on-line process orientated information system on Terma’s intranet. TMS is formed as a front-end to the Quality Handbook and other business procedures for each business area giving an easy way to gain relevant information to the individual employee based on the actual job and stage in the process.

Other certifications

Contact Terma A/S for a complete list of various second party approvals and certificates.

12 Export control status The SCANTER 5202 series is subject to export control in accordance with the Dual Use Regulation of the European Union.

Therefore, an export license is required in each individual case and the buyer has to issue an End User Statement to be used for obtaining the Export License, together with a tax exemp-tion document




Page 56 of 59

13 Definitions Term Definition

1D / 2D 1/2 dimensional

ACH Anti Condensation Heater

ACP Azimuth Count Pulse

ACU Antenna Control Unit

AIS Automatic Identification System AQAP Allied Quality Assurance Publications

ARP Azimuth Repitition Pulse

ASC Auto-adaptive Sensivity Control

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

AToN Aids To Navigation

BITE Built-in Test Equipment

CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate

CMS Combat Management Systems

COG Course Over ground

CP Circurlarly Polarized

CP(4) Common Platform (Board)

CRP Chirp repitition Frequency

CSA Canadian Standards Association

CSS Coastal Surveillance Service

EIA Electronics Industries Alliance

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility

EMCON EMission CONtrol

ESD Electro Static Discharge

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FD Frequency Diversity

HP Horizontal Polarization

I/O Input/Output

IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

IEC International electrotechnical commission

IF Intermediate Frequency

IP International Protection

IP Internet Protocol

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ITU International Telecommunication Union

kts Knots

LAN Local Area Network

LRU Line Replacable Unit

LVDS Low Voltage Differential Signalling

MDR Minimum Detection Range




Page 57 of 59

MDS Minimum Detection Signal

MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits

MTI Moving Target Indicator

NMEA National Marine Electronics Association

nmi Nautical Miles

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration

NTZ Non-Tracking Zone

NAAZ Non-Automatic Acquisition Zone

PA Power Amplifier

PC Personal Computer

PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency

PSLR Peak Sidelobe Level Ratio

R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive

RCS Radar Cross Section

RF Radio Frequency

RH Relative Humidity

RIV Radar Image Viewer

RoHS Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equip-ment

RPM Rotations Per Minute

RS Recommended Standard

Rx Receive

RxTx Transceiver

SAR Search and Rescue

SCD Sea Clutter Discriminator

SFP Small Form-factor Pluggable

SMR Surface Movement Radar

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol

SOG Speed Over ground

SSPA Solid-State Power Amplifier

STC Sensitivity Time Control

STW Speed Through Water

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TD Time Diversity

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

TMS Terma Management System

Tx Transmit

UDP/IP User Datagram Protocol / Internet Protocol

UL Underwriters Laboratories

USB Universal Serial Bus

UV Ultra Violet

VAC Voltage Alternating Current




Page 58 of 59

VDC Voltage Direct Current

VMZ Video Mask Zone

VSWR Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio

VTS Vessel Tracking Service

WAN Wide Area Network




Page 59 of 59

14 Appendix

Diagrams337318-EB

615202-ZD

650000-ZC

Interfaces386300-RI

386300-DI

502074-DI

386303-DI

304124-SI

386307-DI

303949-SI

304284-SI

582744-DI

Handbooks and Qualification615102-HO

615102-HT

386301-TB

Included

Included

Optiona and Accessories386211-001

386212-001

Option C: Surface and air tracker 386213-001

Individual

Individual

256535-DM

Tabletop service display computer Optional

Ruggedized service display computer Optional

Laptop service display computer Optional

696292-001

696293-001

Consumables524884-001

Consumables kit 696294-001

201197-010

Wire list

SCANTER 5000 Series Transceiver Control Protocol Data Definition

Waveguide dehydrator (pressurizer), 230VAC (x=1) / 110VAC (x=2)

SCANTER 5202 cross reference

Embedded SW package, licence for 1 site

RST SW package, licence for multiple users

SCANTER Plot Management Protocol

System Block Diagram

Installation Drawing

SCANTER 5000/6000 Series File Storage Service Protocol

SCANTER Radar System Protocol

SCANTER VDT Track Management Protocol

Digital video cable

Maintenance tool kit

Option A: Surface tracker, incl. PC kit

Option B: Doppler based processing incl additional CP 4 board

Installation materials

Man aloft switch

Cable strap

Interface Overwiew

Interface Specification

Air filter, transceiver

Scanter 5000/6000 Radar System Qualification Test Plan

SCANTER 5000/6000 Series Own Unit Data Formats Specification

Operators Manual

Technical Manual

SCANTER Network Video Protocol

/25


ANNEX 2

Terma 21' High Gain X-Band Antenna System

CHANGE ORDER/REVISION CO: 44727 REV: B CO: REV. CO: REV: CO: REV: APVD: CHE CM: SEB APVD: CM: APVD. CM: APVD: CM: Proprietary and intellectual rights of Terma A/S, Denmark, are involved in the subject-matter of this material and all manufacturing, repro-duction, use, disclosure, and sales rights pertaining to such subject-matter are expressly reserved. This material is submitted for a specific purpose as agreed in writing, and the recipient by accepting this material agrees that this material will not be used, copied, or reproduced in whole or in part nor its contents (or any part thereof) revealed in any manner or to any third party, except own staff, to meet the purpose for which it was submitted and subject to the terms of the written agreement. PREP CHE

CHKD MLN

APVD JCP CM SEB

Terma A/S Headquarters Hovmarken 4 DK-8520 Lystrup Denmark DATE OF INITIAL

RELEASE 050331 DATE OF THIS RELEASE

Cage Code R0567 TITLE DOCUMENT NO. REV PAGE

21’ High Gain X-Band SWG Antenna 304786-DP B 1 OF 15

Template: MultipageCO-REV5L-N /Ref doc: 200000-AS

Product Specification21’ High Gain X-Band SWG Antenna System

06-04-27

The use and/or disclosure, etc. of the contents of this document (or any part thereof) is subject to the restrictions referenced on the front page. TITLE DOCUMENT NO. REV PAGE


Record of Changes Description Rev Date

Release

General update - Specifications updated

A

B

050331

See page 1



Contents

1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................4 1.1 Antenna Systems ...............................................................................................4

2 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................5 2.1 Antenna..............................................................................................................5 2.2 Turning Unit........................................................................................................5

3 SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................7 3.1 Main data ...........................................................................................................7 3.2 Horizontal Radiation Pattern (Azimuth)...............................................................7 3.3 Elevation Pattern................................................................................................8 3.4 Colour Scheme ..................................................................................................9 3.5 Weight & Mechanical dimensions.......................................................................9 3.6 Environmental Capabilities ...............................................................................11

3.6.1 Power handling.....................................................................................11 3.6.2 Waveguide Drying ................................................................................11

3.7 Radar Towers...................................................................................................12 3.8 Free Radiation..................................................................................................13

4 LIGHTNING PROTECTION .............................................................................14

5 MAINTENANCE...............................................................................................14



1 INTRODUCTION

Terma Radar Systems are tailored for professional customers such as defence, customs, coast guards and other authorities, requiring reliable operation and high performance.

The High Gain (HG) antenna system family includes fixed Circularly Polarized (CP) and fixed Horizontally Polarized (HP) antennas for:

• Coastal Surveillance (CS)

• Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)

• Surface Movement Radar (SMR) applications

Circular polarization provides low susceptibility to precipitation and sea spray as the shape of individual water drops approaches perfect spheres, the back-scatter from the circularly polarized signal will rotate with opposite sense and is therefore suppressed in the receiving antenna.

For very small targets, such as rubber boats and wooden boats, Horizontal Polarization will normally be required for detection of these targets at required range. The influence from precipitations can often be accepted in systems aimed for detection of such targets.

Additional system performance is achieved when combining the squint characteristics of the slotted waveguide antenna with Frequency Diversity Transceivers. Target fluctuations are reduced and sea clutter is suppressed

1.1 Antenna Systems This specification describes the following Slotted Wave Guide (SWG) antenna Systems:

21’ HGCP-F-38 (21 ft Circularly Polarized Fan beam antenna system)

21’ HGHP-F-38 (21 ft Horizontally Polarized Fan beam antenna system)

21’ HGCP-C-37 (21 ft Circularly Polarized cosec2 beam antenna system)

21’ HGCP-I-37 (21 ft Circularly Polarized Inverse cosec2 beam antenna system)

The number and letters in the Terma number/ name of the Antenna Systems have the fol-lowing meaning:

21' HGCP-F-38

Type

Pola

rizat

ion

Beam

sha

pe

Gai

n

Ante

nna

Leng

th



2 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS The HG-Antenna Systems consist of two main assemblies:

• The Antenna radiating the RF-power and subsequently receiving radar echoes.

• The Turning Unit including Rotary Joint and azimuth encoder(s).

2.1 Antenna The Antenna consists of a slotted waveguide array, a flared horn, a polarization filter and a CP-polarizer (for circularly polarized antennas only), all placed in a housing with a low-loss RF transparent radome.

Figure 2.1 Scanner design

Circular polarization is generated by the CP-polarizer made by a multi-layer periodic array of slanted conductive strips located in front of the horn. The CP-polarizer provides an effi-cient cancellation of back-scatter from precipitation over the entire frequency range and at all elevation angles.

2.2 Turning Unit The Turning Unit includes the motor, gear and encoder assembly. The encoder assembly consists of a Rotary Joint and one azimuth encoder. As an option, two encoders can be in-cluded for redundancy.



Figure 2.2 Turning Unit

Figure 2.3 Turning Unit Waveguide (WG) and Cable connections

The WG Flange is PBR 100, plain flange with O-ring sealing and M4 threads, according to IEC154. The motor is protected by a thermal switch, integrated in the motor stator windings for effi-cient shut-down in case of overheat, e.g. as a result of the Antenna being blocked.

As an option the Turning Unit can be equipped with an oil sensor for indication of low oil level



3 SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Main data

Table 3.1-1 Electrical specifications

TERMA SCANTER HIGH GAIN ANTENNAS

Antenna Type Circular Polarization 21' HP-F-38

21' HP-I-37

21' CP-F-38

21' CP- I-37

MAIN PARAMETERS Gain ≥ 38 dBi ≥ 38 dBi ≥ 38 dBi ≥ 37 dBi Integrated Cancellation Ratio N/A ≥ 15 dBi Polarization Fixed horizontal (HP) Fixed circular (CP) Frequency Band 9.140 – 9.470 GHz VSWR (Scanner and Rotary Joint) <1.2

AZIMUTH PATTERN Horizontal BW @ - 3 dB ≤ 0.36o

ELEVATION PATTERN

Elevation Beam form Fan Inverse-Cosec2 Fan Inverse-

Cosec2 Vertical BW @ - 3 dB ≤ 11º Tilt Fixed -1.5 deg -0.6 deg -1.5 deg -0.6 deg

TURNING UNIT RF-Loss < 0.3 dB Motor 2.2 kW, 3-phase Motor mains 3 x 220-240 V or 3 x 380-420 V 50Hz Antenna rotation speed 6 - 60 RPM Built-in sensors, standard Motor, high temp. warning Built-in sensors, Add-on Low oil level warning Azimuth encoder, standard one 8192 pulses Azimuth encoder, option two Each 8192 pulses

3.2 Horizontal Radiation Pattern (Azimuth) The -3dB point is used as the main parameter in antenna specifications for defining the an-tenna performance. However, achieving good overall shape and low far-out side-lobe lev-els is equally important.



-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15Azimuth Angle [deg]

[dB

]

Figure 3.1 Horizontal Radiation Pattern

The red line in figure 3.1 is the upper limit for the side-lobes (-28dB from 1,5 deg to 5deg, -30dB from 5 deg to 10 deg and from 10 deg below -35 dB.

3.3 Elevation Pattern The elevation patterns are designed for maximum gain to achieve the longest possible range and the necessary tilt angle is included and can not be modified during installation.

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

-40 -30 -20 -10 0

[dB]

Elev

atio

n A

ngle

[deg

]

Figure 3.2 21’CP-F-38 Fan Beam Elevation Pattern



-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

-40 -30 -20 -10 0

dB

Elev

atio

n an

gle

[deg

]

Figure 3.3 21’CP-I-37 Inverse cosec2 Elevation Pattern

The cosec2 pattern is identical to the inverse cosec2 but turned around 180 degrees.

3.4 Colour Scheme RAL 7001 Grey

RAL 9010 White (optional)

3.5 Weight & Mechanical dimensions Weight:

Antenna: Approx. 170 kg incl. adaptation to gearbox

Turning Unit: Approx. 230 kg incl. oil.

Total: Approx. 400 kg

Overall dimensions:

H x L x W: 1110 mm x 6560 mm x 1280 mm for the complete unit

Swing radius: ≤ 3300 mm

6560mm



1110mm

Lateral Force

905mm

Figure 3.4 Mechanical Outline

Table 3.5-1

Lateral Force Survival –free rotating 6200 N Turning Unit base torque Max 730 Nm Cyclic torque Wind 35 m/s, 60 RPM (2Hz) Min 150 Nm max 685 Nm



3.6 Environmental Capabilities The 21ft Antenna Systems are designed to observe the following conditions:

Table 3.6-1Environmental specifications

TEST CONDITION LIMITS CORRESPONDING STANDARD

Operating -40ºC IEC 68-2-1, test Ab Cold

Storage -40ºC IEC 68-2-1, test Ab

Operating +55ºC Excl. sun IEC 68-2-2, test Bb Dry Heat

Storage +70ºC IEC 68-2-2, test Bb

Protection Operating IP 54 IEC 60529

Humidity Operating -10ºC to +65ºC 80% to 96% RH IEC 68-2-38

Salt mist Operating Severity (1) IEC 60068-2-52

UV radiation Operating Method 505.4 MIL-STD-810F

Bump Packed for trans-port

10g, 16 ms, 1000 bumps IEC 68-2-29, test Eb

Shock (handling) Non-Operating 15g, 6ms 3 shock IEC 68-2-27, test Ea

Sun Radiation Operating 1120 W/m2 IEC 68-2-9, test A

35m/s (60 RPM) Operating

55m/s (30 RPM) Wind Speed Horizontal

Survival 75m/s (0 RPM)

Hail Operating 10mm hail at 18m/s wind

3.6.1 Power handling The antenna handles the following RF power levels:

Peak: 100 kW Average: 75 W

3.6.2 Waveguide Drying WG drying or pressurising are recommended in all installations. The actual recommenda-tion depends on climatic conditions and WG length.

Simple Silica-gel based static desiccators are recommended for installations in which day-night temperature variation is low, relative humidity in equipment rooms is never high and waveguides are short (< 20-25 meters).



WG pressurising is recommended in all other cases, especially if:

• Equipment buildings are occupied regularly. The human body, coffee making etc. generate moisture which may penetrate waveguides, if not pressurised.

• Equipment is located in tropical areas or other areas with considerable day-night temperature variations.

3.7 Radar Towers The tower requirements for radar antennas used for surface surveillance depend on the desired accuracy of the radar data. In the azimuth direction, the torsion is especially impor-tant, and in elevation the mast must ensure that the radar elevation beam is directed against the horizon and not tilted too high in the air or too low towards the sea surface - as both situations will result in decreased detection range.

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

Angle (deg)

Erro

r (m

)

5Km 10Km 20Km 30Km 40Km 50Km 100Km

Figure 3.5 Error from mast torsion Figure 3.5 provides a tool to evaluate the error caused by the mast torsion and thereby the necessary requirement to the mast supplier.

The horizontal axis of Figure 3.5 gives the torsion angle in degrees; and the vertical axis the position error in meters. The curves are coloured according to the target range.

An example: With a torsion angle of 0.1º, a target at a distance of 30 km (the light blue line or line number 4 from the bottom) gives in an error of almost 50 m.

This again must be compared with the tracker functionality and the antenna beamwidth.

As the antenna beamwidth is 0.36º, and a tracker should be able to track with an accuracy of approx. one quarter of a beamwidth, or 0.09º, it is recommended to design the mast sta-bility accordingly.

For airport applications:

For airport applications:



The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment states in their document that: “MINIMUM OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR SURFACE MOVEMENT RADAR SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR USE IN ADVANCED SURFACE GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (A-SMGCS)”

meaning that the torsional stiffness of the platform should be better than 0.05 degree. To keep the antenna from being tilted too much, the tilt of the platform on which the an-tenna is mounted should be kept below 1.0º. The radar system will still be functional for lar-ger tilt angles, but detection range performance is reduced.

3.8 Free Radiation When the antenna system is installed at the top of a mast or a building, it is important that the radiation is not obscured by nearby objects like fences or masts used for lighting pro-tection, direction finders, etc.

Pedestal

0ºHigh Gain SWG antennas: 15º

Inv. cosec 2 antennas: 42º

Free sight fromhorizontal to thespecified angle

Figure 3.6 Illustration of mast installation

If other masts must be installed, a location should be found in which direction the radar is not radiating (e.g. in coastal surveillance over land areas), and the diameter of the mast must be kept as small as possible.

If a mast must be located close - within 10m - to the antenna, and within the radiation an-gle, it must not exceed a diameter of 80mm. If this can not be accomplished, an increase of antenna azimuth side-lobe level is to be expected in the angular directions affected by ap-erture blockage. However, Terma transceivers will not be damaged from such blockage



4 LIGHTNING PROTECTION The antenna system is based on having the housings grounded. This protects the elec-tronic parts in a Faraday cage environment and has proven to make the antenna insensi-tive to lightning if protected as illustrated below.

A lightning protection rod must be mounted just outside the swing area of the radar an-tenna, see Figure 4.1. The purpose of the Lightning Protection Rod is to distract the light-ning discharge from the antenna system.

Further, an additional grounding between e.g. a wave-guide bend and the base of the mast (before the wave-guide enters the building) is recommended.

L1

L2

L1:5 m > L1 > 0.2 m

L2:L2 > L1 + 0.5 * R

Lightning Protection Rod

Antenna Stub Mast(pedestal)

RRadar Antenna

Electrical connection (10 mm 2) if theplatform is non-conducting

Figure 4.1 Lighting protection

Terma antenna (and radar) systems have been installed in several hundred sites around the globe. The efficiency of the lightning protection procedure is supported by none of these systems having been destroyed due to lightning.

5 MAINTENANCE Recommended service intervals, depending on environment:

Inspection, cleaning, check of oil level: 6-12 months Change of oil: 4-8 years Gearbox overhaul: 8-16 years

Warning Do not substitute oil with different types or mix oil types. This may reduce equip-ment life or even cause immediate damage.



Annex 1 Abbreviations BW Beam Width CP Circularly Polarized or Circular Polarization CS Coastal Surveillance CSR Coastal Surveillance Radar HP Horizontal Polarization ICR Integrated Cancellation Ratio LA Large Aperture LACP Large Aperture Circular Polarization LAHP Large Aperture Horizontal Polarization RCS Radar Cross Section RF Radio Frequency RPM Rotations Per Minute SLL Side-Lobe Level SWG Slotted Wave Guide VSWR Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio WG Waveguide

/25


ANNEX 3

Radar Performance Calculations Terma SCANTER

Rev.1, 24 April 2012 Page 1 ©Terma A/S, DK 8520 Lystrup

Radar Performance

Calculations

Radar Sensor System Burbo Bank Offshore Windpark

Radar Performance Calculations – Burbo Bank Offshore Windpark Page 2 of 6

©TERMA A/S, DK 8520 Lystrup Commercial in Confidence

1 INTRODUCTION Radar Range Detection Performance has been calculated using the CARPET software simulation tool and a recently Terma developed performance tool called ASPECT. The in-put data for the calculation is based on: Proposed system:

• The SCANTER 5202 Radar System (200 W), an X-band, 2D, fully coherent pulse compression radar with Solid State transmitter technology and digital software de-fined functionality - Product Specification 615202-DP

• 21 ft X-Band High Gain Slotted Wave Guide (SWG) antenna system with Horizon-tal or Circular Polarization* - Product Specification 304786-DP

The proposed system configuration SCANTER 5202 / 21ft High Gain antenna fully com-plies with IALA “advanced” recommendations.

The calculations made comply with the requirement to detect all moving and stationary targets meeting the specified detection criteria within the coverage area - excluding the cases where targets mask each other or targets are masked by land structures or other objects in the area. The target detection criteria is based on 90% probability of detection (PD) with the follow-ing targets used as the minimum specifications for target detection.

Vessel Size IALA type Radar Cross

Section Height Above

Sea Level

X-Band Trihedral reflector on a floating aid (or small ship). 3 10 m2 3 m ASL

Small metal ships, fishing vessels, patrol vessels etc. 4 100 m2 5 m ASL

Coasters and the like. 5 1.000 m2 8 m ASL

Large coasters, bulk carriers, cargo ships and the like. 6 10.000 m2 12 m ASL

Container carriers, tankers etc. 7 100.000 m2 18 m ASL

Table 1 - Target Types and Parameters

* Note: Circular Polarized antenna (CP): It is our experience from live tests that the proper detection of small,

non-metallic objects such as small open boat, fiberglass, wood or rubber, small speedboat, small fishing vessels, small sailing boats and the like is severely reduced when using circular polarization antennas.



1.1 Geometry The below figure illustrates the geometry associated with antenna height above sea level (ASL) in target detection and the effect of the earth curvature. Calculated target horizon for each site is shown in Table 2.

Target Horizon = 2.2 · (htarget

0.5 + hantenna0.5) [NMI]

Radar Horizon

Target Horizon

SEA Level

Antenna Height ASL

Antenna height ASL versus radar horizon and target horizon.

Target height ASL Site

Tower Height ASL

3 m 5 m 8 m 12 m 18 m

Gwaenyas-gor

206 m 35,8 36,9 38,3 39,7 41,4

Table 2 - Geometry – Target horizon

Note: Lobing or multipath limits the detecting range for targets lower than the first eleva-tion lobe to a range somewhat greater than the geometric target horizon.



2 CALCULATIONS The CARPET v.2.13 programme from TNO and a recently Terma developed performance tool was used to make complex range performance calculations.

2.1 Range resolution and azimuth discrimination The Transceiver utilizes frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping) and pulse compression to augment the range resolution as well as the signal-to-noise ratio. This al-lows for transmission of long frequency modulated pulses (chirps) with relatively low peak power and at the same time provide sufficient average power and range coverage.

A special feature of the pulse compression technique is that the resulting radar sensitivity in noise is independent of the resolution bandwidth. The resulting signal to noise ratio is therefore proportional to the transmitted power divided by the overall receiver noise figure. In consequence, the bandwidth can be selected freely e.g. to minimize the clutter power, having in mind that too fine resolution will introduce range-straddling loss. In other words, the radar sensitivity is determined by the transmitted power (chirp or pulse length), as in normal pulse radar, but the resolution can be selected freely.

Target separation in range for the proposed system is ≤18m.

2.1.1 Accuracy and Resolution

Radar azimuth accuracy resolution as well as range accuracy and resolution are shown below.

Range Resolution

Azimuth Resolution

Azimuth and range resolution

Azimuth accuracy Depends on the turning gear and its associated azimuth bearing transmitter resolution and accuracy. The total azimuth accuracy has been calculated to be less than 0.1º corre-sponding to 5 meter on a range of 3 km.

2.1.2 Azimuth discrimination

2

tanrange2 ϕ⋅⋅

Azimuth resolution Defined as the 3dB azimuth beam width of the radar antenna, i.e. 0.36º for the 21ft X-Band, corresponding to 37 m at a range of 3 nmi. The effective azimuth discrimination (for small point targets with a S/N+C in the range 10-20dB) corresponds approximately to 1.5 times the -3 dB antenna beam width at the dis-tances specified. Therefore, the approximate separation distance required to ensure effec-tively discriminate two targets is shown in Table 3.



Target range [nmi]

Distance required for effective azimuth separation [m]

7 122

8 140

9 157

10 175

11 192

12 209

13 227

Table 3 - Discrimination in azimuth

2.1.3 Minimum Range Performance

The minimum detection range for the transceiver mainly depends on the antenna height above sea level and the length of the waveguide. It is typically in the order of 40 m for an installation using 10 m waveguide run.

Furthermore, the Fan Beam version of the antenna introduces the first null at an angle of 20 deg. below the horizontal level. This may however, only affect very small, ideal point targets. For targets having a more complex superstructure the antenna null has negligible effect. For the antenna in 206 m ASL, the minimum detection range is approx. 560 m. As the distance from site to coastline is above this number, the minimum distance will have no effect on detection of sea targets.

2.2 Range Calculations The range performances have been calculated for antenna height=206 m based on the target sizes mentioned in Table 1 and site mentioned in Table 2. For the weather condi-tions clear weather and rain (10 mm/h) is shown. Target sizes and sea states are used from IALA V-128 “advanced” recommendations. Furthermore 10 m wave guide and 90 % PD has been used. The smaller the target, the more it is subject to reduction in detection range versus weather conditions, especially sea clutter and rainfall. However, there is a limit to the sea state in which a very small target is expected at open sea and severe rain in the area be-ing considered is assumed existing as limited (heavy) showers. The higher the antenna is placed the more sea clutter is seen by the antenna, thus the re-quirements to the radar sensor will increase with respect to small target detection. Most high-quality Trackers of today will accept a low PD, e.g. 70-80 % and still maintain re-liable target tracking. Consequently, detection range will improve. Comparing the two tables below, it is not significant which of the antennas that provide the best result – irrespective of the weather conditions. However, as the HP-antenna will al-ways perform better for smaller (and non-metallic) targets, it would be our recommenda-tion to use this.



2.2.1 21 ft HG-HP-F-38 antenna

21 ft HP-F High Gain Antenna IALA type

RCS [m2]

Target height [m]

Sea state Clear Rain: 10 mm/h

3 10 3 7 28 13,8

4 100 5 7 32 29

5 1.000 8 8 35 32

6 10.000 12 8 38 35

7 100.000 18 8 ≥40 39

Table 4 – Range performance [nmi]– 21ft HP

2.2.2 21 ft HG-CP-F-38 antenna

21 ft CP-F High Gain Antenna IALA type

RCS [m2]

Target height [m]

Sea state Clear Rain: 10 mm/h

3 10 3 7 26 14,5

4 100 5 7 31 28

5 1.000 8 8 34 32

6 10.000 12 8 37 35

7 100.000 18 8 39 38

Table 5 – Range performance [nmi]– 21ft CP

/25


ANNEX 4

C-Scope Extractor-tracker (CSET)

Kongsberg Norcontrol IT

CC--SSccooppee RRaaddaarr VViiddeeoo EExxttrraaccttoorr aanndd TTrraacckkeerr

is a family of high performance maritime awareness application for ports, coastal authorities, offshore companies and military organisations. The C-Scope Radar Video Extractor and Tracker is an integrated part of the C-Scope product family and is our latest generation radar extractor and tracker. Employing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology, the C-Scope extractor and tracker is a very high capacity, state-of-the-art system with a modular design that minimizes installation and maintenance issues and facilitates enhancements and upgrades. The C-Scope Radar Video Extractor and Tracker is used at both or either central or remote radar sites to extract digital radar video and track information from the radar transceiver outputs. The digital video and tracks are transmitted to the Control Centre over local or wide area networks using a variety of communication media. The digitized video from the C-Scope Radar Video Extractor and Tracker provides a highly accurate representation of the actual radar video.

Features The main features of the C-Scope Radar Video Extractor and Tracker are summarised as follows:

2 channel, 14-bit, 100 MHz analogue or digital radar video acquisition with digital signal processing

Frequency Diversity ready Excellent noise and clutter techniques that result in high

probability of detection and low false alarm rate Ability to discriminate between close targets Detailed masks for land and detection areas Stable tracking and rapid manoeuvre detection

Radar Interface The radar interface accepts one or two radar video inputs in either analogue or digital form, in addition to one set of antenna signals. All signal conditioning and signal pre-processing including CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) and filtering are performed digitally in a single, large FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The antenna signals are processed digitally in the same FPGA along with the data, eliminating the need for any custom interface boards.

Video Processing The digitized video streams are processed using the latest algorithms for the standard sequence of steps designed to increase signal-to-noise and more importantly signal-to-clutter ratio: CFAR, geographical masks, sweep integration, scan-to-scan correlation and echo generation. The resulting video echoes are used to generate plots for the tracker and video for display.

Video Generation Two different formats of digital video can be generated for presentation on the Operator Workstation, namely Polygons and Fragments, and the resulting radar picture approaches 'raw video' quality.

Target Acquisition Each plot is checked against the existing tracks and if certain criteria including track likelihood are fulfilled, the plot is associated with an existing track. Any plots that

are not associated with a track may be used for acquisition of new tracks.

Tracking Tracking is performed using Kalman filter techniques, which are based on a dynamic mathematical model describing the vessel’s movement. This model is used to predict the vessel’s behaviour between measurements. Each time a new plot is associated to the target, a position measurement is derived and this measurement is used to correct the state of the dynamic model.

Geographical Processing Four types of geographical masks or areas can be defined to distinguish between different processing modes.

Land Mask: no digital video or target tracking Littoral Mask: digital video, but no target tracking

© Copyright 2007 Kongsberg Norcontrol IT AS Illustrations, description and technical data may change without notice

Kongsberg Norcontrol IT AS Email: [email protected] PO Box 1024, N-3194 Horten, Norway Internet: www.kongsberg.com Phone: +47 33 08 4800 Fax: +47 30 04 57 35 Product Data Sheet – CET-SV-0279-A/01-Jan-07

Auto-Acquisition Area: digital video and target tracking. Both automatic and manual acquisition

Shadow Area: tracking is based on prediction Remaining area: digital video and target tracking. Manual

acquisition.

Technical Specifications General

Modular hardware and software design, which simplifies development, installation, maintenance and upgrades.

COTS hardware with just one proprietary board One-to-one replacement of VET5070

Video Processing Two video inputs Frequency Diversity is a built-in option Video bandwidth: 25 MHz Analogue to digital conversion: 14-bit at 100 MHz,

2 analogue video inputs plus antenna signals Video inputs can also be up to 14-bit digital LVDS (Low Voltage

Differential Signals) Digital processing at 100 MHz in 3M gate FPGA, includes CFAR

and filtering Capability to record raw video and antenna signals to RAID

(compressed to 100 MB/sec)

Video Generation Detection Sensitivity: With optimum setting of operator controls,

maximum 2 dB degradation in MDS (Minimum Discernible Signal) measured on operator display at VTS control centre, compared to MDS measured on similar display at Video Extractor and Tracker input

Video presentation delay: < 300 ms from detection to transmission

Video shape: • Polygons: up to 8-sided polygons closely circumscribing

correlated echo groups • Fragments: sector segments formed by the intersection of two

radial lines and two concentric circles centred on radar position

Video range resolution: equal to sampling resolution, e.g. 6 meters at 25 MHz sampling rate. Range resolution is not degraded at large maximum ranges. The number of range cells per sweep is only limited by the PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)

Video azimuth resolution: down to the antenna resolution, but usually reported in units of 0.088º for polygons and fragments.

Video amplitudes: up to 12-bits, also backward compatible down to 4-bits or 16 discrete levels

Tracking Maximum number per extractor/tracker: 1,000

• Moving Tracks: 500 • Stationary Tracks: 250 • Surveyed Navaids: 250

Speed limits: configurable, typically 0-50 m/s Detection rate: 25% required for tracking at constant speed and

course and 67% required for tracking at maximum manoeuvres Acceleration: 1 m/s2 (0 to 2 Kt/s) maximum

Turning rate: dependent on speed. Typically 5º/s at 20 Kt or greater, 10º/s at 10 Kt and 20º/s at 5 Kt

Navaid surveillance: Stationary navigation aids are surveyed according to a pre-defined map of nominal positions and search areas

Communication Update time: 300 ms Minimum Baud rate: ≥ 64 kbps Recommended Baud rate: ≥ 512 kbps Echo priority: tracked vessels and surveyed Navaids have highest

priority

Accuracy Typical figures for moderate manoeuvres at short range are given below. The following assumptions are made about the radar; 67% detection probability, 3.7 second antenna rotation period, 1000ns pulse, PRF of 900 Hz and 0.45 degrees horizontal beam width. For a target with these characteristics; target speed 5 m/s (10 knots) and length 100 m, the following accuracy applies:

• Position: 9m • Speed: 0.1 m/s • Course: 0.9º

Radar Video Analogue Interface Number of channels: 2 Amplitude: anywhere in the range -10 V to +10 V Polarity: positive or negative Impedance: 75 or 600 ohms DC Offset: any as long as signal is within input range

Radar Video Digital Interface Number of channels: 2 Amplitude resolution: up to 14 bits Format: differential data lines in compliance with

EIA-644 (LVDS) Data rate: Up to 100 MHz

Radar Trigger Interface Common to both video inputs Pulse Repetition Frequency: Any Amplitude: anywhere in the range -15 V to +15 V Polarity: positive or negative Impedance: 75 or 600 ohms Pulse width: ≥100 nanoseconds Sync delay: programmable delay for each channel, can be

positive or negative and of any value

Antenna Azimuth Interface Azimuth Clock Pulses: any number per revolution Azimuth Reset Pulse: 1 pulse per revolution Signals format: Single-ended or differential Pulse duration: ≥100 nsec (each ACP and ARP) Rotation rate: Any

Options Equipment rack - The Extractor and Tracker can be 19” rack

mounted or placed on a suitable surface. Redundancy - Dual Extractor and Tracker are available working

in Hot-Standby

/25


ANNEX 5

Ceragon FibeAir IP-10

FibeAir IP-10 is a high capacity carrier-grade wireless Ethernet backhaul product family. Combining advanced Ethernet and TDM networking functionality with best-in-class microwave radio performance, FibeAir IP-10 facilitates cost effective, risk-free migration to IP/Ethernet and can be integrated in any pure IP/Ethernet, Native2 (hybrid) or TDM network.

Highest Economic Value • Best utilization of spectrum assets Enhanced radio capacity & spectral efficiency

• Reduced number of network elements High integration of network and radio functions

• Improved network uptime Redundancy & resiliency

• Future proof Software upgradeable, modular and scalable

• Risk-free solution Smooth migration to All IP

FibeAir IP-10 features a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality and an optional TDM cross-connect for nodal site applications. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, the solution simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

The FibeAir IP-10 family covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum and offers a wide capacity range, from 5 Mbps to 500 Mbps over a single radio carrier, using a single RF unit. Additional functionality and capacity are enabled via license keys while using the same hardware.

Integrated Wireless Backhaul SolutionFibeAir® IP-10

FibeAir IP-10 family system architecture

OA&M Service Management Security

Carrier Ethernet Switch TDM Cross Connect

GigabitEthernet

FastEthernet

ACM

Native2 RadioEthernet + TDMM

XPIC

Diversity

MultiRadio

5-500 Mbps, 3.5-56 MHz

E1/DS1

Ch-STM1/OC3

TerminalMux

Radio Frequency Units (6-38GHz)

From Native2 (hybrid) to All Packet

FibeAir IP-10 is Ceragon’s next generation carrier-grade wireless Ethernet backhaul product family. Featuring an advanced architecture, FibeAir IP-10 uniquely combines the latest radio technology integrated with TDM and Ethernet networking. FibeAir IP-10 radio core engine is designed to support both native Ethernet and native TDM over the air interface enhanced with Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation for maximum spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. This versatile solution is equipped with an optional integrated Cross Connect and an SNCP TDM protection engine on top of a MEF certified Ethernet switch. The modular design is easily scalable with the addition of units or license keys.

Risk-Free Migration from TDM to all Packet Architecture FibeAir IP-10 provides seamless migration enabling operators to gradually evolve their network from an all TDM and hybrid concept to all packet. FibeAir IP-10 can be easily adapted and configured to any applied network migration concept whether hybrid, pseudowire based or native packet using the same hardware. Operators benefit from highly flexible deployment scenarios options as well as multiple architectures and topologies.

FibeAir IP-10 family can be software configured in an all Packet or in a Native2 mode. The Native2 concept enables native transport of Ethernet and TDM services over the radio. Traffic handling over the radio link, network management and networking functions are applicable in both the all Packet and Native2 modes. FibeAir IP-10 networking capabilities include support for ring optimized RSTP for all Packet while in the Native2 mode it also supports SNCP for TDM traffic.

Optional

FibeAir IP-10 Applications

Mobile Backhaul Designing LTE-ready backhaul networks is not just about simple transport capacity upgrade. With FibeAir IP-10 operators are able to manage the entire lifecycle of the network’s migration to 4G, while keeping revenue generating 2G and 3G profitable throughout the process. FibeAir IP-10 incorporates Ceragon’s proven Native2 concept and synchronization tools to support hybrid network topologies, as well as all-IP and pseudowire based migration architectures.

Private Networks FibeAir IP-10 enables government agencies, enterprises and utilities of all kinds to rapidly deploy a cost effective, self owned private network. Meeting the utmost service availability requirements, FibeAir IP-10 integrated Ethernet and TDM functions deliver high capacity, wherever it is needed. FibeAir IP-10 is available in easy split-mount or all-indoor installation.

WiMAX Backhaul FibeAir IP-10 enables high-speed connectivity between WiMAX base stations, facilitating the expansion and reach of emerging 4G networks. FibeAir IP-10 provides a robust and cost-efficient solution combining unmatched radio features with advanced Ethernet networking capabilities. Covering all deployment scenarios, FibeAir IP-10 integrated Ethernet switch enables operators to lower overall costs without compromising on service quality or performance.

Converged/ Fixed Networks Ceragon’s FibeAir IP-10 delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the most optimum and cost-effective manner. Operators can build an ultra high capacity converged network to support multiple types of services utilizing FibeAir IP-10 scalable capacity.

The FibeAir IP-10 family features a modular nodal concept to enable carriers to cost-effectively scale their backhaul networks. Multiple FibeAir IP-10 indoor units (IDUs) can be combined in a modular way to form highly integrated and fully redundant nodal configurations.

Any Configuration or Installation ScenarioFibeAir IP-10 is available in any radio configuration including 1+1, 2+2 and N+0/N+N, with exceptionally high system gain or with extra power for long haul applications. FibeAir IP-10 system and its radios are ideal for split, all out door or all indoor installations. FibeAir IP-10 is offered with a range of advanced radio options such as multi radio or cross polarization.

Seamless Scalability for Nodal Applications

FibeAir IP-10 Applications

Mobile Backhaul

Private Networks

WiMAX Backhaul

Converged/ Fixed Networks

• 5 - 500 Mbps (1 Gbps with XPIC)

• 3.5 MHz - 56 MHz (ETSI & FCC)

• 6 GHz - 38 GHz licensed bands

• Hitless and Errorless Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) QPSK - 256 QAM

• Adaptive power and exceptionally high system gain

• Native Ethernet or Native2 technology

(native Ethernet and native TDM)

• Integrated Carrier Ethernet switching and TDM cross-connect

• Network Management System (NMS) with full FCAPS including End to End trails

• Integrated Web based element management system (EMS)

• Enhanced user access control for increased security

• Comprehensive Service OA&M tools

• Synchronization using native E1/DS1 trails

• ITU-T G.8262 Synchronous Ethernet

• Timing-over-packet optimized transport

• Full hardware / interface redundancy and network level resiliency

• Fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified

• Pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs

• Future capacity growth and additional functionality enabled with license keys and innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware

Key Features

Highest possible capacity and efficiency at any given channel bandwidth

Simplified network design and maintenance – reducing Capex and Opex

Flexible synchronization solution

Optimized for today’s deployments without compromising on upgradeability

Information subject to change without notice. The Ceragon logo and FibeAir® are registered trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd.

Enabling support for services with stringent SLA

ref: FibeAir IP-10-002

Ceragon Networks Ceragon EuropeRedditch, UK

Tel: +44 (0) 1527 591900

Germany

Tel.: +49 6485/180315

France

Tel.: +33 1 40 86 7002

Moscow

Tel.: +7 495 789 3597

Ceragon Asia PacificSingapore

Tel: +65 6572 4170

India

Tel.: +91-11-66244700

Philippines

Tel.: +632 893 36 59

Australia

Tel.: +61 289074000

China

Tel.: +86 10 6581 5798

Thailand

Tel.: +66 2 660 3699

Ceragon North AmericaNew Jersey, USA

Tel: +1 201 845 6955

Ceragon CALAMexico

Tel: +52 55 5663 2914

Brazil

Tel.: + 55 11 3040 3044

Argentina

Tel.: +54 11 4303 1343

Ceragon MEATel Aviv, Israel

Tel: +972 3 645 5733

Johannesburg , South Africa

Tel: +27 01 1452 2777

Nigeria

Tel.: +234 1 271 6200

www.ceragon.com

Ceragon Comprehensive Network Offering:

/25


ANNEX 6

Ceragon Link Calculations and Link Profile

Seaforth TowerLatitude 53 27 57.00 NLongitude 003 02 27.18 WAzimuth 235.55°Elevation 10 m ASLAntenna CL 30.0, 28.5 m AGL

GwaenyasgorLatitude 53 19 40.32 NLongitude 003 22 32.64 WAzimuth 55.29°Elevation 207 m ASLAntenna CL 12.0, 5.0 m AGL

Frequency (MHz) = 7500.0K = 1.33

%F1 = 100.00

Path length (27.05 km)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

Seaforth TowerLatitude 53 27 57.00 NLongitude 003 02 27.18 WAzimuth 83.75°Elevation 10 m ASLAntenna CL 30.0 m AGL

Marine CentreLatitude 53 28 01.80 NLongitude 003 01 13.62 WAzimuth 263.77°Elevation 12 m ASLAntenna CL 5.0 m AGL

Frequency (MHz) = 38000.0K = 1.33

%F1 = 100.00

Path length (1.37 km)0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

/25


ANNEX 7

C-Scope Smartphone app

C-Scope – Smartphone/Tablet application

is Kongsberg Norcontrol IT’s 7th generation situational awareness solution to identify and

proactively manage risk, primarily within the maritime domain. C-Scope provides ultimate situational

awareness for tactical operations and strategic planning for ports authorities, coastal administrations,

inland waterways authorities, offshore operators, para-military and military organizations. The C-Scope Smartphone/tablet application provides the real-time Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Traffic

Image/Common Operating Picture (COP). It is fully compatible with existing VTMIS5060 and C-Scope

systems, which simply require the addition of shore-based Web Map Services and optional Web Feature

Services, communication such as GSM 3G, UMTS, etc and a Smartphone/Tablet computer.

C-Scope/

VTMIS5060

Smartphone/Tablet

computers

Compatible with:

• Apple – iPhone/iPad

• Google - Android

Features • Minimal weight with long battery life

• Electronic Nav Chart and bathymetric ENC

• VTS Traffic Image/COP – Live!

• Fused radar and AIS tracks – Live!

• Shore-based radar video – Live!

• Weather and hydro data – Live!

• Information source data – Live!

Optional onboard precise positioning including Rate of Turn, heading, GPS/GLONASS

Typical users

• Pilots

• Tug Masters

• Harbour Masters

• VTS Managers

• Incident management teams

• Reaction forces

• Senior commanders

• Patrol vessels

© Copyright 2011 Kongsberg Norcontrol IT AS

Illustrations, description and technical data may change without notice

Kongsberg Norcontrol IT AS PO Box 1024, N-3194 Horten, Norway Email: [email protected] Phone: +47 33 08 48 00, Fax: +47 33 04 57 35 Internet: www.kongsberg.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.kongsberg.com/

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ANNEX 8

Supplementary Information

Prepared Thomas Frank Best (THOFB), 17 October 2012

Checked Finn Storm Laursen (), 18 October 2012

Accepted Thomas Frank Best (THOFB), 18 October 2012

Approved

Doc. no.

Ver. no.

Case no.

Annex 8:

Burbo Radar Upgrade Supplementary Information

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Annex 8:


Response to queries raised at the meeting in Liverpool on 4. October 2012

Will it be possible to have two radars at Gwynesgor (St. Elmo) without interference between

the two ?

Yes it will be possible to install two radars at Gwynesgor. We do not currently know the

detailed processing capability of the existing radar at Gwynesgor, but assume it is an ARPA-

type radar meaning that it has some CFAR and sweep-to-sweep correlation processing

capability.

It is intended to place the two radar antennas at different heights, located as close as

possible to each other to ensure that no direct transmission into either of the two antennas

will occur.

In addition the transmitter frequencies of the SCANTER 5202 will be separated from the

transmitter frequency of the existing radar.

Provided the above points are carefully considered during design no interference should

occur (based on experience from many installations performed by the radar supplier).

Will it be possible to follow a small target within the area of the wind farm ?

Yes it will be possible to follow a small target within the area of a the wind farm. A test was

conducted at Horns Rev wind farm, primarily to demonstrate the radars capabilities to follow

airborne targets without being disturbed by the wind farm; however the test results also

proved the capability to follow a small service vessel sailing around within the wind farm.

The radar supplier TERMA is willing to demonstrate the capability of the radar to follow

small vessels within the wind farm area. The Terma facilities and test range is located

about 30 km from a smaller wind farm and a demonstration of the radars capabilities (same

radar type and antenna type as proposed in the upgrade) can be performed if required.

Radar Blocking Mitigation

Radar Blocking is caused by the physical obstruction of the radio wave from the radar as it

passes by each obstacle. Regions are created behind each obstacle where the energy

available to create a radar echo is reduced. In other words, a radio shadow is created.

Theoretically, the shadow effect continues to the maximum range of the radar but a

mechanism called diffraction causes the shadow to fill in as the distance from the obstacle

increases. The worst shadowing effects occur up to 1km behind the obstacle.

The blockage areas of special concern for the Port of Liverpool VTS system are the Pilot

boarding and anchorage areas as illustrated in the figure below.

The original anchorage has been modified, with the new anchorage area is divided into two

areas, anchorage south and anchorage north. The new anchorage areas are as seen in the

figure.

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Annex 8:


Anchorage south will be covered without any blocking effects from the St. Elmo radar.

Anchorage north will be fully covered with no blocking effect from the Seaforth radar.

The two radar concept will limit a simultaneous blocking of both radars within the pilot

boarding area, at the same time the distance between the wind farm and the pilot boarding

area will exceed 1.5 km.

A key feature of the mitigation proposed is the use of track correlation using data from the

two radars. The integrated track that is maintained in the Warning Integration Server allows

either tracker to lose the track without the integrated track disappearing.

The same is true if the target goes into a shadow zone behind a large vessel, since that

shadow will only exist as seen from one sensor and not from the other. When the target is

manoeuvring this is important because a coasted track state results in a linear trajectory

prediction, whereas an integrated track, where one radar still provides data will result in an

integrated track that moves the right way and therefore a position prediction for the blind

radar that follows the actual target.

Burbo Bank Shadow Region

Reduction of ghosts

Ghosts and false tracks are the result of actual signals that the radars produce, they can

result from passing by vessels or fixed installations such as wind turbines. There is no

simple solution that can remove ghosts or false tracks without error because there is always

the possibility that something that looks like a ghost is actually video from a real target.

1.5 km

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Annex 8:


The proposed system has been specified to provide the right balance that minimizes ghosts

and false tracks while at the same time detecting and tracking as many real vessels as

possible.

It is not possible to do both perfectly and the exact balance will depend on the actual

situation found in place.

When a track is established the Dynamic shadow area generated by the tracker will remove

the ghosts behind the target detected by each individual radar. If real target should be

hidden within these removed ghosts from the first radar the second radar will recognize

them as real targets and vice versa.

Single point of failure

There will be no single point of failure in the upgraded system; however at the request of

PP, the data link transmission between Gwynesqor and Peelports Operations Centre will be

investigated and if possible be linked directly to the Ops centre and not via the Seaforth

tower as proposed.

Pilot Navigation mitigation

3G coverage of the Liverpool Bay area shall be verified before implementation. The number

of pilot portable systems delivered will be agreed with PP during negotiations. From

discussions with 3G suppliers one supplier offered to involve their survey team and make

adjustments to the coverage of their coastal cell transmitter sites on the north Wales coast,

to ensure unbroken coverage in the area of interest.

Following action to be taken:

1. Kongsberg NorcontrolIT (KNC to determine the amount of data required, per pilot

terminal

2. DE/PP to decide how many pilot terminals will be purchased and their utilization

3. KNC will obtain a Quotation from a 3G service provider, but we believe PP will

receive a more competitive price than KNC from their current telecom service

provider.

Other questions

What system documentation will be provided?

The system documentation will be same standard and level of details as already received by

Peelport on the existing VTS system.

What training will be provided?

Will be detailed in the final proposal

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Annex 8:


Has the antenna mast been selected to meet the antenna requirements set out in antenna

characteristics manual page 12, torsion?

KNC has selected the antenna mast. KNC will provide the specification for the maximum

allowable mast torsion. KNCs experience of installing this antenna (Terma 21 feet HGHP-F-

38 Horizontally Polarized Fan beam Slotted Waveguide antenna) is at nine sites in Norway.

These were part of the upgrades to coastal radar stations owned by the Norwegian Coast

Guard.

proposal for upgrade of peel ports vts system - rev 1

Documents